Presentation "household waste". Disposal of household and industrial waste - presentation Waste recycling methods presentation

Household waste

Purpose of the lesson

Try to find ways to solve the problem of household waste and find out what depends on us in solving this problem

Plan

How do they appear household waste?

What are the ways to dispose of household waste?

How does household waste affect environment?

What depends on us in solving the problem of household waste?

Ways to get rid of waste

Garbage

Burning

Recycling

Household waste

Group rules

• We communicate in a whisper in a group.
• We take turns talking without interrupting each other.
• We distribute questions that need to be answered.
• Choose a specific answer from the text.
• We help comrades.

garbage dumps

Spontaneous landfills

Landfills on the ocean

Rats and mice in landfills are vectors infectious diseases

hazardous waste

Terms of decomposition of household waste

1-2 months

Over 100 years

Over 1000 years

The life of a glass bottle

waste incineration

waste incineration plant

waste incineration

Waste recycling

Separate garbage collection

Waste sorting

container for separate collection garbage

Recycling points

Thank you for your attention!

List of used literature:

• Andreeva, N.D. Theory and methodology of teaching ecology / N.D. Andreeva, V.P. Solomin, T. V. Vasilyeva; ed. N.D.Andreeva. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 208 p.
• Vorovshchikov, S.G. Development of universal learning activities/ S.G. Thieves. - M.: Book on demand, 2013. - 226 p.
• Vysotskaya, M.V. Garbage: what to do with it? (Extracurricular event) // Ecology. 6-11 grades: extracurricular activities, research activities of students. - Volgograd, 2010. - P.15-30.
• Kim, E. "Trash" theme / E. Kim // Ecology and life. - 2011. - No. 1. - P.23-26.
• Kozlova, I.V. Formation of UUD by means of technology of pedagogical workshops / I.V. Kozlov // Primary School. - 2014. - No. 5. - From 19-25.
• Romantsova, E.B. Ecology education inner world child / E.B. Romantsova // Primary school. - 2014.- No. 6. - S. 24-27.
• Rusakov N.V., Rakhmanin Yu.A. Waste, environment, people. - M., 2004.
• Samkova, V.A. Guidelines for teachers "Recycling of consumer waste" / V.A. Samkov. - St. Petersburg, 2008. - 156 p.
• Tropina, E.A. New culture of waste management / E.A. Tropina // MSW. - 2012. - No. 1. - S. 22-25.

