Cross section. % needles of the total

MOU Sidorovskaya secondary school

Educational research work

"Why the pine tree is dying and how to save it"

Completed by: Taranov

Kirill Viktorovich,

8th grade student

Leader: Goreva

Galina Anatolievna,

biology teacher

Sidorovskoye 2008

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………3

2. Biology of Scots pine……………………………………………...5

3. The value of pine……………………………………………………………….8

4. Research methods……………………………………………………..9

5. Research results………………………………………………...12

6. Discussion and analysis of actual and numerical data……………14

7.Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….16

8. Conclusion and work prospects………………………………………...17

9. Literature………………………………………………………………...18

Introduction.

Objective: draw public attention to the fact of the death of pine forests.

Work tasks:

1. study the biology of Scots pine, determine its significance

2. visually assess the state of the pine forest near the village of Venyaekha

3. Conduct a statistical study of affected pine needles according to the methodology

4. suggest methods to prevent the death of Scots pine.

Issues.

I was born and raised in s. Sidorovskoye. I know from old-timers that our places were famous for rich mushroom pine forests. But where are they now? I know that the pine forest near the village of Venyaekha is a natural monument of the Kostroma region. And what? This forest is becoming sparse, many pines are dying on the vine, others are half reddened. The needles are crumbling…

When fuel is burned in large quantities, a huge amount of gases is released into the atmosphere. Some of them - sulphurous and nitrogenous gases - under the influence of ultraviolet rays and for other reasons turn into acids. Acidified atmospheric moisture falls to the ground in the form of rain, snow or fog. The wind drives acidified clouds over long distances, and acid rain falls on fields and forests, very far from sources of pollution. Acid rains, falling into the soil, on plants and in water bodies, affect soil-forming organisms, agricultural crops, forests, inhabitants of land and water bodies.

Sometimes in the garden you can see drooping, with brown spots, completely browned leaves of tomatoes, cucumbers or other plants. These are the consequences of acid rain. If, after rain, your clothes or umbrella have small burnt points, this is the effect of acid rain.

AT European countries acid rain more than 50% damaged coniferous forests(in Germany-70%). In our country, the area of ​​significant damage by acid precipitation is several tens of millions of hectares.

Our school annually conducts ecological research, including a study of the state of pine needles in the forest near the village of Venyayekha. It is held annually by the 8th grade. Research has been taking place at the end of May since 2003. Thus, we have accumulated material for 5 years. I decided to generalize the results obtained, to identify the statistical patterns of this phenomenon, to establish the causes, and to find ways to stop this process.

In this way:

place of work -- pine forest near the village of Venyaekha

terms of work-- the end of May

duration of work-- 6 years ()

The pine forest near the village of Venyayekha is a natural monument of the Kostroma region. 25.01.08

Biology of Scots pine.

Generic name - from the Latin pin - rock, mountain, Latin sylvestris - forest from sylva - forest.

Pine has an ancient history. She appeared on Earth 150 million years ago. During this time, the face of the planet has repeatedly changed: glaciers advanced and retreated, many species of plants and animals appeared and disappeared, and their contemporary - pine - overcame time, hooked its roots to the ground and survived to this day.

On the banks Baltic Sea amber is found - amazingly beautiful petrified resin of ancient pines.

Golden ingots of fossilized resin, polished by the sea, are found in many places, but it is the Baltic countries that are considered the land of amber. In amber, there are often “preserved” in it

Young pines on the edge of the forest. 25.01.08

insects that lived in those distant times. Such amber is highly valued.

Scotch pine is an evergreen, slender coniferous tree, reaching 40 m in height, 1.5 m in diameter, with whorled branches. The bark of the tree is red-brown, brown-yellow towards the top, fissured, thinly flaky. Young branches are bare, greenish, then gray-brown; buds 6-12 mm long, sharp, reddish-brown, ovate-conical, resinous, located at the top of the main shoot and side branches. The lateral buds are collected in a whorl surrounding the larger central bud.

All pine wood is permeated with numerous large resin passages, stretching in the vertical direction and communicating with each other by horizontal passages lying in the core rays. From natural cracks in the bark and artificial incisions, resin flows out, filling the inflicted damage, which is its biological significance. The resin flowing from the wound is called resin (from the words “heal”, “heal”).

Root system with a deep-reaching main root.

The leaves (needles) are bluish-green, arranged in pairs, hard, semi-cylindrical, pointed, 5-7 cm long, 2 mm wide, located on the tops of shortened shoots.

Gray-yellow anther (male) cones smaller than a pea develop in spring at the base of young long shoots, in the axils of the covering leaves, and quickly die off. At the ends of young shoots of the same trees, reddish oval female cones appear, 5-6 mm long and 4 mm wide, on short stalks, consisting of covering scales, in the axils of which seed scales with ovules sit. Female cones after fertilization grow, reach 2.5-7 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width. In the first year they are green, in the second year they become woody and turn brown. Seeds 3-4 mm long, blackish or grayish, oblong-ovate with a wing 3 times longer than the seed. Flowering in May, pollinated by the wind. Seed cones mature in the second year.

Pine is one of the most common tree species in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia, Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and is less common in the Far East. It grows on sandy and sandy loamy soils and upland peat bogs.

Description of the plant. This is an evergreen coniferous tree of the pine family, reaching a height of 40 m. The bark is red-brown, yellowish on the branches, exfoliating. Kidneys are oblong-ovate, pointed, 6-12 cm long, resinous, surrounded by triangular-lanceolate scales with a transparent filmy edge. The needles are located in pairs, bluish-green, somewhat curved, stiff, 4-7 cm long, stored on the shoots for 2-3 years. Male cones numerous, yellow, collected at the base of the shoots current year, female-reddish, solitary or sessile, 2-3 on short legs bent down. After fertilization, the cones grow, become stiff, and mature within 18 months. Seeds oblong-ovate, 3-4 mm long, with a wing, the length of which is 3 times the length of the seed.

Pine is characterized by great morphological variability and forms a large number of forms. Grows fast, especially when young

age (up to 30-40 years). The increase in height in favorable soil and climatic conditions reaches 70-80 cm per year. Scotch pine lives up to 350-400 years. It blooms in May-June, the seeds ripen in the second year. In medicine, buds (short apical shoots), resin and needles of Scots pine are used. Habitats. Spreading. Pine is one of the main forest-forming species of our country. pine forests occupy an area of ​​about 120 million hectares. It grows on sandy, sandy loam, podzolic, soddy, chernozem-like, gley and peat-bog soils. It also occurs on gravelly soils, limestone, chalk and rocky outcrops. Due to its wide ecological amplitude, it is distributed from the forest-tundra to the steppe zone. It rises to a height of 1500 m above sea level in Altai and up to 1800 m in the Sayans. Photophilous, frost-resistant, drought-resistant. In favorable conditions, pine is a tree of the first magnitude, forms plantations upper class boniteta; with excessive moisture, on peat-gley-like soils, on very dry dune hilly or rocky outcrops, it is a twisted, knotty tree, the height of which at the age of 100 does not exceed 5 m. In the mountains it sometimes takes an eltanic form

The value of Scots pine.

