The problem of sawmill waste and ways to solve it. Organization of the integrated use of wood raw materials on the example of the enterprise ooo no "chuin"

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Educational Institution of the Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus

International University "MITSO"

Vitebsk branch

Department of Economics and Management

Woodworking industry: problems and development prospects

Vitebsk 2014

Introduction

The products of the forest complex are the most in demand and cover virtually all sectors of the national economy, since more than twenty thousand different products and products are currently obtained from wood raw materials. However, the export of wood products is small, it is in demand mainly in the domestic market and accounts for only 2.3% in the structure of the republic's exports. In connection with what becomes topical issue rational use forest resources and increase economic efficiency from their implementation. The problems of forest management were dealt with by such scientists as N.A. Moiseev, A.D. Yanushko, N.P. Anuchin. However, in the context of growing global competition, which requires the use of new approaches to management, the problem of increasing the economic effect from the use of forest resources has not been sufficiently studied. At present, the forest complex of the Republic of Belarus is a complex hierarchical structure, the interaction of industries and industries in which they have a number of their own characteristics. The purpose of this work is to analyze state of the art forest complex of the Republic of Belarus, identification of existing problems and possible ways to solve them.

woodworking competitiveness belarus

1. Main body

One of the significant factors economic development any state - natural conditions and the resources it has. Land, water, forest and mineral resources form the basis of the welfare of the state. According to the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, as of 2008, the main exports of Belarus (77.7%) are: mineral products (37.5%), machinery and equipment (18.9%), chemical industry products (19.0% ), wood and pulp and paper products (2.3%). Timber and pulp and paper products have one of the smallest exports specific gravity, although, as world experience shows, the value of this indicator can be much higher, and the economic effect is much greater. In this regard, a more detailed study of the concept of the forest complex, the features of its functioning and the reserves for increasing economic efficiency is of scientific interest. According to the state accounting of forests, the forest cover of the territory (the ratio of the area covered with forest to the entire territory of the state) of the Republic of Belarus is approximately 38%. The total area of the forest fund as of 2008 was 9368 thousand hectares, i.e. 1.5% more than in 2001. However, this forested area was not always. historical experience testifies that the value of the forest as a source of timber increased sharply by the beginning of the 19th century. The greatest harm to nature was caused by predatory exploitation at the beginning of the 20th century, when Belarus accounted for up to 1/4 of the total Russian timber export; timber trade was a major item in its economy. The felling of the forest and the lack of any work on its restoration led to a catastrophic decrease in the forest cover of the territory of Belarus: in 1840 it was 45.6%, and by 1917 the forest cover reached the lowest level in history - 22%. Many forests were cut down and destroyed by fires during the Great Patriotic War. After the war, the forest cover of the territory gradually increased and by now it is more than 1/3 of the territory of the republic. The tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant caused great damage to the forests of Belarus, as a result of which about a quarter of the forest area was contaminated with radionuclides. Forest fires, diseases and pests also cause great damage to the forest. Forest is a combination of natural and artificially created tree and shrub vegetation, ground cover, animals and microorganisms, which forms a forest biocenosis and is used in economic, recreational, recreational, sanitary and hygienic, research and other purposes . Thus, the final "product" of the forest is not only mature stands as a raw material for the woodworking industry, wildlife as an object for hunting, but also wide range non-timber products (mushrooms, berries, medicinal and technical raw materials, resin, birch sap, etc.), which are in demand in many sectors of the economy. Forests perform a number of functions: ecological, economic, social, environment-forming, etc. Every year, the forests of Belarus emit thousands of tons of oxygen, regulate river flow, and ensure the conservation of biological and landscape diversity. According to the functions performed, the forests of the Republic of Belarus are divided into two groups: - forests of the first group perform mainly environmental protection functions and occupy about 45% total area. These include: national parks and reserves; water protection and protective forests; forests performing sanitary and hygienic functions; forests of the second group (commercial forests) are intended mainly for the production and harvesting of timber, but at the same time they also perform a number of protective functions. As part of the forests of the first and second groups, specially protected areas excluded from exploitation are distinguished, which play an important nature conservation role. They occupy about 10% of the area. In addition, on the territory of forests of the first and second groups, sanctuaries of republican and local significance have been identified, which have the status of specially protected areas. However, on present stage development of the forest complex, there are a number of problems hindering the development of this industry. One of the problems is the low intensity of use of forest resources. An increase in the intensity of use of forest resources is observed where a large amount of labor is spent per unit of forest area. As such, there are no quantitative measures of the intensity of forestry in the Republic of Belarus. This is due to the fact that growing a forest is a long-term process, and the costs of its renewal are diverse and difficult to compare. This is due to the fact that some activities related to reforestation, protection from pests, and forest care do not produce products suitable for sale during their implementation. The products from these activities can be obtained and sold only after many years, with main cabin the woods. The most generalized indicator that characterizes the intensity of forestry is considered to be the root cost of timber harvested annually on one hectare of forested area, for which forest taxes (cash payment) are established. However, in the current economic conditions, this system of payment (forest taxes) is not entirely acceptable, since the proceeds from the sale of wood are small. In modern pricing practice, there is a wide variety of different approaches to setting prices. The generally accepted prices for average commercial timber sold in ready-made, are: target prices, pledge prices, monitoring prices, free prices, guaranteed or protective and threshold prices. Target prices are calculated based on the average or average planned costs for the industry for specific conditions and period of management and the required level of profitability. Margin prices are based on the estimated costs and receipt of the necessary profit, taking into account the interests of the contracting parties. Monitoring prices can be introduced to eliminate excess or shortage of products on the market, restore market equilibrium. Free prices are formed under the influence of supply and demand, the cost of production and marketing. The most acceptable for the Republic of Belarus would be the transition to threshold prices or guaranteed prices. Threshold prices are understood as prices that can be applied to support and protect domestic producers in case of oversaturation of the consumer market with forest products, which are sold at dumping prices. Threshold prices cover costs and provide profit at the level of 1 - 2%. It is impossible to reduce the level below these prices. Guaranteed or protective prices are prices that protect producers, provide a profitability of 5 - 10% and cover the costs of forestry activities. These prices may be lower than market prices. A significant problem is the one-sided nature of the use of forests, which manifests itself in the felling of mainly sawmill resources. As shown in the figure, increasing sawnwood output is a top priority for the forestry industry. Harvesting timber and selling it in the main form in the form of balance sheets is one of the export items of the timber complex. However, this direction is not entirely justified, since the prices for impersonal wood are an order of magnitude lower than in economically developed countries, and the added value in this case is too small and amounts to only 5–10 US dollars per 1 m3 of impersonal wood. It is more expedient to sell finished products and products from wood raw materials in large volumes.

