Lesson plan for the problem of developing countries. Abstract of a lesson in geography on the topic "Global problems of mankind" (Grade 11)

Lesson 13

Goals:

Educational: to form in students the concepts: demography and the demographic problem, the reasons for its occurrence; to introduce students to ways to solve demographic problems.

Developing: develop the ability to listen to a lecture and keep notes of a summary of the lesson material, analyze, highlight the main thing, compare, systematize, prove, explain, pose and solve problems.

Educational: to form the worldview of students, the system of views and beliefs, the upbringing of a socially active, mobile and adaptive personality, the comprehension of value orientations, finding the interconnections of phenomena.

Equipment: political map of the world, atlases for grade 10, textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky "Geography" Grade 10.

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes

I . Learning new material

Word teachers:

In 1988, the US National Geographic Society published a map of the world.

titled "Earth in Peril". The number one danger on this map is

population pressure. The point is that since the middle of the 20th century

growth of the world population unprecedented in the history of mankind.

Homo sapiens - a reasonable person as a species of living beings, the pinnacle of creation

life forms on Earth - exists on the planet for about 100 thousand years, but only

about 8 thousand years ago, there were about 10 million

human. The number of earthlings increased very slowly while they lived

hunting and gathering, led the way of life of nomads. But with the transition to

settled agriculture, to new forms of production, especially industrial,

the number of people began to increase rapidly and by the middle of the 18th century amounted to about 800

million. Then came a period of increasing acceleration of population growth by

Earth. Around 1820, the number of earthlings reached 1 billion. In 1927

year, this figure has doubled. The third billion was recorded in 1959,

year was declared by the United Nations as "the birthday of the 5 billionth person". Sixth

billion entered the planet in 2000.

If this growth continues for at least another couple of centuries, the entire earth's surface

filled with residents with the population density of today's Moscow. And after six

centuries, for every inhabitant of the planet there will be only 1 square. m. of land.

According to UN experts, by 2025 the world population will reach 8.3 billion.

human. Currently, over 130 million babies are born every year on the globe.

people, 50 million die; so the population growth is

about 80 million people.

The current demographic situation is a global problem

primarily because rapid population growth occurs in countries

Asia, Africa and Latin America. Thus, the world population daily

increased in 1992 by 254 thousand people. Less than 13 thousand of this number

accounted for the share of industrialized countries, the remaining 241 thousand - for

developing countries. 60% of this number was in Asia, 20% in

Africa and 10% for Latin America. However, these countries, due to their

economic, social and cultural backwardness are least able to

provide food for its doubling population every 20-30 years, and

as well as other material goods, to give at least an elementary education

the younger generation and to provide work to the population in the able-bodied

age. In addition, rapid population growth comes with its own

specific problems, one of which is a change in its age

structure: proportion of children under 15 over the past three decades

increased in most

developing countries to 40-50% of their population. As a result, there has been a significant increase

the so-called economic burden of the disabled population on

able-bodied, which now in these countries is almost 1.5 times higher than

corresponding figure in industrialized countries. And considering more

low overall employment of the working population in developing countries and

huge relative agrarian overpopulation in most of them,

the self-employed population experiences in fact even more significant

economic overload.

As the experience of a number of countries shows, the decline in population growth

depends on many factors. These factors include providing all

of the population with adequate quality housing, full employment, free access to

education and health care. The latter is impossible without development

national economy based on industrialization and modernization of agriculture

economy, without the development of enlightenment and education, the solution of social

questions. Studies carried out in recent years in a number of countries in Asia and

Latin America show that where the level of economic and

social development is lowest where the majority of the population is illiterate,

the birth rate is very high, although many of them have a policy of

birth control, and vice versa, there is a decrease with progressive

economic transformations.

Equally relevant is the direct link between world population growth and

such global problems as the provision of mankind with natural

resources and environmental pollution. Rapid Rural Population Growth

has already led in many of the developing countries to such “pressure” on natural

resources (soil, vegetation, wildlife, fresh water, etc.), which

in a number of areas undermined their ability to natural renewal.

Now the consumption of various natural resources for industrial

production in developing countries per capita by 10-20 times

less than in developed countries. However, assuming that over time these countries

become economically developed and reach the same level of this

indicator, as in our time in Western Europe, their need for raw materials and

energy turned out to be in absolute terms about 10 times more than now

all countries of the European Community. If we take into account population growth

developing countries, their potential need for natural resources

should have doubled by 2025, and, accordingly, could significantly

increase and environmental pollution by industrial waste.

