Exercises. there are four voice forms of the verb in Turkish (not counting the real-medial voice)

Pledges

PASSIVE VOICE (edilgen çatı)

There are four voice forms of the verb in Turkish (not counting the real-medial voice). They all join directly to positive basis of the verb, forming the so-called "secondary" stem of the verb ("primordial" is the stem with a zero voice index).

The passive voice is formed from any verb by adding:

1 TO consonant bases (excluding bases on -l)
affix -ıl(-il, -ul, -ül).

EXAMPLES: ver/mek-to give;

ver/il/mek - to be given, to be given,

çık/mak - to leave,

çık/ıl/mak - to leave (impersonally).

2. K vowel the basics of the affix - n.

EXAMPLES: dinle/mek - listen,

dinle/n/mek - to be heard,

3. To the basics on- l affix -ın (-in, -un, -ün).

EXAMPLES; bul/mak - find;

bul/un/mak - to be found, to be; kal/ma mak - do not stay, kal/ın/mamak - do not stay (impersonal)

The main meaning of the passive voice in Turkish and Russian is similar; it denotes an action without (mandatory) indication of the real producer of the action, for example: “Book put on the table ”(Unlike“ I, you, he, etc. put a book on the table” is a valid pledge). In this so-called passive sentence structure, the grammatical subject can be only logical direct object. If the predicate active designs intransitive verb (i.e., there was no direct object and was not implied), then in Turkish the corresponding

passive construction in general can't have grammatical

subject (grammatically impersonal sentence). This is shown in the following diagram. (cm. scheme), where the grammatical division of the phrase is indicated by letters; P-sub-negative, S-predicate, PD - direct object, KD-kos-full object. In the impersonal offer the verb is always in the 3rd person singular. numbers.

Note:* Or circumstance.

** The accusative case can also be unformed: (bir) mektup (okudu).

EXAMPLES: Kitap satIlIyor.-The book is for sale

(Here, as in other cases, the real producer of the action

does not play a role. Sometimes it is clear due to the situation or context.

Sonra sinemaya gidildi.

Then we went (“it was gone”) to the cinema.
Bu odadan gecilmez.

Do not pass through this room (you cannot pass). "Girilir" - the inscription on the door: "Entrance". Bir kadına boyle bir soru sorulur mu hic?

Do women ask a question?

In a clerical style of speech nevertheless, there is - in principle unnecessary - a construction for designating the subject (real producer) of the action: the name in the main case (or the pronoun - except onlar, bunlar - in the genitive) + the service name taraf "side" in the form taraf (ın) dan.

EXAMPLES:(onun) tarafından - to them;

bizim itarafımızdan - by us.

Mektup bir öğrenci tarafından okundu.

The letter was read by (one) student.

The passive participle refers to the name it defines not as the subject of the action (which can only be identified by a construction with the word tarafından), but as its direct or indirect object or circumstance (place, time, etc.).

EXAMPLES:(öğrenci tarafından) okunan mektup

A letter read (by a student); yazılmayan kitap - unwritten book; yazılan adam - a person to whom (or about whom) they wrote, they write (cf. yazan adam - who wrote,

writing person) gidilen yer

The place we went (lit.:"gone place"). Donülen saatte burada kimse yoktu.

At the hour when they returned (not specified,

who exactly), there was no one here ..

From monosyllabic vowel stems in the passive voice, the present-future tense is formed, contrary to the general rule, by means of the affix -ır, -ir (and not -ar, -er).

EXAMPLES: denir (de + n + ir) - it is said, yenir - is eaten.

A verb with a passive voice indicator can sometimes also have a medial meaning: at Il mak l) "to be thrown"; 2) “rush, rush” (ileri atıldı “he rushed forward”); cek il mek l) "to be stretched out"; 2) “depart; move away” (çekil oradan! “get out of there!”).

REFUNDABLE DEPOSIT

The reflexive pledge shows that the action extends (transfers) to the producer of the action himself (for example, “he washes”, that is, he washes himself). The sphere of use of the reflexive voice is much narrower than that of the passive one, since, like the passive voice, it cannot be mechanically formed from any verb.

The reflexive voice is formed by adding the affix -n (with a final vowel) or -ın (-in, -un, -ün) (with a final consonant) to the stem of the verb. Thus, the indicators of the reflexive and passive voices partially coincide.