1. Pine is a valuable wood used in various industries.

2. Pine tapping is carried out on a large scale.

3. Rosin and turpentine are obtained from resin extracted from pine.

4. Pine resin and stumps are used to obtain turpentine and tar.

5. Tannins are obtained from pine bark, pine oil and vitamin C are obtained from pine needles.

6. Pine is widely used in steppe and field-protective afforestation, it is the main species in the creation of forest crops on the sands.

7. Pine forests are of great water protection and water regulation importance.

8. Pine forests perform important sanitary and hygienic functions, as pine emits phytoncides that protect the air from pathogens.

Research methodology.

Bioindication of air pollution according to the state of pine

It is believed that pine forests are the most sensitive to air pollution for the conditions of the forest belt of Russia. This determines the choice of pine as the most important indicator of anthropogenic influence, which is currently accepted as a “standard for biodiagnostics”. Morphological and anatomical changes, as well as the life span of needles, are informative for technogenic pollution. With chronic pollution of forests with sulfur dioxide, damage and premature fall of pine needles are observed. In the zone of technogenic pollution, a decrease in the mass of needles by 30-60% is noted in comparison with the control plots (18%).

Key plots for air pollution monitoring may have a large area (for example, 1 ha) and are selected in a forest massif homogeneous in terms of species composition.

Determination of the state of Scotch pine needles for assessing atmospheric pollution

In uncontaminated forest ecosystems, the bulk of pine needles is healthy, has no damage, and only a small part of the needles has light green spots and necrotic dots of microscopic size, evenly scattered over the entire surface. In a polluted atmosphere, damage appears and the life expectancy of pine needles decreases.

The figure shows various options for the state of pine needles.

without spots with black and yellow spots with drying

The method for indicating the purity of the atmosphere by pine needles is as follows. From several lateral shoots in the middle part of the crown 5-10

pine trees at the age of 15-20 years, 200-400 pairs of needles of the second and third years of life are selected.

Scotch pine needle selection. May 28, 2008.

Needles are selected from trees 15-20 years old.

The collected material is being processed. 05/28/08

Needle analysis is carried out in the laboratory. All needles are divided into three parts (intact needles, needles with spots, needles with signs of drying), and the number of needles in each group is counted. The data is entered into a worksheet.

Research results.

Condition of Scotch pine needles.

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The degree of damage to the needles

total number of examined needles

number of intact needles

% intact needles

the number of needles with spots

% needles with spots

the number of needles with drying

% of needles with drying

total number of damaged needles

total % damaged needles

Graph of changes in the state of needles by years 2

13

The discussion of the results.

The work was carried out strictly according to the method described above. A group of children collected needles (pairs) in the amount of 400 pieces, at the height of human growth, in a new plastic bag. In the laboratory (in the office), the material was analyzed into 3 categories:

Without damage

With spots

With shrinkage

Then a calculation is made. The obtained data is entered into a table. Next, we build graphs and charts according to these studies.

Analysis of results.

The number of intact needles was the smallest in 2003 (96 out of 400). In 2004, this figure reached maximum value(307 out of 400), then again began to decline. In 2007, the number of green intact needles increases again (up to 232 out of 400). And this year, 2008, it is decreasing again (to 160 out of 400).

The number of needles with desiccation was high in 2003 (136 out of 400). In subsequent years, their number decreased. But in 2006 their number more than doubled compared to the previous year (164, and 72 in the previous year). In 2007, the number of needles decreases again (56 out of 400). In 2008, there is a slight increase in this display out of 400).

The total percentage of damaged needles also changes in waves over the years.

In 2003 and 2006 the number of damaged is high (76% and 63% respectively).

In 2004, the percentage of damage is minimal (23%).

In 2005 and 2007, the percentage of damage is almost the same (41% and 42% respectively).

And this year, in 2008, this figure rises to 60%.

conclusions

These characteristic damage to the needles, according to the author of the technique, are formed due to an increase in the acidic nature of precipitation.

It is obvious that in 2003 and 2006 the nature of precipitation was especially shifted to the acid side (presumably up to pH=4).

This could be due to two reasons.

Firstly, the fuel used in those years at the Kostroma State District Power Plant could contain a high percentage of sulfur.

Secondly, probably during these years (2003 and 2006) the gas cleaning filters of the enterprise deteriorated their quality, or completely became unusable.

It is also possible for these two factors to work simultaneously.

I believe that the following actions are necessary to save the pine forest:

1.Use low sulfur fuel.

2. Monitor the quality of gas cleaning filters.

3. Periodically spray substances that create a slightly alkaline environment over pine forests in order to neutralize possible acid precipitation. Pollination can be done with soda Na 2CO 3. Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 will have a milder effect. But the best option is pollination with wood ash, which contains potash K 2CO 3, since this substance is very close to the forest, non-alien (formed as a result of burning wood ), besides, potassium is nutrient strengthening the trunk and root system.

Conclusion and work prospects

1. I studied the biology and meaning of Scots pine.

2. I rate the pine forest near the village of Venyayekha today as

satisfactory.

3. I summarized the statistical data of the study of pine needles,

conducted by the children of our school.

4. I drew conclusions about the reasons for the death of pine trees.

5. By defending the work at school, I drew public attention to

the death of a pine tree.

6. I proposed measures to save the pine forest.

7. This material can be used in the lessons of biology, ecology,

chemistry at school, and to inform the public.

Literature

1. "School environmental monitoring"

2. Zverev: textbook for 7-9 cells. general education schools.

4. "Plants from A to Z" M, 1992.

5.http://www. *****

Review

The topic of the work is one of the most relevant today. Pine forests in our area are dying and disappearing. The cause of death is acid precipitation resulting from the burning of large amounts of fuel in thermal power plants. Acid precipitation causes premature drying of the needles.

To determine how many percent of the needles are affected is one of the main tasks of the research work. The percentage of damage is, according to research data, approximately 50 (± 15%), which is typical for the environment of powerful industrial facilities.

Among the educational and research works of schoolchildren, I did not meet this topic.

The paper summarizes research data for 6 years. All statistical data are entered in the table, graphs and diagrams are built on them.

The results are analyzed, conclusions are drawn about probable reasons the death of a pine, about possible ways to save it.

The work used popular scientific literature on biology and ecology, as well as attracted information resources of the Internet.

This material can be used in the lessons of biology, ecology and chemistry, to inform the public.

