Analysis of the ecological situation in Buryatia. Ways to solve environmental and economic problems of Buryatia

During the interaction of society and the natural environment (NEA) in the production process, landscapes and their components change, which affects the health and lifestyle of people. In order to assess the consequences of human activity and identify ways to rationalize nature management in the study area, it is necessary to determine the levels of impact settlements on the environment. The Republic of Buryatia is a complex in which residents in the process of life have an impact on the state of the OPS.

To determine the level of such an impact, it is necessary to calculate the average ecological density of the population (EPav) by adjusting the population size by the pollution concentration factor:

K1=1; K2=1.5; K3=2.0,

where K1 - corresponds to the population of up to 500 thousand people; K2 - from 501 thousand to 1.0 million people; K3 - over 1.0 million people.

Then to identify the level of impact (HC) of the urban settlement on the natural environment. SW is determined by the formula:

SW=EPsr/Ksr,

where Kav is a tabular indicator that takes into account ecological situation and the significance of the state of the soil (Kp), atmosphere (Ka), water basin(Kv) the Republic of Buryatia.

Kav=Kp+Ka+Kv/3.

In this way:

1.4+1.1+1.25/3=1.25 - Ksr

377100*1=377100;

377100/1.25=3168 – Ulan-Ude impact level;

25500/1.25=2400 – impact level of Severobaikalsk;

23500/1.25=14400 – impact level of Gusinoozersk;

19500/1.25=14800 – Kyakhta impact level.

The Republic of Buryatia is one of the most ecologically clean regions of the Russian Federation.

The main types of negative technogenic impacts are associated with only a small part of the territory of the republic, related to industrial centers and adjacent areas.

The ecological situation in Buryatia is moderately acute. The greatest impact on water bodies The republic is provided by the housing and communal services of Ulan-Ude (more than 40% of the total volume of polluted wastewater). On the territory of the republic, 4 sites of polluted groundwater were found, the largest one is located in the zone of activity of the Selenginsky Central Control Commission. 3 industrial hubs (Ulan-Uda, Gusinoozersky and Nizhneangarsky) account for about 70% of the total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere of the republic.

Main environmental problems region:

– pollution atmospheric air, including emissions of pollutants from vehicles;

– pollution of surface water bodies;

- the increasing amount of production and consumption waste.

air basin

The formation of a high level of air pollution on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia is due to emissions from enterprises for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hot water and vehicles.

Over the past five years, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in the Republic of Buryatia have increased by 18.1 thousand tons.

Table 10

Key Impact Indicators economic activity on the environment and natural resources

Angarsky Slava, Grade 8

The main problems of Baikal are described.

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GKOU SKOSHI No. 62 III-IV type

Abstract on biology on the topic "Problems of the ecology of the Baikal region"

Completed by: Anagarsky Slava, Grade 8

Head: Cherdonova V.A.

2014

Introduction

Baikal is in Eastern Siberia and is rightfully considered one of the wonders of nature. This is the deepest (1637 m) oldest lake on Earth, whose age exceeds 25 million years. Despite its age, Baikal is not going to grow old, on the contrary, its shores diverge at a rate of 2 cm per year, and geophysicists say that Baikal is a nascent ocean. With a length of more than 600 km and a width of 27 to 79 km, Baikal has a colossal volume of water - 23 thousand cubic km, which exceeds the volume of all the Great American Lakes combined. Baikal contains 20% of the world's reserves of surface fresh water. The amazing purity of Baikal water is due to the small amount of suspended matter and is maintained thanks to the endemic planktonic crustacean - epishura. The transparency of Baikal water reaches 40 meters. This pearl of Rossi is located in a magnificent frame of mountain ranges: Khamar-Daban, Primorsky, Baikal and Barguzinsky. More than 300 rivers flow into Baikal, the largest tributary is the Selenga River. Only one river flows out of Baikal - the Angara, it is called the "daughter of Baikal". There are 22 islands on Baikal - the most famous is Olkhon Island. According to legend, it is Olkhon that is the abode of the formidable spirits of Baikal. Olkhon is known for a large number of sunny days- more than 300 days a year the bright sun shines there. There is also the famous Shaman-stone, the place where the ancient shamans lived. Baikal is a biodiversity champion. Of the 2635 species of animals and plants found in the lake, 75% of them are found nowhere else in the world, that is, they are endemic. Lives in Baikal the only mammal – Baikal seal, the visiting card of Baikal is also the Baikal omul. Indigenous people on Baikal - Evenki, then came the Buryats - about 700 years ago. Russians appeared in the Baikal region in the 17th century with a detachment of the Pentecostal Kurbat Ivanov, who was the first to map Baikal. What does the name of the lake mean? The most common version is that Baikal is a Turkic-speaking word and comes from "bay" - rich, "kul" - lake. It turns out: "rich lake".

