Start in science. Paper a second life

Secondary school №30

Design and research work
The second life of paper

Performed:

Pegeeva Svetlana

1st grade student

MBOU secondary school №30

Supervisor:

Abrashina Larisa

Victorovna

primary school teacher
Dzerzhinsk

year 2013
Content

Introduction

Perhaps paper is one of the most common materials. Wherever we turn our attention, most likely we will find paper, because paper is not only an information carrier, but also a packaging material, a hygiene product, a building material, a means of payment, a filter, an electrical insulator and much, much more!

It is hard to imagine what modern society might look like if there were no paper. Sometimes, without thinking, we spend an infinite amount of it. Stop! Imagine it doesn't exist. What to do? It's scary to even think about. So I once thought and began to ask myself questions: what does the word “paper” mean, who, where and when invented it, from what and how it was made before and is being produced now, is there a connection between the use of paper and the state of the environment? And most importantly: is it possible to make paper at home?

Objective: making paper at home from recycled materials

Tasks:

Gather information about the history of paper

Learn the modern paper making process

Determine paper consumption in my family

Learn how to make paper at home.

Practical significance of the work:

The significance of the work lies in the fact that it can be used in lessons on fine arts, art work and the world around.

Hypothesis:

Is it possible to make paper at home from recycled materials.

Object of study: paper

Subject of study: the process of making paper from recycled materials at home

Research methods:

• 
  Analysis of data obtained from various sources of information
• 
  Experiment
• 
  Generalization of the obtained results

Paper is the most valuable invention of mankind. Its uses are limitless, but it has negative consequences. Only the efforts of each person can affect in positive side The solution to this global problem is the pollution of the Earth's airspace. Every year the need for paper increases, and the stocks of wood from which it is obtained decrease. Therefore, the use of secondary raw materials for paper production is one of the most important solutions to this problem. We have a lot of different things in our house. paper waste. It was decided to try at home to use this waste to recycle paper.

1. 
   Main part
   1. 
      Who, where and when invented paper?

At the end of the 18th century, much larger volumes of paper pulp were already produced with the help of rolls, however, manual ebbing (scooping) of paper greatly hampered production growth. Therefore, in 1799, another important event in the history of the invention of paper occurred - the Frenchman N. L. Robert invented a machine for making paper, mechanizing the ebb of paper using a continuously moving grid.

The history of the development of paper and paper production continued, and in 1806 the brothers G. and S. Fourdrinier, who acquired Robert's patents and continued to work on the machine for casting in England, patented their paper machine.

By the middle of the 19th century, this machine, having undergone a number of changes, turned into a fairly complex unit that works continuously and mostly automatically.

In the 20th century, paper production is already a large highly mechanized industrial sector with a continuous-flow scheme in production technology, large-capacity thermal power plants and rather complex chemical workshops for the manufacture of semi-finished products from fibers.
1.2. Paper production technology

Over time, many special machines were invented for the production of paper. Multi-saw machines cut logs into logs, bark peelers remove the bark from them, chippers break the logs into chips, which are sent along the conveyor to the boiler, where a liquid mass is boiled from them in a special solution. And in another boiler, sticky pulp is boiled from the same chips. Both substances are mixed in the mixing tank. The resulting mixture passes through a paper machine, and after squeezing, ironing, smoothing, the paper is sent to factories where notebooks are made, to a printing house for printing books, newspapers and magazines.

Now there are about 5,000 grades of paper, which can be divided into three main classes:
1. Own paper (hygienic, wrapping and printed).
2. Cardboard.
3. Construction cardboard (for cladding and insulation).
1.3. Paper consumption in my family (for 1 year)

Mankind has adapted to get everything it needs from nature. A huge number of "lungs of the Earth" are cut down to satisfy human needs. It takes 13-21 grams of wood to make one sheet of A4 paper. If you count, it turns out that about 5 kilograms of wood are required to make one book. Statistics speak of 125 million trees being cut down each year for paper production. One hectare of forest provides the life support of two hundred people per day, each tree - one or two people. An adult tree produces up to 180 liters of oxygen per day. One single hectare deciduous forest traps about 50 tons of dust from the air per year. Hectare spruce forest releases 30 kilograms on a warm day essential oils. This is enough to "sterilize" a medium-sized city.