For every inhabitant of our planet, there is an average of about 1 ton of garbage per year.
From the history of waste disposal
200 thousand years BC e. The first garbage heaps found by archaeologists. 400 BC e. The first ever municipal landfill was founded in Athens. 200 A year In Rome, a city waste collection service arose. 1315 After a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris. 1388 The English Parliament forbade throwing garbage into the streets. 1775 The first garbage cans appeared in London. waste recycling. 1932 Waste compacting machines invented in the USA. 1942 Mass collection of garbage for military purposes begins in the USSR and the USA. 1965 The US Congress passes the Solid Waste Disposal Act. using 50% waste.
Reasons for the increase in waste. growth in the production of disposables; increase in the amount of packaging; raising the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced by new ones.
MSW: paper, glass, food waste, plastics, fabrics, metal objects. In addition to all this, large-sized solid waste (garbage - old furniture, broken household appliances, car tires and etc)
Waste paper recycling
CAR TIRES – SURFACE FOR SPORTS FIELD
Organic waste - organic fertilizer
Methods for processing MSW: 1. Burial 2. Burning 3. Sorting and processing
Burial is the most anti-environmental option
In a conventional landfill, toxic infiltration water flows out of it, and methane enters the atmosphere, which contributes to increased greenhouse effect(today methane "takes on" 20% of the effect of climate warming)
Landfill - landfill for storage of solid waste
this is a "bath" with a bottom and sides made of clay and polyethylene film, in which the compacted layers of solid waste are sprinkled with layers of soil. The volume of garbage is growing so fast that in a few years any landfill is full and a new one needs to be built.
MSW burning.
1 ton of garbage can produce 400 kWh. However, even with the most advanced combustion technology, these plants pollute the atmosphere.
Sorting and recycling - the most environmentally friendly option for handling solid waste
For recycling, investments are needed to make waste processing plants economically viable. It is profitable to process MSW, there is always a demand for secondary raw materials - paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, non-ferrous metals, etc.
Recycling of solid waste in Russia is no more than 2% one of the reasons is insufficient ecological culture of the population
Unauthorized dump
1. Disfigures the landscape. 2. Creates a threat to human health: - breeding rodents are carriers of infectious diseases; - toxicological hazard from emitted methane, sulfur dioxide. Contamination of soil and groundwater with compounds of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel.
When constructing a waste site, the following shall be taken into account:
rose, winds in the landfill area; distance from settlements, water protection and environmental protection zones; soil permeability; area of ​​​​the territory allocated for the landfill (the area should be sufficient to receive garbage for a long time); location convenient for transport access
Special waste: 1. Industrial waste - must not be disposed of together with household waste,
pesticides, mercury and its compounds - chemical industry waste; radioactive waste generated at nuclear power plants; arsenic and its compounds - waste from metallurgical industries and thermal power plants; lead compounds - waste from the oil refining and paint and varnish industries, etc.
Special waste: 2. Household waste - which, after their use, becomes special waste,
Batteries; unused medicines; residues of plant protection chemicals (toxic chemicals); residues of paints, varnishes and adhesives; cosmetic residues (eyeshadow, nail polish, nail polish remover); household chemical residues (cleaning agents, deodorants, stain removers, aerosols, furniture care products); mercury thermometers.
Liquidation (utilization) of special waste is regulated by strict rules and regulations
Incineration at special installations, Placement at special landfills, Storage on the surface of the earth in a waterproof platform up to 3 m thick.
Natural decomposition various materials takes some time
paper - from 2 to 10 years, a tin can - 90 years, a cigarette filter - 100 years, a plastic bag - 200 years, plastics - 500 years, glass - 1000 years.
Type of disposal USA Great Britain Japan Russia Landfill 84 90 57 81 in landfills Incineration 15 9 40 10 Processing - 1 2 6 into fertilizers Other 1 - 1 3
Throw garbage only in containers; Take a shopping bag with you on a shopping trip; Try to buy detergents that do not contain phosphates; Do not throw garbage in sinks and toilets; Use compost and manure as organic fertilizers; Buy drinks in glass bottles whenever possible; Try to avoid buying disposable items.
. To date, the amount of waste has exceeded 6 million tons. Sverdlovsk region they are located on an area approximately equal to 120 km (0.011% of the territory). The introduction of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the involvement of waste in production cycles will reduce their amount
Thank you for your attention

RECYCLING

SOLID

HOUSEHOLD

WASTE

The presentation was prepared by the students of the group PO-11

Bondarenko Margarita;

Kolushkin Andrey;

Anikin Vyacheslav

Supervisor:

biology teacher

Petrikina O.B.

Recycling (waste recycling, and recycling) - reuse or return to circulation of production waste or garbage. The most common recycling of such materials as: glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, textiles and various types of plastic. Also used since antiquity in agriculture organic agricultural and household waste.

international symbol recycling- the Mobius strip.

Disposal- use of resources that are not directly used, secondary resources, production and consumption waste

Recyclable materials

Glass:

Glass containers;

cullet.

Rubber:

Electronics:

Products;

Batteries;

mercury lamps;

Plastics:

Wood:

Shavings;

Construction:

Biological:

Food waste;

Sanitation.

Scrap metal:

Color;

Precious.

Wastewater

Waste paper:

Textile;

Oil products:

Asphalt.

Chemicals:

acids;

Organics.

Separated household waste: 1 - glass bottles, 2 - thin plastic 3 - thick plastic 4 - cardboard, 5 - mixed waste 6 - iron cans 7 - paper, 8 - polystyrene, 9 - glass, 10 - batteries, 11 - metal, 12 - organic waste, 13 - packaging "Tetrapack", 14 - the cloth, 15 - toilet waste.

History of recycling in the world

In Europe, there is a company that recycles processors and extracts from them gold. This is done something like this: processors are removed from computers and other equipment and immersed in a chemical solution (in which nitrogen is present), as a result of which a precipitate appears, which is subsequently melted down and becomes gold bars.

Garbage truck in Australia

Wide use in many countries received environmental payments to reimburse the costs of collecting and pre-processing a number of the most common types of products that create typical problems for their disposal after use, - batteries, lubricating oils, accumulators, worn tires. Payments for the use of packaging or license fees for the use of a trademark are especially widespread. « green dot», at the expense of the resources of which the organization of the collection and processing of packaging waste is carried out.

Latest developments

Scientists from the Netherlands presented the latest developments in the field of waste recycling - an improved technology that without prior sorting, within one system, separates and cleans all the waste that comes there, to the original raw material. The system completely recycles all types of waste (medical, household, technical) in a closed cycle, without residue. Raw materials are completely cleaned of impurities (harmful substances, dyes, etc.), packed and can be reused. At the same time, the system is environmentally neutral.