According to the UN, when satisfying requests corresponding to modern

Western society, raw materials and energy are only enough for 1 billion people, just

on the population of the USA, Western Europe and Japan. Therefore, these countries began to be called

"golden billion". Together they consume more than half of the energy, 70%

metals, create ¾ of the total mass of waste, of which: the United States consumes about

40% of the world's natural resources, releasing over 60% of all pollution.

A significant proportion of the waste remains in countries that extract raw materials for the "golden

billion."

The rest of the world's population is outside the "golden billion". But if

If it were able to reach the level of the United States in the growth of mineral resources, then the well-known

oil would be depleted in 7 years, natural gas in 5 years, coal

after 18 years. There is hope for new technologies, but they are all capable of

effect with a stable, and not doubling every few decades

population.

Since 1984, the world grain harvest has increased by 1% per year, and the number

of the population - by almost 2%. Doubling food production is no longer

seems possible. The number of hungry people in the world has risen rapidly from 460

million in 1970 to 550 million in 1990. Now it is 650-660 million.

human. 35,000 people die of hunger every day in the world. Per year - 12

million people. But even more are born: in the same year, 96 million are added, and

the millions who died go unnoticed.

The earth is inhabited not only by its inhabitants, but also by cars, motorcycles, airplanes. For

250 million cars in the world need as much oxygen as everything

the population of the earth. And after 2 centuries, according to some scientists, oxygen

completely disappear from the atmosphere. There is not even enough underground space. Under

whole cities are formed by the earth: sewers, conducting systems, subways,

The filling of space is going on very quickly, the garbage is also multiplying, which

makes its shortage even more threatening. The living space problem

new. For the English nation it was decided by the colonization of North America, for

Spanish - South, for Russian - the development of Siberia and Central Asia. Germany

it was not possible to solve the problem of space, which was the reason for two

world wars.

Over the past 50 years, there has been a movement of migrants from labor-surplus countries

third world to those rich countries where there are few children, many elderly pensioners,

and there are fewer and fewer employees every year. The gap had to be filled

foreign labor force, and peoples with high birth rates became rapidly

spread among the dwindling European nations.

It is no longer possible to stop the influx of immigrants to Western Europe from countries

Southeast Europe, North Africa and Turkey. The number of legal and

illegal immigrants to the US from Latin America. Arrived in the rich

countries, people are ready to take on any job without demanding high pay for it.

Therefore, almost all industrial countries of the West, under pressure from their trade unions,

adopted legislative measures to restrict the entry of foreign workers. But

immigration continues to grow. Entry to market economy countries

begins to be protected by the most powerful police forces. Initially migrants

content with low-paying jobs, then begin to demand

economic and

cultural equality. On the inhabitants of the country who accepted the newcomers, they begin

to be accused of racism. There are riots of "colored" in the countries of Western Europe.

People leave their places also because of political, national or racial

reasons. If in 1970 there were 2 million refugees in the world, then in 1992

there were 19 million of them. The entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan marked the beginning

millions of refugees flowing out of the country. By the end of the 1980s, their number

was estimated at 6-8 million people, more than half of them concentrated in

Pakistan, a smaller part scattered in Iran, Turkey and European countries. In 1990-

1990s, formed and also received numerous flows of refugees from the Northern

New waves of refugees caused the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and

antiterrorist operations in Afghanistan. Most of these refugees

concentrated in special camps for the maintenance of the UN.

Migration of the population is currently associated mainly with economic and

political reasons. "Economic" refugees migrate from poor countries -

to rich, from depressed areas to rapidly developing ones. Largest number

economic migrants are sent to the United States (illegal migration from countries

Latin America), Western Europe, especially in Germany from Yugoslavia and Turkey, in

Hong Kong from Vietnam, to the Persian Gulf from South

Asia and North Africa. The indigenous population of the host countries is very negative

refers to the rise of immigrants and refugees, who tend to be employed in

the lowest paid jobs, among them the highest

crime rates.