The next problem is an irrationally formed forest management system. It is advisable to distinguish between the concepts of "forest complex", "forestry complex" and "timber industry complex". The forest complex is understood as an integrated set of industries and industries that perform the functions of both reproduction, protection, protection of forests, and timber harvesting, mechanical, chemical-mechanical and chemical processing of wood raw materials. Mechanical processing includes sawmilling, production of building parts, standard houses, furniture, etc. Chemical processing is carried out in the wood chemical industry. An intermediate position is occupied by the pulp and paper industry, where chemical technology is combined with mechanical technology. The forestry complex ensures, first of all, the reproduction of forest resources, their protection and use. It also includes forest hunting, secondary forest management and agricultural production. Sawmill and woodworking production as part of the forestry sector is of an auxiliary nature and is aimed at processing low-value wood. The concept of the timber industry complex is used in two meanings: 1) the totality of branches of the forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries; 2) economic-organizational and production-technological association of enterprises located on the same industrial site with a forest area in which logging operations are carried out . The forest resources of the Republic of Belarus are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the Ministry of Defense, the Office of the President, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Education, local executive authorities, the Forest Institute of the National Academy of Sciences. The system of the Ministry of Forestry includes more than 100 organizations with a total workforce of over 35 thousand people. The Ministry is directly subordinated to 6 regional production forestry associations (PLHO), which include 96 state forestry institutions (leshozes) and 10 specialized organizations of the republican level, each of which solves a specific range of tasks to ensure efficient forest management. The forestry management system is a vertical structure built according to the territorial-production principle: the Ministry of Forestry - RFF - forestry enterprises. Leshozes are located mainly within the boundaries of administrative districts. They are controlled according to the linear-functional principle. Leshozes, in turn, are subdivided into forestries, which are the main production structural divisions of forestry enterprises, workshops and detours.

The main volumes of wood harvesting for the main use are carried out by the Bellesbumprom concern, which harvests about 60% of the wood. The concern carries out not only the harvesting and processing of wood, but also the production of products from it. The Bellesbumprom concern includes enterprises producing furniture, plywood, matches, plates, cardboard, pulp and paper products, which are in demand not only in the Republic of Belarus, but also abroad. The remaining volumes of logging for the main and intermediate use are carried out by the Ministry of Forestry and enterprises of other departments. Enterprises of the Ministry of Forestry are also engaged in processing wood in the forestry processing shops, but the level of their equipment is not high enough, and production volumes are incomparable with the volumes of the concern. The total production capacity of the woodworking shops of the Ministry of Forestry is about 1 million m3 per year. About 85% of products are sold on the domestic market, the rest - on the external market, mainly sawn timber and pulpwood. Thus, we can conclude that there is no correlation between the activities of the Ministry of Forestry and the Bellesbumprom concern. Therefore, it is necessary to radically change the system of forest complex management bodies, since the Ministry of Forestry and the Bellesbumprom concern have different departmental subordination, and, accordingly, pursue different goals both in the global and domestic markets. As world experience shows, the most effective form of increasing the competitiveness of an industry, a region, and, consequently, a country in world markets is the use of a cluster approach. This approach can also be applied to the forest complex of the Republic of Belarus. The founder of the cluster approach is the American economist M. Porter. According to M. Porter, the country's competitiveness should be viewed through the prism of international competitiveness not of its individual firms, but of clusters - associations of firms in various industries, and the ability of these clusters to effectively use internal resources is of fundamental importance. After analyzing the competitive opportunities of more than 100 industries in ten countries, M. Porter came to the conclusion that the most competitive transnational companies are usually not randomly scattered across different countries, but tend to be concentrated in one country, and sometimes even in one region of the country. The explanation for this phenomenon is as follows: one or more firms, achieving competitiveness in the world market, spread their positive influence on the immediate environment (suppliers, consumers and competitors). The success of the environment, in turn, affects the further growth of the competitiveness of this company. As a result of such mutually beneficial cooperation, a "cluster" is formed - a community of firms, closely related industries, mutually contributing to the growth of each other's competitiveness.