Each of us can help the forest if we take care of already used paper - waste paper. From 1 ton of waste paper, 25,000 school notebooks can be made, which can provide tens of thousands of schoolchildren! I really like the attitude towards used paper in Germany. The Germans don’t throw away paper – they don’t even throw away the pizza packaging, but carefully fold it and hand it over for recycling. Germany has the highest level of waste paper collection.

If during the year our family put all our paper waste in one pile, then I could bring about 70 kg of waste paper to school.

Alas! Newspapers (three to four pieces a week) and magazines (at least four a month) after reading are sent to the garbage can, which is almost 30 kg per year. Numerous cardboard packages from toys are also thrown away, sometimes you can buy two toys in a month - that's another 10 kilograms a year. And after buying new equipment, it happens that you throw away three kilograms of waste paper in one day: for example, buying a new TV, in addition, five cardboard boxes of accessories weighing up to 2 kg.

Younger sister can draw up to 15 sheets per day, and only beautiful drawings we store, the rest have only one way - to the landfill. Even getting rid of two or three unsuccessful children's drawings a day, we throw out sheets of 8 kg per year. And also various notes, projects and presentations of my father, filled-out diaries and notebooks of my mother go to the garbage - this is another plus 10 kg. As well as checks from the store - about 10 grams per day (about 3.5 kg is obtained per year), the use of toilet paper our family daily is about - 20 grams (about 7 kg per year).

As a result, only about 70.5 kg of paper per year rots at the local landfill. And it's only our family of four that uses so much paper in a year. If we didn't throw away waste paper, we could save one mature tree a year.

1. 
   Practical part
   1. 
      Experience #1. The process of making paper from recycled materials at home

Materials: damaged office paper, a basin of water, a blender, a specially made mesh.

Experience progress:

1. 
   Mesh making: Take a square wooden frame (sold in photo stores or you can make it yourself). Pull a nylon stocking over the frame. Tie the ends.

1. 
   Pulp making

To make the pulp, it is necessary to tear the paper into small pieces (no more than 2x2 cm) and place them in a basin. Pour water into a basin and leave overnight. Then add a large number of water and grind the paper with a blender so that small pieces or fibers of the paper can be distinguished. Make, thus, a full basin of pulp.

1. 
   Receipt of paper

Gently lift the frame, keeping it horizontal. Lay the frame on a flat surface for five minutes and then hang to dry. After a few hours, carefully separate it with a blunt knife from the frame.
Conclusion: The result is gray-white paper. The resulting paper can be used for children's creativity in technology and drawing lessons.

1. 
   Experience #2. Getting colored paper

Conclusion: It was obtained colored paper. Such paper can be used for children's creativity in technology lessons.

Conclusion: The resulting paper can be used for drawing or made from it absolutely amazing crafts.

1. 
   Calculating the cost of receiving paper

1. 
   1 kg used office paper
2. 
   20 liters of tap water
3. 
   Electricity for pulp production
4. 
   50 g red gouache

1.5 sheets of white paper and 1 sheet of colored paper.

The process of making paper at home is labor intensive. During the industrial processing of paper from 1 ton of waste paper, on average, up to 500 kg of new paper is obtained, suitable for use in the office and school. In our city there is a waste paper recycling plant "Bumaga-Holding" and all used paper should not be thrown away, but handed over for recycling. Waste paper collection is organized at our school, and if each student of the school returns at least 2 kg of waste paper (there are 705 students in the school), then we will save 23 trees from cutting down. We can really do our part to save forests. What is required for this? Stop throwing away waste paper.

Conclusion

I believe that the purpose of my work has been achieved. I found a new use for paper waste that accumulates at home or is thrown into the trash - it's making new paper.

As a result of the work done, I got acquainted with the history of the emergence of paper, got acquainted with the technology of paper production at a pulp and paper mill.

After researching various sources, I tried one of the methods of making paper at home from recycled materials.

Thus, I confirmed the hypothesis about the possibility of obtaining paper at home. Products today self made highly valued, because they keep warm human hands and are performed in a single copy. The same can be said about handmade paper.

The resulting paper can be used for household needs, as well as for children's creativity at technology lessons at school, which will save the natural resources of our country.

Considering that the used paper can be recycled, I propose: to carry out more campaign work among the students of my school and my friends to collect and hand over waste paper.