Biology teacher: //

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format

Introduction

The role of green spaces is very great. They reduce dust and gas content in the air, perform a windproof function, have a phytoncidal effect, fight noise, affect the thermal regime and air humidity. The first trees appeared on Earth about 350 million years ago. Huge territories were covered with forest, but then a significant part of them was destroyed by people. The forest is a complex natural formation (biocenosis). It includes not only living organisms, but also their habitat - the soil layer, the atmosphere. The forest today is experiencing a strong influence on the part of man. This influence is very diverse. There are clear-cuttings, fires, mass tourism, cattle grazing, atmospheric pollution with poisonous gases ... And how does the forest react to this? What changes are taking place in it? How dangerous are they for the existence of the forest? Human intervention in the life of the forest cannot be stopped. It is inevitable and will continue, but everyone should strive to cause the least harm to the forest. What is needed for this? An important role in the life of the forest is played by the layer of the atmosphere in which forest plants and other living organisms, without this it is impossible to imagine forests. The atmosphere serves as a source of carbon dioxide, oxygen and is replenished with oxygen released by plants and carbon dioxide produced during respiration. It receives substances that are vital for the inhabitants of the forest, and from it these substances are again absorbed by plants and animals. This system is called forest biogeocenosis. Atmospheric pollution causes great harm to biogeocenosis. The main enemy of the forest is sulfur dioxide or otherwise sulfur dioxide. Pine forests suffer the most from it. Pine plantations - air purifiers from dust, which depends on the needles, its quantity and surface. In a well-developed adult pine tree, the total length of the needles exceeds 200 km. This determines the high filtering capacity of the tree.

The topic of our work is “Pine as an indicator of pollution environment". We consider this topic relevant today, since the preservation of the quality of the environment and the health of the population is among the most acute problems of our time.

Another relevance of such work is that often reliable information is insufficient, clarification and search for new facts are required. Target research- definition condition of Scotch pine needles for assessing air pollution

Examine the literature on the research topic

To study the state of Scots pine needles in different parts of the city: along the M5 federal highway, forest park zone, near the industrial zone, near Lake Turgoyak.

Analyze and summarize research results

Based on the data obtained, draw a conclusion

We put forward a hypothesis: Scotch pine can be used as a bioindicator for assessing atmospheric pollution.

The object of the study were the needles of Scotch pine.

The subject of the study is the level of pollution.

The research work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, we studied the characteristics of gymnosperms, including Scots pine.

In the practical part, experimental research methods were used: experiment, observation, theoretical analysis, based on the results of which we made the appropriate conclusions.

Chapter 1. Theoretical substantiation of the problem

The gymnosperms department has more than 700 species of plants. Gymnosperms have not only roots, stem and leaves, but also seeds that are formed in special organs - cones. Seeds of gymnosperms lie openly “naked” on the scales of cones - hence the name of this department.

The gymnosperms department includes several classes, of which the coniferous class is now flourishing (about 560 species). Gymnosperms mainly grow in the northern part the globe. Conifers form huge forests in the Urals, in the Caucasus mountains, Central Asia, in Siberia.

Gymnosperms are very ancient plants, the remains of which are found in the layers of the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era. The flowering of conifers falls on Jurassic period. This is the largest and most widespread group of gymnosperms. Currently, these are mainly trees (up to 100 m in height), shrubs, tree-like vines and even epiphytes.

Branching is monopodial. The leaves of most coniferous plants are hard, needle-shaped (needles). The needles are located on the stem in a spiral (single) or collected in bundles, scaly - oppositely, do not fall off in an unfavorable season. Outside, the leaves are covered with a thick cuticle - a layer of a special substance secreted by the integumentary tissue - the skin. The stomata are immersed in the leaf tissue, which reduces the evaporation of water, the replacement of needles occurs gradually throughout the life of the plant. Coniferous plants have a powerfully developed secondary xylem (wood), consisting of 90-95% of tracheids. The bark and pith are poorly developed. The roots (main and lateral) have the usual structure for trees with mycorrhiza (symbiosis of mycelium of the fungus and tree roots), adventitious roots are rare. A distinctive feature of all gymnosperms is the presence of ovules and the formation of seeds. The ovules are located openly, which is why they are called gymnosperms. Seeds develop from the ovule.

In the development cycle, there is a succession of two generations of the gametophyte and the predominant sporophyte. Coniferous evergreens, with the exception of larch and metasequoia. Many conifers in the bark, wood and leaves have resin passages containing essential oil, resins and balms.

Conifers form natural landscapes - taiga - in vast expanses of continents. Their importance in the life of nature and in human economic activity is great. Being the most important component of biogeocenoses, they are of great water protection and anti-erosion significance. Coniferous plants provide the bulk of construction wood and are the source material for the diversified forestry industry. From conifers, viscose, silk, staple, balsams and resins, camphor, alcohol and acetic acid, tannin extracts, etc. are obtained, as well as food products and vitamins. Seeds of cedar, Siberian pine contain up to 79% oil, close to Provence and almond. For the medical industry, conifers serve as a raw material for the production of vitamins and medicines. Needles, seeds and young shoots of some conifers are an indispensable winter food for animals (especially moose) and birds. Yew wood is used for the manufacture of expensive crafts and in the furniture industry, it is almost not affected by insects.

Pine is the main forest-forming species. In terms of area (114,240.8 thousand hectares), it ranks second, second only to larch. Scots pine and its forests have a huge area with a wide range of growth. The genus pine (Pinus L.) has about 100 species growing in the countries of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as in the mountains of southern latitudes (Europe, Asia, North and South America).

Generic name - from the Latin pin - rock, mountain, Latin selvestris - forest from sylva - forest.

This genus is divided into two subgenera: two-needle pines with winged seeds (Diploxylon) and five-needle, or cedar, with wingless seeds (Haploxylon). The biconiferous subgenus includes Scots pine, Eldar, Pitsunda and others; subgenus of five conifers - Siberian cedar, Korean pine, Weymouth pine.

The most common type of pine growing in Russia is Scotch pine (Pinussilvestria). Common features for this species are paired needles on shortened shoots, a flat-convex shape of the needles in cross section, strong woody cones with characteristically thickened ends of the scales, a one and a half year period of their maturation, a peculiar combination of a seed with a wing, and others. These signs are characteristic of all pines growing in various parts its vast range.

Scotch pine is an evergreen, slender coniferous tree, reaching 40 m in height, 1.5 m in diameter, with whorled branches. The bark of the tree is red-brown, brown-yellow towards the top, fissured, thinly flaky. Young branches are bare, greenish, then gray-brown; buds 6-12mm long, sharp, reddish-brown, ovate-conical, resinous, located at the top of the main shoot and side branches. The lateral buds are collected in a whorl surrounding the larger central bud.

All pine wood is permeated with numerous large resin passages, stretching in the vertical direction and communicating with each other by horizontal passages lying in the core rays. From natural cracks in the bark and artificial incisions, resin flows out, filling the inflicted damage, which is its biological significance. The resin flowing from the wound is called resin (from the words "heal", "heal").

Root system with a deep-reaching main root.

The leaves (needles) are bluish-green, arranged in pairs, hard, semi-cylindrical, pointed, 5-7 cm long. 2 mm wide, located on the tops of shortened shoots.