In Germany, a plant was built and tested, which has been successfully operating on this technology for 10 years in a test mode.

Efforts foreign countries for the collection and processing of waste are coordinated on international level. Thus, the Fifth Environmental Action Program was prepared for the EU countries, within which the following requirements were established:

• the obligatory presence in the EU countries of plans for waste processing and the creation of a market for secondary raw materials;
• rationing the level of use of the most common waste (for waste paper, glass and plastic packaging, the level of collection and recycling in terms of 2000 was set at 50%).

The system of state regulation of solving the problem of waste processing in the EU countries continues to improve.

How it was in the USSR

In the USSR, recycling was given great importance. Uniform bottles have been developed for milk, beer, vodka, wine and soft drinks, throughout the country there were collection points for glass containers. Schoolchildren and members of the pioneer organization. Was established hard accounting precious metals used in industry, in particular in electronics.

Reception of glass containers

Metal processing in Russia

Most metals are expediently recycled. Unnecessary or damaged items, the so-called scrap metal, are handed over to recycling centers for subsequent remelting. especially profitable recycling non-ferrous metals(copper, aluminum, tin), common technical alloys(win) and some ferrous metals(cast iron).

Recycling technologies

Many different wastes can be used secondarily. For each type of raw material there is a corresponding processing technology. To separate waste into different materials, different types of separation are used, for example, to extract metal - magnetic.

Waste generation in the Russian economy is 3.4 billion tons per year, including 2.6 billion tons/year- industrial waste, 700 million tons/year- liquid waste from poultry and livestock, 35-40 million tons/year- MSW, 30 million tons / year- sediments of treatment facilities. The average level of their use is about 26%, including industrial waste is recycled by 35%, MSW - by 3-4%, the rest of the waste practically not recycled .

As a result low level of use continues to accumulate waste in the environment natural environment. According to estimates, the volume of accumulation of unused waste has reached 80-90 billion tons.

The accumulated waste is usually not processed in Russia, since the current economic conditions do not provide complete processing of even the current waste output.

According to, in Russia, 2.4 thousand hazardous waste disposal sites have been taken into account. The conditions for disposal of such waste in many cases does not match environmental requirements applicable in Russia and internationally accepted standards.

radioactive waste (RAO)

According to the Russian "Law on the Use of Atomic Energy", radioactive waste (RW) is nuclear materials and radioactive substances, further use which not provided. Under Russian law, import radioactive waste into the country is prohibited.

Often confused and considered synonymous radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. Should making a difference these concepts. radioactive waste are materials that are used not provided .

Spent nuclear fuel is a fuel element containing the remains of nuclear fuel and many fission products, widely used in industry, agriculture, medicine and scientific activity. Therefore it is a valuable resource as a result of the processing of which fresh nuclear fuel and isotope sources are obtained.

Sources of waste

Radioactive waste is generated in various forms with very different physical and chemical characteristics, such as the concentrations and half-lives of their constituent radionuclides. These wastes can be generated:

- in gaseous form such as vent emissions from facilities where radioactive materials are handled;

- in liquid form, ranging from scintillation counter solutions from research facilities to high-level liquid waste from spent fuel reprocessing;

Plant for vitrification of liquid radioactive waste

- in solid form(contaminated consumables, glassware from hospitals, medical research facilities and radiopharmaceutical laboratories, vitrified waste from fuel processing or spent fuel from nuclear power plants when it is considered waste).

Examples of sources of radioactive waste in human activities:

• FEAST (natural springs radiation). There are substances that natural radioactivity, known as natural sources of radiation (NIR). Most of these substances contain long lived nuclides, such as potassium-40, rubidium-87 (are beta emitters), as well as uranium-238, thorium-232 (emitter alpha particles) and their decay products.

Working with such substances regulated sanitary regulations, issued by the Sanitary Inspectorate.

• Coal. Coal contains small the number of radionuclides, such as uranium or thorium, but the content of these elements in coal is less than their average concentration in the earth's crust.

Their concentration increases in fly ash, as they practically do not burn.

However the radioactivity of the ash is also very low, it is approximately equal to the radioactivity of black shale and less than that of phosphate rocks, but represents a known danger because some fly ash remains in the atmosphere and inhaled by a person. At the same time, the total volume of emissions is quite large and is equivalent to 1000 tons uranium in Russia and 40000 tons in all over the world.