In 1996, Baikal was declared a territory world heritage UNESCO. total area of the Baikal World Heritage Site is 8.8 million hectares, of which 3.15 million hectares are the surface of the lake, and 1.9 million hectares are occupied by 3 reserves (Baikalsky, Zabaikalsky, Barguzinsky) and 2 national parks(Pribaikalsky, Tunkinsky). 5 urbanized industrially developed territories (Baikalsk, Slyudyanka, Kultuk, Babushkin and Severobaikalsk) are excluded from the boundaries of the Plot. The Selenga River Delta is under the protection of the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands, as it is a key point in northern Asia for migratory bird migration around the world.

2. Major environmental issues

1) Pollution of Baikal coming from the waters of the Selenga River

The Selenga River is the largest tributary of the lake. Baikal, the volume of its runoff is more than 50% of the total river runoff in Baikal. Selenga is unique natural object- a key point of Eastern Siberia on the migration route of migratory birds. More than 5 thousand hectares of the river delta is protected by the RAMSAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of Wetlands). The main spawning grounds for the Baikal omul are located in the shallow waters of the delta.

A small part of the water pollution of the lake. Baikal falls on the Chita region. Pollution comes from metallurgical and woodworking enterprises in the city of Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky and several enterprises in Khiloksky and Krasnochikoysky districts. Pollutants enter the lake. Baikal along the river Chikoy and Khilok, which are the main tributaries of the Selenga. These enterprises annually discharge more than 20 million m3 of wastewater, including tens of thousands of tons of suspended solids and organic matter.

The main sources of pollution of the river. The Selengs are located in the Republic of Buryatia. Here are located large industrial centers, such as the city. Ulan-Ude and Selenginsk. In Ulan-Ude - urban treatment facilities give 35% of all discharges to the Selenga. In 2000, water samples taken in the river. Selenga in the immediate vicinity of the city of Ulan-Ude contained pollutants in concentrations several times higher than the MPC. Thus, it was noted that the permissible concentrations for phenols were 2-8 times higher and COD (chemical oxygen demand) 2 times higher. There was also an excess of MPC for copper ions, iron, BOD, nitrates, zinc and oil products, for the content of phosphorus and nitrates.

In 1973, near the city of Selenginsk, 60 km from the lake. Lake Baikal was built Selenginsky Pulp and Cardboard Plant (STsKK). In 1991, a closed water circulation system was introduced on it. According to the statements of the enterprise, the discharge of wastewater into the river. Selenga is completely stopped. However, the plant continues to pollute the atmospheric air, annually more than 10,000 m3 of solid waste containing heavy metals and organochlorine compounds is generated, which, infiltrating, enter Baikal with the waters of the Selenga.

Used in agricultural activities chemical substances washed away by rain into the river. Selenga and then fall into the lake. Baikal. The total area of ​​agricultural land in the Republic of Buryatia occupies 11.2% of the entire territory of the Republic of Buryatia. Animal waste and soil erosion also adversely affect the quality of water in the lake. Baikal.

Investigation of pollutant concentrations in bottom sediments and water in the upper and lower deltas of the river. Selenga, carried out in 2001 showed an excess of the MPC by 1.5-2 times for such heavy metals like copper, lead and zinc.

The high level of pollution of the river delta. Selenga are considered the main cause of the death of omul caviar.

2) Pollution of Lake Baikal with air emissions

Pollution of the air basin over the water area of ​​Lake Baikal mainly comes from the settlements located directly around the lake, especially along its southern part. Almost all emissions from Baikalsk (completely from the BPPM) and Slyudyanka enter the lake. The surrounding mountains protect Lake Baikal from distant sources of pollution, but at the same time prevent the dispersion of air emissions from local sources. The valley of the Angara River forms a passage to the lake for the prevailing on Baikal northwest winds, which carry air emissions from the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial hub along the Angara valley to Baikal. The impact of air emissions depends on the time of year. In December, the wind strength is low and emissions may not reach the lake; in April-May, the wind speed increases. Depending on the direction of the wind, air emissions from the Selenga river valley also reach the lakes, incl. from Ulan-Ude, Selenginsk and Gusinoozersk. highest level air pollution found in the southern part of Lake Baikal. The most common pollutants are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons.