There are three types of clusters:

Regional (regionally limited associations around a scientific or industrial center);

Vertical (associations within one production process, for example, the chain "supplier - manufacturer - salesman - client");

Horizontal (combining various industries into one megacluster, for example, a “chemical cluster” or, at an even higher level of aggregation, an “agro-industrial cluster”). An example is the forest cluster of Finland, which represented the economic block of the unity of forestry and the forest industry, industries for the manufacture of machinery and equipment for the timber industry, investment, research base, with the active introduction of innovations, which provided the country with world leadership in the field of forest industry technologies. Economic policy Finland, based on clustering, provides 10% of world exports of wood processing products and 25% of paper, having 0.5% of the world's forest resources, indicating the competitiveness of the national economy. Despite the fact that the forest complex of the Republic of Belarus is such an economically and environmentally important area of the national economy, most of its costs are still subsidized from the budget. Forestry is one of the first branches of the national economy to receive investment support from the World Bank and a loan for the implementation of a forestry development project. Loan allocated for intensive silviculture, logging mechanization, spare parts, seed center, forest fire protection, air pollution monitoring, radiation control, wetland monitoring, forestry management information system (FMIS), forest research, forestry education and training, forest pest control program, marketing.

Thus, one of the most significant sectors of the national economic complex requires significant changes, primarily in the management structure, since the established management procedure cannot ensure the rational use of forest resources. Foreign experience shows that the cluster approach is effective and, most importantly, competitive, as evidenced by the presence in European countries of more than a thousand clusters of different types and different economic orientations.

The woodworking industry is divided into sawmilling, the production of standard houses and building parts from wood, plywood, furniture, and the production of matches. Its share in the structure of the complex is 65%. The woodworking industry is engaged in the processing and processing of wood, mainly specializing in the production of sawmill materials, furniture, fibreboard (FB) and chipboard (PB), matches, door and window blocks, parquet, plywood, sports equipment, etc.

Almost 70% of the industry is occupied by the furniture industry. There are 11 furniture production associations in Belarus. The largest ones - "Bobruiskdrev", "Minskmebel", "Gomeldrev", "Vitebskdrev", "Mostovdrev", "Pinskdrev" - produce furniture of various designs. In the structure of export goods of the industry, the share of the furniture industry today is about 45 - 50%. Belarus also has a large plywood industry, which began to develop at the beginning of the 20th century.

Plywood production is an important part of the timber industry complex. Now there are six plywood production facilities in Belarus with a total capacity of 183.5 thousand m3 of plywood per year. They are part of the woodworking associations and enterprises of Borisov, Mostov, Pinsk, Rechitsa, Gomel and Bobruisk.

The production of chipboard and fiberboard (chipboard and fiberboard) is concentrated at enterprises located in Bobruisk, Vitebsk, Borisov, Pinsk, Mosty, Rechitsa, Ivatsevichi. About 55% of chipboard and 26% of fiberboard are used in the domestic market, the rest is exported (to Russia, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, etc.).

Matches are produced at three enterprises: PO Borisovdrev, PO Gomeldrev and PO Pinskdrev.

The Republic of Belarus has a developed container production. Up to 100,000 m3 of box sets are produced annually, of which up to 60% is accounted for by forestries.

The pulp and paper industry produces approximately 20% of the gross output of the timber industry. In the Republic of Belarus, there are 12 specialized enterprises that produce mass and special types of paper and cardboard. The leading enterprises of the industry in the Republic of Belarus include: JSC "Svetlogorsk Pulp and Cardboard Plant", JSC "Belarusian Oboi", JSC "Gomeloboi", JSC "Dobrush Paper Mill" Hero of Labor ", JSC" Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant "Albertin", OJSC " Paper factory"Krasnaya Zvezda", UE "Paper Factory" of Goznak of the Republic of Belarus JSC "Paper Factory "Spartak", JSC "Molodechenskaya Cardboard Factory "Raevka", JSC "Cardboard Factory "Olkhovka", JSC "Krovlya" and others.

Taking into account the fact that in the republic the imbalance in the production of paper and cardboard is 5:1, it is planned to build the second stage of the association with a specialization in the production of bleached pulp. Wood from thinning, wood waste and hardwood can be used as raw materials.

Paper and cardboard are produced at small factories in Dobrush, Shklov, Chashniki, Slonim, Pukhovichi, Borisov and other cities and towns. The expansion of paper and paperboard production at domestic enterprises will make it possible to reduce import volumes in the future. For this purpose, the technical re-equipment of the industry is being carried out.

