Natural sources of hydrocarbons are coal. Natural sources of hydrocarbons - Knowledge Hypermarket

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, gas, coal. Most of the substances of organic chemistry are isolated from them. More about this class of organic substances are discussed below.

Composition of minerals

Hydrocarbons are the most extensive class of organic substances. These include acyclic (linear) and cyclic classes of compounds. Allocate saturated (limit) and unsaturated (unsaturated) hydrocarbons.

The saturated hydrocarbons include compounds with single bonds:

• alkanes- line connections;
• cycloalkanes- cyclic substances.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons include substances with multiple bonds:

• alkenes- contain one double bond;
• alkynes- contain one triple bond;
• alkadienes- includes two double bonds.

Separately, a class of arenes or aromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring is distinguished.

Rice. 1. Classification of hydrocarbons.

Gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons are isolated from minerals. The table describes the natural sources of hydrocarbons in more detail.

More than 600 billion m 3 of gas, 500 million tons of oil, and 300 million tons of coal are produced annually in Russia.

Recycling

Minerals are used in a processed form. Hard coal is calcined without access to oxygen (coking process) in order to isolate several fractions:

• coke oven gas- a mixture of methane, carbon oxides (II) and (IV), ammonia, nitrogen;
• coal tar- a mixture of benzene, its homologues, phenol, arenes, heterocyclic compounds;
• ammonia water- a mixture of ammonia, phenol, hydrogen sulfide;
• coke- the end product of coking containing pure carbon.

Rice. 2. Coking.

One of the leading branches of the world industry is oil refining. Oil extracted from the bowels of the earth is called crude. It is being processed. First, mechanical purification from impurities is carried out, then the purified oil is distilled to obtain various fractions. The table describes the main oil fractions.

Rice. 3. Oil distillation.

Hydrocarbons are used to produce plastics, fibers, medicines. Methane and propane are used as domestic fuels. Coke is used in the production of iron and steel. Nitric acid, ammonia, fertilizers are produced from ammonia water. Tar is used in construction.

What have we learned?

From the topic of the lesson, we learned from which natural sources hydrocarbons are isolated. Oil, coal, natural and associated gases are used as raw materials for organic compounds. Minerals are purified and divided into fractions, from which substances suitable for production or direct use are obtained. Liquid fuels and oils are produced from oil. Gases contain methane, propane, butane used as domestic fuel. From coal, liquid and solid raw materials are isolated for the production of alloys, fertilizers, and medicines.

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Dry distillation of coal.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained mainly from the dry distillation of coal. When coal is heated in retorts or coking ovens without air at 1000–1300 °C, the organic matter of coal decomposes to form solid, liquid, and gaseous products.

The solid product of dry distillation - coke - is a porous mass consisting of carbon with an admixture of ash. Coke is produced in huge quantities and consumed mainly by the metallurgical industry as a reducing agent in the production of metals (primarily iron) from ores.

The liquid products of dry distillation are black viscous tar (coal tar), and the aqueous layer containing ammonia is ammonia water. Coal tar is obtained on average 3% of the mass of the original coal. Ammonia water is one of the important sources of ammonia production. Gaseous products of dry distillation of coal are called coke gas. Coke oven gas has a different composition depending on the grade of coal, coking mode, etc. Coke gas produced in coke oven batteries is passed through a series of absorbers that trap tar, ammonia and light oil vapors. Light oil obtained by condensation from coke oven gas contains 60% benzene, toluene and other hydrocarbons. Most of the benzene (up to 90%) is obtained in this way and only a little - by fractionation of coal tar.

Processing of coal tar. Coal tar has the appearance of a black resinous mass with a characteristic odor. Currently, more than 120 different products have been isolated from coal tar. Among them are aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as aromatic oxygen-containing substances of an acidic nature (phenols), nitrogen-containing substances of a basic nature (pyridine, quinoline), substances containing sulfur (thiophene), etc.

Coal tar is subjected to fractional distillation, as a result of which several fractions are obtained.

Light oil contains benzene, toluene, xylenes and some other hydrocarbons.

Medium, or carbolic, oil contains a number of phenols.

Heavy, or creosote, oil: Of the hydrocarbons in heavy oil, naphthalene is contained.

Production of hydrocarbons from oil

Oil is one of the main sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Most oils contain only very small amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons. From domestic oil rich in aromatic hydrocarbons is the oil of the Ural (Perm) field. The oil of the "Second Baku" contains up to 60% aromatic hydrocarbons.