• Oil and gas. By-products of the oil and gas industry often contain radium and its decay products. Sulphate deposits in oil wells can be very rich in radium; water, oil and gas in wells often contain radon. When radon decays, it forms solid radioisotopes, which form sediment inside pipelines. In refineries, the propane production area is usually one of the most radioactive areas, since radon and propane have the same boiling point.

• Enrichment of minerals. Waste from mineral processing may be naturally radioactive.

radioactive dangerous stones and minerals

• Medical RAO. In radioactive medical waste sources of beta and gamma rays predominate. This waste is divided into two main classes. Diagnostic nuclear medicine uses short-lived gamma emitters such as technetium-99m (99 Tc m). Most of these substances break down into for a short time, after which it can be disposed of like regular RAO .

Examples of other isotopes used in medicine (half-life indicated in parentheses): Yttrium-90, used in the treatment of lymphomas (2.7 days); Iodine-131, thyroid diagnostics, thyroid cancer treatment (8 days); Strontium-89, treatment of bone cancer, intravenous injections (52 days); Iridium-192, brachytherapy (74 days); Cobalt-60, brachytherapy, external beam therapy (5.3 years); Cesium-137, brachytherapy, external beam therapy (30 years).

• Industrial radioactive waste. Industrial radioactive waste may contain sources of alpha, beta, neutron or gamma radiation. Alpha sources can be used in printing houses(to remove static charge); gamma emitters are used in radiography; Neutron radiation sources are used in various industries, for example, in oil well radiometry. An example of the use of beta sources: radioisotope thermoelectric generators for autonomous lighthouses and other installations in areas that are difficult for humans to access (for example, in the mountains).

SAVE YOUR PLANET!

Thank you for your attention!

The Problem of Waste and Ways
deliverance
from them became one
from a serious problem
Relocation to cities and their development
led to a different structure
consumption:
for better transport
food and other
products needed packaging;
new artificial and
synthetic materials that
absent in nature;
society of many developed countries
turned into a society
consumption", where the quantity
"necessary" things immeasurably
increased.

What is waste?

Household waste

Municipal solid waste is a source of environmental hazard:

The problem of waste is compounded by the fact that the natural decomposition of various materials requires a certain time.

Waste disposal at landfills

Burial of toxic waste

The main stages of waste processing

Biocomposting

waste incineration

Burial of poisonous waste

THREE PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EU

THREE PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EU

Basic technological solutions for waste management

PRINCIPAL APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING

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Presentation on the topic "Waste big city- how they are collected, removed and recycled" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: Ecology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you interest your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the appropriate text under the player Presentation contains 31 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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The migration to cities and their development led to a different pattern of consumption: packaging was needed for better transportation of food and other products; new artificial and synthetic materials have appeared that are absent in nature; the society of many developed countries has turned into a "consumer society", where the number of "necessary" things has increased immeasurably.

The problem of waste and ways to get rid of it has become one of the serious problems of modern cities!

slide 4

During our tour, try to find answers to the following questions for yourself:

Why has waste generation in cities been a problem for more than a century? How modern cities get rid of waste? What city structures, enterprises and specialists are involved in this process? How can citizens contribute to solving the problem of waste?

slide 5

What is waste?

Waste is products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or obsolescence. Waste is generated in the most various fields activities. MAIN WASTE CLASSES

slide 6

How much waste is generated in cities?

AT major cities The world accumulates on average over 1 m3 of household waste per person per year. In some cities, this figure is much higher. Of these, about 25% is produced in business and trade, and 75% in residential buildings. According to the State Standard Russian Federation(2004) the total amount of waste accumulated in the country is 80 billion tons. The formation of MSW by the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation is estimated at 30-35 million tons per year.

Slide 7

What kind of waste is generated the most?

Each city has its own statistics. In general, in Russian cities the structure of household waste is changing as follows: the share of food waste, wood, ferrous and non-ferrous metals is decreasing; the proportion of waste packaging materials made from hardly decomposing substances is increasing; the number of used household appliances, cars, used batteries, etc. is rapidly increasing.

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Municipal solid waste is a source of environmental hazard: MSW spread an unpleasant odor and are a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria, insects and rodents - carriers of infectious diseases; a serious danger is the burning of solid waste (especially synthetic materials and substances) in litter bins and garbage cans, as this releases toxic substances into the air, which quickly enter the respiratory organs of people around them; garbage scattered everywhere (in entrances, on the street, on playgrounds) is a shame of our society, a characteristic of the level of our everyday culture, the environment in which we all live.