The problem of refugees (they usually cross the border of their state

due to well-founded fear of religious, racial and national

persecution or for political reasons) in the modern world has become

one of the global problems of mankind. At the end of the 1990s, it was estimated

UN experts, the total number of refugees in the world has reached 15 million people, and

most of them (9/10) are in developing countries. Growth in number

refugees is accompanied by a major interstate and intrastate

conflicts.

In connection with the aggravation of the political situation in neighboring countries

Russia, in itself the problem of refugees has become aggravated. Their number has already reached

end of 1992 400 thousand people, it is expected that the total number of Russians,

leaving the former republics of the former USSR, will reach 700 thousand people.

Life-threatening pollution fuels 'environmental refugees'

environment in the areas of their former residence (for example, refugees from the area,

adjacent to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant) and natural disasters - an eruption

volcanoes, floods, desertification.

Ways to solve the demographic problem.

First attempt to evaluate

population dynamics and answer the question of whether the Earth can feed

of all living on it is associated with the name of Thomas Malthus, who, in rapid growth

population saw detrimental environmental consequences.

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 - 1834) - one of the most famous scientists of his

time, who propagated the idea that rapid population growth

natural and main cause of the poverty of the working people. Studying the works

philosophers and economists of previous eras, he came across the idea that

people multiply faster than livelihoods grow, and what if growth

population is not restrained by anything, then every 25-30 years the population will

double. Developing these ideas, he came to the obvious, at first glance

conclusion that the fertility of the poor is the main reason for their miserable position in

law of population in connection with the future improvement of society". Total

During his lifetime, 6 editions of his book were published. In 1805 he received the professorship

Modern History and Political Economy at the College of the East India Company.

T. Malthus argued that the population increases in a geometric

progression, while the food resources needed to feed this

population - in arithmetic. So sooner or later, no matter how slowly

the population did not grow, the line of its growth will intersect with the line of food resources -

arithmetic progression (point X on the graph). When the number

population will reach this point, only wars can slow down its growth,

poverty, disease and vices (it should be noted that these methods of combating

growing population, he never called, which is often written about

interpreters of his theory). In other editions of his book, Malthus suggested

other ways to "slow down" population growth: celibacy, widowhood,

late marriages. Overpopulation in the concept of Malthus is not only a disaster

humanity, but a certain good that makes numerous and

lazy by nature workers due to competition to work qualitatively for

low fee.

Malthus's theory has been the subject of heated debate since the publication of the book -

seeing in it a law valid for any era. Malthus's followers

20th century - Malthusians and neo-Malthusians explain the poverty of the population not

the level of development of productive forces, but a "natural law of nature", but

socio-economic backwardness of developing countries is not economic

the situation in the country and the world, but exclusively by excessive population growth. AT

Indeed, the observed trend is that the growth of the means of subsistence

causes an immediate increase in the birth rate, at some stage it turns into a direct

opposite - an increase in the standard of living leads to a decrease in the birth rate and does not

only to the stabilization of the population, and even to its absolute

decrease.

The importance and significance of the global demographic problem today according to

essentially recognized by all states that have realized that the rapid growth of the world

population, most of which are in developing countries,

backward economy and undeveloped social sphere which are unable to

turn this growth for the benefit of their development; that the spread of dangerous

diseases such as AIDS, the powerful foci of which again fall on the most

poor countries lead to increased mortality; that uncontrolled migration and

urbanization from positive phenomena turn into negative ones; what a connection

between population development and nature is more fragile than it seemed

previously; that the growth of armed conflicts and the arms race, especially in

developing countries, lead to huge material costs, significantly

impairing opportunities for economic and social development and thus for

solving population problems.

It is conscious that the solution of all these problems is possible only with joint efforts.

the entire world community. The creation in 1969 contributed greatly to

year, within the framework of the United Nations, a special UN Fund for activities in the field of

population (UN FPA) and holding under its auspices three World

conferences on population problems. The Foundation is already at the beginning of its

activity developed the UN program in the field of population, covering

more than 100 countries and including about 1400 projects. Over the years, only

financial assistance of the Fund for the implementation of national programs in the field of

population exceeded 100 million dollars a year, for international programs

in 1998, $56.3 million was allocated.

A special role belongs to the Foundation for the organization and holding of World

population conferences held in 1974 in Bucharest, in 1984

year in Mexico City and in 1994 in Cairo, which reviewed acute

population problems, the most important program documents in this

An important difference between these conferences and other scientific and practical forums

consisted in the fact that they were held at a high government level in

different from previous population conferences where

experts spoke only on their own behalf.