Due to the scarcity of aromatic hydrocarbons, “oil flavoring” is now used: oil products are heated at a temperature of about 700 ° C, as a result of which 15–18% of aromatic hydrocarbons can be obtained from the decomposition products of oil.

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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources
  Receipt hydrocarbons from oil. Oil is one of the main sources aromatic hydrocarbons.


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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources. Dry distillation of coal. aromatic hydrocarbons obtained mainly from Nomenclature and isomerism aromatic hydrocarbons.


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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources. Dry distillation of coal. aromatic hydrocarbons obtained mainly from


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  Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources.
  1. Synthesis from aromatic hydrocarbons and halo-derivatives of the fatty series in the presence of catalysis ... more ».


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  To the group aromatic compounds included a number of substances, received from natural resins, balms and essential oils.
  Rational names aromatic hydrocarbons usually produced from the name. aromatic hydrocarbons.


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  Natural sources marginal hydrocarbons. Gaseous, liquid and solid substances are widely distributed in nature. hydrocarbons, in most cases occurring not in the form of pure compounds, but in the form of various, sometimes very complex mixtures.


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  isomerism, natural sources and ways receiving olefins. The isomerism of olefins depends on the isomerism of the carbon chain, i.e., on whether the chain is n. Unsaturated (unsaturated) hydrocarbons.


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  hydrocarbons. Carbohydrates are widely distributed in nature and play a very important role in human life. They are part of the food, and usually a person's need for energy is covered when eating for the most part precisely at the expense of carbohydrates.


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  The H2C=CH- radical derived from ethylene is usually called vinyl; the H2C=CH-CH2- radical derived from propylene is called allyl. Natural sources and ways receiving olefins.


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  Natural sources marginal hydrocarbons there are also some products of the dry distillation of wood, peat, brown and black coal, oil shale. Synthetic ways receiving marginal hydrocarbons.

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Lesson Objectives:

Training:

• To develop the cognitive activity of students.
• To acquaint students with natural sources of hydrocarbons: oil, natural gas, coal, their composition and processing methods.
• To study the main deposits of these resources on a global scale and in Russia.
• Show their importance in the national economy.
• Consider environmental protection issues.

Educational:

• Raising interest in studying the topic, instilling speech culture in chemistry lessons.

Developing:

• Develop attention, observation, the ability to listen and draw conclusions.

Pedagogical methods and techniques:

• Perceptive approach.
• Gnostic approach.
• cybernetic approach.

Equipment: Interactive board, multimedia, electronic textbooks MarSTU, Internet, collections "Oil and the main products of its processing", "Coal and the most important products of its processing".

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

I introduce the purpose and objectives of this lesson.

II. Main part.

The most important natural sources of hydrocarbons are: oil, coal, natural and associated petroleum gases.

Oil is “black gold” (I introduce students to the origin of oil, the main reserves, production, composition of oil, physical properties, refined products).

In the process of rectification, oil is divided into the following fractions:

I demonstrate samples of fractions from the collection (demonstration is accompanied by an explanation).

• Fractionation gases- a mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, mainly propane and butane, with t boiling up to 40 ° C,
• Gasoline fraction (gasoline)- HC composition C 5 H 12 to C 11 H 24 (bp ​​t 40-200 ° C, with a finer separation of this fraction, gas oil(petroleum ether, 40 - 70°C) and petrol(70 - 120°С),
• Naphtha fraction- HC composition from C 8 H 18 to C 14 H 30 (bp t 150 - 250 ° C),
• Kerosene fraction- HC composition from C 12 H 26 to C 18 H 38 (bp t 180 - 300 ° C),
• Diesel fuel- HC composition from C 13 H 28 to C 19 H 36 (bp t 200 - 350 ° C)

Residue of oil refining - fuel oil- contains hydrocarbons with the number of carbon atoms from 18 to 50. Distillation under reduced pressure from fuel oil is obtained solar oil(S 18 H 28 - S 25 H 52), lubricating oils(S 28 H 58 - S 38 H 78), petrolatum and paraffin– fusible mixtures of solid hydrocarbons. The solid residue of the distillation of fuel oil - tar and products of its processing - bitumen and asphalt used for the manufacture of road surfaces.

The products obtained as a result of oil rectification are subjected to chemical processing. One of them is cracking.