EXAMPLES: yıka-mak - to wash;

yıkan-mak - to wash, to wash

(as well as be washed, laundered); gez-mek - to walk; gezin-mek - to walk; giy-mek - put on, dress; giyin-mek - to dress. Ahmet güzel giyinir. - Ahmed dresses well.

A verb with a reflexive voice indicator can remain transitive. In this case, the indicator -In has the meaning "for oneself" or "for oneself", "for oneself".

EXAMPLES: Palto(yu) giyindi. - He put on his coat.

(You can also say simply: Palto(yu) giydi. - He put on his coat.)

Bir dost edindim . - I got a friend.

(beech. I made myself a friend.)

Two or even three voice affixes can be attached to one verb stem, and the passive voice indicator always closes this series.

EXAMPLE: Boyle giyinilir (giy+in+ il+ir)mi?

Is that how they dress?

In combination n+ıl(-nıl), the first and second components can have the same value: yenmek, ye nil mek - to be eaten.

In some cases, joining -In leads simply to the formation of a new (usually intransitive) verb. NOTE: sev "to love" + in = sevinmek - "to rejoice".

On the other hand, some verbs with a passive voice indicator can have a reflexive meaning. EXAMPLE: katılmak - to join (to smth.).

1. Make a syntactic and morphological analysis of the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. Burası kitapçı dükkânı değildir, kitap satılmaz. 2. Polis tarafIndan
tutulduk. 3. Böyle havada şapkasız dışarı çıkılır mı hiç? 4. Derse
saat kacta baslandı? 5. Bu soruya kısa bir cevap verildi: “Maç
oynanmayacak". 6. Beşiktaşa 22 ve 23 numaralı tramvaylarla varılır.
7. Cumartesi akshamı geliniz. Yeni bir piyes okunacak. 8.Buodda
pek dardır. Burada oturulmaz. 9. Çocuklar biraz sonra gelecek,
daha kalkIlmadI. 10. Bu kapıdan (iceri) girilmez, yalnız (dışarı) çıkılır.

11. Sabahlan yataktan kalkılır, jimnastik yapılır, yıkanıldıktan sonra
kahvaltI edilir. 12. Uzakta bir otomobil gorundu. 13. Bize anlatır
mısınız, yabancı dil nasıl öğrenilir? 14. Boyle bir soru bir genç kıza
sorulur mu hic? 15. Bu yazı bir arkadaşımız tarafından Rusça "ya
cevrildi. 16. Bak, bir mektup geldi. Demek henuz unutulmadım.

17. Nereye gotürüyorlar, biliyor musunuz? 18. Filim seyredildikten sonra parka mı gidildi? 19. Buna ne denir? Tuhaf... 20. Biliyor musunuz, "Unutulan adam" piyesini yazan kim? 21. Allah Allah, böyle adamlara inanılır mı hiç? 22. Cabuk giyinin. Biraz sonra cIkIlacak. 23. Ne çıkılan saati biliyorum, ne de gidilen kenti... 24. Boş ver yahu. Karıdan da korkulur mu? (Orhan Kemal)

2. Without changing the time, form the form of the passive voice from the following verbs, write out the verbs that will lose their personal affix; translate the original and received forms into Russian:

tutacaksınız, yürüdük, dolaşmasın, yer, inmem, seviyorsun, seyretmedi, düşmez miyim?, ölecekler, unutmayız.

3. Convert the active structure to the passive one:

Sample: Arkadaşım bir kitap satın aldı. - Arkadaşım tarafından bir kitap satın alındı.

1. Bu kitabı önce ablam, sonra da teyzemin oğlu okudu.

2. Dayım dun yolda bir kol saati buldu. 3. Aksam yeme-ğinden
sonra radyodan son haberleri dinlerler. 4. Devlet komitemiz
bütün bu meseleleri yarın konuşacaktır.

4. Based on the meaning of the following sentences, build using
underlined words, participial phrases:

Sample: l Adam buradan gitti.- Buradan guide adam... 2. Ben de ona hediyemi verdim. - Ona verilen hediye...

1. Tam bu sırada gok gurledi. 2. Bu adama tam inanIrIm. 3. KIz kitap okumak icin sedire yattI. 4. Bense kitap okumak için bir sandalyeye oturdum. 5. Kış mevsimini üç ay teşkil eder. 6. Boyle havada herkes üşüdu. 7. KitabInI neden okumuyorsun?