One of these key documents was the World Plan of Action for

population, adopted in Bucharest in 1997 for 20 years.

The plan emphasized that the basis for truly solving problems

population are, first of all, socio-economic

transformations. In 1984, Mexico City hosted the second International

population conference attended by the governments of 147 countries

against 136 countries that took part in the conference in 1974. On it were

summed up the results of the World Plan of Action for 10 years in the field of

population and adopted the Declaration on Population and Development, in

which reaffirmed the importance of the principles and objectives of the 10-year-old

In 1994, Cairo hosted the third World Conference on Population and

development, in which 179 states have already taken part. The final

conference paper - 20-year Population Action Program

and development, consisting of 16 chapters, relating to almost all topical

population problems.

The program emphasized that more and more States are realizing

the need to expand international cooperation in matters

population. The program examines the relationship between

population, sustainable economic growth and sustainable development.

The Program calls for the development of policies and laws to ensure

more effective support for the family, which is the main unit

society, as well as contribute to its stability and take into account the diversity of its

forms. The issues of fertility, mortality and growth rates are considered

population. Issues of urbanization and migration. In particular, attention is drawn

on the problems of “population outflow” from rural areas and are offered

appropriate solutions to these and some other problems related to

relocation to cities, with forced displacements of the population, due to

environmental degradation, the growth of armed conflicts.

In chapter XI of the Program on population, development and

education, it is claimed that in "the world women make up 75% of the illiterate" and

that the global community has a special responsibility to ensure that

that “all children receive a better education and that they

graduated from elementary school. It draws attention to what is

close and complex relationship between education, marriage age,

births and deaths.

The Program considers the importance of developing and implementing

government action programs aimed at solving problems

population and development.

Many states began to regulate population growth. the government itself

populous country - China set out to limit the birth rate by banning

families to have more than one child (with the exception of some autonomous

regions of Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia). It was not easy, because

China loves children, but the government was relentless: families in which

a second child appeared, were fined, and even evicted to

remote autonomous regions. As a result, annual population growth has declined

from 2.8 to 1.0% and became below the world average.

Populous India also decided to follow the Chinese path. Was here

the slogan "One family - two children" was put forward. But the Indians could not overcome

centuries-old tradition of a large family. Therefore, the population of India

is rapidly approaching 1 billion, and by 2030 will overtake China and

number will come out on top in the world.

The policy of state birth control was carried out by Bangladesh,

Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, but in the countries of Islam, where the prestige of the head of the family

determined by the number of his sons, she was even more doomed to failure than

in India. And countries such as Burma, Bhutan, Malaysia, Iraq, Libya and Singapore,

The demographic policy had the least effectiveness in African countries.

If in 1990 their population was 9% of the world, by 2020 it will

will reach 20%.

The fastest growing population in Mozambique (4.6% per year) and

Afghanistan (5.2% per year). For every healthy woman here, there are 8-10

In some developed countries (France, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Hungary)

a policy aimed at increasing fertility is being implemented: families with

two or more children are allocated good benefits, various

In Russia, there are no official statements regarding the goals of demographic policy.

was done. The Government of the Russian Federation has only outlined measures to study

prospects for demographic development, solving urgent problems of the population.

A policy of social protection of families with children is being pursued, a system

family benefits.

II . Consolidation of the studied material

What is the demographic problem of the world and what does it threaten?

What has led to this situation at the moment?

What solutions does the world community take to solve the demographic problem?

III . Homework

1. Write an essay on the topic “Demographic problem. Does it exist in Kazakhstan?

Topic: Global problems of mankind

Lesson Objectives:

Educational: formthe concept of global problems of mankind, their essence, causes and solutions.

Developing:develop the skills of critical analysis of information, the ability to systematize it, evaluate it, use it to create a forecast.

Educational:to show the role of peaceful cooperation of all countries in solving world global problems, Russia's place in their resolution, the responsibility of each person.Formation of geographical and ecological culture of students, respect for nature.

Tasks :

cognitive :

study of a new source of geographic information and an algorithm for its application for problem analysis;

development of problem analysis skills;

developing the skill of working with various sources of information - electronic and traditional - maps, tables, diagrams, text, drawings, satellite images;

developing the skill to build research work (collecting the necessary information, finding relationships, the ability to draw up an action plan and draw conclusions).