Gray-yellow anther (male) cones smaller than a pea develop in spring at the base of young long shoots, in the axils of the covering leaves, and quickly die off. At the ends of young shoots of the same trees, reddish oval female cones appear, 5-6 mm long and 4 mm wide, on short stalks, consisting of covering scales, in the axils of which seed scales with ovules sit. Female cones after fertilization grow, reach 2.5-7 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width. In the first year they are green, in the second year they become woody and turn brown. Seeds 3-4 mm long, blackish or grayish, oblong-ovate with a wing 3 times longer than the seed. Flowering in May, pollinated by the wind. Seed cones mature in the second year.

1. The influence of environmental conditions on the life and structure of plants

Everything that surrounds a plant and has a direct or indirect effect on it, in a broad sense, constitutes its habitat. The role of individual elements of the habitat in the life of plants is not the same. Some of these elements are vital, others affect the plant, but are not required, others are indifferent. Elements of the environment that affect the life of plants are called environmental factors. They are characterized by inconstancy, that is, changes in the magnitude of the action over time. An element of the environment, constantly present in excess amounts, becomes an environment-forming factor that determines the specifics of the environment as a whole.

The nature of the action of any environmental factor depends on its magnitude. There is an optimal value of the factor and a critical value (minimum and maximum values), beyond which active life activity. Many plants in different conditions habitats are different in a number of morphological and anatomical features.

In the process of evolution, plants that have adapted to similar conditions have developed common features appearance, growth rhythm, anatomical structure. The uniformity of plant responses to one or another environmental factor allows you to combine them into ecological groups.

Each ecological group may include plants of different life forms. On the other hand, plants of the same life form can belong to different ecological groups.

Bioindicative methods

Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons and others have the strongest impact on phytocenoses. Among them, the most typical is sulfur dioxide, which is formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel (the operation of thermal power plants, boiler houses, heating furnaces of the population, as well as transport, especially diesel).

Plant resistance to sulfur dioxide is different. A slight presence of sulfur dioxide is well diagnosed by lichens - first bushy, then leafy and, finally, scale forms disappear.

Of the higher plants, conifers have an increased sensitivity to SO 2. For a number of plants, the boundaries of vital activity and the maximum permissible concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air have been established. MPC values: for timothy grass Lugovoy, common lilac - 0.2 mg/m3; barberry 0.5 mg/cu.m.

It should also be taken into account that there is a gradual accumulation of sulfur dioxide, as well as their interaction with other pollutants, which increases the negative impact. Plants such as wheat, fir, strawberry, warty birch are sensitive to the content of other pollutants in the air (for example, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride).

Resistant to the content of hydrogen fluoride in the air are cotton, dandelion, potatoes, roses, tobacco, tomatoes, grapes, and to hydrogen chloride - cruciferous, umbrella, pumpkin, geranium, clove, heather, Compositae. It is believed that pine forests are the most sensitive to air pollution for the conditions of the Russian forest belt. This determines the choice of pine as the most important indicator of anthropogenic influence, which is currently accepted as a “standard for biodiagnostics”. Informative on technogenic pollution are morphological and anatomical changes, as well as the life span of needles. With chronic pollution of forests with sulfur dioxide, damage and premature fall of needles are observed.

In uncontaminated forest ecosystems, the bulk of the needles are healthy, undamaged, and only a small part of the needles has light green spots and necrotic dots of microscopic size, evenly scattered over the entire surface. In a polluted atmosphere, damage appears, and the life expectancy of pine needles is reduced.

Under the influence of pollutants, the reproduction of pine is suppressed. The number of cones on a tree decreases, the number of normally developed seeds in cones decreases, and the size of female cones noticeably changes (up to 15-20%). A bioindicator of atmospheric pollution can be the annual growth of trees in height, which in polluted areas can be 20-60% lower than in control ones. Informative for technogenic pollution is the life span of needles (1 to 5 years or more).

Bioindication is an assessment of the state of the environment by the reaction of living organisms (plants, animals). The essence of bioindication lies in the fact that certain environmental factors create the possibility of the existence of a particular species. Species that allow you to identify the specific features of the environment are called indicators. Bioindication makes it possible to judge changes in the state of the environment and predict the direction of these changes. When studying the degree of environmental pollution, the reaction of organisms to pollutants is important. The monitoring system for this reaction is called biological monitoring. Coniferous plants are very sensitive to environmental pollution. They are particularly affected by sulfur dioxide. The life expectancy of pine needles is 3-4 years. During this time, it accumulates such an amount of sulfur dioxide that can significantly exceed the threshold values.

Under the influence of sulfur dioxide, the following changes occur in pine:

The life span of needles is reduced;

Shoots die off; - the width of annual rings decreases;

The crown is thinning;

Tissue necrosis (necrosis) appears.

Let's take a look at these signs.

Leaf fall (needle fall) in pine occurs in autumn. Green needles are located on last year's shoots and this year, and yellow on older ones that are already more than 3 years old. Also, the crown of the pine is thinning, many dry branches appear, covered with rare short needles. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed by the plant through stomata, dissolves in the liquid phase of cells (cytoplasm) and causes poisoning of living tissues (Scheme No. 1).

The rate of entry of a phytotoxicant (a natural or chemical substance that affects vegetation) is highly dependent on air humidity and leaf saturation with water. Moist needles absorb sulfur dioxide several times more than dry ones. The plant intensively accumulates sulfur in the tissues. Young needles absorb sulfur dioxide more actively than old ones. Therefore, the age of pine needles indicates the degree of pollution. At a sulfur dioxide concentration of 1:1,000,000, pine needles fall off. Photosynthesis stops completely. The appearance of tissue necrosis (necrosis) is more often manifested on pine needles under the influence of pollutants. There are the following types of necrosis:

marginal necrosis (along the edges of the needles);

median necrosis (middle of the needle);

point necrosis - the death of leaf tissues in the form of spots scattered over the entire surface of the needles.

Crown thinning occurs as a result of leaflessness or de-needling (defoliation), when exposure to pollutants (including sulfur dioxide) leads to the destruction of the upper part of the tree.

There is a convenient way to determine the age of the needles using whorls.

The question is often asked: “Why do we have to use living objects to assess the quality of the environment, when it is easier to do this by physical and chemical methods? There are three cases when bioindication (determination of biologically significant loads based on the reactions of living organisms and their communities to them) is indispensable:

1. The factor cannot be measured.

2. The factor is difficult to measure.

3. The factor is easy to measure but difficult to interpret, i.e. explain, explain.

From the point of view of nature protection, it is more important to get an answer to the question of what consequences this or that concentration of a pollutant in the environment will lead to. This problem is solved by bioindication, which makes it possible to assess the biological consequences of anthropogenic environmental change. The relevance of bioindication is also due to the speed, simplicity and low cost of determining the quality of the environment.

Bioindicators are biological objects used to assess the state of the environment.

Types of bioindicators:

1. Sensitive. Quickly reacts with a significant deviation of indicators from the norm.

2. Accumulative. Accumulates effects without manifesting disturbances. Bioindicators are described using two characteristics: specificity and sensitivity.