5. Translate the following sentences into Turkish:

1. They get (arrive) to Edirnecapa by tram number 37.

2. We do not sell this book. 3. He put on (for himself) a new one
costume. 4. They study foreign languages ​​here. 5. I was a grip
by the police on Kyzyl Elma Street. 6. Is it so conversation
messing around with an older person? 7. Worked day and night. On the-

the end of the exam was passed. 8. At the meeting, this issue was discussed for an hour. Then we moved on to another question. 9. Your film will be reviewed by us in two to three weeks. 10. Do they work (can they work) in such heat? I'm going to the beach. 11. Do children say such things? 12. Have you written a letter? - The letter will be written tomorrow. 13. You can’t write with such a pen (they don’t write): very bad. 14. In what city is the Ankara newspaper published (published)? 15. Why don't you answer the question asked? 16. Read: "No Entry." And you enter. 17. The play "The Forgotten Man" was written by Nazim Hikmet.

DESIRED-CONDITIONAL (dilek - şart kipi)

In grammatical literature in Russian, this mood is called conditional; but often it functions as an aspirational mood (Turkish: dilek kipi), which will be discussed here.

The named mood is formed by attaching a stressed affix to the stem of the verb -sa, -se, for example: yapsa, yapılsa, yapmasa, yapılmasa, dönse, dönülse, etc.

Conjugation is done with personal affixes of the second group (similar to the -dı form), for example, yapsam, yapsan, yapsak, yapsanız, yapsalar, dönseler, dönseniz, dönsek...

The desirable-conditional mood (in the function under consideration) expresses a desire relating to the plane of the present or future tense. it a wish, is, however, somewhat abstract, usually accompanied by the interjection "ah" "ah!" or the modal word keşke "it would be better", "that would be".

EXAMPLES: Ah, biraz yağmur yağsa!

Ah, it would rain a little! Keske gelseler! - If only they could come!

Forms of the 2nd person express a polite request, recommendation, wish, for example: S iz kalsanız da beraber yemek yesek! - Would you stay with us to have lunch (“You would stay. And we would have lunch!”).

Interjection a! e!, often accompanying these forms, merged with them and formed complex affixes -sana (sa + n + a), -sene and -sanıza, -senize. conveying a "polite command" or advice.

EXAMPLES: Gelsenize! -Come in! Come on in!

Biraz gezinsene! - Walk around for a bit!

The conditionally desirable mood, like the desirable mood, is often accompanied by the particle mI or question words. Such complexes convey shades of hesitation, doubt, indecision (in choosing an act).

EXAMPLES: Shimdi ne yapsak bir? Düsünsene.

What should we do now? Think.
Ne yapsam? Burada mı kalsam, içeri mi girsem?

How can I be? Stay here or log in

into the room (inside)?

In conjunction with olur mu"can?" and olmaz mı"can't you?" the conditionally desirable mood conveys a polite request.

EXAMPLES:İçeri girsem olur mu? - May I come in? 1 Burada daha biraz kalsak, olur mu?

(or; olmaz mi?)

Can (what if) we stay a little longer?

(Can't we stay?) Daha bir parça kalsanız olmaz mı?

Could you stay a little longer?
Gitmesen ne olur?

Why don't you leave? What if you don't leave? (Stay.)

1 İçeri gireyim mi? would mean "Shall I come in?" (to which the answer may follow: “I don’t know. I didn’t call anyone”), and with the words Müsaadenizle gireyim “With your permission, I will enter” - the speaker actually enters without permission.

Ser. 9. 2008. Issue. 4. Part I

BULLETIN OF SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY

L. M. Ulmezova

EXPERIENCE OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLICES IN TURKISH AND KARACHAYEV-BALKARIAN LANGUAGES

The interpretation of the category of pledge is one of the debatable problems of both modern general and Turkic linguistics. Sections of the grammars of individual languages ​​and dozens of special studies are devoted to the study of the functioning of voice forms and the identification of the essence of this verb category.