Emotionally valuable:

development of the ability of intellectual perception of the phenomena of the surrounding world;

comprehension of value orientations, finding the interconnections of phenomena.

Communicative :

development of group work skills;

developing the skills of compiling an electronic presentation and the ability to speak publicly.

Form of organization of educational activities: work in groups.

Equipment: political map of the world, atlases for grade 10, handouts, student presentations, multimedia projector.

Lesson type: lesson-conference (generalization and systematization of knowledge)

Educational and methodological support: UMK: V.P. Maksakovskiy "Economic and social geography of the world" Moscow, "Prosveshchenie", 2011.

V.I.Sirotin. Geography. Workbook with a set of contour maps - M .: Drofa, 2013.

Lesson plan:

1. The concept of global problems.

2. Classification of global problems.

3. Main features of global problems.

4. Solutions.

During the classes:

1. Motivation-target block.

Teacher: Today at the lesson we are discussing an unusually important topic. It concerns the life not only of an individual, but of the whole human civilization. You have repeatedly met with this topic in the lessons of social science in the ninth grade, in the lessons of geography, history, biology, economics, therefore, I think you will determine the topic of the lesson, as well as the goals and method of activity yourself. Before you lies a poem by R. Rozhdestvensky (Appendix 1), read it and try to determine the topic of our lesson.

Teacher: One of the characteristic features of the modern world is the aggravation of global problems.

Until the middle of the 20th century, there was no such concept as a global problem in the political language. Only at the level of philosophical generalizations were put forward ideas about the connection between human activity and the state of the biosphere, the environment that supports life on Earth. And only the Russian scientist Vernadsky V.I. expressed the idea that the activity of mankind is acquiring a scale comparable to the power of natural, geological forces? It's hard to believe, but the earth's civilization is rapidly moving towards a global socio-economic catastrophe. This fact was stated by the leaders of world powers at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in the summer of 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.

The term "global problems" entered the international lexicon in the second half of the 60s, it comes from the Latin "globe" - that is, the Earth and has three meanings: ubiquitous, comprehensive, characteristic of the globe, for all countries and peoples

Problems are called global which cover the whole world, all mankind, pose a threat to its present and future and require the joint efforts of all states and peoples for their solution.(Entry in a notebook)

The analysis of global problems is inconceivable without their scientific typology.There are various classifications of global problems. According to various sources of information, there are from 8-10 to 40-45 of them, and it is impossible to consider everything within 45 minutes of the lesson. Let's use the classification proposed by the author of the geography textbook V.P. Maksakovskiy.( Work of students with the textbook p. 353 : write out 4 types of global problems).

1. "Universal" character.

The most "universal" problems of a political and socio-economic nature (preventing nuclear war and maintaining peace, ensuring the sustainable development of the world community and increasing the level of organization and control over it);

2. Natural - economic nature.

Problems of a predominantly natural and economic nature (environmental, energy, raw materials, food, the World Ocean);

3. Social character.

Problems of a predominantly social nature (demographic, interethnic relations, crisis of culture, morality, lack of democracy and health care, terrorism);

4. Mixed character.

Problems of a mixed nature, the unresolved nature of which often leads to mass deaths of people (regional conflicts, crime, technological accidents, natural disasters, etc.);

Teacher: mainquestion (problem) to which you must answer today:Why are there problems on a planetary scale? What are causes of global problems? And most importantly, to identify possible ways to overcome them. (Children's answers).

2. Generalization of the material. The lesson takes the form of a press conference.Speakers (students of the class who received a leading task) speak with their works, which are designed in the form of presentations.

Global problem characterization plan:

1. The essence of the problem.

2. The reasons for its occurrence.

3. Ways to solve the problem.

The audience asks questions about the topic of the speeches. Fill in the table in notebooks. At the end of the lesson, they exchange opinions, give an answer to a problematic question.

Global problem

Evidence for the Problem

Solutions

1. The problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of nuclear war.

The accumulation of weapons of mass destruction in the world.

Disarmament.

Disarmament control.

Peace treaties.

2. Environmental problem.

Climate change, ozone depletion, "greenhouse effect", environmental crisis in various parts of the world.

Growth in the number of protected areas.

Treatment facilities.

Creation of non-waste technologies.

Rational placement of "dirty industries".