7 out of 45 Russian cities with the highest level of air pollution are located in the Irkutsk region (IUGMS data, 1995). These are the cities: Angarsk, Bratsk, Zima, Irkutsk, Usolie-Sibirskoye, Cheremkhovo and Shelekhov. In terms of air quality, the East Siberian economic region is one of the worst places to live in Russia.

5 of these 7 cities are located within 200 km of the Baikal air basin zone - Irkutsk, Shelekhov, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye and Cheremkhovo (Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial hub). The increased pollution of the cities of the region with the main pollutants is associated with emissions from thermal power plants, coal, mining, aluminum, chemical, machine-building, metalworking, light and food industries. The total emission from stationary and mobile sources in the Irkutsk region in 2000 amounted to 633.3 thousand tons, total air emissions that reached Lake Baikal reached thousands of tons. The distribution area of ​​atmospheric pollution of the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial hub exceeds 30 thousand square meters. kilometers and extends from Tulun to Baikal.

The influence is also exerted by the settlements of Buryatia, located directly on the shore of the lake, or not far from it, for example, Severobaikalsk, Kamensk and Selenginsk.

The consequences of the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station - a change in the level of Lake Baikal

In 1950, a decision was made to start construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station - the first hydroelectric power station of the Angarsk cascade. The hydroelectric dam raised the level of Lake Baikal by 1 meter. The Irkutsk HPP reached its design capacity in 1959. During the creation of the Irkutsk reservoir, 220 thousand hectares of valuable floodplain agricultural land were flooded. Almost 500 thousand hectares valuable forests with berry and hunting grounds were under water.

Sharp fluctuations in the water level of Lake Baikal cause irreparable damage to the flora and fauna of Baikal. With a sharp decrease in the water level, the spawning grounds of valuable fish species dry out, and eggs and juveniles perish. The dam of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, which does not have fish passage devices, blocked the migration paths of fish going to spawn in the upper reaches of the Angara. In reservoirs, valuable fish species such as sturgeon and whitefish species are being replaced by perch, horned and ruff. The scientists of Buryatia concluded that fluctuations in the water level affect the entire ecosystem of Lake Baikal, leading to a mixture of water masses, and a strong destruction of the coast. Spawning grounds, reproduction of fish mass are under threat.

3) Pollution of Lake Baikal with domestic wastewater from settlements in the coastal zone

About 80,000 people live directly in villages and small towns along the shores of Lake Baikal.

A rough estimate shows that all these settlements discharge about 15 million m3 of effluent per year. Treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater in settlements around Baikal is either non-existent or of very low quality.

Dumping of polluted waters from ships

Discharges of ballast water from ships and pollution of the lake waters with oil products are a particular problem. In total, there are more than 300 ships on Baikal (not including the small size fleet). Navigation lasts about 6 months. In 2000, a total of 29 vessels entered into a contract for the delivery of bilge waters. About 160 tons of oil products enter Baikal annually. By existing rules, any vessel that has the right to navigate Baikal must conclude an agreement for the delivery of bilge waters. Dumping them into the lake is prohibited, they must be taken to special treatment facilities.

For the time being, there is only one such station in Baikal - in the port of Baikal, on the barge "Samotlor". Previously, this ship cruised throughout Baikal, collecting waste in different places according to a certain schedule. A few years ago, due to lack of funding, the barge was laid up in the port of Baikal, where it remains to this day.

4) Deforestation in the watershed

Primary wood is the main source of income for the Republic of Buryatia, as out of 35 million hectares of the total territory, 72% are covered with forests. Forest reserves in Buryatia are estimated at 1900 million m3.

The official sources of Buryatia state that only sanitary clearings necessary to prevent natural disasters such as fires and insect infestations. Despite these claims, satellite footage and readings local residents confirm that significant logging continued after Baikal was awarded the status of a World Heritage Site in 1996. According to Greenpeace Russia, more than 3 million m3 of forest is cut down annually in the Baikal watershed. Penalties for illegal logging are extremely lenient, if not non-existent.

In recent years and at the present time, there are more and more Forest fires, mostly due to careless handling of fire. There is also no ongoing monitoring and control of legal logging.

With the transition to a market economy in the region, the number of illegal timber operations has greatly increased. Almost all timber from Buryatia is exported to China.