With low specificity, the bioindicator responds to various factors, while with high specificity, only one.

With low sensitivity, the bioindicator responds only to strong deviations of the factor from the norm, while with high sensitivity it responds to minor deviations.

The sensitivity of the population to the effects of air pollution depends on a large number of factors, including age, gender, general health, nutrition, temperature and humidity, etc. The elderly, children, sick, suffering chronic bronchitis, coronary insufficiency, asthma, are more vulnerable.

The general scheme of the body's response to the effects of environmental pollutants according to the data World Organization Health (WHO) has the following form (Appendix 1):

(1) - mortality;

(2) - incidence;

The problem of the composition of atmospheric air and its pollution from vehicle emissions is becoming increasingly important.

Among the factors of direct action (everything except environmental pollution), air pollution certainly occupies the first place, since air is a product of continuous consumption of the body.

One extremely harmful component of car exhaust is lead. This element is the most toxic. About 200,000 tons of lead are released into the atmosphere every year.

Lead oxides accumulate in the human body, getting into it through animal and plant foods. Lead and its compounds belong to the class of highly toxic substances that can cause significant harm to human health. Lead affects the nervous system, which leads to a decrease in intelligence, and also causes changes in physical activity, coordination, hearing, affects the cardiovascular system, leading to heart disease. Lead poisoning (saturnism) ranks first among occupational intoxications.

Chapter 2. Experimental work

It has now been established that coniferous species are more sensitive to atmospheric air pollution than deciduous species. The increased sensitivity of conifers is associated with the long life of the needles and the absorption of gases, as well as with a decrease in the weight of the needles. With frequent or constant exposure, toxic compounds gradually accumulate in the tissues of coniferous plants, which leads to the death of the needles. Under normal conditions, pine needles fall off after 3-4 years, near sources of atmospheric pollution - much earlier (after 1-2 years).

There are many sources of an anthropogenic nature that cause atmospheric pollution, as well as a violation of the ecological balance in the biosphere. However, the most important of these is the transport sector.

Pine forests are the most sensitive to air pollution, especially car exhaust, as well as emissions of substances into the air from enterprises and gas stations. In this regard, we were faced with the task of assessing the degree of air pollution in four areas, different in terms of traffic congestion and location to the city's enterprises.

The research methodology was divided into 3 stages:

Stage 1 - determination of work areas,

Stage 2 - determination of the state of pine needles, data processing,

Stage 3 - determination of the life span of pine needles, data processing.

Stage 1. Defined areas for work.

4 sites were selected near highways, which were located in zones contrasting in terms of the level of atmospheric pollution:

"KB im. V.P. Makeev” (Appendix 2).

(Annex 3)

Section No. 3 - Turgoyak settlement, road to the Cosmos camp in the forest zone (250 m from the road deep into the forest) (Appendix 4)

(Annex 5)

stage. Research methodology "Determining the state of Scotch pine needles for assessing atmospheric pollution"

Purpose: Using the method of visual and quantitative assessment, to determine the condition of the needles of Scotch pine (Pinussilvestris) to assess air pollution.

Equipment: pine needles, digital microscope, calculator, computer.

In uncontaminated forests, the bulk of pine needles are healthy, undamaged, and only a small part of the needles have light green spots and small dark dots scattered over the needles. In a polluted atmosphere, damage appears and the life expectancy of needles decreases.

To determine the degree of purity of the atmosphere, 200-300 needles of the second or third year of life are taken from several lateral shoots in the middle part of the crown from 10-15 trees. The collected needles are divided according to signs of damage: intact, with spots, with signs of drying out, and the number of needles in each group and for each studied area is counted. The research data are entered in the table. A conclusion is made about the degree of air pollution.

If the pine needles are spotless, the air is considered perfectly clean; if the needles are with rare small spots, the air is clean. If there are needles with frequent small spots, we can talk about polluted air, and if there are black and yellow spots, dangerously dirty air.

Stage 3. Determined the condition of pine needles.

Revealed the degree of damage to the needles

From the branches of 4 trees, shoots of the same length were selected. They collected all the needles from them and visually analyzed its condition. The degree of damage to the needles was determined by discoloration, including the presence of chlorotic spots, necrotic spots, necrosis (Appendix 6).

Fig.1. The class of damage and drying needles

Needle damage class:

1 - needles without spots,

2 - needles with no a large number spots,

3 - needles with a large number of black and yellow spots, some of them are large, the entire width of the needle.

Needle drying class:

1 - no dry areas,

2 - the tip shrunk 2-5 mm,

3 - a third of the needles have dried up,

4 - the entire needle is yellow or more than half of its length is dry.

The calculation results are listed in the table.

Visually, damage and drying of the needles are presented in Appendices 7-10.

Based on the data obtained, we can conclude that the degree of damage and drying of Scotch pine needles in sections No. 4 (Federal highway M5) and No. 2 (Bypass road in the industrial zone of Miass) is greater than in section No. 1 ( Turgoyakskoye Highway), and hence the degree of air pollution in this area is lower. The reasons for pollution are probably related to the fact that near site No. 4 there is an ABZ (asphalt-concrete plant) of the Miass DRSU, a SALAVAT gas station and a parking lot for Pekinka heavy trucks, near site No. 2 - the Kedr enterprise, 2 gas stations, Techservice CJSC.

Sections No. 1 and No. 3 are clean, due to the fact that there are no enterprises nearby, there is no large flow of cars in the forest area.

The most dusty, dirty pine branches and needles are in plots No. 1 and No. 4 (Appendix 11), pine from plot No. 2 is infected with aphid eggs (Appendix 12).

As a result of the study, we found that trees with damaged pine needles are located near the highway, and trees with less damaged pine needles are located further from the road. Scotch pine needles have a large storage capacity. With the accumulation of toxic substances, morphological changes are observed, which are indicators of atmospheric pollution. Where the air is heavily polluted, pine needles are damaged and the life expectancy of the tree is reduced. If the number of vehicles increases, this will lead to undesirable consequences - such a plant as a pine tree will not be able to exist in conditions of pollution. To preserve forests, it is necessary to take measures to protect them, including switching to environmentally friendly fuel.

Conclusion

There are many sources of anthropogenic nature that cause atmospheric pollution, as well as violations of the ecological balance in the biosphere. However, the most significant of these are two: transport and industry. Pine forests are the most sensitive to air pollution.

Work on this study allows you to develop the ecological thinking of students, form computer skills, use the resources of the Internet.

The tasks were solved, the goal was achieved. The hypothesis was confirmed.

This project can be used in biology lessons as a visual and educational material.

If we are destined to breathe the same air,

Let's all unite forever

Let's save our souls

Then we on the Earth will save ourselves.