Cracking is the thermal decomposition of petroleum products, which leads to the formation of hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in the molecule. (I use the MarSTU electronic textbook, which tells about the types of cracking).

Students compare thermal and catalytic cracking. (Slide number 16)

Thermal cracking.

The splitting of hydrocarbon molecules proceeds at a higher temperature (470-5500 C). The process proceeds slowly, hydrocarbons with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms are formed. In gasoline obtained as a result of thermal cracking, along with saturated hydrocarbons, there are many unsaturated hydrocarbons. Therefore, this gasoline has a greater knock resistance than straight-run gasoline. Thermal cracking gasoline contains many unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are easily oxidized and polymerized. Therefore, this gasoline is less stable during storage. When it burns, various parts of the engine can become clogged.

catalytic cracking.

The splitting of hydrocarbon molecules proceeds in the presence of catalysts and at a lower temperature (450-5000 C). The focus is on petrol. They try to get more and necessarily better quality. Catalytic cracking appeared precisely as a result of the long-term, stubborn struggle of oilmen to improve the quality of gasoline. Compared to thermal cracking, the process proceeds much faster; in this case, not only the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules occurs, but also their isomerization, i.e. hydrocarbons with a branched chain of carbon atoms are formed. Compared to thermally cracked gasoline, catalytic cracked gasoline has even greater knock resistance.

Coal. (I introduce students to the origin of coal, the main reserves, mining, physical properties, processed products).

Origin: (I use the electronic textbook MarGTU, where they talk about the origin of coal).

Main stocks: (slide number 18) On the map, I show students the largest coal deposits in Russia in terms of production - these are the Tunguska, Kuznetsk, and Pechora basins.

Mining:(I use the MarGTU electronic textbook, where they talk about coal mining).

• coke oven gas- which includes H 2, CH 4, CO, CO 2, impurities NH 3, N 2 and other gases,
• Coal tar- contains several hundred different organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds,
• Nadsmolnaya, or ammonia water- contains dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances,
• Coke– solid coking residue, almost pure carbon.

Natural and petroleum associated gases. (I introduce students to the main reserves, production, composition, processed products).

III. Generalization.

In the generalizing part of the lesson, using the Turning Point program, I made a test. The students were armed with remotes. When a question appears on the screen, by pressing the corresponding button, they choose the correct answer.

1. The main components of natural gas are:

• Ethane;
• Propane;
• Methane;
• Butane.

2. What oil distillation fraction contains from 4 to 9 carbon atoms in a molecule?

• Naphtha;
• gas oil;
• Petrol;
• Kerosene.

3. What is the meaning of heavy oil cracking?

• Getting methane;
• Obtaining gasoline fractions with high detonation resistance;
• Obtaining synthesis gas;
• Obtaining hydrogen.

4. Which process does not apply to oil refining?

• Coking;
• Fractional distillation;
• catalytic cracking;
• Thermal cracking.

5. Which of the following events is the most dangerous for aquatic ecosystems?

• Violation of the tightness of the oil pipeline;
• Oil spill as a result of a tanker accident;
• Violation of technology during deep oil production on land;
• Transportation of coal by sea.

6. From methane forming natural gas, get:

• synthesis gas;
• Ethylene;
• Acetylene;
• Butadiene.

7. What features distinguish catalytic cracked gasoline from straight-run gasoline?

• The presence of alkenes;
• The presence of alkynes;
• The presence of hydrocarbons with a branched chain of carbon atoms;
• High detonation resistance.

The test result is immediately visible on the screen.

Homework:§ 10, exercise 1 - 8

Literature:

1. L.Yu.Alikberova "Entertaining chemistry" - M.: "AST-Press", 1999.
2. O.S.Gabrielyan, I.G.Ostroumov “Desk book of a chemistry teacher Grade 10” - M .: “Blik and K”, 2001.
3. O.S.Gabrielyan, F.N.Maskaev, S.Yu.Ponomarev, V.I.Terenin "Chemistry Grade 10".

Chapter 1. OIL GEOCHEMISTRY AND EXPLORATION OF FUEL RESOURCES.

