The longest road tunnel. The longest tunnels in the world
March 1, 1880 and the construction of the railway was completed tunnel on the pass Saint Gotthard in Switzerland - the most complex engineering structure of those times, which became a symbol of the subordination of nature by man. And today we will talk about a few the world's greatest and most significant tunnels- from the already mentioned St. Gotthard in the Alps to the Marmaray line under the Bosphorus, which opened in October 2013, each of which marked a new milestone in the development of their country.
Gotthard tunnel. Switzerland
The Saint Gotthard Pass in the Alps is known in Russia thanks to the feat of the commander Alexander Suvorov, who crossed it with great difficulty and losses in the autumn of 1799. And in 1880, it became much easier to overcome the mountains in this area, because the construction of a 15-kilometer railway tunnel, one of the most famous such structures in the world, was completed there. It greatly simplified the movement of goods across Europe, and also became one of the keys to the economic well-being of Switzerland.
In 1980, not far from the century-old railway tunnel, an automobile tunnel 16.9 kilometers long was opened. And now, construction is underway on an even larger structure at the St. Gotthard Pass - a 57-kilometer railway tunnel, which, when it enters service in 2017, will become the longest in the world.
Seikan Tunnel. Japan
In 1954, a tragic event occurred in Japan - during an unprecedented storm in the Sangar Strait between the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, five passenger ferries sank, which led to the death of more than a thousand people. And this was far from the first such disaster in this place - ships plying between the two largest Japanese islands have been dying regularly for centuries. To finally solve this problem, the Japanese government decided to build a tunnel under the strait.
Work on this structure began in 1964 and lasted more than twenty years. Opened in 1988, the 54-kilometer Seikan became the longest railway tunnel in the world and still holds this record.
In 1988, about 3 million passengers used the services of the Sangar Tunnel, in 1999 - 2 million, and in 2009 - just over a million. For comparison, the annual volume of passenger traffic between Honshu and Hokkaido is ten times greater. But as a freight road, this tunnel has no worthy competitors.
Eurotunnel. France-UK
It's hard to believe, but the idea of building a tunnel between France and Great Britain appeared in the late eighteenth - early nineteenth century, and Napoleon Bonaparte himself was the "customer" of the project. But real progress in this direction began only after the Second World War, while the construction itself started only in December 1987.
The grand opening of the Eurotunnel took place on May 6, 1994 with the participation of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and French President Jacques Chirac. Tunnels (only three: two transport and one technical) are used as railway tunnels - they go in both directions high speed trains TGV Eurostar and Eurotunnel Shuttle connecting London to Paris and Brussels. The Eurotunnel accounts for 67% of passenger traffic between France and England.
Lerdal Tunnel. Norway
Built in Norway in 1995-2000, the Lerdal Tunnel can be called the most beautiful such engineering structure on the planet. In addition, it is the longest road tunnel in the world, because its length is 24.5 kilometers.
In order to at least slightly diversify the route of advance and relieve stress on the drivers, the architects who worked on the Lerdal tunnel divided it into four approximately equal parts with three artificial caves. Each of these grottoes has its own color of illumination, which gives originality and beauty to this engineering object. You can also stop in these caves, park in special septic tanks, and relax a bit.
Oresund bridge. Denmark, Sweden
It is not entirely logical that a bridge connecting two Scandinavian countries - Denmark and Norway - was included in the list of the greatest tunnels in the world. But no error in this fact no, because of the almost 12 kilometers of the length of this structure, 4050 meters are underground.
The architects of the Øresund Bridge made such an extraordinary decision for the reason that it is in this place that the glide path of aircraft heading to Copenhagen Airport passes, and it cannot be blocked. Yes, and ships going through the Øresund Strait also need space for successful navigation.
Severomuysky tunnel. Russia
On December 5, 2003, a historic event for the whole of Russia took place in Buryatia - the Severomuysky tunnel 15 kilometers 343 meters long was opened there. It became not only the longest in Russia, but also marked the end of the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, the legendary BAM, one of the greatest construction projects of the Soviet era.
The construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline began in 1938, in 1974 it was declared an all-Union shock Komsomol construction site, they began to write songs and make films about it, and ended in the estimated volume only in 2003. When creating the BAM, 10 tunnels were pierced, the largest and the most important of which was Severomuysky.
Marmaray. Turkey
In October 2013, an event happened that Mankind had been dreaming of for centuries, but did not believe in the reality of which until the very last moment. In Istanbul, the Marmaray railway tunnel was opened, connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus.
After the opening, Marmaray was integrated into the Istanbul metro system as a separate branch. It is also planned to be used for transcontinental freight and passenger traffic - the tunnel will become part of a global railway project to create a single track infrastructure from the UK to South Korea.
10
Railway tunnel in Japan 53.85 km long with an underwater fragment 23.3 km long. The tunnel descends to a depth of about 240 meters, 100 meters below the seabed. It lies under the Sangar Strait, connecting Aomori Prefecture at Japanese island Honshu and the island of Hokkaido - as part of the Kaikyo and Hokkaido Shinkansen line of the Hokkaido Railway Company. It is the deepest under the sea and the second longest railway tunnel in the world.