Bibliography

1. Aleksin A. G. What is it. Who it. - M., Pedagogy Publishing House, 1990. pp. 188-190

2. Lvov S. A book about a book. - M .: Education, 1980, p. 15, p. 96

3. Orlova N. D. I know the world. - M .: Publishing house AST, 2000. p. 97

4. Skvernyukov P.F. A word about paper. - M .: Moskovsky worker, 1980, p. 9-13, p. 79 - 92, from 150 - 208.

5. I want to know everything. - Publishing house "UNION", 2007.

6. N. Yu. Yakovlev. "A word about paper" - M: 1988.
Internet resources

1. 
   ec-dejavu.net/h/History_paper.html

Filuza Kashapova
Research work "Second life of paper"

Branch No. 1 MADOU No. 18 Tuymazy

Research Work

« SECOND LIFE OF PAPER»

"ECOLOGICAL DIRECTION"

Made by Zufarova Kamila,

pupil of the preparatory group

Head Kashapova F.Kh.,

Tuimazy, 2017

Goals:

To study how much waste paper an average family can collect;

Inform the public about the results of the experiment in order to draw attention to the problem of inefficient use paper;

Expected results:

Recycling waste paper allows you to reduce the amount of technical household waste and save forest plantations on the planet. From an economic point of view, it is advisable to use waste paper for the production of packaging materials, corrugated and plain cardboard, etc. In our opinion, the use of waste paper for the manufacture of beautiful and useful household and interior items not only preserves our natural resources and helps to improve ecological situation in our region, but also makes us more talented, giving us an impetus for creativity!

Introduction

The end of 2011 was marked by the birth of the seven billionth inhabitant of the Earth, and every year there are more and more people on Earth, and natural resources there is less and less left. In order to continue to enjoy the benefits of civilization, it is necessary to collect, processing and use of secondary raw materials.

The most common type secondary raw material is waste paper. It makes up about 2/5 of all municipal solid waste generated.

In our time, the main sources of waste paper are industrial enterprises, printing houses, large retail chains.

The forest can be saved not only by protecting it from cutting down, unauthorized dumps and fires, but also by economically using its resources and processing the used raw materials.

The use of waste paper allows you to save wood, which is used for manufacturing paper and the result is the conservation of forests.

Paper occupies a unique place in people's lives. Its discovery, like the invention of the wheel, is a miracle, one of greatest inventions human mind. To use paper we got used to it from early childhood, and we don’t even think about it when we write in notebooks, sign bright Greeting Cards, draw in albums and glue applications, read fascinating books, look at glossy magazines and catalogs. Home in kindergarten, at school, on the street, in stores - everywhere we are surrounded by paper and things made from it.

Sheet paper - smooth, pure, of excellent whiteness - we consider it as a kind of smallness, ordinary, imperceptible, even it seems to be neither a thing nor an object, but so simply - a sheet, and nothing more. But hardly anyone thought about where, how, from what, by the labor of what people this sheet was created. And the time of cleaning comes, and we ruthlessly throw away written notebooks, painted albums, read newspapers and magazines, torn books, textbooks, how many unnecessary things can be found around us. Getting to the landfill products paper industry emit methane, a greenhouse gas that is 20 times stronger than carbon dioxide.

But we hear about the need to conserve natural resources from parents, and from educators and teachers, and from TV screens, let's look at this "trash" other eyes? After all, he may well live second life! What prevents us from making our little feat to save the tree?

The coming 2017 is dedicated to ecology, and it will be right if this year we try to help nature as much as we can. It may turn out that we will acquire the same good habit as the hero of A. de Saint-Exupery - Little prince: “I got up in the morning, washed myself, put myself in order - and immediately put your planet in order.”

Story paper and its rebirth

In the form in which we are accustomed to seeing it, paper did not appear immediately. History of occurrence paper started with that in ancient Egypt about 3.5 thousand years ago they began to make papyrus.

The main material for the manufacture of papyrus was the bottom of the stem of the reed. It was cut into strips and kept in water, then rolled with a wooden rolling pin on a board and placed in water, rolled again and put into water again. As a result of these operations, the reed became translucent, dried, and smoothed with a stone. First production technology paper was quite complex, and therefore papyri were expensive. In addition, they were not very durable and required careful handling. Another kind paper - parchment, obtained by a special, very complex processing skins of young animals - calves, lambs, goats and donkeys. Unlike papyrus, parchment was much stronger, more elastic, could be stored much longer, and could be written on both sides. But the manufacture of parchment was a very difficult process, and therefore this material was terribly expensive. In Russia, parchment was replaced by birch bark - birch bark, which was filled with wax and written with a sharp stick - stylus.