§ 1. Origin of fossil fuels. 3

§ 2. Gas-oil rocks. four

Chapter 2. NATURAL SOURCES.. 5

Chapter 3. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS .. 8

Chapter 4. OIL REFINING .. 9

§ 1. Fractional distillation.. 9

§ 2. Cracking. 12

§ 3. Reforming. 13

§ 4. Sulfur removal.. 14

Chapter 5. APPLICATIONS OF HYDROCARBONS .. 14

§ 1. Alkanes .. 15

§ 2. Alkenes.. 16

§ 3. Alkynes.. 18

§ 4. Arenas.. 19

Chapter 6. Analysis of the state of the oil industry. twenty

Chapter 7. Features and main trends in the oil industry. 27

List of references... 33

The first theories, which considered the principles that determine the occurrence of oil deposits, were usually limited mainly to the question of where it accumulates. However, over the past 20 years it has become clear that in order to answer this question, it is necessary to understand why, when and in what quantities oil was formed in a particular basin, as well as to understand and establish the processes as a result of which it originated, migrated and accumulated. This information is essential to improve the efficiency of oil exploration.

The formation of hydrocarbon resources, according to modern views, occurred as a result of a complex sequence of geochemical processes (see Fig. 1) inside the original gas and oil rocks. In these processes, the components of various biological systems (substances of natural origin) were converted into hydrocarbons and, to a lesser extent, into polar compounds with different thermodynamic stability - as a result of the precipitation of substances of natural origin and their subsequent overlap by sedimentary rocks, under the influence of elevated temperature and increased pressure in the surface layers of the earth's crust. The primary migration of liquid and gaseous products from the original gas-oil layer and their subsequent secondary migration (through bearing horizons, shifts, etc.) into porous oil-saturated rocks leads to the formation of deposits of hydrocarbon materials, the further migration of which is prevented by locking deposits between non-porous rock layers .

In extracts of organic matter from sedimentary rocks of biogenic origin, compounds with the same chemical structure as compounds extracted from oil have. For geochemistry, some of these compounds are of particular importance and are considered "biological markers" ("chemical fossils"). Such hydrocarbons have much in common with the compounds found in biological systems (eg, lipids, pigments, and metabolites) from which oil is derived. These compounds not only demonstrate the biogenic origin of natural hydrocarbons, but also provide very important information about gas and oil-bearing rocks, as well as the nature of maturation and origin, migration and biodegradation that led to the formation of specific gas and oil deposits.

Figure 1 Geochemical processes leading to the formation of fossil hydrocarbons.

A gas-oil rock is considered to be a finely dispersed sedimentary rock that, during natural sedimentation, has led or could have led to the formation and release of significant amounts of oil and (or) gas. The classification of such rocks is based on the content and type of organic matter, the state of its metamorphic evolution (chemical transformations occurring at temperatures of approximately 50-180 ° C), as well as the nature and amount of hydrocarbons that can be obtained from it. Organic matter kerogen in sedimentary rocks of biogenic origin can be found in a wide variety of forms, but it can be divided into four main types.

1) Liptinites– have a very high hydrogen content, but a low oxygen content; their composition is due to the presence of aliphatic carbon chains. It is assumed that liptinites were formed mainly from algae (usually subjected to bacterial decomposition). They have a high ability to turn into oil.

2) Extits– have a high hydrogen content (however, lower than that of liptinites), are rich in aliphatic chains and saturated naphthenes (alicyclic hydrocarbons), as well as aromatic cycles and oxygen-containing functional groups. This organic matter is formed from plant materials such as spores, pollen, cuticles, and other structural parts of plants. Exinites have a good ability to turn into oil and gas condensate, and at higher stages of metamorphic evolution into gas.

3) Vitrshity- have a low hydrogen content, a high oxygen content and consist mainly of aromatic structures with short aliphatic chains linked by oxygen-containing functional groups. They are formed from structured woody (lignocellulosic) materials and have limited ability to turn into oil, but good ability to turn into gas.

4) Inertinitis are black, opaque clastic rocks (high in carbon and low in hydrogen) that formed from highly altered woody precursors. They do not have the ability to turn into oil and gas.

The main factors by which gas-oil rock is recognized are its content of kerogen, the type of organic matter in kerogen, and the stage of metamorphic evolution of this organic matter. Good gas and oil rocks are those that contain 2-4% organic matter of the type from which the corresponding hydrocarbons can be formed and released. Under favorable geochemical conditions, the formation of oil can occur from sedimentary rocks containing organic matter such as liptinite and exinite. The formation of gas deposits usually occurs in rocks rich in vitrinite or as a result of thermal cracking of the originally formed oil.