N. Starshinov

List of used sources and literature

Alekseev, V.A. 300 questions and answers on ecology [Text] / Yaroslavl: Development Academy, 1998

Arnold, O. Ecology: an unconventional view of the problem [Electronic resource] / O. Arnold // - Biology. - 2015. - №10 - http://bio.1september.ru/topic.php?TopicID=5&Page=1

Bodnaruk, M.M. Biology: Additional materials to lessons and extracurricular activities in biology and ecology grade 10-11 [Text] / Volgograd: Teacher, 2008

Zlygostev Alexey. Atmospheric layer [Electronic resource]/ http://dendrology.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000041/st012.shtml

Zorina, T.G. Schoolchildren about the forest [Text] / M.: Timber industry, 1987

Kriksunov, E.A., Pasechnik, V.V., Sidorin, A.P. Ecology: Grade 9: Textbook for general education educational institutions[Text] / M .: Bustard, 1995

Truss, H.H. Bioindication of the state of the atmospheric environment of cities. Environmental aspects urban systems [Text] / Minsk: Science and technology, 1984

Schuberg R. Bioindication of contaminants terrestrial ecosystems[Text] - M., 1988

Ecological monitoring: teaching aid [Text] / author-composition. T.Ya. Ashikhmina, - Kirov: Staraya Vyatka Printing House LLC, 2012

Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Biology [Text] / M .: Avanta +, 2000

Attachment 1

The body's response to exposure to air pollutants

(1) - mortality;

(2) - incidence;

(3) - physiological signs of the disease;

(4) - shifts in the vital activity of an organism of unknown purpose;

(5) - accumulation of impurities in organs and tissues.

Annex 2

Plot No. 1 - Turgoyakskoye Highway, 50 meters from the turn to the SRC "KB im. V.P.Makeev»

Annex 3

Section No. 2 - within the city of Miass, a bypass road in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe enterprises "Kedr" and CJSC "Techservice" between two gas stations

Appendix 4

Plot No. 3 - Turgoyak village, the road to the Cosmos camp in the forest zone (250 m from the road deep into the forest)

Annex 5

Section No. 4 - federal highway M5, Beijing area, 2.5 km from the southern part of Miass

Appendix 6

Counting the required number of needles

Annex 7

Section No. 1 - Turgoyakskoye highway, 50 meters from the turn to the SRC

"KB im. V.P.Makeev»

Appendix 8

Section No. 2 - within the city of Miass, a bypass road in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe enterprises "Kedr" and CJSC "Techservice" between two gas stations

Damage to the needles of the 1st class (no spots)

Damage to the needles of the 2nd class (with a small number of spots)

Grade 3 needle damage (with a large number of black and yellow spots)

Annex 9

Plot No. 3 - Turgoyak village, the road to the Cosmos camp in the forest zone (250 m from the road deep into the forest)

Damage to the needles of the 1st class (no spots)

Damage to the needles of the 2nd class (with a small number of spots)

Grade 3 needle damage (with a large number of black and yellow spots)

Annex 10

Section No. 4 - federal highway M5, Beijing area, 2.5 km from the southern part of Miass

Damage to the needles of the 1st class (no spots)

Damage to the needles of the 2nd class (with a small number of spots)

Grade 3 needle damage (with a large number of black and yellow spots)

Annex 11

Section No. 1 - Turgoyakskoye highway, 50 meters from the turn to the SRC

"KB im. V.P.Makeev»

Section No. 4 - federal highway M5, Beijing area, 2.5 km from the southern part of Miass

Appendix 12

Section No. 2 - within the city of Miass, a bypass road in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe enterprises "Kedr" and CJSC "Techservice" between two gas stations

Municipal budgetary educational institution additional education children "House of children's creativity" of the municipal district Uchalinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Educational and research work on the topic: "Diseases of tree species and assessment of the ecological state of the forest"

Completed: a pupil of the children's association: "In the world wildlife» Shikhova Ksenia Andreevna, 6th grade.

Head teacher: MBOU DOD DDT Zakirova Zugra Girfanovna.

Uchaly 2014

Introduction. 1 page

Literature review:

a) classification of diseases. 2 page

b) characteristics of the main types of diseases. 3 page

c) diseases associated with chemical influences. 4 pages

G) Effect of sulfur dioxide on trees. 5 pages

Assessment of the ecological state of the forest 6 pages

Methodology and research results 7 – 9 pages

References 11 pages

Application.

Introduction

We, young naturalists of the House of Children's Art, systematically go on excursions to the nearby forests of the city of Uchaly. On our way, we often encounter various tree pathologies. These are various mechanical damages, burns of the bark, formations in the form of fruiting bodies of mushrooms, withering and drying of needles and leaves. We are also confronted with the phenomena of a careless attitude of man to nature. The forest is littered household waste: cans, bottles, plastic bags etc. There are numerous incisions on the trunk of trees, inflicted by a person with sharp objects, traces of burns. This state of the forest cannot leave us indifferent. Having assessed the situation, we decided to conduct a survey, establish the causes and nature of tree diseases and give an objective assessment of the ecological state of the forest and develop recommendations for its improvement.

Target: To study the nature of diseases and types of damage to tree species of plants, to assess the ecological state of the forest.

Tasks:

Determine the object of study.

Develop research methods.

Carry out a qualitative and quantitative accounting of trees infected with diseases, as well as mechanically damaged trees.

Determine the causes leading to pathological changes in trees.

Classification of diseases

All plant diseases, depending on the cause of their occurrence and the course of development of the pathological process, are divided into infectious and non-infectious.

Infectious diseases occur as a result of damage to plants by pathogenic organisms alien to them. Depending on the pathogen, infectious diseases are divided into the following groups: fungal, bacterial, viral and tallophytosis caused by lichens.

Non-communicable diseases arise as a result of adverse effects of various abiotic factors: temperature, humidity, exposure to toxic substances. Non-communicable diseases are divided into the following main groups: diseases caused by inappropriate growth conditions; diseases caused by harmful influences meteorological phenomena, high or low temperature, etc; diseases caused by mechanical influences; diseases caused by harmful impurities in the air.

Plant disease is accompanied by biochemical, physiological and anatomical changes. As a result of damage to plants by diseases of various origins, diseased plants experience all kinds of pathological changes: yellowing of needles and leaves, browning, drying of branches, leaf mosaic, witch's brooms, tumors, cancerous ulcers, rot.

Characteristics of the main types of diseases

Yellowing of needles and leaves. It is characterized by a change in the normal green color to yellow with a greenish tinge of varying intensity. The disease is observed with an acute lack of light, iron and other malnutrition. When treating or changing the conditions of growth and nutrition, the green color of the leaves and needles is restored.

Browning of needles and leaves. It is characterized by a change in green color to brown, reddish-brown and other shades.

Drying branches. It can be the result of infectious and non-infectious diseases, as well as the result of damage to the branches directly, as well as root rot.

Witch brooms. It is characterized by crowding of shoots, resulting in spherical or ovoid formations consisting of shortened shoots that look like brooms. Caused by fungi, viruses, mechanical damage.

Tumors. It is characterized by local thickening of branches and roots. According to the shape of the tumors, they are called: hemispherical - growths, influxes; spherical - swellings, bumps and thickenings.