Conclusion

Currently, the products of the forest complex have a huge impact on the development of related industries: construction, fuel and energy industry, mechanical engineering, chemical, pharmaceuticals, but have low competitiveness in the world market. Analysis of the study of the forest complex of the Republic of Belarus showed that age structure forests is unfavorable and its condition may adversely affect the development of the complex as a whole. When studying foreign experience in managing the forestry complex, it was revealed that the cluster approach, which is successfully used in Finland, is an effective form of increasing competitiveness.

Thus, for a more rational and efficient further activity, the forest complex needs to solve a number of problems:

l change the nature of forest use and increase the production of products from forest resources with a high share of value added;

l carry out planning of export deliveries of wood products in accordance with the state of mature forest stands for the coming years;

ь to consider the possibility of reorganizing the management structure of the forest complex using the cluster approach.

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General information

Conventionally, the forest industry can be divided into four categories. These include, in particular, the chemical industry - the production of turpentine, coal. The complex includes pulp and paper and woodworking industries. Within the framework of the first, chemical processing of lumber, production of paper, cardboard and other things is carried out. The woodworking industry includes a complex of various activities. They are associated with mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing. The most common branches of the woodworking industry are the production of lumber, the manufacture of boards and furniture. The fourth group includes a complex for the procurement of raw materials.

Woodworking industry in Russia: specializations

As mentioned above, this complex includes measures for the mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing of the material. There are various professions in the woodworking industry. For example, mechanical processing is carried out by machine operators of different specializations. These include, in particular:

Machine operators need to know the technology, device and setup of the machine and GOSTs, be able to read diagrams and drawings. Regulation, adjustment and repair of equipment is carried out by adjusters. Semi-automatic and automatic machines work at advanced enterprises. On them, processing is carried out without the participation of people. Several machines are connected in technological lines. Workpieces on such conveyors are received and fed from machine to machine by special loading and unloading automatic mechanisms. On such lines, the workers are the operators of the equipment. Carpentry specializations are quite common: furniture maker, plywood maker, grinder, assembler and others.

History reference

The woodworking industry in Russia has existed for a long time. As an industrial complex, it was formed at the beginning of the 18th century. The woodworking industry reached its greatest intensity in development by the middle of the 19th century. Along with the sawing of the material, the factory production of furniture, match straws and plywood appeared. Thus, from 1900 to 1913, domestic lumber production increased from 7.7 to 14.2 million cubic meters. However, despite this growth, the woodworking industry was technically at a relatively low level, lagging behind some developed countries, especially in the manufacture of complex products. Three-quarters of the cost of products in the pre-revolutionary period was sawn timber. In 1914-1918, before the First World War, relatively large and well-equipped woodworking enterprises were formed. These are, in particular, factories in Onega, Arkhangelsk.

The development of the woodworking industry in the USSR

In the period of the pre-war five-year plans from 1929 to 1940, progress was directly related to the growth of capital construction, furniture, engineering and other production, as well as the production of consumer goods. The woodworking industry, whose enterprises began to form almost everywhere, began to develop rapidly. So, specialized factories for the production of window frames and doors were built. These are, in particular, Lopatinsky, Bobruisk, Elshansky and other plants. Finishing and match factories, housing construction plants with automated production were formed. Specialized construction yards (utility factories) were created at large sites.

World crisis of 2008-2009

It had a very negative impact on the Russian economy. This is confirmed by statistical calculations, according to which production in various areas suffered significant losses. The woodworking industry also found itself in a rather difficult situation. A wave of layoffs took place at many factories and combines, thousands of employees were left without work. Due to the crisis in European countries wood exports have dropped significantly. As a result, a large number of warehouses were overloaded with unclaimed goods. In the branches of the woodworking industry of the Russian Federation, production volumes decreased.

Positive aspects of the crisis

Nevertheless, despite the decline in volumes, the production of material for magazines and books, cardboard, plates, not only did not decrease, but even increased. The sector engaged in the production of furniture is also in demand. These products are regularly received from hotels, restaurants, offices and other enterprises. It should be said that the crisis had not only a negative, but also a positive impact. In particular, during this period, competition intensified, due to which the quality of products increased. In addition, much more attention has been paid to the level of service. This has benefited not only consumers, but also manufacturing companies. Due to the fact that the woodworking industry is quite dependent on the state in which the world market is, it takes a lot of time to restore it.

Modern realities

Today there is an active development of the woodworking industry. This area is at one of the highest levels in the economy of the state. This is due to the fact that at all times of its existence, this sector produced a large number of products that brought a lot of income. Russia accounts for a quarter of all forest reserves in the world. Stimulating the processing of raw materials at the state level will help accelerate the pace of progress in this sector. Today the task is to increase the economic potential. Special attention is paid to the introduction of innovative technologies. It is planned to increase and improve the production process at the Selenginsky CCC. Equally important is the use of the latest equipment, which allows the use of raw materials in a complex and minimize costs. Planned adjustments and the very structure of the sector. Combines and factories have been given the task of more accelerated development.

Important changes

To date, the quality of wood products has improved significantly. This was facilitated by the improvement of means and methods of processing. At the same time, the cost of the final product decreased. Of no small importance is the change in the geography of the industry. Previously, most of the developed countries were engaged in logging, and today the states that have not yet reached this level act as suppliers, although they do not produce finished products on their own.