3. Demographic problem.

Population explosion in developing countries, demographic crisis in developed countries. Uncontrolled urbanization, resettlement of refugees. Increasing pressure on nature.

Active demographic policy.

Increasing the economic level of development of countries.

Improving living conditions and medical care.

4. Food problem.

The world's population is growing faster than food production, especially in developing countries.

Intensive way of development of agriculture.

5. Energy and raw materials problem.

Growing demand for raw materials.

Depletion of the natural resources of the world.

Using the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution.

More complete extraction of minerals from the bowels.

Use of alternative energy sources.

Resource saving policy.

Teacher: So withusing different sources of informationyou got to know some of the global problemswhich, in your opinion, can be considered the most serious and for the solution of which humanity needs to expend maximum efforts.

Why exactly in the 2nd halfXXcentury, most of the global problems have aggravated?(Student answers)

Causes of global problems:

Global problems arose as a result of the objective development of society and exist because of the contradictions between humanity, the environment and society;

The technical power of civilization has surpassed the achieved level of social organization and threatens to destroy all life;

The motives for the activities of the overwhelming mass of people, their moral values ​​are very far from ideals;

Solutions: New political thinking is the call of the times. It should manifest itself in all spheres of human activity.

To instill in people new moral and ethical values;

Rally to all mankind;

To carry out transformations unprecedented in scale and depth throughout the world;

My planet is a human home

But how can she live under a smoky hood,

Where is the gutter - the ocean?!

Where all nature is trapped

Where there is no place for a stork or a lion,

Where the grasses groan: I can no longer! ..

Here she flies, what a little one!

Here she is sad, delving into her thoughts,

Here she floats, unsteady cool blows,

Still lives! and people still believe!

Here she is sailing through the stormy midnight,

Calls all people, asks to come to the rescue!

Express your opinion, why does the planet “asks to come to the rescue”? (Any problems related to human impact on nature and the impact of environmental change on the health and economic activity of people are environmental problems.)

Among the global environmental problems are:

Climate change

Ozone depletion

Pollution of water systems

Air pollution

Deforestation

desertification

Loss of biodiversity

I want to end the lesson with the words of Mikhail Dudin:

Like an apple on a platter

We have only one land.

Take your time people

Drain everything to the bottom!

It's not hard to get

To hidden secrets

Loot all riches

For future ages

We are the common life of the grain,

One fate relatives.

It's shameful for us to fatten

For the next day.

Understand it people

Like your own command.

Otherwise the Earth will not be

Each of us.

Conclusion: Global problems are a challenge to the human mind. It is impossible to get away from them. They can only be overcome. To overcome with the efforts of each person and each country in close cooperation for the sake of the great goal - to preserve the possibility of living on Earth.

Each person must be aware that Humanity is on the verge of death, and whether we survive or not is the merit of each of us.

6. ›

slide 1

The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

The work was completed by: Varbansky Ilya, Mamedov O. Teacher Shizhenskaya N.N. GBOU school No. 104 of St. Petersburg

slide 2

Developing World Challenges:

1. Frequent wars 2. Poverty 3. Famine

5. Low level of education

4. Poorly developed medicine

slide 3

Wars in developing countries

During the post-colonial period in Africa, 35 armed conflicts were recorded, during which about 10 million people died, most of which (92%) were civilians. Africa hosts almost 50% of the world's total number of refugees (more than 7 million people) and 60% of the displaced persons (20 million people).

slide 4

Poverty in underdeveloped countries

In the years since the Rio Conference (1992), the number of people living in absolute poverty has increased, in particular in developing countries. The very serious and complex problem of poverty can cause social unrest, undermine economic development, damage the environment and threaten political stability in many countries.

slide 5

The East African famine of 2011 is a humanitarian catastrophe that, according to international organizations, threatens about 11.5 million people, primarily in Somalia (3.7 million), Ethiopia (4.8 million), Kenya (2.9 million) and Djibouti (164 thousand).

slide 6

healthcare

In third world countries, medicine is poorly developed. Because of this, a huge number of people die every year.

Slide 7

Low level of education

Now, in terms of education, the underdeveloped countries are still lagging behind other parts of the world. In 2000, only 58% of children in sub-Saharan Africa were in school; these are the lowest rates in the world. There are 40 million children in Africa, half of them of school age, who are not in school. Two thirds of them are girls.