Slide 9

Remember how long different materials will decompose?

The problem of waste is complicated by the fact that the natural decomposition of various materials requires a certain time.

Cigarette filter

Tin

Plastic bag

Glass 2 to 10 years 90 years 100 years 200 years 1000 years

Slide 10

Ways to dispose of waste in cities

Since ancient times, mankind has been getting rid of waste by storing and burying it in landfills (landfills). In the XX century. in developed countries with a high population density and no areas for landfills, they began to build waste incinerators and waste processing plants. The share of waste processing and incineration is especially high in Switzerland, Belgium, Japan, and France.

By the beginning of the XXI century. in general, in Russia there were: 4 waste processing plants (using the technology of aerobic biothermal composting); 5 waste incinerators Shares of waste that were disposed of and recycled were distributed as follows:

slide 11

Waste in the city

Let's take a look at how waste is collected, disposed of and recycled in the second largest city in the Russian Federation - St. Petersburg.

The main stages of disposal of solid municipal waste Waste collection and disposal Waste processing: disposal at landfills - 74% of solid waste; at plants for the mechanized processing of household waste (MPBO) - 26%.

slide 12

Collection and removal of waste

The Spetstrans enterprise, which removes municipal waste from the urban area, is equipped with modern technology served by drivers. The collection of the bulk of waste from households is carried out using containers of various capacities, which are installed in a specially designated place. From small containers, the garbage is transferred by the driver to the garbage collection truck. In some areas, garbage is collected by a special garbage truck that drives up to the gates of houses at a certain time.

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Why are the capacities of these containers not enough, and the garbage is often dumped nearby?

In garbage containers (or near them), for example, construction waste, which is formed as a result of home renovation, gets into, while for removal construction debris there are special containers that can be rented.

This is often due to lack of organization and low level cultures of the townspeople themselves, who leave garbage bags in the wrong place or throw them past the containers. However, there are other reasons as well.

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Many small businesses individual entrepreneurs, shops, etc. do not pay for pollution, but dump their garbage free of charge at collection points maintained at the expense of the population. Each enterprise or organization must conclude an export contract household waste, purchase your own containers and install them on your territory. All of the above causes serious damage to the appearance and sanitary well-being of urban areas.

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Waste disposal at landfills

Solid waste landfills are nothing but official name authorized landfills.

Waste at landfills is unloaded from containers or bodies and leveled using special equipment. A layer of debris of a certain thickness is periodically covered with soil, after which waste is poured again. Waste containing a lot of organic matter begins to rot gradually.

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Why don't we like landfills?

For waste disposal, the city is forced to allocate vast territories (for example, in St. Petersburg, 354 hectares of land are occupied by solid waste landfills) or occupy agricultural land in the Leningrad Region. Territories occupied by polygons are withdrawn from economic circulation for a long time. Intensive release of explosive biogas (CH4), which is formed during the decay of waste, lasts at least 30 years after the landfill is closed. Poisonous substances formed during the decomposition of household waste pollute the soil and groundwater. Of particular danger are burning landfills, since with a lack of oxygen, the burning of waste is accompanied by an intensive release of toxic substances to the air. Residential and other buildings erected near existing or closed landfills, have a lower price rating.

Slide 17

Unauthorized dumps

Unauthorized landfills are a serious problem in cities and suburban areas. Unauthorized dumps are spontaneous accumulations of waste that do not belong to anyone and no one is responsible for the condition of which.

Slide 18

Plants for the mechanized processing of household waste (MPBO)

Two plants currently allow processing 26% total waste generated in St. Petersburg.

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The main stages of waste processing at MPBO

Waste entering the plants, first of all, is controlled for the content of radioactive isotopes. Large objects are manually removed from the mass of solid waste - cast-iron radiators for central heating, car wheels, iron beds, etc. Secondary raw materials are selected - waste paper, non-ferrous metals, cullet. Products made of plastic and polyethylene are also sorted. From them, secondary raw materials are obtained - plastic chips, which are sorted by color and packaged.

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Further, ferrous metal scrap (consisting mainly of cans and corks from beer bottles) is isolated from the garbage with the help of magnets. This scrap metal is pressed into bales and sent for remelting to the metallurgical production of other plants.

Car tires are also subject to separate processing; pyrocarbon is obtained from them - a black powder widely used for the production of rubber, plastics, wastewater and soil treatment from herbicides.