Sector Issues

Characteristic features of the woodworking industry in Russia and other countries are considered to be active development and prospects. This, in turn, provokes poaching and uncontrolled logging. As a result, the area of green spaces is significantly reduced. Ecologists urge the state to pay attention to this problem, taking it under careful control. About 0.5 billion tons of biological mass is harvested annually in the forest industry. Of this volume, only a quarter goes into production. Bark, branches, needles are not used. Finished products are made from only 11% of raw materials.

In addition, the timber industry faced the following challenges:

Uncontrolled increase in the cost of fuel.
Problems of logistics and transport. This also includes the commercialization of enterprises serving the forestry and woodworking industries, which led to an increase in the final price of products.
The problems of regulation of lease relations, as well as the organization of auctions for the right to lease green areas from the point of view of the legislative framework.
The lack of a competent methodology for the selection of investment projects in the timber industry sector.
Inconsistency with foreign countries on the legal framework governing foreign economic relations.

Analysis of the development of woodworking

According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia for 2007, the volume of wood production, woodworking services and the production of wood products increased by 6.2% compared to 2006. However, in 2008 the market began to be affected by the negative aspects associated with the beginning of the global economic crisis. In 2008, timber harvesting volumes fell by 22%, in the furniture production segment, demand fell by 25-30%, and in the woodworking and sawmilling segment by 40-50%.

According to the estimates of the Ministry of Agriculture, since 2009 the volume of timber harvesting in Russia will decrease. Small and medium enterprises will suffer the most. A serious decline is expected in the logging industry, which is currently the most technologically underdeveloped. The year 2009 showed a trend towards a noticeable decline in the market for woodworking equipment, in particular, a decrease in sales of woodworking machines. The market has significantly narrowed, and accordingly, the volume of orders from enterprises for the repair of woodworking equipment has decreased. The volume of orders for woodworking products from enterprises of related industries also fell.

In 2009, the decline in production volumes in woodworking slowed down in comparison with the fourth quarter of 2008. Almost all product groups showed a monthly increase in production and an increase in the level of capacity utilization by 10-25%. According to the Ministry, woodworking and production of wood products in the first quarter of 2009 decreased by 29% compared to the same period in 2008, for pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities - by 16.6%, logging - by 10.4%.

Due to the decrease in demand and prices for woodworking products, many enterprises have suspended production and shipment of products. In the first half of 2009 compared to the corresponding period of 2008, the production of hard fiber boards (by 39.8%), plywood (by 36.2%), particle boards (by 30.9%), sawn timber (by 22. 4%), production of wooden building structures (by 26.9%).

The decline in production volumes at pulp and paper enterprises in the first quarter of 2009 amounted to 12.5%.

The fall in the domestic market is also associated with a decrease in the share of imports of foreign woodworking equipment. In terms of price indicators, representatives of the largest tool manufacturers note a regrouping of consumer demand from the high and medium segments to the below average segment.

Problems of development of woodworking

Woodworking is one of the promising industries. This is mainly due to the geography of our country, and the huge number of forest areas on its territory, as well as the possibility Russian forests to self-renewal and constant replenishment of resources. From which it follows that this industry is one of the most in need of qualified development.

Woodworking in Russia can bring huge income with the right development system. Both new equipment and more qualified personnel are vital for it. After all, for Russia, where 25% of the world's wood resources are geographically located, 2% in the woodworking market is negligible. But in other wood-related markets, Russia, although it loses a lot to many countries, still has a fairly large internal (about $ 2 - 2.5 billion) and external (about $ 4 billion) market capacity. But the domestic and foreign woodworking markets have different basic directions. Most of the capacity of the external market - 47% is occupied by timber, which is commonly called unprocessed. These are roundwood, pulpwood, and sawlogs. In the domestic market, the production of sawn timber such as plywood (40%) and fiberboard, chipboard, and MDF boards (10%) prevails, occupying more than 50%.

For the dynamic development of this industry, first of all, it is necessary to increase labor productivity, to automate it more, to create new databases of equipment that will make it possible to more efficiently and fully use the natural resources of our country.

The weak pace of development of the domestic woodworking industry is mainly associated with low production efficiency and lack of investment. Sales of woodworking equipment largely depend on how the housing construction market develops.

Due to the seasonal factor, there may be some revival of the market. With the beginning of the construction and summer season, according to experts, a positive trend in demand for sawn timber and woodworking equipment in the lower price segment is expected.

The negative dynamics is due not only to the objective consequences of the economic crisis. Many experts cite outdated woodworking technologies and a small number of deep redistributions used in production as the reason for the fall.

Today, it is more profitable for a business owner not to invest resources in the technical renovation of their enterprises, but to use used woodworking equipment, periodically carrying out regular repairs. However, the light at the end of the tunnel is visible, innovations are increasingly being introduced at woodworking enterprises.

Majority Russian companies develop strategies for themselves to maintain market share and make technological adjustments to production in accordance with constantly changing market requirements. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of sawmilling is the concentration and specialization of sawmilling, the commissioning of new woodworking technologies.