Cancer ulcers. Characterized by the formation of non-healing wounds, surrounded by influxes. The reasons for the formation of cancerous ulcers are different: infectious lesions and permanent frost damage.

Rot. With the disease, individual parts and organs of plants are destroyed and softened. Caused by fungi and bacteria.

Diseases associated with chemical exposure

These tree diseases are observed when the air, soil, liquid or materials in contact with the plant contain toxic compounds that cause poisoning. If poisoning leads to a very rapid death of a tree, then it can be attributed to damage by toxic substances, but in cases where plants long time experience the toxic effects of these substances and does not die off, a pathological process occurs, which can end in one case with the recovery of the plant, in others with its death.

Poisoning through the air. These cases include smoke inhalation from poisonous gases from various vapours. Smoke, depending on the composition and incomplete combustion of the fuel, contains various toxic gaseous products (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfuric and sulfurous anhydrides, hydrochloric acid). All these toxic compounds and substances cause noncommunicable diseases plants in both acute and chronic forms. In the first case, individual parts of the plant are damaged, especially leaves and needles, on which necrotic spots form. In the second case, the vital functions of trees are broken gradually. The gas penetrates through the stomata and causes a decrease in the energy of assimilation, damaged cells die off, a sign of an acute disease of conifers damaged by gases, is wine-red coloring of the needles at the tips or all of the needles and falling off in the future. In hardwoods, red-brown spots appear on the leaves, located between the veins. With prolonged exposure to factory smoke, the growth of trees decreases, the tops and branches die off. The toxic substances in question can enter the soil and poison the roots. So sulfur dioxide quickly oxidizes in moist air and reaches the soil in the form of sulfuric acid.

The effect of sulfur dioxide on trees

Since there is a UGOK on the territory of our city, the industrial emissions of which may contain sulfur dioxide, we decided to study its effect on the forest.

Wood and sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is released into the atmosphere when substances containing sulfur are burned. It is formed, in particular, during the smelting of copper (when copper pyrite serves as a raw material), during the combustion of coal, oil, containing an admixture of sulfur (in oil, for example, this admixture can reach 4% or more). It is estimated that more than 130 million tons of this harmful substance annually enters the air shell of our planet. Almost all sulfur dioxide is emitted as a result of human activities. This substance is almost exclusively of anthropogenic origin, so to speak, a satellite of civilization. In nature, not affected by man, there are no such processes that would lead to the release of large amounts of sulfur dioxide. A little of it enters the atmosphere only during volcanic eruptions. And eruptions, as you know, are quite rare.

Sulfur dioxide is a highly toxic substance for plants. Its harmful effect is manifested at a negligibly small content in the air - 1: 1,000,000 or even less. It is at this concentration that significant damage to plants is already noted.

Sulfur dioxide is especially detrimental to our evergreens. coniferous trees, especially pines. Huge tracts of pine forests in the zone of intense action of industrial smoke suffer from poisoning with this substance. Signs of tree damage are clearly visible. Such trees differ sharply in appearance from healthy ones. Their crowns are very sparse, there are few needles, some of the large branches have dried up. Sometimes the top also dries up. Sulfur dioxide damage also affects the length of the needles: they become much shorter. Poisoned trees, in the end, completely dry out and die.

deciduous trees much more resistant to sour gas. They do not die as quickly as the pine, but still suffer more or less severely. Their leaves are covered with spots of gas burns. The affected areas of the leaf eventually die off, fall out, and the leaf blade turns out to be perforated. However, the leaf does not die, unless the area of ​​"holes" is too large (no more than 10-20%)

Assessment of the ecological state of the forest

The forest is in a very neglected state. It is littered with old and rotten trees, littered household waste. As a result of frequent fires, a huge number of trees were completely destroyed, and burnt stumps remained in their place. The bark on the tree trunk is burned. Trees are also subjected to mechanical damage. This resulted in the wood being exposed. The results of the research showed that a huge part of the trees are affected various types infectious diseases. We have identified the following types of diseases: tumors, cancerous ulcers, 4 types of fungi, yellowing of leaves and needles, witch's brooms.

The crowns of coniferous trees are very sparse, there are few needles, some of the large branches have dried up. All this testifies to their poisoning with sulfur dioxide.

The results of the study of the forest: sick 31%, healthy 49%, damaged 20%.

Methodology and research results

The object of study is a mixed forest located on the eastern slope of the Tashtbiik and Olatau mountains. We randomly selected three plots with an equal number of trees (50 pieces). Conducted a visual inspection of each tree in individual areas. The inspection was carried out in the most thorough way, examined the bark of treesfor the presence of mechanical damage, fruiting bodies of fungi, the condition of leaves and needles. Injuries and pathologies were photographed. A quantitative account of sick and healthy trees was carried out, with the help of a determinant, the types of diseases and the nature of damage were established, later the results of the studies were entered in a table and a pie chart was drawn up, reflecting the ecological state of the forest.

Researched

plots

Types of diseases

Mechanical

skies

p-i

defeat

tumors

Cancer

ulcers

fruit bodies mushrooms

Witch brooms

Resin-

flow

Yellowing

needles and leaves

1 plot

(birches)

1

The forest is under severe stress due to various environmental problems associated with human influence.

Fires, mechanical damage, emissions from industrial enterprises cause great damage to our forests.

Studies have shown that most of the trees in the surveyed area are affected by diseases and subject to mechanical damage.

In this regard, we propose to carry out propaganda work among the population to increase the level of culture of behavior in the forest, to disseminate ideas about the importance of caring for the nature of the native land.

Conduct periodic phytopathological examinations of trees.

Develop and implement specific measures for the treatment of diseased trees.

Annually carry out sanitary felling.

Literature

1. Goiman E.S. Infectious diseases of plants. - M .: Foreign literature, 1988.

2. Zhuravlev I.I. Forest phytology. - M.: Timber industry, 1990.

3. Diseases of forest trees and shrubs. / Zhuravlev I.I., Krangauz I.I., Yakovlev R.A. – M.: Timber industry, 1974.

4. Dictionary-reference book of a phytopathologist. - L .: Kolos, 1995.

5. Internet resources.

Pine wood has a medium density and fairly high strength. It is resistant to decay and fungal attack. In the furniture industry, this wood is especially valuable due to the small number of knots and the slight change in diameter along the length of the trunk. Pine wood has high strength, which makes it possible to use it for the construction of various structures.

Pine board is the most common building material. Not only thanks to large areas forests, but also as a result of their excellent qualities. This material is used both in the construction of houses and for the construction of ships.

Pine timber is a very popular lumber today. It is quite attractive appearance. It has excellent heat and sound insulating properties, as well as fairly high strength, but at the same time low weight.

The range of furniture made from pine is quite wide: hallway sets, bedroom and kitchen sets, tables with chairs, office furniture. And this is not surprising, because pine wood furniture is distinguished by its beauty, practicality and durability.