As a result of the subsequent burial of sediments of organic matter under the upper layers of sedimentary rocks, this substance is exposed to increasingly higher temperatures, which leads to thermal decomposition of kerogen and the formation of oil and gas. The formation of oil in quantities of interest for the industrial development of the field occurs under certain conditions in time and temperature (depth of occurrence), and the time of formation is the longer, the lower the temperature (this is easy to understand if we assume that the reaction proceeds according to the first order equation and has an Arrhenius dependence on temperature). For example, the same amount of oil that was formed at 100°C in about 20 million years should be formed at 90°C in 40 million years, and at 80°C in 80 million years. The rate of formation of hydrocarbons from kerogen approximately doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature. However, the chemical composition of kerogen. can be extremely diverse, and therefore the indicated relationship between the maturation time of oil and the temperature of this process can only be considered as the basis for approximate estimates.

Modern geochemical studies show that in the North Sea continental shelf, every 100 m increase in depth is accompanied by an increase in temperature of approximately 3°C, which means that sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter formed liquid hydrocarbons at a depth of 2500-4000 m for 50-80 million years. Light oils and condensates appear to have formed at depths of 4000-5000 m, and methane (dry gas) at depths greater than 5000 m.

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels - oil and gas, coal and peat. Crude oil and gas deposits originated 100-200 million years ago from microscopic marine plants and animals that became embedded in sedimentary rocks that formed on the sea floor, in contrast, coal and peat began to form 340 million years ago from plants growing on land .

Natural gas and crude oil are usually found along with water in oil-bearing layers located between rock layers (Fig. 2). The term "natural gas" is also applicable to gases that are formed in natural conditions as a result of the decomposition of coal. Natural gas and crude oil are being developed on every continent except Antarctica. The largest producers of natural gas in the world are Russia, Algeria, Iran and the United States. The largest producers of crude oil are Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.

Natural gas consists mainly of methane (Table 1).

Crude oil is an oily liquid that can vary in color from dark brown or green to almost colorless. It contains a large number of alkanes. Among them are unbranched alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes with the number of carbon atoms from five to 40. The industrial name of these cycloalkanes is well known. Crude oil also contains approximately 10% aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as small amounts of other compounds containing sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

NATURAL SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons are all so different -
Liquid, solid, and gaseous.
Why are there so many of them in nature?
It's insatiable carbon.

Indeed, this element, like no other, is “insatiable”: it strives to form chains, straight and branched, then rings, then grids from a multitude of its atoms. Hence the many compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbons are both natural gas - methane, and another household combustible gas, which is filled with cylinders - propane C 3 H 8. Hydrocarbons are oil, gasoline, and kerosene. And also - an organic solvent C 6 H 6, paraffin, from which New Year's candles are made, petroleum jelly from a pharmacy, and even a plastic bag for food packaging ...

The most important natural sources of hydrocarbons are minerals - coal, oil, gas.

COAL

More known around the world 36 thousand coal basins and deposits, which together occupy 15% territories of the globe. Coal fields can stretch for thousands of kilometers. In total, the general geological reserves of coal on the globe are 5 trillion 500 billion tons, including explored deposits - 1 trillion 750 billion tons.

There are three main types of fossil coals. When burning brown coal, anthracite, the flame is invisible, the combustion is smokeless, and coal makes a loud crack when burning.

Anthraciteis the oldest fossil coal. Differs in the big density and gloss. Contains up to 95% carbon.

Coal- contains up to 99% carbon. Of all fossil coals, it is the most widely used.

Brown coal- contains up to 72% carbon. Has a brown color. As the youngest fossil coal, it often retains traces of the structure of the tree from which it was formed. Differs in high hygroscopicity and high ash content ( from 7% to 38%), therefore, it is used only as a local fuel and as a raw material for chemical processing. In particular, valuable types of liquid fuels are obtained by hydrogenation: gasoline and kerosene.

Carbon is the main constituent of coal 99% ), brown coal ( up to 72%). The origin of the name carbon, i.e., “bearing coal”. Similarly, the Latin name "carboneum" at the base contains the root carbo-coal.

Like oil, coal contains a large amount of organic matter. In addition to organic substances, it also includes inorganic substances, such as water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and, of course, carbon itself - coal. One of the main ways of coal processing is coking - calcination without air access. As a result of coking, which is carried out at a temperature of 1000 0 C, the following is formed:

coke oven gas- it consists of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, impurities of ammonia, nitrogen and other gases.

Coal tar - contains several hundred different organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds.

Top-tar or ammonia water - containing, as the name implies, dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances.