The technical level of sawmill production will be increased through the creation and implementation of new equipment, the introduction of optimal methods for cutting sawn timber. The following activities are planned in this direction:

1. mechanization of unloading and sorting of raw materials before sawing in diameters and quality;

2. replacement of sawmill frames and edgers of obsolete models with new ones;

3. introduction of a line for aggregate processing of logs with a diameter of up to 24 cm;

4. the use of bag-forming lines, high-performance drying chambers, lines for rejecting and sorting lumber;

5. further development of the batch method for transporting materials;

6. processing of waste into technological raw materials and short-length sawn timber into glued laminated wood and rapidly developing in recent times biofuel (pellets).

In the plywood industry, the main efforts are aimed at increasing labor productivity, expanding the range and improving the quality of products. For this, more extensive use heat treatment raw materials in open pools; plywood gluing technology with preliminary cold pre-pressing of packages; increase in the number of storeys of hot presses from 15 to 25; lines for debarking and cutting raw materials; plywood assembly and gluing lines; roller gas drying chambers with nozzle blast; mechanization of warehouse operations.

Further development of chipboard production will follow the path of raising the technological level and increasing the capacity of existing plants; modernization of hot presses and increase in their number of storeys; intensification of the technological process by increasing the temperature of the press plates; introduction of technology for refining the surface of boards with a layer of finely ground wood-fiber mass and painting compositions; improving the technology of dry and wet methods for the production of boards that meet the requirements of wooden panel housing construction.

In housing construction, it is necessary to develop new designs of house elements that are distinguished by manufacturability and finishing, to create and introduce technology and equipment for the industrial manufacture and finishing of elements of panel wooden houses. In addition, it is necessary to create weather-, bio- and fire-resistant structural and cladding materials based on crushed wood, as well as heat-insulating materials.

The technical re-equipment of furniture production will be carried out by improving the design system and increasing the manufacturability of furniture; further concentration of production, deepening of technological specialization and intersectoral cooperation; improving technology and introducing promising technological processes based on new types of materials; complex mechanization and automation of production processes.

Technological specialization will develop towards the creation and expansion of furniture parts factories specializing in the production of both panel, bar and glued parts, as well as glass and mirror products, soft and decorative elements, cutting fabrics, etc.

The introduction of chemical materials will increase the level of chemicalization of the furniture industry, which will lead to a reduction in the consumption of solid wood, planed veneer, and plywood.

Increasing the level of integrated use of raw materials associated with the application wood waste for industrial purposes, will also save these valuable materials for other needs of the national economy.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that the decisive condition for the further development of the forestry and woodworking industries is an increase in labor productivity based on the acceleration of scientific and technological progress. We must strive to increase labor productivity and reduce production costs.

Technical progress should go in the direction of creating and applying new, more productive and waste-free methods of woodworking technology, creating new types of designs for manufactured machines, mechanisms and devices, using more modern productive equipment, including robots and program-controlled machines, mechanizing production processes, introduction of scientific organization of labor and production.

The timber industry could not exist without deforestation, since it uses primary raw materials. This is the main environmental problem of this sphere of production.

The forestry industry is engaged in deforestation, processing of blanks and the production of wood or paper products. In the recycling of wood, such as pulp and sawdust, the same difficulties arise in the coexistence of the forest industry with ecosystems.

Main problems:

Wastewater
Deforestation

Let's consider each problem in more detail.

Loss of wood during harvesting and processing

Careful use of natural resources is necessary to preserve the environment. To do this, it is necessary to rationally use wood raw materials in order to reduce the amount of waste. Proper storage of wood and its transportation to the place of processing will contribute to the preservation of the forest and harvesting.

If secondary raw materials remain after logging and woodworking, they should not be thrown away or left at the work site in the forest, they must be used correctly. This will bring additional profit and save the forest from littering with recyclables.

Entrepreneurs often refuse to recycle waste, because recycling costs a lot of money. Not in every country there are prerequisites for the correct processing of recyclable materials that can be used in biological energy.

Need to adapt modern technology for work in the timber industry. Then the recyclables will undergo the necessary processing and find application in other areas.

Use of large water supplies

This problem applies to industries that process pulp to make paper. This industry is one of the most costly in the use of water. It takes ten liters of water to make one sheet.

The used water enters the sewers, which return it to nature, but the quality composition is not natural. Impurities are not useful for the ecosystem, they pollute it. Chlorine products predominate, and they have a negative effect on the soil, as well as iron-containing products.

Each person is capable of making a contribution to solving this problem. All you have to do is throw away the waste paper. Less water is spent on its processing, as a result we save about twenty thousand liters!

Industrialists must improve production by installing new developments in which the water circulation system is closed. You can switch to a technology that does not involve the use of chlorine in production.

The government of the countries should develop an ecological image, urging private traders themselves to take care of the renewal of production to solve environmental problems.

Wastewater

Not only the pulp and paper industry pollutes nature through wastewater, but wood processing also significantly spoils the environment. The production of furniture, fiberboard, plywood poisons the soil with harmful impurities.

Suspensions and emulsions cloud the water, colloid solutions change color, molecules in solutions are responsible for strange taste and bad smell. Solutions of ions endow water with minerals unusual for it.