9
A railway tunnel in Switzerland with a length of 57.1 km (including service and pedestrian passages - 153.4 km). The north portal of the tunnel is near the village of Erstfeld, and the south portal is near the village of Bodio. After the completion of the laying of the eastern part (October 15, 2010) and the western part (March 23, 2011), it became the longest railway tunnel in the world.
8 Beijing Subway: Line 10
The high-speed rail system of Beijing, the capital of China, has been operating since 1969 and has been rapidly developing since the end of the 20th century. It ranks second among metros in the world in terms of line length and annual passenger traffic, as well as second place in terms of peak daily passenger traffic after the Moscow Metro.
7 Guangzhou Metro: Line 3
The decision to build a subway in Guangzhou was made in 1989. Construction began in 1993. The first line was put into operation on June 28, 1997. In 2002, the second line was opened, in 2005 - the third and fourth. On December 28, 2013, the 6th metro line was opened.
6
It was built in 1987 in Sweden. The cross section of the tunnel is 8 m 2 .
5
As part of a large water industry. of the Orange River project, in the middle reaches of the river, dams and reservoirs Hendrik-Verwoerd and Le Roux were built, designed to regulate the flow of the river, irrigate agricultural land, industrial water supply, and for hydropower purposes. Part of the runoff from the Hendrik-Verwoerd reservoir is transferred through a tunnel through a mountain range to the south of South Africa.
4
One of the longest tunnels is located in Liaoning province -. China has previously participated in the implementation of large-scale road projects. For example, the Danyang-Kunshan Great Bridge is the most long bridge in the world.
3
Päijanne Water Conduit- a water tunnel located in the south of Finland. Its length is 120 km, depth is from 30 to 100 m from the surface. The purpose of the construction of the conduit is to supply water to the capital agglomeration of Finland, in the cities of which (Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and others) more than a million people live.
2
Many of us can afford the luxury of instant access to clean water, but few people think about the wonders of technology thanks to which we can pour ourselves a glass of water. New York is one of those cities that lacks sources fresh water. As the population grew, aqueducts began to appear. In 1945, the Delaware Aqueduct appeared. To date, it provides the population of the metropolis with water by 50 percent. It is the second longest continuous tunnel in the world with a length of 137 kilometers. It was created by drilling and undermining hard rock. The aqueduct works incredibly efficiently - 95 percent of the total water supply is self-supplied.
1
The longest tunnel in the world- Thirlmere aqueduct. Its length is 154,000 meters, construction began in 1890 and ended in 1925. Formally, it is not the longest tunnel in the world, as it is not a continuous tunnel, but it is generally accepted to consider it the longest tunnel in the world. The aqueduct was built to carry water from the reservoir in Manchester, about 250 thousand cubic meters of water passes through it daily.
Lefortovo tunnel
In Moscow, the leader in its length is the Lefortovo tunnel. It lies in the southeastern part of Moscow and is part of the third transport ring. The longest tunnel in Moscow has a length of 3.246 kilometers, it is also one of the largest tunnels in Europe. The tunnel is located under the Yauza River and Lefortovsky Park. The Lefotovsky tunnel has seven traffic lanes (three traffic lanes to the north and four lanes to the south).
Nickname "Tunnel of Death"
Each stripe is three and a half meters wide. The Lefortovo tunnel belongs to the deep tunnels (up to 30 meters), such a depth is dictated by the need for noise and vibration absorption of a large traffic flow.
On average, approximately 3,500 vehicles pass through this tunnel per hour, and it copes with this intensity perfectly. But, during peak hours, the flow increases to seven to eight thousand, which is the cause of frequent accidents, including those with human casualties. According to statistics, this tunnel is one of the most dangerous sections of roads in Moscow in terms of the number of accidents, in this regard, he received an unflattering nickname - the "tunnel of death".
Causes of car accidents
The reason for such a high danger lies in the banal violation of traffic rules associated with speed limits and ignoring the solid dividing line between traffic lanes, which excludes changing lanes. The maximum allowed speed in the tunnel is 60 km per hour, but the "record" for speeding is 236 km per hour.
The Lefortovo tunnel is equipped with security and life support systems: ventilation, drainage system, fire protection system. Also, payphones and video surveillance systems are installed along the entire length. A central control room is provided to manage all communications.
The longest tunnel in Moscow was commissioned in December 2003. By the way, the longest road tunnel in the world is located in Norway, its length is almost 25 kilometers.
Viktor Alexandrov, Samogo.Net
Lefortovo tunnel is the longest tunnel in Moscow in addition, it deservedly takes the 5th position among other long tunnels throughout Europe. It is located under the famous river Yauza and has a length of 3.2 kilometers. If you move in one direction, then this is a combination of a tunnel and an overpass, in another? just a tunnel that starts from a depth of 30 meters. It was opened relatively recently, in 2003.
For complete safety, as required by all the norms of the Russian Federation, the tunnel is equipped with the necessary video cameras, emergency exits, loudspeakers, telephone and other. It would seem that this perfect place movement, however Lefortovo tunnel found a mysterious and rather sad glory.