In Turkic linguistics, the interpretation of voice as a word-formation category prevails, for example, as “word formation of verbs from verbs” (N.K. Dmitriev)2. This point of view is opposed by the interpretation of the category of pledge as "formative". A.N. Kononov3 describes Turkish and Uzbek voices as formative ones. At the same time, both N. K. Dmitriev and A. N. Kononov invest in the concept of “category of voice” essentially the same content coming from Russian linguistics: “The category of voice expresses various relationships between the subject (the producer of the action) and the object, which its expression in the form of a verb. From the point of view of S. N. Ivanov, the category of voice combines derivational (“change the object characteristic of the original stem”) and inflectional (“denoting the characteristic of the subject of the action of the original (non-derivative) stem”) meanings and therefore is lexico-grammatical5. In the stated point of view, the weak point seems to be the unsubstantiated connection between the change in verb control and word formation.

Since the productive Turkic voice forms are among the means of conveying the links of the elements of the objective or imaginary world, and since the semantics reflecting the links is not capable of affecting the meanings of lexemes, the category of voice must be recognized as inflectional. Being one of the categories of the verb, which means action, pledge, of course, should be interpreted as one of the means of conveying any kind of connections that actions enter into. At the same time, voice word forms (in speech) are able to convey not only “the relation of the subject to the object of action” (A. A. Shakhmatov), ​​but also such connections that are clearly not covered by this formula (as, for example, in a statement like We are with him love football). It is for this reason that in this work the form of the voice is understood as a morphological (that is, having its own morphemes that are carriers of official meanings and are capable of transforming the form of a word) means of conveying some kind of relationship between actions and objects associated with them. The term "category of voice" denotes the entire set of verbal voice forms, united by affinity, homogeneity of their meanings6. This content of the concept of "collateral" somewhat expands the definition given by A. A. Shakhmatov, although it does not contradict it at all.

The study of voice categories in the modern Turkish and Karachay-Balkarian languages, on the one hand, reveals a great similarity between them, on the other hand, draws attention to the functional-semantic processes in the Balkar language,

© L. M. Ulmezova, 2008

which, at least at first glance, testify to the destruction of the original Turkic pledge system.

Mutually joint voice with the morpheme -(I) §: inflectional form, through which the operational-grammatical (morphological) transformation of the word is carried out, in order to convey information that the action is associated with any set of objects - producers, while the formulated meaning forms, most often, allows you to convey two varieties of specific meanings: 1) compatibility: Derviqin kaldigi evin yöresinde, büyük kügük bütün köylü, merakla bekle + $ + iyordu (Aziz Nesin. Dog güne§im dog) “Both old and small, all peasants they waited with curiosity around the house where the dervish was staying” and 2) reciprocity: Qocuklar §a§kin §a§kin bak+i§+tilar (informant) “The children looked at each other in surprise.”

Compulsory voice with productive morphemes -Dir and -t: a verb form, the meaning of which signals that there is a relationship between the action and the object associated with it, in which the object is encouraged to perform the action in question. (A different interpretation is possible: the verb form, the meaning of which signals that an action is connected with another action, which grammarians conventionally call an impulse, that is, the meaning of the verb stem, say, uyu- "sleep" through the voice form, is conjugated with the meaning to induce, so that the word form of the imperative voice uyu+t- represents the meaning "to induce to sleep, to lull, to lull). In cases where a transitive action is expressed that passes to some object, for example, mektup yazmak "to write a letter", and the goal is to name the object prompted to action (karde^im "my brother"), the latter is expressed by a noun in the dative case: Kardefim+e mektupyaz+dir+dim (informant) "I 'prompted' my brother to write a letter."

Passive voice with morphemes -(I) n and -(I) nil: a verb form that has two meanings: direct) impact: Kardeqim tarafindan yaz+il+an mektup (informant) “A letter written by my brother”; 2) abstract-agentive - the idea of ​​an abstract, indefinite or generalized producer, something like "everyone who performs an action": Buradayüksek sesle konu$+ul+maz (informant) "You can't talk loudly here"; De+nil+dig+i gibi Hoca Ahmet hayata gözlerini kapadi (A§ik Garip) "As it was said, Hoca Ahmet closed his eyes forever."

Reflexive voice with morphemes -(I) n: verb form, the meaning of which signals that between the action and its producer there is not only an agentive, but also some other (additional) connection; the formulated meaning is capable of conveying as meanings (see) the direct-return, indirect-return relationship of the action and its producer, as well as another connection to which the term "return" may not be applicable: Haydi burdan ta^i + n + alim (Aziz Nesin. Dog güne§im dog) "Let's move from here."