5) Commercial and amateur withdrawal of biological resources

Hunting

As a result of legal and mostly illegal hunting in the post-Soviet period in the taiga of the Baikal region total number reindeer decreased by 16%, sable - by 21%, elk - by 33%, bear - by 44%, wild boar - by 62%

Fish

Fish populations are affected by overfishing, the destruction of spawning grounds, the amount of epishura, the radiation and temperature balance in the upper water layer, the breeding of atypical fish species, and pollution. However systematic research no human impact on fish stocks has been made. Of the 55 species of fish in Baikal, 15 are the object of fishing, these include: omul, whitefish, grayling, lenok, taimen, sturgeon, burbot, perch, pike, roach, dace, ide, yellowfin and long-finned goby. The main object of fishing (70% of the total) is the famous Baikal omul.

Despite the fact that the total biomass of omul was halved in the 70s, total biomass omul in the lake in 1980 remained approximately the same as before 1930. This situation has developed due to the ban on commercial fishing from 1969 to 1975 and the intensive introduction of the practice of artificial insemination of omul eggs.

Currently, there are five fish farms (Bolsherechenskaya, Barguzinskaya, Selenginskaya, Burduguzskaya and Belskaya), which in 1993 hatched about 3 billion omul eggs.

In the 1950s, a special fish farm was built on the lower Selenga to restore the Baikal sturgeon population and produce caviar. The Baikal sturgeon is included in the Russian Red Book. In 2000 artificially more than 900,000 sturgeons have been reared here.

Vostsibrybtsentr claims that over the past twenty years the number of sturgeon and grayling has decreased by about 10 times. It is most likely that this happened due to overfishing, in addition, the disappearance of spawning grounds as a result of the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, and general water pollution, also affected the abundance. Artificial insemination to prevent the extinction of the species in Baikal is now necessary not only for omul and sturgeon, but also for grayling. Another endangered fish species is the taimen. Species atypical for Baikal, such as ratan and carp taken from the Amur, and bream from small lakes near Baikal, also pose a certain threat to the ecological balance of the lake. Ratan is a serious competitor for local fish species such as omul and splinter.

6) Projects for the construction of pipelines through the Baikal drainage basin

Due to fast economic development and population growth of Asian countries on the coast Pacific Ocean, the total energy demand of these countries is growing by about 14% annually. This stimulates the interest of Russian oil companies in the construction of an oil pipeline from Western Siberia, where the main oil fields are located, to the Pacific Ocean.

There is already a pipeline running from Western Siberia east to Angarsk, where an oil refinery, the Angarsk Petrochemical Combine (ANHK), is located 90 km from Lake Baikal. by the most simple solution would continue this pipeline in eastbound, however, Baikal lies on its way. Two different oil companies have proposed two plans for how to go around the lake, the north and south routes.

Screenshot from YouTube / channel "Publishing House Inform Polis"

Straight talk with a professional ecologist

Garbage scandal in Volokolamsk near Moscow coincided with fires at landfills in Vakhmistrovo. After the terrible footage of sick children, rallies and resignations of officials, many of our readers wondered if the situation with Volokolamsk would repeat itself in our country.

Meteorologists promise a hot spring, and with the onset of heat, burning garbage dumps will begin to exude harmful substances. Discuss hot topic we invited Natalya Tumureeva, a professional ecologist who has been dealing with garbage problems for many years.

East-Baikal interdistrict environmental prosecutor Valery Malkhanov recently told the media that now there is a question of closing the burning landfill in Vakhmistrovo completely, since it does not meet the technical and sanitary and epidemiological requirements for such facilities. How could such a landfill be opened at all? Ecological examinations are carried out before the opening of such landfills, how are the sites chosen?

Environmental expertise of such facilities is carried out by Rosprirodnadzor. How all this was coordinated, I cannot say, since I have no relation to these organizations. I can only say that the solid waste landfill is a special facility for isolation and neutralization, i.e. it's not just a dump. To open a landfill for waste storage, it is necessary to fulfill many conditions that dictate SNiP, SanPiN and other laws and by-laws related to the protection environment and urban planning.

For example, a landfill should be located away from residential areas and have its own sanitary protection zone. There is a whole list of objects on the territory of which and in the immediate vicinity it is not allowed to store garbage: places for people's out-of-town recreation, zones I - III of the zones of sanitary protection of water sources, recreational and water protection zones, territories of healthcare facilities, etc.

The best substrate for placing large amounts of debris is soil with a high content of dense clay and heavy loam. Or it is necessary to backfill a waterproof layer of soil to ensure the waterproofing of the landfill. Today we are told that these landfills do not meet the requirements. And where did they look during its construction and commissioning? Now the mayor's office tells us that the landfill is located on the lands of the Tarbagatai region and allegedly has nothing to do with it. This is not so, if only because garbage is brought there from the city and served by its landscaping plant.