The fact is that from its very opening, accidents occur daily, which do not always end without casualties. In this regard, the inhabitants of the capital began to call it the "tunnel of death."
There are several opinions that deserve to be voiced:
Some Muscovites believe that insufficiently bright lighting is to blame. Drivers do not see the road well and this causes accidents.
Psychologists refer to the closed space underground and its impact on the psyche ordinary person who should focus on driving. It puts pressure on the drivers and they unconsciously start to go faster in order to leave the tunnel.
Adherents of Gormost blame the drivers themselves and their recklessness at the wheel of a car, which ends badly for everyone.
It is worth noting that Moscow has such well-known tunnels as the North-West and others, but the accident statistics there are many times lower. The Internet in abundance offers any interested person to get acquainted with amateur videos, where it is noticeable how the cars themselves begin to wind along a flat, almost ideal road. After that, it touches another car or the concrete wall of the tunnel itself.
Eyewitnesses and accident participants themselves talk about supernatural things that happened to them in those moments. Some talk about an incomprehensible "grave" feeling of cold, an incomprehensible feeling of losing control over the car. It's like someone won't let me drive the car. Sometimes a ghostly car appeared that cut off the unfortunate driver on the road, and then also suddenly dissolved without any trace. In addition to cars, people notice an unusual fog, some strange figures, without the opportunity to recognize and talk.
The expected question is: so what is going on in long tunnel Moscow? People immediately recall the history of the Lefortovo district. Then stories about the prison, Franz Lefort and the cadets of the Red Barracks Corps emerge. Mankind is arranged in such a way that it always wants to find strange things or some rational explanation for the events, so that it would not be so scary.
Parapsychologists could not stay away from such paranormal stories and put forward their own hypothesis. It lies in the presence anomalous zone, where the well-known tunnel is located. The geopathic field has a very negative effect on all living organisms, and man is just the most complex and thorough representative of it. Whatever it was, and what they didn’t say, most drivers are inviting to remain calm, adhere to the rules and not think nonsense, which will interfere on the road.
The popularity of the tunnel does not go away, on the contrary - many people want to see it closer, tickle their nerves and capture in the photo those inexplicable oddities that occur on the road. Some people, if possible, avoid this place with all their might, but the tunnel works, and further it acquires new legends and fictions that excite other people's minds.
The longest tunnel in Moscow is the Lefortovo tunnel. It lies under the Yauza River in the historic district of Lefortovo.
Technical specifications
The length of the Lefortovo tunnel is 3.2 km, it is the 5th longest tunnel in all of Europe. In one direction of movement, the road section is a combination of an overpass and a tunnel, in the other, at a depth of 30 meters, a continuous tunnel runs.
The tunnel is part of the third transport ring and was opened in 2003.
tunnel of death
Archival entry. Things got much better in 2018.
The facility is equipped with all the necessary security systems: video cameras, telephone and loudspeaker communications, smoke and fire detectors, emergency exits, etc. Nevertheless, almost from the moment of its opening, the Lefortovo tunnel has been considered the most dangerous place in the capital. 2-3 cars are broken here every day.
What happens in the Lefortovo tunnel, which Muscovites began to call the "tunnel of death"? Someone believes that the lighting is to blame, which does not allow drivers to correctly assess the distance, psychologists say that once in a confined space, drivers try to “break free” as soon as possible and unknowingly exceed the set speed, this leads to an accident, and Gormost’s specialists they blame everything on unorganized and irresponsible motorists who grossly violate traffic rules.
However, these explanations are not convincing. After all, there are others in Moscow long tunnels, for example, North-West, which lies under the favorite recreation area of Muscovites Serebryany Bor. This section of the underground road is only a few meters shorter than the Lefortovsky tunnel, but the accident rate is much lower.
In addition, on the web you can find great amount video recordings of accidents from the Lefortovo tunnel, which show that the car suddenly starts to wind literally out of the blue, and then crashes into a nearby car or a concrete wall.
Participants in accidents also tell unusual things: someone feels “grave cold” and simply cannot drive a car, losing control of himself and the road. Someone is cut off by a car that mysteriously disappears, literally dissolving in the air, immediately after the accident. A human figure suddenly appears in front of other drivers, some talk about some otherworldly growing rumble that occurs in the tunnel, and someone falls into a strip of fog visible only to them.
Who is the "hooligan" in the Lefortovo tunnel? Maybe the former prisoners of the Lefortovo prison, built back in 1881, maybe Franz Lefort himself, an ally of Peter the Great, who died of a fever in 1699, or maybe the cadets of the Red Barracks Corps, who in 1917 fought with the Bolsheviks.
Parapsychologists say that Lefortovo is in a geopathic field. They argue that plants grow poorly here, wither on the vine, animals get sick and die. However, all these facts can be explained by poor environmental situation in close proximity to the largest transport highway.
It is difficult to say what is happening in the tunnel, but as the experience of many drivers shows, if you strictly adhere to the established rules, do not exceed the speed limit, do not change lanes, and even more so, do not overtake cars in front underground, you can significantly reduce the risk of the possibility of a "ghost attack". and calmly overcome the insidious tunnel of Death.
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