Mighty, tall and slender pines were an excellent base for building powerful ships, which Russia is known for. Hence the name - ship pine. Pine forests in the old days were called "ship groves", and the ships themselves were called "floating pines". In ship groves, pines grow up to 40 m and almost 50 cm in diameter. In the past, shipbuilders used pine resin extensively to impregnate ropes, sails, and seal grooves on ships and boats.

Areas of application for pine

Pine has the most active resin apparatus among the conifers of the taiga zone. Therefore, it is widely used for intravital production of wood resin - resin - by tapping.

AT recent decades the production of stump resin, that is, rosin and extraction turpentine (slightly different in composition from gum turpentine), from pine stumps remaining in clearings, is expanding.

Pine is the main object of the logging, woodworking industry, since pine wood is widely used in construction, furniture, packaging and many other industries, in wood chemistry for hydrolysis and pulp production.

Pine emits a lot of resinous substances into the air, which makes it one of the most active phytoncidal species in our forests.

The use of pine wood is very diverse. It is used in construction as structural and finishing materials, mechanical engineering, furniture production, railway transport, container production, for fixing mine workings, etc. It is widely used as a raw material for chemical processing for the purpose obtaining cellulose, fodder yeast. Resin is extracted from pine, pine needles are used to obtain biologically active substances.

Breeds and types of pine

Useful tables

The content of various elements in coniferous wood

Normative resistance of pure pine and spruce wood

Specifications of pine

Data at 12% humidity; 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2

There are over 50 different species of pines in Russia, some of which are cultivated in a special way. Not all species are suitable for the construction industry, the following varieties are most popular: ordinary pine, flexible, marsh, Korean and resinous.

The quality of the bar directly depends on the characteristics of the area in which the tree grows. In the lands of the northern strip, the best conditions are naturally created for the growth of business trees, which, in terms of physical and mechanical parameters, are best suited for use in the construction industry. This is Angarsk pine, Karelian and Arkhangelsk.

The main reason for this feature of the northern lands lies in climatic conditions: long frosty winters, fleeting and dry summers. Because of this, an interesting effect is created: annual rings have an ultra-small distance between them (less than 2 mm). The distance from the pine, which grows in the natural conditions of the middle lane, is several times greater (up to 10 mm).

A humid warm climate contributes to an increase in the interring distance, which leads to friability of the wood as a whole: the strength and heat capacity of such a beam will be lower than that of a rock with a small distance between the annual rings, and the shrinkage percentage will be higher. The tendency to cracking in trees from the middle zone is higher than in more northern species.

Arkhangelsk pine shrinks by 3-4%, Kirov and Vologda - by 4-6%, Kostroma - by 6-7%. Pines from the Tver, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions can lose up to 10% of their volume during shrinkage. Therefore, in the process of choosing raw materials for construction, geographical features must be taken into account.

The color of the kernel also depends on the place of growth. On dry soil, a tree grows with a reddish core and fine-grained wood of increased density. Such a pine is called kondova, its value in the field of construction is very high. Trees with a yellowish core and less dense wood with large layers grow on soils of increased fertility. These are myand pines; they are inferior to kondo pines in a number of mechanical properties and, in general, are of lesser value.

The building material obtained from pines has an average density and a high level of resistance to decay and fungal infections. The material is quite durable, easy to process. In the construction industry has high value due to a relatively small number of knots and a slight change in diameter along the entire length.

Layers of growth rings in pine species are clearly visible on sections at any angle, the boundary between early and late wood is pronounced, core rays are not observed. The outer woody layer is wide, its color varies from yellow to pinkish. Resin passages are concentrated mainly in late wood.

Pine timber has several names in the construction market, many of which are associated with the tree itself. For example, common pine, forest, sandy, white. In Germany, under the name "northern pine" are combined trees that originate from the Scandinavian countries and Russia.

Pine trees grow in constant competition for the sun's rays, they are distinguished by their great height and even trunks. Under normal conditions, the height reaches up to 48 m, about half of the tree has no branches (about 20 meters). The locality of growth, climatic and environmental conditions affect what shape the tree will grow. The pine trunk can be both slender and crooked, knotty. Sometimes you can observe the "oblique" cut pattern. The diameter of a pine trunk reaches 1 m, but more often it ranges from 40 to 60 cm. Pine species do not require special conditions for growth and the annual growth can be up to 7.8 m2. Trees over 160 years old have the highest quality of the bar; the average age for logging is 100-120 years.

The pine core is easy to distinguish from the outer layer (unlike spruce, fir). The outer layers (from 2 to 20 cm) are light, with a yellowish or light red tint. While the cut is fresh, the core is reddish-yellow, over time this color transforms to red-brown. Annual rings are visually clearly distinguishable, their size is strongly dependent on which climatic conditions accompanied the growth of the tree. Thus, the average width of annual rings is 3 mm, with a total spread of 1 to 10 mm. Late wood has a darker color. Resin channels are visually visible.

After atmospheric drying, 12-15% moisture remains in pine lumber, while the average density is 520 kg / m3, which makes the species one of the heaviest among conifers. The origin of the tree renders big influence on the mechanical properties of the timber, so the spread of indicators is wide. If the pine grows in well-drained soil, the width of the growth rings is quite large, and the percentage of late wood is small. The density of the material increases, and the mechanical qualities go to a lower level.

The average indicators of the breed indicate that pine is more suitable for use in construction than spruce. The relatively low tendency to warp and good toughness also speak in favor of pine.

Application

Pine perfectly holds fastening material (screws, nails), can be easily processed with a milling cutter, jointer and planer, and sticks together well. Processing stain and paint is simple and convenient, despite the fact that the pine material contains a fairly large amount of resin.

Forms in which pine enters the consumer market: round timber, lumber, veneer. From pine boards make plywood, chipboard. Coniferous trees, including pine, serve as raw materials for paper and pulp mills. Interesting fact: In Germany, it is impossible to imagine the production of paper without the participation of pine trees, since production is established through a sulfite process (for environmental reasons). Pine produces high quality paper materials, as the fibers of the wood are relatively long compared to hardwood logs, and therefore more easily twisted.

Pine is widely used as a material for building and creating a variety of structures, such as wall and roof frames, as well as for interior and exterior decoration. It is used to make railings and stairs, sheathing of the internal walls of the room, support beams for walls, windows and doors, ceilings, gates. The board, impregnated with a special composition against decay, is used for external finishing of facades and for covering terraces, in garden and landscape design and in the production of children's toys. Sleepers, masts, piles (including for the construction of dams and ports) are made from impregnated wood.

In furniture production, pine material occupies a special place; it is used not only in the form of solid wood, but also in a modified state (chipboard). Made from pine timber simple items furniture, and the veneer is used for design trim elements. Pine also produces wood wool, boxes and barrels, containers and different kind containers.

Pine firewood is highly valued due to its calorific value of 4.4 kWh/kg (1700 kWh/m?). In this capacity, pine material is used as firewood for household heating stoves. In addition, briquettes and capsules for special systems are made from pine sawdust. Chip residues that form in large quantities on sawmill production, are in high demand in biowaste-capable power plants.

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