Today Ulan-Ude, and this is the capital of the region, does not actually have its own landfill. We are talking about the need to remove garbage from the coast of Lake Baikal, we are talking about the central ecological zone. But where to take out this garbage, even if the landfill in Ulan-Ude is full? These are the prosecutor's words. Do you agree with him?

I agree, but I think that the problem can be solved, it is necessary to abandon the burial place and start processing garbage. We have built two luxurious processing lines, spent 2.5 billion budget money on this, and everything is idle. Why? Much has been written about the various conflicts around these lines. I, as an ordinary resident, can only say that this is a conflict of interest from which the entire republic suffers. Political will is needed to resolve this issue.

The case of the poisonous dump in Volokolamsk scared many people. Especially considering the fires at the garbage dumps in Vakhmistrov. How do you assess the risk of a repeat of the Volokolamsk situation in Ulan-Ude?

The risk of repetition is great, and this must be understood. I am outraged by the inaction of the authorities in this issue. It was only after the meeting with the head on April 7 that this problem was taken seriously. The landfill has been burning for a month now, people are breathing this poison, and the city is reporting that the landfill is not ours and that it is burning at a private owner, let them figure it out. This is how ordinary residents suffer, many of them are children, because the 100th quarters are mostly young families. I already talked about this at the meeting: put out the landfill first, and then find out whose it is and why it is on fire. If it's arson, fire the watchman, hire a decent guard. If this is spontaneous combustion, then due to improper operation of the landfill, find out who is to blame and punish. And in our country, until the public activists made a scandal in the media, there was complete inaction, and then they also say about us that we are promoting ourselves.

In Buryatia, a competition was held to perform the duties of a regional operator, but the results of the auction were disputed and proceedings are ongoing in the OFAS. Who do you think would be better as a regional operator?

It does not matter, as long as they are honest people who really care about the favorable state of the environment and the quality of life of the population. And they don’t launder money by buying colorful tanks. Which will first of all think about people, and then about profit. I heard the interview of the winning cameraman on Ekho Moskvy. Yes, he is an intelligent man, but, unfortunately, he does not know much in the republic, does not know that our waste processing plant is not working, does not know why. Doesn't know about what medical waste we are disposed of by an antediluvian method, and the modern line is idle, and much more. At a meeting with the public, the head said that there would be a regional operator and then the problems would be solved. I'm not sure that he alone can do it, the support of the republican authorities and municipalities is needed here. Today I have the impression that this magic operator will come and do everything for us here. We have been shitting here for so many years, but now he will come and fix everything. Well, if it does not work out, then he can be made guilty.

Many of us quit without thinking. plastic bottles and plastic bags into the urn. But they decompose for hundreds of years or do not decompose at all. It turns out that in the end they rot in landfills around settlements, releasing a whole bunch of toxins?

Now everyone does it because there is no alternative. Okay, we will collect separately. Where will all this go? Back to the same landfill. Again, this is a recycling issue.

The melted snow exposed all the rubbish of our streets. Coming soon the traditional April subbotnik. Many of us will go out to clear the streets of garbage. But where is this garbage removed from the streets then taken out? To the same open landfill. It turns out like a negligent hostess, who hastily sweeps the garbage under the sofa by the arrival of guests. The main thing is that the dirt is not visible! But this does not solve the problem as a whole. Clean doesn't mean safe.

The answer is above. As long as there is no processing, everything will be so. But subbotniks are still needed.

With longing I remember the times when there was little harmful waste, especially in villages. And that was predominantly food and decomposed in just a year. Products were wrapped in paper bags, they were put in reusable shopping bags. Now the garbage has actually "occupied" not only the city, but also the villages. My relatives, hunters, say that bears have begun to go to villages more often only because they are attracted by the smell of food waste. How can this problem be solved?