The real beginning of the history of manufacturing paper It is considered to be 105 AD, and China is the homeland. It was there that they came up with a technology that allows using for the production paper any plant raw materials and waste; bast fibers of mulberry and willow, bamboo shoots, straw, grass. Realizing that semi-finished products for production papers can serve: wood pulp or cellulose, cellulose of annual plants (straw, hemp, rice and others, stepping into the era of technological progress, people began to produce paper all the best quality.

Historians believe that waste paper, as a concept, appeared at the moment when people began to make paper using special equipment. Because the paper more and more waste, they had to be recycled

Already at the end of the 19th century, the use of cardboard for packaging purposes was in full swing, and the very first cardboard box was used in England in 1817. Corrugated cardboard soon came into use.

The first thing that comes to mind when we hear about waste paper products is toilet paper. paper and cardboard. But for waste paper this is not the limit. That's what have learned people make from waste paper:

Packaging carton (tare): this includes chrome cellulose cardboard for containers with subsequent color printing, boxboard for the manufacture of containers without subsequent printing;

Technical cardboard is used in construction for cladding, gaskets, and in the construction of roofs. Roofing cardboard is produced in rolls and is used in construction. Cushioning cardboard is used in mechanical engineering and in the transportation of furniture. Facing cardboard is involved in the creation of building boards;

Cardboard pipes are widely used as a basis for storage paper, fabrics, carpets and other materials that can be packed by winding;

Ecowool is a special composition of cellulose mass used as a heat and sound insulating material. Such a mixture protects building structures from fire, rot and mold;

Corrugated cardboard is a multilayer type of cardboard that consists of liners. (flat layers) and flutings (wavy layers). The layers are glued together. The strength of corrugated cardboard depends on the number of layers it consists of. So, for example, seven-layer corrugated cardboard can be used to make extra strong boxes or boxes.

Hygiene products - toilet paper, paper napkins and towels, etc. ;

paper tableware - these cups and plates are easy to dispose of and do not pollute environment;

Packages from paper are considered environmentally friendly and easily decompose. Often such bags are used for packaging bakery products, for packaging tea, coffee and other food and non-food products;

Making furniture from waste paper is relatively new technology, but at the same time quite environmentally friendly. So, for example, if you mix paper mass with glue and resin, you can get an interesting and non-standard designer cabinet or other piece of furniture.

However, it should be noted that not all types paper is recyclable. For example, used toilet paper should not be recycled. paper and napkins, candy wrappers, paper towels with greasy stains, copier paper, paper cups.

So how much « lives» can live paper? Average paper can be recycled up to five or six times to get a new high-quality paper. Process processing in that case looks like this way: paper heated and cut into small pieces, then paper ready for recycling, mixing with water special machine like a giant mixer - so paper turns into a soft material. During this process, long fibers are selected to produce a strong and dense paper, and short strands of wood fiber can be used to "weak" paper suitable, for example, for newspapers and kitchen napkins. Note that each subsequent mixing and grinding reduces and weakens the wood fibers, making recycled paper is less durable.

What can I do?

My family consists of five people. During the preparation of this research work, our family purposefully collected waste paper. And this is not only notebooks, albums, newspapers, magazines and catalogs, we also collected boxes of tea, medicines, toys, cookies, toothpaste, creams. We got 10 kilograms of waste paper. But after all, only two months have passed, and this is only one family! But 120 people go to our kindergarten, and everyone in the family has three, four and five people. It is easy to calculate that in one or two months you can collect about a ton of waste paper! 54 kg newsprint paper allows you to save one tree, and a ton of waste paper replaces four cubic meters of wood.

As we learned, in the course of our small study, there are a great many areas of application for waste paper. Paper recycling is an up-to-date and forward-thinking endeavor that helps to conserve the environment by developing an environmentally friendly approach to commodities.

In Tuymazinsky district since 1966 works cardboard-paper The plant is one of the largest enterprises producing paper, cardboard, packaging price Republic of Bashkortostan | The main types of products of the plant are corrugated paper, cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard, corrugated cardboard and products from it (boxes, trays, corrugated sheets, sanitary and hygienic paper. Cardboard paper mill. Tuymazy occupies one of the leading places in Russia in the production of tuberous containers for packaging eggs.