In general, the functional areas of Turkish pledge forms are clearly demarcated. The exceptions are verb stems with a vowel and stems ending in a consonant [l], which function as word forms of both the passive and

and returnable pledges with the affix (I) p. Otherwise, Turkish pledge formations do not mix.

Reciprocal-joint and compulsory pledges behave in the Karachay-Balkarian language in the same way as in Turkish.

By means of a mutually joint voice with the morpheme -(ы)ш, two types of relations between the objects-producers associated with the action are transmitted: reciprocity (mutual directionality) and compatibility. When transferring reciprocal relations, the value of the voice form indicates that the action, called the initial basis, is associated with a certain set of producers, each of which is also the direct object of the same action, that is, the participants in the situation perform an action, while influencing each other:

Reciprocity is expressed by formations from transitive verbs, for example: zhyg - “dump” > zhyg + ysh- “fight with each other (sport)”, zhyrt- “tear” > zhyrt + ysh- “fight, swear”, and compatibility - through word forms intransitive verbs: chab- “to run” > chab + ysh- “to run away”, zhy- “to collect” > zhy + ysh- “to gather”.

1) Zharyk salam + la + sh + khandan sora, aitama ortada zhuryuuchyu lakyrdany (MT, 2004, No. 1. P. 125). - “After we greeted each other, I told a common joke that was popular among us”7;

2) Bylayda: zhash ammagyamy, amma zhashkhamy bolushkhanlary belgili bolmay, ekisi da sokur fakyrachyla kibik, ary-beri sur + yush + e, aptyukge kirdile (Mazhit Guliyev, Byrnak zhulduzla, p. 156). “Here it was not clear who helped whom more: either the boy to the grandmother, or the grandmother to the boy, both, as if beggars, slowly entered the pharmacy.”

The word forms of the mutually joint voice also function to signal that the action called by the verb stem has more than one agent, that is, to convey a comitative meaning. Word forms signaling compatibility are formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs (olturush - “sit together (about several or many agents)”, tynchayysh - “calm down”, karash - “look (about several agents)”).

Thus, the speech material testifies that in the Karachay-Balkarian language, as well as in Turkish, two types of official information are transmitted through productive word forms of the mutually joint voice, that is, two meanings: compatibility and reciprocity.

Compulsory voice - a verb form, the meaning of which, as in Turkish, signals that the relationship between the action and the object associated with it can be interpreted as an inducement of the object to perform an action, in other words, that the pledge value signals the connection of the action with the object, encouraged to do it.

In the Balkar language, as well as in Turkish, this voice form has only two productive morphemes: -D (s) r and - (S) t: bar- “to go” > bar + dyr- “to induce to go”, kel- “to come > keltir - “bring”, _sark- “drip” > sark + yt- “make a flow”, ishle- “work” > ishle + t- “encourage work”.

1) Kyiyamyt zhumush etgen tishiriu + gya stolnu zhy + holes + dy (D. Kubanov). - “Kiyamyt forced the woman to clear the table”;

2) Zhashchyklans or shannga yuireted, ugya eltip, kiikleni suire + t + ed (Kh. Kuliev). - "Teaches the boys to shoot, takes them hunting (with him), makes them drag the dead deer."

The forms of the reflexive and passive voices, which show some differences from those in the Karachay-Balkar language, have common Turkic morphemes -(Ы)н and -(Ы)л8.

As it will become clear from the further presentation, the analysis of voice formations in the speech of speakers of the Karachay-Balkarian language is possible only on condition that the researcher operates with clear concepts of “reflexive meaning” and “properly passive meaning”, “indefinitely personal” and “medial meaning”.

In this work, the recurrent meaning is understood to mean that between the action and its producer there is not only an agentive, but also some other (additional) connection. Most often, the formulated meaning is capable of conveying as ordinary meanings the direct-return and indirect-return relationship of the action and its producer.

Self-passive is a meaning that signals such a relationship between an action and an object, in which the object is thought of as an object (most often direct) of influence from the action, called the verb stem. This meaning is used, for example, in the proverb Chybyklykda bug + yul + me + gene kazyklykda bug + yul + mez. "That which does not bend while young, when it grows up, and even more so you will not bend." Wed Turkish: Agad ych ¡kvp v§+I+1r "A tree (easily) bends while it is (still) a sprout."

In Karachay-Balkarian speech, facts are easily found that testify to the distinction between reflexive and passive voices. Such facts include, for example, formations: zhuu + un- “to swim” / zhuu + ul- “to be washed”, zhasa + n- “to dress up” / zhasa + l- “to be dressed up”.