There is already a problem of zero-waste culture. And this global problem. Previously, there was not so much packaging. Remember toothpaste? One tube, it ended up in the waste. And now? Pasta in a box, inside of which, in addition to the tube, there is also an instruction that no one reads, and all this is thrown away. The same applies to cosmetics and detergents. Well, it’s not worth talking about bags, everyone knows about it, but few people use reusable bags. I remember when I was at school, for us the package was something like a fashionable little thing, even instead of a bag we went with beautiful packages. And now? So it's a matter of culture. I need to decide for myself that I will produce less waste and live by this principle. Buy only the things you need, use reusable bags. I periodically clean the house, I donate good, little-worn things to charitable foundations, I take books, toys to Kindergarten My children play and read there. I sell good children's things at symbolic prices or give them to the church. I try to walk with a reusable bag (by the way, it doesn’t always work out). In the store I refuse extra bags, and if they already gave me, then I reuse them at home, it is much more environmentally friendly, I use phosphate-free detergents and gentle household chemicals. This is the minimum that can be done. I don't do housekeeping yet, unfortunately. Well, about food waste. This is also culture. Well, or we live well that we throw away food.

Over the past 80 years, the amount of waste in Russia has crossed such a line that it is simply impossible to recycle them all. The amount of garbage in Buryatia is growing every day. Is it really impossible, as in China, to process it? There I am always amazed by the picture next to the garbage cans. Homeless people there pack up garbage, bottles for bottles, cardboard for paper, and press tin cans. Then they sell it all for money. What prevents our authorities from coming to this?

Nothing interferes.

Recultivation means returning fruitful properties to the land where the landfill was located for several years. A huge amount of harmful elements has accumulated in the soil. What can be done with old landfills?

To use world experience, there is such experience. Everything that can be recycled to the maximum, non-toxic waste can be burned, but in special furnaces and with flue gas cleaning. In Japan, for example, football fields with evergreen grass are being built on the site of polygons. The technology is there, you just have to do it.

Another problem with landfills is culture medium for harmful insects and rodents. You will not envy the residents of the microdistricts adjacent to the landfills. What can you advise them?

Demand to remove the landfill, all that can be advised. Above, I explained what a polygon is. There should be no settlements near the landfill.

Another pain - liquid decomposition products, leachates, enter the soil and groundwater, causing severe pollution. How do our terrible landfills comply with the law on the protection of Lake Baikal?

No way, there should be no landfills in the CEZ, only places of temporary storage. This year, together with Moscow State University, we want to analyze Baikal landfills. We carried out such work on mapping in 2008 with graduate students of the ESUTU, now we want to carry out the analysis of landfill gases and filtrates with Moscow State University. I will share the results.

- In the Soviet years, we handed over scrap metal and waste paper to schoolchildren. Why have they stopped doing it now?

Because nobody recycles it. Previously, because of the shortage, everything went into processing, but now it is easier and cheaper to buy than to recycle. There are organizations in Ulan-Ude that accept waste, but you need to go to them specially, i.e. accumulate at home, and then take it there at once. Which, of course, is not very convenient for residents.

There are penalties for those who throw garbage in the wrong places. But have you ever met cases when you paid such fines?

Yes there is. But there is also a very complicated procedure, you can be fined if caught red-handed. No one sits in the forest and guards. There is already all hope for vigilant and conscious citizens.

It turns out that the garbage does not disappear anywhere. Both storage in a landfill and incineration cause pollution of soil, water and air, which ultimately affects nature and human health. What is the alternative?

Recycling only. We need to treat garbage like a resource.

Features of the nature of Buryatia

In the south of Eastern Siberia, on an area of ​​351.4 thousand square meters. km stretches the land of Buryatia. On the peculiarities of its nature big influence renders remoteness from the seas and oceans and the mountainous relief of the territory.

The continuous and focal distribution of permafrost and the predominance of a sharply continental climate are also closely related to the high relief.

These factors are actively involved in the formation of various natural complexes- taiga, dry steppe, treeless stony alpine spaces, swampy areas.

The territory of Buryatia above sea level has a significant elevation, and its lowest mark is the level of Lake Baikal (-456 m). The highest point is Munku-Sardyk (3491m).

Basically, the territory is occupied by heavily dissected medium-altitude mountains. Plain territories can be found only in tectonic depressions and in the valleys of large rivers.

Depressions can be intramountain - this is the Baikal type and intermountain - the Transbaikal type.

The Baikal depression, Verkhneangarskaya and Barguzinskaya basins belong to the Baikal type.

The Trans-Baikal type of depressions includes the Gusinoozerskaya, Chikoi-Khilokskaya, Udinskaya, and others.

Remark 1

The Transbaikalian type of depressions is distinguished by the fact that they have almost no asymmetry of mountain slopes and are usually located between mid-mountain ridges.

The Eastern Sayans from the mountains of Buryatia are the highest and youngest - this is "Tibet in miniature".

On the southern shore of Lake Baikal, there is the Khamar-Daban ridge, or as it is also called the "Siberian jungle", because its slopes are covered with impenetrable thickets.