Coke– solid coking residue, practically pure carbon.

Coke is used in the production of iron and steel, ammonia is used in the production of nitrogen and combined fertilizers, and the importance of organic coking products cannot be overestimated. What is the geography of distribution of this mineral?

The main part of coal resources falls on the northern hemisphere - Asia, North America, Eurasia. What countries stand out in terms of reserves and coal production?

China, USA, India, Australia, Russia.

Countries are the main exporters of coal.

USA, Australia, Russia, South Africa.

main import centers.

Japan, Overseas Europe.

It is a very environmentally dirty fuel. Explosions and fires of methane occur during coal mining, and certain environmental problems arise.

Environmental pollution - this is any undesirable change in the state of this environment as a result of human activities. This also happens in mining. Imagine a situation in a coal mining area. Together with coal, a huge amount of waste rock rises to the surface, which, as unnecessary, is simply sent to dumps. Gradually formed waste heaps- huge, tens of meters high, cone-shaped mountains of waste rock, which distort the appearance of the natural landscape. And will all the coal raised to the surface be necessarily exported to the consumer? Of course not. After all, the process is not hermetic. A huge amount of coal dust settles on the surface of the earth. As a result, the composition of soils and groundwater changes, which will inevitably affect the flora and fauna of the region.

Coal contains radioactive carbon - C, but after the fuel is burned, the hazardous substance, along with smoke, enters the air, water, soil, and is baked into slag or ash, which is used to produce building materials. As a result, in residential buildings, walls and ceilings “glow” and pose a threat to human health.

OIL

Oil has been known to mankind since ancient times. On the banks of the Euphrates, it was mined

6-7 thousand years BC uh . It was used to illuminate dwellings, to prepare mortars, as medicines and ointments, and for embalming. Oil in the ancient world was a formidable weapon: fiery rivers poured on the heads of those who stormed the fortress walls, burning arrows dipped in oil flew to the besieged cities. Oil was an integral part of the incendiary agent that went down in history under the name "Greek fire" In the Middle Ages, it was mainly used for street lighting.

More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, 450 are being developed , and the total number of oil fields reaches 50 thousand.

Distinguish between light and heavy oil. Light oil is extracted from the subsoil by pumps or by the fountain method. Mostly gasoline and kerosene are made from such oil. Heavy grades of oil are sometimes extracted even by the mine method (in the Komi Republic), and bitumen, fuel oil, and various oils are prepared from it.

Oil is the most versatile fuel, high-calorie. Its extraction is relatively simple and cheap, because when extracting oil, there is no need to lower people underground. Transporting oil through pipelines is not a big problem. The main disadvantage of this type of fuel is the low availability of resources (about 50 years ) . General geological reserves are equal to 500 billion tons, including explored 140 billion tons .

AT 2007 Russian scientists proved to the world community that the underwater ridges of Lomonosov and Mendeleev, which are located in the Arctic Ocean, are a shelf zone of the mainland, and therefore belong to the Russian Federation. The chemistry teacher will tell about the composition of oil, its properties.

Oil is a "bundle of energy". With only 1 ml of it, you can heat a whole bucket of water by one degree, and in order to boil a bucket samovar, you need less than half a glass of oil. In terms of energy concentration per unit volume, oil ranks first among natural substances. Even radioactive ores cannot compete with it in this regard, since the content of radioactive substances in them is so small that 1mg can be extracted. nuclear fuel must be processed tons of rocks.

Oil is not only the basis of the fuel and energy complex of any state.

Here, the famous words of D. I. Mendeleev are in place “burning oil is the same as heating a furnace banknotes". Each drop of oil contains more than 900 various chemical compounds, more than half of the chemical elements of the Periodic Table. This is truly a miracle of nature, the basis of the petrochemical industry. Approximately 90% of all oil produced is used as fuel. In spite of “ own 10%” , petrochemical synthesis provides many thousands of organic compounds that satisfy the urgent needs of modern society. No wonder people respectfully call oil “black gold”, “the blood of the Earth”.

Oil is an oily dark brown liquid with a reddish or greenish tint, sometimes black, red, blue or light and even transparent with a characteristic pungent odor. Sometimes oil is white or colorless, like water (for example, in the Surukhanskoye field in Azerbaijan, in some fields in Algeria).