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Biocomposting

The mechanized processing of sorted MSW is carried out according to the technology of biocomposting of the organic part to obtain compost. Waste is fed into rotating biothermal drums 60 m long and 4 m in diameter each. In biodrums, the vital activity of microorganisms in the garbage is activated, as a result of which a natural biological process of decomposition of organic matter occurs at a temperature of 50 ° C.

Within 48 hours, compost is formed from the waste in the biodrum - a wet crumbly dark gray mass. Purified from impurities (polyethylene films, etc.) compost is a good fertilizer containing mineral and organic substances.

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Who pays for garbage disposal?

Funds for the collection and removal of solid waste are collected from the population in the form of payment for services (included in utility bills). The costs of processing and disposal are reimbursed from the city budget. Payment for the collection, removal and neutralization of waste from enterprises, organizations and private entrepreneurs is made at the expense of the waste generator.

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Processing and disposal of industrial toxic waste

The generation of toxic waste is an inevitable result of industrial and construction industry in cities. In 1970, the Krasny Bor landfill was opened in St. Petersburg for the disposal of toxic waste (30 km from St. Petersburg and 6.5 km from Kolpino). From several options, a territory was chosen that meets the following requirements: a large thickness of Cambrian clays acts as an absolute aquiclude (liquid waste does not seep into groundwater); the area is not flooded by flood waters. Along the perimeter of the landfill, an annular canal was built to intercept surface water from adjacent territories.

slide 24

For three decades, 1.5 million tons of toxic waste have accumulated on the territory of the landfill, as well as 800 thousand tons of liquid waste collected in open pits 30 m deep, dug in a layer of clay 70 m thick. total area boilers is 6 hectares.

Liquid processing housing organic waste at the Krasny Bor training ground

Slide 25

From 1994 to the present, a project has been developed and is being implemented to create a new complex of enterprises based on modern technology collection, transportation, processing, disposal of toxic waste, disposal of generated secondary waste, as well as ecological control over the state of the environment.

At present, the following enterprises have been built and are operating: A complex of facilities for incoming control of incoming waste; Oil-gas boiler house and fuel oil warehouse; Housing for the reception and partial processing of liquid organic waste; Complex of treatment facilities; Complex for sanitizing machines transporting waste.

slide 26

Recycling Specialists

Creating a waste disposal system in any city is a rather difficult task. To solve it, it is necessary to attract a lot of human and material resources: Employees of research and design institutes (scientists, design engineers, etc.) develop new waste disposal technologies, design complex technical objects. Other specialists are involved, as waste treatment plants must be continuously supplied with electricity and water. Garbage collection involves janitors, drivers of specialized equipment, which, in turn, is serviced by mechanics and other specialists. Heavy equipment, mostly bulldozers, also work at the landfills. Waste processing and waste incineration plants for the maintenance of complex equipment have personnel of various qualifications: engineers for technical equipment; process engineers who monitor the waste recycling process itself; technicians for maintenance of specific mechanisms and processes.

Slide 27

As a rule, modern enterprises are equipped with computer technology equipped with special computer programs, which allow you to constantly monitor the main production processes, as well as emissions of pollutants into the environment. Programmers and operators computer technology ensure its operation. Large industrial enterprises, such as waste processing plants, also employ people of other specialties - economists, accountants, etc. Large landfills and waste processing enterprises also have their own press service, which provides materials for funds mass media, the population, publishes booklets and posters designed for readers of all ages. Tour guides are also trained to conduct excursions for schoolchildren and adults, who not only know the entire technological process, but they can also tell about it in an interesting and accessible way.

Slide 28

Basic principles and measures to address the problem of household waste

At the end of our tour, we will answer one of the important questions: “What can each of us do to solve the problem of household waste?”. Propose basic principles and specific measures to address the problem of household waste. Compare your answers with those offered by our Helper

Slide 29

Try to reduce waste! Instead of disposable items, try to use more durable ones (for example, instead of plastic dishes - ceramic or glass). When choosing a purchase, give preference to a product in a reusable or recyclable package. Always have a shopping bag with handles in your bag or briefcase. Reuse plastic bags. Repair your things, don't throw them away. Reduce paper waste by using both sides of the paper.

slide 30

Improve household waste management Separate waste and dispose of waste that can be reused or recycled (glass bottles, waste paper, cans, etc.). Use food waste (especially in the garden) to make compost. Be cultured and disciplined Do not throw garbage past the bins. Do not leave garbage bags in places not designated for this (in entrances, on the streets, in yards). Do not create "unauthorized" dumps near habitation or garden plot. Do not set fire to garbage in bins and garbage containers.