From the east, the Barguzinsky Range adjoins Baikal, their figurative name is the “Land of a Thousand Lakes”. Indeed, here is a large number of lakes of glacial origin.

The Baikal Range, overgrown with forest, is located in the north of the lake.

Remark 2

The peculiarity of the Baikal ranges is that most of them have soft outlines and flat tops. They stretch parallel to the Baikal basin and are directed from the southwest to the northeast. The exception is Khamar-Daban.

The area is seismically active. The strength of earthquakes can reach 8-10 points. In Transbaikalia, the development of permafrost rocks.

A feature of the sharply continental climate of Buryatia is large annual and daily temperature fluctuations and an uneven distribution of precipitation over the seasons. The harsh and windless winter is replaced by a late dry spring with strong winds and night frosts.

Summer is short, its first half is dry and the second half is rainy. Early frosts and sharp daily fluctuations are characteristic of a cool autumn.

In the cold period, a powerful northeastern spur of the Siberian anticyclone develops here, so in winter in Transbaikalia low temperature and lots of sunny days.

In Buryatia, the January air temperature is -24, -25 degrees, on some days it can drop to -45 degrees. Precipitation falls up to 500 mm.

The republic is often called "sunny Buryatia" because the average duration of sunshine is 2200 hours.

Different types of soils have formed on the territory of Buryatia. In Transbaikalia, on the plateaus, a podzolic type of soil is common under larch, pine, and cedar-fir forests.

The areas of fertile chernozem soils are much smaller than those of chestnut soils. The transitional soils between them are gray forest soils.

Meadow and marsh soils have developed in river valleys where groundwater is close to the surface. Meadow-frozen soils are formed along river valleys, where there are permafrost rocks. AT southern regions In the Republic there are solonetzes and solonetsous soils.

Resources of the Republic of Buryatia

The bowels of the Republic are rich in various mineral resources. In terms of their reserves, Buryatia is one of the leading places in Russia.

There are about 30 coal-bearing areas within the Republic, such as the Uda coal-bearing depression, Dzhidinskaya, Pribaikalskaya, Gusinoozerskaya, etc.

In the bowels there are tungsten ores, molybdenum, nickel. Large tungsten deposits are Kholtosonskoe, Inkurskoe. Orekitkanskoye, Malayonogorskoye, Zharchikhinskoye are large deposits of molybdenum. Large nickel deposits include Chaiskoye and Baikalskoye.

Explored reserves of non-ferrous metals - beryllium, lead, tin, zinc.

Even before the revolution, large deposits of ore and alluvial gold were being developed in the north of Buryatia.

Non-metallic minerals include phosphates, apatites, and fluorspar. There are explored reserves of fluxes and refractories. Large deposits of asbestos are concentrated in the Molodezhnoye, Ilchirskoye, and Zelenoe deposits.

The unique deposits of potassium-alumina ores and nepheline syenites include the Sannyr and Mukhal deposits, respectively.

The area of ​​land occupied by forests in 2012 was 84.3% of the area of ​​the Republic. Forest areas increased by 403.1 thousand hectares, while the areas of forest fund lands decreased by 88.8 thousand hectares.

The reason is connected with their transfer to the lands of specially protected territories.

The forest resources of the Republic are subject to frequent fires, the average area of ​​which is 63.1 hectares.

The great wealth of the Republic is fresh, mineral and thermal waters, on the basis of the latter there are resorts of Russian importance - Arshan, Goryachinsk. Resorts of local importance are Nilova Pustyn, Khakusy, Kuchiger, Goryachiy Klyuch and others.

Water resources are represented by rivers and rivers, of which there are more than 9 thousand. The Selenga, originating in Mongolia, is one of the largest rivers in Buryatia. The history of many peoples of Asia is connected with this river, which flows into Lake Baikal.

No less famous is the Barguzin River. The famous song "Glorious Sea - Sacred Baikal" is associated with this river. This unique lake is known all over the world, it is ancient and deep. The lake has the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The lake basin contains 20% of the world's surface fresh water reserves and more than 80% of Russia's water reserves.

Figure 1. Typical landscape of Buryatia. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

There are many other lakes on this earth - Gusinoe, Pike, Sable, Guitar, Heart, etc.

On the territory of Buryatia there are specially protected natural areas where all resources are protected by law.

These include:

• Barguzinsky, Baikalsky, Dzherginsky nature reserves;
• Tunkinsky and Zabaikalsky national parks;
• twenty reserves;
• 266 monuments of nature.