As a result of the ingress of even one of the above substances into wastewater, it will immediately lead to pollution. Will change physical properties water, her chemical composition. This will lead to a biological catastrophe of the ecosystem.

Waste from the industrial production of fibreboard and chipboard has surplus heat that heats the water bodies into which this wastewater ends up. Species may become extinct due to heatstroke.

Businesses should pay more attention to wastewater treatment plants. They will rid the wastewater of harmful impurities and keep their temperature. This will greatly save nature.

Deforestation

One of the biggest problems. Trees are the "lungs" of the planet. They are involved in replenishing the supply of oxygen needed by mankind for breathing. Of course, instead of cut down forests, new ones are planted, but the balance has not been reached.

Primary forests are more productive than secondary ones. In the future, to cut them down, you will have to use a large area. The area cannot increase indefinitely.

The forest belongs to renewable resources, but it takes about a hundred years for its natural restoration! And if the soil after cutting down is badly damaged, even more so.

The forest is rich in fruit and berry plants. Shrubs cannot develop without trees. We will lose them when cutting down. Medicinal herbs, mushrooms, nuts - everything will disappear. Animals living in the forest will lose their homes, food chains will be interrupted. The ecosystem will collapse.

Deforestation is global, it is not selective, as it is not profitable. Uncontrolled logging leads to the disappearance of plantings in large areas. Up to thirteen million hectares of land are cut down annually. Mostly felling is carried out in places that have not yet been mastered by man for habitation.

Why are they cutting down the forest? First, free up space. The construction of new cities and villages in new territories has not been canceled. Secondly, for the manufacture of various goods from wood, necessary for a person. The timber industry requires more and more wood every year.

After cutting down, an empty field is formed - a bare space that has lost the unique conditions under which it can exist. forest ecosystem. The larger the felling area, the more difficult it is for the remaining forest to give rise to a new one on the vacated site.

Young shoots cannot rise for a variety of reasons: a change in lighting, a different temperature, increasing humidity, leading to swamping of territories. The wind blows the soil, destroys the roots.

Deciduous trees recover best, and raspberries also grow rapidly. Coniferous forest recovers longer, as seeds are not always accepted in new environmental conditions. A negative result is noticeable when there is a cut of wood - more is removed than grows in a year.

If the increase in wood is small and felling begins, then we will not be dealing with an undercut. It will age the forest in a matter of years, reduce its productivity, and cause diseases of old and young plants. In each example, there is an irrational use of nature. Ecologists adhere to the concept of continuous use of the forest. It is based on the balance of deforestation and restoration of forests and timber stocks. Now the picture is as follows: overcutting of forests prevails on Earth.

Greater attention is given to the deforestation of tropical forests. They strongly influence the climate of the planet. The uncontrolled disappearance of these forests will lead to the collapse of the Earth's biosphere. It will be felt by all mankind.

Not only the timber industry harms forests by deforestation, the anthropogenic factor is the most significant. Fires by arson, pollution of vegetation by emissions from industrial enterprises for various purposes, leading to the occurrence acid rain that harm both the forest and humans.

How to solve the problem of deforestation?

Refusal of paper media and purchase of electronic ones;
Delivery of waste paper;
Waste sorting;
Arrangement of forestry;
Restraining order for logging in areas where nature is protected by law
Tougher punishment for non-compliance with the rules;
Increase in duties for the export of trees abroad;

Until humanity understands that environmental problems are associated with everyone, that the forest gives them the existence to which they are accustomed, the situation will not change. Careful handling of nature will secure their future. Everyone must contribute to the conservation and protection of the forest. Plant trees, do not litter in the forest, take care of nature.

Alternative solutions need to be found environmental issues in any kind of industry. Develop technology recycling raw materials. Invent and instill rules for the correct use of forest resources, based on the balance of cutting and restoration of forest zones and wood reserves.

Group FB-62

Nikonov D.V.

Boriskin V.V.

Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industry.

The main logging regions of the Russian Federation remain the Irkutsk region, the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk regions, the Tyumen and Arkhangelsk regions. The forests of the European part of the country, which are the most accessible for effective use and, as a result, have been subjected to increased exploitation, are now almost completely involved in economic turnover and are largely depleted. Relocation of logging to poorly developed areas remote from established centers industrial processing and consumption of wood, accompanied by ever-increasing costs for harvesting and exporting wood, require large capital investments in the development of industrial and social infrastructure.

In 1944, the output of timber and paper products decreased in comparison with 1993 in all sub-sectors of the complex: the logging industry
– by 32.2%, sawmills – by 31.4%, in the production of fibreboard
- by 32.4%, pulp - by 18.1%, paper - by 23.2%.

The largest lag was allowed by enterprises of densely forested areas
Siberia and Far East. Enterprises of the republics of Khakassia and Buryatia, Irkutsk, Chita, Omsk regions have significantly reduced the output of commercial timber.

One of the challenges facing the timber industry is to reduce the loss of wood raw materials during harvesting and processing. We are talking about both reducing the amount of waste generated, and eliminating undercuts and losses of harvested wood from untimely removal, imperfect transportation methods, accumulation of wood along temporary transport routes, etc.