Examples with the verb zhuu- “wash, wash”:

1) Issi kun suu boynuna baryp zhuu+un+urga bek syuyuchyudule (informant). - “They love to go to the river on a hot day to swim”;

2) Zhanggy zhuu + ul + gan kyuznyu zhaigyanma (informant). - "I put down a recently laundered carpet."

Examples with the verb zhasa - "to decorate"

1) Terekle chapyrakdan zhasa + n + dyla9 (informant). - "The trees were decorated with foliage";

2) Altyn bla zhasha + l + gan kama (informant). - A dagger adorned with gold.

In Balkar speech, word forms undoubtedly function, representing

only one of the named pledges.

Examples with word forms of the passive voice:

1) Ana yulyushu ishley turganlai aurup k’alg’an ishchileden birine ber + il + di (gaz. “Zaman”). - “His ration was given to a person who fell ill during work”;

2) Zharty ishle + n + ngen yuileua kazauat boshalyp ketginchinnge deri da turdula alaylay (Shavaev Khasan, Yiykyny Akhyr Kyunu, p. 95). - "And the unfinished houses stood there until the war ended."

Indefinite personal meaning

The use of the passive form with an indefinite personal meaning is intended to indicate that any person can be thought of as the producer of the action.

The forms -l, formed from intransitive verbs, in the Karachay-Balkarian language have an indefinitely personal meaning: zhashal - “lives”, zhurul - “go, go”, lit.: “rides, walks”.

It is noteworthy that there are examples in the material in which the passive word form represents an indefinitely personal meaning, as, for example, in the Turkish proverb Yol sormakla bul+un+ur, borg vermekle ode+n+ir. "The way is found by questioning, the debt is paid by bestowal"

1) Elde bek ertte tour+ul+ady (informant). - “In the village they usually get up very

2) Tauda taza howada igi zhukla + n + a + dy (informant). - “In the mountains, in the fresh air, one sleeps well”;

Simultaneous use of self-passive and indefinitely personal meanings:

Ibrahimni atasy kolayly adamga sana + l + gan + dy (Z. Tolgurov). - "Ibrahim's father was considered a wealthy man." Wed Turkish: Kahve boylepifir + il + ir. “Coffee is brewed this way.”

Examples of using a refundable deposit:

1) Nek degende omak ki + in + ng + en, ariu, subai kyzladan bek da tiyishlilerin ayyrgan ne zamanda da alai tynch tyyuldu (gaz. "Zaman"). - "Because of the many beautifully dressed, beautiful, with a good figure of girls, it is not so easy to choose the most worthy."

2) Ali sabiyliginde zhuu+un+urga syuymeuchu edi (informant). “Ali didn’t like to swim when he was a child.”

In the examples, word forms function: cue + in-, beg + in-, zhuu + n-, which signal that the producers of actions (“dress”, “hide”, “bathe”), called the initial stems, are thought of as their direct objects, and therefore represent a form of revocable collateral.

General forms of reflexive and passive voices

Along with the facts of a clear distinction between the reflexive and passive voices, there are synonymous formations, that is, those that differ formally, but represent the meaning of only one voice. There are also formations that differ formally, but represent a reflexive and passive meaning: (ber + il- “to give to something, devote oneself, be given, be provided, be assigned”, sat + yl- “sold” / “be sold ").

1) University ten sora zhashyny bilimge ber+il+gen+in+e atasy bolmagancha kuuana edi (informant). - “His father was unspeakably glad that his son after school (completely) devoted himself to science” (the word form conveys a direct-reflexive relationship between producer and action);

2) Toida kelinge kyop altyn ber+il+di (informant). - "At the wedding, the bride was presented with a lot of gold."

The above facts allow us to state that, on the one hand, the reflexive and passive voices are different morphological means, on the other hand, the presence in the Karachay-Balkarian language of the process of convergence of these verb forms by weakening the functions of the passive voice and mixing its form with the form of the reflexive voice. There is reason to think that the passive voice is losing its position in the language,

in particular, the scope of its functioning is narrowing. This is evidenced by the impossibility of describing a completely suffering situation, if we assume that there is an action, a producer and an object of influence in it. In particular, in the language there is a ban on indicating the producer of the action if the verb is in the form of a passive voice. In other words, a native speaker of the Balkar language does not build a statement like the ration was given to a person by my father. If the informant is given the task of literally translating such a statement into the Balkar language, he inevitably resorts to an active construction such as the father gave the ration to the man.