Raw material for processing comes to the plant from large enterprises with a large document flow: Tuymazinsky department of internal affairs, central district hospital, plant Himmash etc., but this does not mean that schools and secondary educational institutions remain on the sidelines. Regularly, once or twice a year, schoolchildren and students collect and hand over waste paper. Also, the acceptance of waste paper from the population is carried out by the enterprise « BASHVTORMET» , along Sovetskaya street and shop "Pyshka" on Gafurov street.

When does waste paper cease to be rubbish and garbage, and turns into useful things? Should it be collected, stored and then handed over? Of course, it is worth it, because from it you can get a lot of useful products in the household and even use it as a non-standard material for creative ideas.

From used paper you can make wonderful souvenirs and crafts. Nowadays, handicrafts work are highly valued, because they keep warm human hands and have no analogues.

The eternal desire of a person to surround himself with beautiful things encourages us to new solutions. Old newspapers and magazines that have accumulated in your desk drawers can be recycled, but you can also give them second life, and bright, beautiful and creative. Undoubtedly second option will appeal to all people with "skilled hands". Of course, why throw away things that might be useful? it great opportunity create something original, and add variety to your leisure time - after all, the creative process always captivates, gives positive emotions and also relieves stress and nervous tension.

Conclusion

Getting from waste paper such a necessary for all of us paper, people not only conserve forests, but also save water and energy. And this means that the amount of hazardous waste is reduced and the overall environmental pollution is reduced. If a person grows up in a society that cares about nature, and also consciously and responsibly treats the environment and its problems, then there is no doubt that he will always adhere to the relevant rules.

Recycling waste paper allows you to reduce the amount of technical and domestic waste and save forest plantations on the planet. From an economic point of view, it is advisable to use waste paper for the production of packaging materials, corrugated and plain cardboard, etc. At the same time, we must not forget that cellulose is a valuable chemical raw material for the production of artificial fibers, explosives, artificial leather, film and rayon.

You just need to always remember that the forest for every ton of wood pulp gives us an additional 1.3 tons of oxygen. A hectare of forest annually produces about 45,000 m3 of this vital important element colossal amounts of which we spend on burning oil, gas and coal. Through long time this should lead to a general decrease in the oxygen content of the Earth. In the air big cities during peak hours and now often the oxygen content decreases so much that it corresponds to an altitude of 5000 m above sea level, and this adversely affects human health. Forests are also favorite place rest, good protection against dust and noise. They try to surround cities with green belts, which at the same time contributes to the fight against air depletion of oxygen.

Waste paper is one of the important types of renewable resources. It takes 25-30 years to grow a new tree instead of a felled tree. Paper practically does not harm the environment. The decomposition time is 2-3 years, but sometimes in landfills, without oxygen entering the garbage layer, paper able to lie up to 30 years without decomposing. However, the paint applied to paper, when decomposed, releases toxic substances, and when burned, some types of paint can form dioxides. By statistics: in Russia only 0.1% paper made from waste paper. In Europe, this figure reaches 50%, and in Japan, even 65% of the new paper made from old waste paper.

We can also do our part to protect the environment. In our opinion, the use of waste paper for the manufacture of beautiful and useful household and interior items not only preserves our natural resources and helps improve the ecological situation in our region, but also makes us more talented, giving us an impetus for creativity!

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format

Introduction

Very often in technology lessons we make original paper crafts. As a result, there is a lot of paper waste that we throw away. Every day, kilograms of paper waste fall into the trash cans: newspapers, old magazines, scribbled notebooks. And this makes me sad. I checked how much paper our family of five throws away. For a whole week I collected all the paper waste and weighed them. It turned out 4.5 kg. This means that in a month there will be 18 kg, and in a year - 200 kg! At the lessons of the world around us, we were told that paper is made from wood and waste paper, and that 100 kg of paper waste saves 1 tree. It turns out that only one of our families can save 2 trees in a year. Then all the families of our school can save the whole forest!!! But trees are the source of oxygen on the planet. That is why our school collects waste paper. And then they take her to production shops for processing.

How does waste paper turn into new paper?

Why can it be reused?

Can you make your own paper?

These questions interested me, and I decided to collect more waste paper and give it a second chance.

Thus was born the project, which I called: "Second life of paper".

Relevance: every year the need for paper increases, and wood reserves decrease. We need to save the forest now. The use of recycled paper to produce paper is one of the most important solutions to this problem.

Purpose of the study: recycling paper at home.

Research objectives:

Studying the literature on the use of paper waste for paper production;

To study the process of recycling waste paper;

Find and learn information about how to make paper at home.

Make your own decorative paper.