The composition of oil is not the same. But all of them usually contain three types of hydrocarbons - alkanes (mainly normal structure), cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The ratio of these hydrocarbons in the oil of different fields is different: for example, Mangyshlak oil is rich in alkanes, and oil in the Baku region is rich in cycloalkanes.

The main oil reserves are in the northern hemisphere. Total 75 countries of the world produce oil, but 90% of its production falls on the share of only 10 countries. Near ? world oil reserves are in developing countries. (The teacher calls and shows on the map).

Main producing countries:

Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico.

At the same time more 4/5 oil consumption falls on the share of economically developed countries, which are the main importing countries:

Japan, Overseas Europe, USA.

Oil in its raw form is not used anywhere, but refined products are used.

Oil refining

A modern plant consists of an oil heating furnace and a distillation column where the oil is separated into factions - individual mixtures of hydrocarbons according to their boiling points: gasoline, naphtha, kerosene. The furnace has a long tube coiled into a coil. The furnace is heated by the combustion products of fuel oil or gas. Oil is continuously supplied to the coil: there it is heated to 320 - 350 0 C in the form of a mixture of liquid and vapor and enters the distillation column. The distillation column is a steel cylindrical apparatus with a height of about 40m. It has inside several dozen horizontal partitions with holes - the so-called plates. Oil vapors, entering the column, rise up and pass through the holes in the plates. As they gradually cool as they move upwards, they partially liquefy. Less volatile hydrocarbons are liquefied already on the first plates, forming a gas oil fraction; more volatile hydrocarbons are collected above and form a kerosene fraction; even higher - naphtha fraction. The most volatile hydrocarbons leave the column as vapors and, after condensation, form gasoline. Part of the gasoline is fed back to the column for "irrigation", which contributes to a better mode of operation. (Entry in a notebook). Gasoline - contains hydrocarbons C5 - C11, boiling in the range from 40 0 ​​C to 200 0 C; naphtha - contains hydrocarbons C8 - C14 with a boiling point of 120 0 C to 240 0 C; kerosene - contains hydrocarbons C12 - C18, boiling at a temperature of 180 0 C to 300 0 C; gas oil - contains hydrocarbons C13 - C15, distilled off at a temperature of 230 0 C to 360 0 C; lubricating oils - C16 - C28, boil at a temperature of 350 0 C and above.

After distillation of light products from oil, a viscous black liquid remains - fuel oil. It is a valuable mixture of hydrocarbons. Lubricating oils are obtained from fuel oil by additional distillation. The non-distilling part of fuel oil is called tar, which is used in construction and when paving roads. (Demonstration of a video fragment). The most valuable fraction of direct distillation of oil is gasoline. However, the yield of this fraction does not exceed 17-20% by weight of crude oil. The problem arises: how to meet the ever-increasing needs of society in automotive and aviation fuel? The solution was found at the end of the 19th century by a Russian engineer Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. AT 1891 year, he first carried out an industrial cracking kerosene fraction of oil, which made it possible to increase the yield of gasoline to 65-70% (calculated as crude oil). Only for the development of the process of thermal cracking of petroleum products, grateful mankind inscribed the name of this unique person in the history of civilization with golden letters.

The products obtained as a result of oil rectification are subjected to chemical processing, which includes a number of complex processes, one of them is the cracking of petroleum products (from the English "Cracking" - splitting). There are several types of cracking: thermal, catalytic, high pressure cracking, reduction. Thermal cracking consists in the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules with a long chain into shorter ones under the influence of high temperature (470-550 0 C). In the process of this splitting, along with alkanes, alkenes are formed:

Currently, catalytic cracking is the most common. It is carried out at a temperature of 450-500 0 C, but at a higher speed and allows you to get higher quality gasoline. Under the conditions of catalytic cracking, along with cleavage reactions, isomerization reactions take place, that is, the transformation of hydrocarbons of a normal structure into branched hydrocarbons.

Isomerization affects the quality of gasoline, since the presence of branched hydrocarbons greatly increases its octane number. Cracking is referred to the so-called secondary processes of oil refining. A number of other catalytic processes, such as reforming, are also classified as secondary. Reforming- this is the aromatization of gasolines by heating them in the presence of a catalyst, for example, platinum. Under these conditions, alkanes and cycloalkanes are converted into aromatic hydrocarbons, as a result of which the octane number of gasoline also increases significantly.