1 For bibliography and analysis of existing points of view in the field of Turkic linguistics, see: Sevor-tyan E.V. Verb-formation affixes in the Azerbaijani language. Comparative research experience. M., 1962. S. 448-544.

2 See, for example: Dmitriev N.K. Grammar of the Bashkir language. M.; L., 1948. S. 179 sl.; Dmitriev N.K. Grammar of the Kumyk language. M.- L., 1940. S. 130 sl.

3 Kononov A. N. Grammar of the modern Turkish literary language. M.; L., 1956. S. 192-205; Kononov A. N. Grammar of the modern Uzbek literary language. M.; L., 1960. S. 187-198.

4 Kononov A. N. Grammar of the modern Turkish literary language. M.; L., 1956. S. 192. The source of the above formulation may well be the teaching of A. A. Shakhmatov: “In the Russian language, according to Shakhmatov, the forms of voice express either the relationship of the subject to the object of the action, or the impossibility of combining a given verb with an object” ( Quoted from: Vinogradov V. V. Russian language (grammatical doctrine of the word): 2nd ed. M., 1972. S. 493-494).

5 Ivanov S. N. Turkish grammar course. Grammatical categories of the verb: Proc. settlement: Ch. 2. L., 1977. S. 6-34. See also: GadzhiakhmedovN. E. Grammatical categories of the verb in the Kumyk language: Proc. settlement Makhachkala, 1987. S. 16-26.

6 Guzev V. G. Essays on the theory of Turkic inflection: verb (on the material of the Old Anatolian-Turkic language). L., 1990. S. 53.

7 Sevortyan E. V. Affixes of verb formation in the Azerbaijani language. Comparative research experience. M., 1962. S. 478-512; Comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. Morphology. M., 1988. S. 295-309.

8 Karachay-Balkar Russian Dictionary. M., 1989. S. 234.

Today in the lesson we will talk about return
pledge. It is also notable for the fact that
its design is almost indistinguishable from
registration of the passive pledge. The only thing
the difference is that according to the first point
in the passive voice we have:
“The affix “il” is added to consonant stems (il,
ul, ül, ıl)", and in the return, by the way of the main rule,
(ın, in, un, ün) can be added to many words. To
Unfortunately, there is no specific rule that
would tell us what to choose does not exist.
There are quite a few such verbs and you will learn these
exceptions by trial and error.
The second and third points are exactly the same as
passive voice.

Arrangement of a refundable deposit

Refundable deposit in Turkish indicates that a person (object) commits action, but this action goes on yourself and not on anyone.

In Russian, this meaning is expressed using the return particle -sya: he washes Xia (o yıkanıyor), he dresses Xia (o giyiniyor). In simpler terms, instead of a reflexive verb, you can always insert the construction "by myself" and the meaning of the sentence does not change. For example:

Mehmet yıkanıyor . - Mehmet washes.
Mehmet kendi kendini yıkıyor . - Mehmed washes himself.

In the second sentence reflexive verb "washes", we have replaced the construction "washes himself", but the meaning of the sentence has not changed.

affirmative form

affirmative form

+ if infinitive, then-mek / -mak , or the personal ending of pronouns

Let's see which affix is ​​used in which cases:

N if the verb stem ends in a vowel.

yıkamak (to wash) - yıka n mak (to wash)
ovmek (praise) - ovu n mek (boast)

-ıl, -il, -ul, -ül if the verb stem ends in a consonant (except for a stem ending in l). .

açmak (to open) - aç ıl mak (open/open)
atmak (throw) - at ıl mak (throw)

-ın, -in, -un, -ün if the verb stem ends in the consonant l.

The choice of the desired affix is ​​determined according to the law of vowel harmony on "4".


almak (buy, take) - al ın mak (buy, take)

Refundable deposit at all times is built according to the same scheme. And the affixes will be the same for all times. Only the personal endings of pronouns will differ, which are analyzed in detail in each topic at times.

Let's see our rule in action with an example.

Let's look at the example of the verb açmak (open).

First we need to isolate the stem aç . Since the stem ends with the consonant ç, we will choose from the affixes -ıl, -il, -ul, -ül.