Research methods:

Theoretical analysis of literature and Internet resources

Experiment

Intended product of the project: paper of own production and products from it.

The paper presents an analysis of such literary sources (7 sources) as encyclopedias, dictionaries, popular science literature, magazines. Also, an analysis of three sources of the Internet network was carried out.

The issue of paper recycling has been studied enough, but there is a problem of introducing this knowledge into public practice.

Personal contribution: spreading the knowledge of paper recycling among my family, acquaintances, and school students. Careful attitude to natural resources.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part

1.1 Paper and its production

At home, on the street, in the store, at school, we meet with paper. In the morning she comes to our apartment with a fresh newspaper, a new issue of a magazine or a letter. We start a new school day with textbooks and notebooks.

But what do we know about paper? First of all, paper made it possible to accumulate memory and experience in much greater quantities. Secondly, paper allowed a person to receive this or that information in a timely manner, as well as to transmit it over a distance and through time as accurately as possible. Paper allowed a person to free up part of his memory by transferring important data to paper sheets. Its discovery, like the invention of the wheel, is a miracle, one of the greatest conquests of the human mind.

According to the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov:

Paper- material for writing, as well as for other purposes, made from wood or rag pulp.

According to the free encyclopedia Wikipedia:

Paper- fibrous material with mineral additives in the form of sheets for writing, drawing, packaging and other things, obtained from cellulose: plants, as well as recycled materials (rags and waste paper).

The paper contains:

Vegetable fibers;

Mineral fillers (sizing agents);

Dyes;

Special additives (for different types of paper).

Paper production includes several stages:

Stage 1 - mechanical. The path of paper begins in the endless forests. From the forest plot, the trees are sent to the paper mill, where they are transferred to sawing tables. Trunks of trees turn into meter-long pieces-chocks and are cleaned of bark in drums. 60-ton millstones turn them into wood pulp.

Stage 2 - chemical. Cellulose and fillers are added to the wood pulp: sulfur, soda, lime, kaolin - high quality white clay. They give the paper whiteness, density, smoothness and good printing properties.

Stage 3 - the manufacture of paper web. The prepared paper mass is diluted with water and under pressure through a seven-meter slot is poured onto a waste conveyor at a speed of 750 meters per minute, dried, rolled and turned into paper.

Stage 4 - paper finishing . The paper web is shaped into finished products - sheets, rolls.

Stage 5 - sorting and packing.

For the manufacture of 1 ton of paper, 5.6 m 3 of wood is needed. This is about 17 trees. And from 1 ton of paper you can make about 30 thousand ordinary student notebooks. 250 kg of waste paper replaces about 1 cubic meter of wood.

Application of paper. A person uses paper widely in his life:

For writing and printing (books, magazines, newspapers, notebooks)

Finishing material (wallpaper)

Ornamental material (origami, papier - mache)

Packaging material (wrappers, bags, boxes)

Cleaning material (napkins, toilet paper)

Filtration

money production

Substrate for applying chemicals (photo paper, indicator paper, sandpaper)

Therefore, paper is inalienable and important part human life. It is both money, and ornamental material, and a source of knowledge. Paper production is labor intensive and consumes a large amount of natural resources (trees). Since trees are an important and integral part in the chain of ecology and well-being of the planet, the question arises of making paper from other materials, for example, already used paper (waste paper).

1.4 Waste paper and recycling methods

According to the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov: waste paper- this is unusable paper, books, etc., going for recycling.

According to the free encyclopedia Wikipedia:

waste paper- waste of all types of cardboard and paper, which can be reused as a fibrous raw material. This will save our forests from over-cutting, and the environment from destruction..

Waste paper is one of the important types of renewable resources. It takes 25-30 years to grow a new tree instead of a felled tree. Paper does little to no harm to the environment. The decomposition time is 2-3 years, but sometimes in landfills without oxygen entering the garbage layer, paper can lie up to 30 years without decomposing. However, the ink applied to paper releases toxic substances when decomposed, and some types of ink can form dioxides when burned.

Studies confirm that the amount of waste paper in waste will not decrease, on the contrary: more and more packaging and printing materials are used in the service sector, so the share of waste paper in waste is also growing.

I found out that the basis of paper is cellulose, which is obtained from wood chips. Cellulose fibers reach a length of 2 cm. Intertwined with each other, they create a dense paper structure. Therefore, cellulose is already present in waste paper. Therefore, the production of paper from it is more economical than from wood. It is estimated that recycling a ton of waste paper saves 20,000 liters of water, 1,000 kW of electricity, reducing emissions to the atmosphere to 1,700 kilograms carbon dioxide. And most importantly, you can avoid cutting down more than one million hectares of forest in one year!