Ecology and oilfield

For petrochemical production, the problem of the environment is especially relevant. Oil production is associated with energy costs and environmental pollution. A dangerous source of pollution of the oceans is offshore oil production, and the oceans are also polluted during the transportation of oil. Each of us has seen on TV the consequences of oil tanker accidents. Black, oil-covered shores, black surf, choking dolphins, Birds whose wings are in viscous fuel oil, people in protective suits collecting oil with shovels and buckets. I would like to cite the data of a serious environmental disaster that occurred in the Kerch Strait in November 2007. 2,000 tons of oil products and about 7,000 tons of sulfur got into the water. The Tuzla Spit, which is located at the junction of the Black and Azov Seas, and the Chushka Spit suffered the most because of the disaster. After the accident, fuel oil settled to the bottom, which killed a small shell-heart-shaped, the main food of the inhabitants of the sea. It will take 10 years to restore the ecosystem. More than 15 thousand birds died. A liter of oil, having fallen into the water, spreads over its surface in spots of 100 sq.m. The oil film, although very thin, forms an insurmountable barrier to the path of oxygen from the atmosphere to the water column. As a result, the oxygen regime and the ocean are disturbed. "suffocate". Plankton, which is the backbone of the ocean food chain, is dying. Currently, about 20% of the area of ​​the World Ocean is covered with oil spills, and the area affected by oil pollution is growing. In addition to the fact that the World Ocean is covered with an oil film, we can also observe it on land. For example, in the oil fields of Western Siberia, more oil is spilled per year than a tanker can hold - up to 20 million tons. About half of this oil ends up on the ground as a result of accidents, the rest is “planned” fountains and leaks during well startups, exploratory drilling, and pipeline repairs. The largest area of ​​oil-contaminated land, according to the Committee for the Environment of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, falls on the Purovsky District.

NATURAL AND ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS

Natural gas contains hydrocarbons with a low molecular weight, the main components are methane. Its content in the gas of various fields ranges from 80% to 97%. In addition to methane - ethane, propane, butane. Inorganic: nitrogen - 2%; CO2; H2O; H2S, noble gases. When natural gas is burned, a lot of heat is released.

In terms of its properties, natural gas as a fuel surpasses even oil, it is more caloric. This is the youngest branch of the fuel industry. Gas is even easier to extract and transport. It is the most economical of all fuels. True, there are also disadvantages: the complex intercontinental transportation of gas. Tankers - methane manure, transporting gas in a liquefied state, are extremely complex and expensive structures.

It is used as: effective fuel, raw material in the chemical industry, in the production of acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot, plastics, acetic acid, dyes, medicines, etc. production. Petroleum gas contains less methane, but more propane, butane and other higher hydrocarbons. Where is the gas produced?

More than 70 countries of the world have commercial gas reserves. Moreover, as in the case of oil, developing countries have very large reserves. But gas production is carried out mainly by developed countries. They have opportunities to use it or a way to sell gas to other countries that are on the same continent with them. International gas trade is less active than oil trade. About 15% of the world's produced gas enters the international market. Almost 2/3 of world gas production is provided by Russia and the USA. Undoubtedly, the leading gas production region not only in our country, but also in the world is the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where this industry has been developing for 30 years. Our city Novy Urengoy is rightfully recognized as the gas capital. The largest deposits include Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, Zapolyarnoye. The Urengoy field is included in the Guinness Book of Records. The reserves and production of the deposit are unique. Explored reserves exceed 10 trillion. m 3 , 6 trln. m 3. In 2008 JSC "Gazprom" plans to produce 598 billion m 3 of "blue gold" at the Urengoy field.

Gas and ecology

The imperfection of the technology of oil and gas production, their transportation causes the constant burning of the volume of gas in the heat units of compressor stations and in flares. Compressor stations account for about 30% of these emissions. About 450,000 tons of natural and associated gas are burned annually at flare installations, while more than 60,000 tons of pollutants enter the atmosphere.

Oil, gas, coal are valuable raw materials for the chemical industry. In the near future, they will find a replacement in the fuel and energy complex of our country. Currently, scientists are looking for ways to use solar and wind energy, nuclear fuel in order to completely replace oil. Hydrogen is the most promising fuel of the future. Reducing the use of oil in thermal power engineering is the way not only to its more rational use, but also to the preservation of this raw material for future generations. Hydrocarbon raw materials should be used only in the processing industry to obtain a variety of products. Unfortunately, the situation is not changing yet, and up to 94% of the produced oil is used as fuel. D. I. Mendeleev wisely said: “Burning oil is the same as heating the furnace with banknotes.”