The main direction of resource saving in the timber industry is the rational use of wood raw materials (which at the stage of timber harvesting is expressed in the most efficient use of the logging fund, reducing wood losses), as well as the expansion of the use and processing of wood waste as a substitute for commercial wood, allowing to achieve a tangible environmental effect, consisting in the reduction of cut down forest areas, conservation of the natural environment, etc.

The industrial and economic activity of the forest complex is closely related to the problems of developing the environmental and social functions of forests.
The restriction on a further increase in the volume of harvested wood raw materials, together with the requirements to preserve and improve the state of the forest environment as part of the biosphere, with the need to increase the efficiency and use of all biomass obtained from cutting areas, require the reorientation of the entire complex to a resource-saving development path.

This transition is possible only through the use of the latest achievements of science and technology, the introduction of waste-free technologies, and the expansion of the use of secondary resources and production waste.

With a shortage of wood raw materials, the problem of the integrated use of wood is slowly being solved, the lack of modern equipment and advanced technologies does not allow expanding the scale of processing hardwood, wood waste, and waste paper to develop effective substitutes for industrial wood. The largest enterprises of the industry are concentrated in Eastern Siberia, in the Northern, Northwestern and Ural regions, as well as in the Kaliningrad region.

The production of the most important types of products of the woodworking and pulp and paper industries has been significantly reduced.

The decline in demand from capital construction was one of the reasons for the reduction in the production of plywood, window and door blocks, and cement-bonded particle boards. Decreased production of prefabricated wooden houses.

The enterprises of the complex are a significant source of pollution atmospheric air. The industry-wide emission into the atmosphere in 1994 amounted to
523.3 thousand tons and decreased by 18% compared to 1993, this is due to incomplete (40-50%) utilization of production capacities. The most typical pollutants for this industry are solids (29.8% of the total emissions into the atmosphere), carbon monoxide (28.2%), sulfur dioxide (26.7%), nitrogen oxides (7.9%), toluene ( 1%), hydrogen sulfide (0.9%), acetone (0.5%), xylene (0.45%), butyl (0.4%).

The largest air pollutant is
Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill with the volume of emissions in 1994. 47.8 tons, which is 7.5% of the total emissions in the industry.
The list of cities with the highest emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air and discharges into water bodies in the Russian Federation, where the production activity of the enterprises of the complex is decisive, includes the city of St.
Arkhangelsk, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Ust-Ilimsk.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the most water-intensive sectors of the national economy of the Russian Federation, therefore, the enterprises of the woodworking and pulp and paper industries have the strongest impact on the state of surface waters.

The annual consumption of fresh water in the industry is about 4.5-4.7% of the total water consumption in the Russian industry. The saving of fresh water is relatively low, which is 69%, which is explained by the need to use fresh water in a number of technological processes as one of the components of the raw material.

The complex accounts for over 20% of the discharge of polluted wastewater by the industry of the Russian Federation. For enterprises of the pulp and paper industry, the problem of destroying the amount and degree of pollution of wastewater is of paramount importance. The main source of polluted wastewater in the industry is the production of cellulose, based on the sulfate and sulfite methods of pulping wood and bleaching the semi-finished product using chlorine products.

Contaminated wastewater from industry enterprises is characterized by the presence of such harmful substances as sulfates, chlorides, oil products, phenols, furfural, methanol, formaldehydes, dimethyl sulfide, etc.

Water bodies in the locations of industry enterprises are negatively impacted. The still polluted section of the Ust-Ilimsk reservoir, which is adversely affected by the Vikhorevka River, where more than half of the wastewater from the Bratsk CPP is discharged. The river here is characterized as "extremely dirty", in the water the content of formaldehyde reached 6 MPC, lignin - 14.7 mg / l, hydrogen sulfide - 280-510 MPC. In the river basin Sukhona is the most polluted river. Pelshma. The river is characterized by extreme high level water pollution in the site below the wastewater discharge from the Sokolbumprom production facility, where the average annual concentrations are: ammonium nitrogen - 32 MPC, lignosulfonates - 173 mg/l.

A significant amount of polluted wastewater is discharged into surface water bodies:
- Bratsk LPK;
- Kotlas Pulp and Paper Mill;
- Arkhangelsk pulp and paper mill;
- JSC "Syktyvkar LPK";

The woodworking and pulp and paper industry contributes to air pollution in Russia at the level of 3% of emissions in
Russia from industrial stationary sources. The most significant share of this industry in terms of emissions of solid substances (1/23 of the industrial volume of their emission) is vanadium oxide and mercury (1/33 of the emissions of substances of the entire industry
Russia).

The woodworking and pulp and paper industries account for about 5% of the volume of fresh water used by the industry of the Russian Federation and almost 6% of wastewater discharges into surface water bodies.

In terms of the volume of discharge of polluted wastewater, the contribution of the industry is significant and is estimated at the level of one fifth of the total volume of discharge of polluted wastewater of this category in the whole industry of the Russian Federation.

Literature.
1. Odum Yu. "Fundamentals of Ecology", M. -75g.
2. Gorelov A.A. "Ecology. Course of lectures, M. -98.
3. Mazur I.I. and others. "Engineering ecology", M. -96.