Waste paper can survive 5-7 recycles until the pulp fibers become very short.

After watching a video about recycling waste paper, I realized that this process consists of several stages:

Waste paper is loaded into containers with water, where it is soaked and mixed.

Metal objects (paper clips, etc.), dirt, sand, glue residues, organics, printing ink, fats, dyes, etc. are removed from the mixture. After pumping out excess water, an amorphous mass remains - pulp.

With the help of two special mesh drums, the pulp enters the line of the paper machine, where it remains on the mesh, leveled and brought to the desired thickness.

The tape finally dries on the drum, turning into paper.

What does paper recycling do?

1. There is less deforestation in the world

2. Getting raw materials is much cheaper than deforestation

3. There is a saving in money and energy

4. The amount of garbage is reduced

5. Recycled paper costs a lot less than paper made from wood.

True, you can not recycle paper endlessly. Eventually the pulp becomes unrecyclable (usually paper is only recycled no more than four or five times), but by mixing old paper with new, it is possible to extend the life of the old paper by a few more recycles.

According to recent studies, the level of waste paper collection in Russia was 12%, in the US 50%. The highest level of waste paper collection was in Germany and amounted to 73.6%.

According to statistics, in Russia only 0.1% of paper is produced from waste paper. In Europe, this figure reaches 50%, and in Japan, 65% of new paper is made from old waste paper.

The increase in the collection and recycling of waste paper is directly proportional to the conservation of forests, the restoration and preservation of the ecosystem, and the solution of energy and environmental problems. The development of this direction solves the problem of rational and careful use forest resources. The use of secondary raw materials in industry protects the environment, saves natural and energy resources.

According to common stereotypes, made from waste paper exclusively inferior products. The brightest representatives packaging and toilet paper. In Russia, waste paper is used in the production of about 70 types of paper and cardboard. Also, our country is gradually adopting positive experience European countries in the use of waste paper in the production of various goods of good quality. As a result, more and more production technologies are emerging:

Building materials;

insulating materials;

Fabrics (clothing);

Accessories for the automotive industry;

Disposable tableware;

Waste paper remains the main raw material for:

Cardboard;

Corrugated board;

egg packaging;

Kraft packages;

technical paper;

office paper;

Printing products.

Personal hygiene products.

Not suitable for processing:

Wet and dirty paper;

wax or plastic coated paper;

self-adhesive paper;

• photo paper and fax paper.

Thus, the analysis of literature and films showed that paper recycling is an important direction in production, which allows conserving natural resources and meeting the needs of society in the required amount of paper. Unfortunately, paper recycling is not so common in our country. This can be explained by the fact that Russia is rich in natural resources, including forests, and the lack of understanding by adults of the importance of not only restoring natural resources, but also their conservation through waste paper recycling.

CHAPTER 2. Practical part

2.1. Making paper at home

I found and studied information about how to make paper at home. After watching several master classes, I came to the conclusion that the stages of manual papermaking from waste paper are the same as in industrial production, only adapted to home conditions.

To create paper, I prepared special equipment, tools and materials:

waste paper;

Container for soaking raw materials;

• Basin for casting paper;

  PVA glue;

  Mesh frames for making paper sheets;

  absorbent wipes;

  Materials for decorating raw paper (paints, threads, glitter, confetti, natural materials etc.

Stages of work on the "transformation" of waste paper into paper:

1. Sorting waste paper into 4 groups:

egg packaging;

sleeves from paper towels and toilet paper;

used office paper;

paper towels .

2. Shredding paper by hand (you can use a shredder);

3. Soaking paper for 2-3 hours;

4. Grinding paper pulp with a blender with the addition of PVA glue and dye to a mushy state;

5. Dilution of paper pulp with water: than more water, the thinner the paper will be

6. Scooping paper pulp with a mesh frame

8. Remove excess water with absorbent wipes

9. Careful removal of the paper sheet from the frame

10. Folding wet sheets of paper into a stack and drying them under a press. My paper making photos are in attachments 1.

To make paper important know the following:

Paper is made from different types of waste paper different quality: from egg packs and cardboard sleeves, paper is dense, rough; the highest quality paper is obtained from office paper; from paper towels and soluble paper sleeves thin paper. Therefore, it is better to sort waste paper.