The total area of ​​these territories is 10% of the area of ​​the Republic itself.

Ecological situation in Buryatia

Compared to other regions of Russia, Buryatia is one of the ecologically clean regions.

But, nevertheless, environmental problems are also typical for the Republic.

Problems include:

• deterioration of the air basin of Selenginsk and Ulan-Ude;
• the state of some water bodies;
• growing solid waste and their unauthorized placement;
• environmental damage of past years;
• low ecological culture population.

According to Burstat, pollutant emissions from stationary sources amounted to 26195.1 thousand tons. tons in 2011. There was an increase in emissions compared to 2010.

By hazard class:

• 70.0% increase in first class;
• 17% reduction in second class;
• a decrease of 42.5% in the third class;
• a decrease of 22.5% in the fourth grade;
• an increase of 58.1% of the fifth hazard class.

The increase in the amount of waste is associated with an increase in the number of overburden rocks that are formed during the development of coal deposits, and this is the fifth hazard class.

The increase in waste of the first hazard class occurred as a result of the fact that the capacitors at the facilities of Buryatenergo were decommissioned, having worked out their shelf life.

In view of the fact that the volume of work at the facilities of Russian Railways was reduced, there was a reduction in waste of the third hazard class.

With the transition of the Selenginsky Pulp and Cardboard Plant to secondary raw materials, waste of the fourth hazard class has decreased.

I am forced to turn to the "city and the world" due to the fact that the environmental and economic problems of Buryatia, just like my position on them, turned out to be the subject of not always conscientious discussions in the course of preparation for the preliminary voting (primaries) of the party " United Russia"by definition of a candidate for deputies of the State Duma.

1. I consider it necessary to reduce the water protection zone of Lake Baikal. Now it is prohibitively large - from 10 to 80 km. Its inhabitants are experiencing and will continue to experience serious difficulties. Take, for example, the village of Turka. There are a few empty spaces left in the cemetery, but neither the old one nor the new one can be created. Most likely, you will have to use the cemetery in the village of Turuntaevo - not a dipped beam. It is in Turuntaevo that now it will be necessary to export solid household waste (does anyone in Turka have a license for their transportation?). Not to mention that cars can drive on paved roads and park in paved parking lots - are there many of them in Turka? It is also forbidden to operate buildings without sewerage and waste processing systems. Where then to live?

Yes, the restriction on the privatization of land plots is associated with Art. 27 of the Land Code, but I have a court decision at my disposal, which indicates the position of the prosecutor's office that any construction in the water protection zone is prohibited.

We should not forget about the fish protection zone, approved by the same order of 05.03.2015. In the 500-meter zone, all the restrictions of the water protection and coastal protection zones are combined, for example, it is impossible to plow the land and graze livestock. And there is someone to follow these bans - fish protection.

2. I do not condemn the initiative to change the Law on the Protection of Lake Baikal and the Water Code, to reduce the water protection zone to 500 m. I just consider it more productive to change the order on water protection and fish protection zones. But for this it will be necessary to change the resolution on the Baikal natural area and its zoning, that is, to reduce the Central ecological zone. I think that the formal 500 m project of the Institute of Geography. Sochavy SB RAS with the width of the water protection zone from 40 m to 5 km. But if it's easier to change the laws and approve a 500 m zone, it's still better than the current situation.

3. I have never spoken out against the development of the Kholodninskoye field. Indeed, I proposed to design it as a natural monument following the example of almost all exploited fields in Sweden. That is, to preserve the reference pillars and outcrops, which are necessary, among other things, for the training of the mining and processing plant personnel. Already in the license agreement, the obligations of the subsoil user for underground mining, processing and disposal of waste outside the Baikal natural territory are recorded. At present, the development of the deposit is impossible due to the unfavorable situation for zinc and some other metals, the lack of a project, investors, and so on and so forth. And do not scare us with UNESCO - a uranium deposit is being developed on the territory of the Kakadu National Park World Natural Heritage Site in Australia. On the other hand, the development of the Kholodninskoye deposit will make it possible to stop the flow of adit waters with exorbitant concentrations of cadmium and other heavy metals, remove ore dumps on the steep bank of the Kholodnaya, and eliminate pollution from the destroyed village of Pereval, an electric power plant and a core store on the banks of the Tyi.

4. I consider the current deputy of the State Duma, Mikhail Viktorovich Slipenchuk, to be the best candidate out of the 20 nominated candidates. I will vote for him on May 22, and I urge everyone to make the same decision.