The choice of the desired affix is ​​determined according to the Law of vowel harmony on "4". So we will choose the -ıl affix.

As a result, in the infinitive we get the word aç-ıl-mak (to open). And in sentences, depending on the context and time, instead of the infinitive suffix, we insert the desired ending of personal pronouns. For example, the pronoun form he in the past time:

O kendi abisine sonunda açıldı. - After all, he opened (confessed) to his brother.

Exist exclusion verbs, which are not formed according to the general rule. If you pay attention, you will notice that, as a general rule, we would use the affixes -ıl, -il, -ul, -ül, but in these words we use the affixes -ın, -in, -un, -ün.

You need to remember these words:

Abim her zaman annemin yanında övünüyor. - My brother is always boasts in front of mom.

Bugün hava iyiydi o yüzden ben paltomu soyundum. - The weather was fine today, so I removed coat.

Bugün biz ev aldık ve çok sevindik. - Today we bought a house and very rejoiced.

As you have already noticed the principle of education returnable and passive pledges in affirmative form one and the same, and even the group of affixes is the same. Let's see how to distinguish these two forms from each other.

Firstly, the semantic factor can become the main distinguishing feature for us. In the passive voice, the person does not perform an action, but, on the contrary, an action is performed on him.

In the reflexive voice, a person performs an action, but this action is transferred to himself, and not to someone else.

For example, you can compare these two sentences:

Kapı ruzgardan açıldı. - Door was open wind.
This is a passive voice, since the door experiences the action on itself. "was open".

Kızım en sonunda bana açıldı. - my daughter in the end revealed(in terms of trust, opened up) to me.
This is a refundable deposit, since the action "revealed" directed at the one who performs the action - the daughter.

That is, as you can see in Turkish, the word açıldı is written in the same way both in the passive and in the reflexive voice. However, with careful translation, the semantic meaning will help you a lot.

For example:

Second difference: in the reflexive voice, the subject always answers the question "who what?" and is an animated object. In the passive voice, most often there is either no subject, or instead of it there is a person or object that answers questions “who?”, “what?”, “what?”.

For example:

Dun pencere kırıldı . - yesterday window was broken.
This is a passive voice, since the subject of the action, that is, the one who performed the action, is not known to us. In the proposal, we see only the result - "was broken".

Dun o sana kırıldı . - Yesterday she offended at you.
This is a returnable deposit, as the subject - "she is" is the animate subject and answers the question "who?". In this case, the subject performs an action that is directed at itself. "offended".

Third sign is that if the sentence describes "a natural phenomenon", then it is always a passive voice.

For example:

Öğleye doğru hava açıldı. - By noon the weather cleared up.

negative form

negative form The refundable deposit is formed as follows:

Verb stem + reflexive affixes(1. -n; 2. -ıl (-il, -ul, -ül); 3. -ın (-in, -un, -ün)) + negative particle-ma / -me + if infinitive, then-mek / -mak , or the personal ending of pronouns

When choosing a negative affix, you must be guided by the following rule:

-ma (if the verb in the infinitive ends in -mak); -me (if the verb in the infinitive ends in -mek).

Otherwise, the principle of formation of a refundable pledge is the same.

You probably noticed that in negative form passive and returnable deposit formed in completely different ways. Therefore, here you should not have any difficulties. If you have already been given a sentence in Turkish, then negative affixes, which differ in the passive and reflexive voice, will serve as clues for you. If you want to write or say a sentence in Turkish yourself, then use the education rule that is given to you just above.

Bu sabah ben yıkanmadım. - This morning I didn't wash.

Biz doktora yazılmadık. - We not enrolled to the doctor.

Onlar bize partide katılmadılar. - At the party they did not join to us.

Interrogative form

Interrogative form The refundable deposit is formed as follows:

Verb stem + reflexive affixes(1. -n; 2. -ıl (-il, -ul, -ül); 3. -ın (-in, -un, -ün)) + if infinitive, then-mek / -mak , or personal ending of pronouns + interrogative particle mı / mi / mu / mü

Interrogative form passive and returnable deposit generated in the same way. In sentences, they can be distinguished by the methods described above.

Sen kız arkadaşından ayrıldın mı ? - You broke up with my girlfriend?

Ağaçtan yapraklar dokuldüler mi? - Leaves from the trees crumbled?

Bu olaydan sonra sen sevindin mi? - After this incident, you rejoiced?