Paper made by laying paper pulp on a grid is rough, dense and non-uniform.

If glue is not added to the paper pulp, the paper will break.

To obtain a thicker paper, starch can be added to the mass.

If the paper is not dried under pressure, then during the drying process it bends and loses its shape.

Do not dry paper with a very hot iron or hair dryer. This leads to its drying and yellowing.

Conclusion

Paper - one of the unique inventions of man. Paper production is a very labor-intensive and large-scale process. Paper is made from wood, so you need to handle it carefully, do not throw it in a landfill, collect and hand over waste paper. You can recycle used paper at home, use it creatively.

handmade paper is not like machine-made paper, and by technical standards it is worse: thicker, less smooth, brittle. But it is absolutely exclusive, two identical sheets will not work, perhaps that is why papermaking is turning from a craft into an art.

The analysis of literature and films showed that paper recycling is an important direction in production, which allows saving natural resources and meeting the needs of society in the required amount of paper. Unfortunately, paper recycling is not so common in our country. This can be explained by the fact that Russia is rich in natural resources, including forests, and the lack of understanding by adults of the importance of not only restoring natural resources, but also their conservation through waste paper recycling.

It is important to convey to people the idea that paper should be used sparingly, because behind every sheet of paper there is a story of a living tree. How more people will know about the misfortune of the forest, and think about how to help it, the faster we will save the forest for ourselves, our children.

My research work helped me understand the significance and scope of this problem. I passed on my knowledge to friends, acquaintances, classmates, parents. Now, by collecting waste paper and recycling paper at home, I feel the importance of my work and contribution to the conservation of natural resources and the ecology of our planet.

List of sources and literature

Big Russian Encyclopedia. - Volume 4. - M.

Vecchione Glen DIY! 100 most interesting independent scientific projects. - M .: "Publishing House AST": LLC "Publishing House Astrel" .- 2004.

Dal V.I. Dictionary Russian language. - M., 2006

Judy Galens, Nancy Peer Answer book for why. - Kharkov, 2006

Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 2014

Popular Encyclopedia for children "Everything about everything". - M., 1998

Ecology and life // No. 5. - 2003

Internet resources:

stranamasterov.ru

www.ideibiznesa.org

emin197models.ru

Apps 1

Making paper at home

Waste paper shredding

I grind the waste paper with a blender and add PVA glue

I spread the paper mass on the grid

I remove excess water

Carefully remove the resulting paper sheet from the grid

Paper sheet after drying. My result

Problem
Hypothesis
The purpose of the work is: learning how to make paper at home

Abstracts of the research work

"Second life of paper"

pupils of the senior "A" group

State educational institution

"Nursery-garden No. 3 "Praleska", Volozhin

Minsk Region. Belarus

Mintyuk Veronica

Scientific adviser:

educator

Trepashko Marina Methodievna

Research topic

"Second life of paper"

I love to draw and draw a lot. I was interested in the question: "What is paper made of and where is it produced? And what, in general, do I know about paper?"

Problem: Is it possible to use waste paper to give paper a second life.
Hypothesis: Is it possible to make paper at home.
The purpose of the work is: the study of ways to obtain paper at home from different types of paper waste.

Tasks:

Study specialized literature

Learn how to make paper from recycled paper

Try out some ways to make paper at home.

Carry out a comparison various kinds papers, draw conclusions about the work done.

Object of study- paper.

Our research will allow you to get homemade paper.

The following methods were used to solve the tasks:

Work with literature, obtaining information on the Internet;

Experiment;

Comparative analysis, systematization of the material in the form of work and presentation.

Literature review on this issue helped find ways to get paper.

An experiment was carried out. The reliability of the results of the study is ensured by the fact that the paper samples are prepared practically, with the introduction of their own changes.

Results show that it is possible to obtain paper that does not require large expenditures. The whole family, my friends and the kindergarten teacher can participate in its production. Homemade paper can be used for drawing, making applications, postcards, beautiful packaging.

conclusions

In the course of the work, the goal was fully realized and the tasks set were solved: I studied the literature, found necessary prescriptions making paper, dreamed up a little in its production and analyzed the results. In the process of the work done, she confirmed the hypothesis that it is possible to make paper with your own hands at home.

Offers:

1. Participate in the collection of waste paper.

2. The forest is the second treasure - it must be protected.

3. Give paper a second life

Some shots from the presentation:

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