Slide 8

Ways to solve problems:

1. Cessation of wars, introduction of a constitution, presence of a standing army

2. Economic recovery, through establishing and expanding enterprises, importing and exporting with other countries, investing in the country from abroad, establishing relations with neighboring countries and highly developed

3. Improvement of medicine, exchange of experience with highly developed countries, purchase of equipment and construction of hospitals

Slide 9

4. Construction of educational institutions, the establishment of book printing, the widespread use of Internet resources

5. Improvement of the environment, cessation of pollution of water bodies, rivers

6. Breeding livestock, establishing agriculture, import and export with developed countries

Lesson 19

We will all die, there are no immortal people, And this is all known and not new.

But we live to leave a mark: House or path, tree or word.

Rasul Gamzatov

Goals: generalize students' knowledge of global problems, showing their interconnection, interdependence and differences from other human problems; develop the ability to work with additional literature and argue your opinion.

OPTION 1

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

(The teacher draws the students' attention to the epigraph (it is written on the board) and asks to explain the meaning of the quote. After listening to 2-3 students, he formulates the topic and objectives of the lesson.)

5 Lesson developments in social studies

We will consider the following questions:

1. Classification of global problems.

2. Description of the main global problems and ways to solve them.

II. Learning new material

1. Classification of global problems

You already got acquainted with the concept of "global problems" in the lessons of geography, biology, chemistry, history. When did the concept of "global problems" appear? (early 1950s.)

Why are the problems called global? (The word "global" comes from lat. globus - globe, globus terra - globe. These problems affect the vital interests of all mankind.)

Why did these problems appear in the middle of the 20th century?(Atomic weapons were adopted at this time.)

The concept of "global problems" has the following characteristics:

Generated by the activities of not one country or group of countries, but humanity as a whole;

They threaten the existence of all mankind, the foundations of life on Earth;

The solution of these problems is possible only if the efforts of the entire world community are united.

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. powerful forces have been identified that together can lead the world community to a new state. The first of these is the economic dominance of the Euro-Atlantic civilization. The second is the rapid economic recovery in Southeast and East Asia. The third is the weakening of states against the background, on the one hand, of transnational corporations and non-governmental organizations and, on the other hand, the deployment of new unregulated processes that threaten chaos long continuous rains in Europe - explain the success in the development of "geographical weapons"). The fourth is the deepening of disproportions between the rich "North" and the poor "South". Fifth - population explosion. Sixth - after the "age of ideologies" many states are striving to find some kind of universal idea, and under this pretext, various sects are actively introduced into the spiritual life, which in reality "zombify" their members. The totality of the influence of these forces can change the overall picture of the world and the strategic balance of forces. That is why it is so important to decide on those global problems that today require close cooperation between all countries, the entire world community.

Name the global problems known to you.

All global problems can be divided into four main groups:

Socio-political;

Socio-economic;

Socio-ecological;

Human problems.

2. Description of the main global problems and ways to solve them

(Previously, students can be given the task to select information material on the topic of the lesson.)

Socio-political problemsrelated to peace and international security.

Possible solutions:

Prevention of local wars and interethnic conflicts;

Exclusion of any forms of violence in relations between peoples and states;

Fight against international terrorism;

Adoption of agreements on the limitation of strategic arms;

Establishing relations of trust, good neighborliness, partnership and cooperation between countries;

Cessation of the arms race, disarmament and conversion. Conversion - transfer of excess resources employed in the military-industrial complex to the production of civilian products;

Socio-economic problemsare manifested in the economic backwardness of a number of countries. According to some estimates, up to half of the world's population lives in these countries. Reasons for backwardness: unfavorable natural and climatic conditions, inefficient organization of labor and management, weak production base, etc.

Possible solutions:

Carrying out agrarian and market reforms;

Industrialization of the economy;

Ensuring the accumulation of capital;

Effective management.

demographic problem.In the second half of the 20th century, there was a sharp increase in the population of our planet. However, in developed countries, there is a decline in the birth rate and an aging of the population, a natural decline is growing, the share of the working-age population is declining, etc.

Possible solutions:

Limitation of high birth rates in underdeveloped countries, including the use of government measures, the conduct of appropriate explanatory work;

Stimulation of the birth rate in developed countries, in order to at least ensure the replacement of dying generations.

food problemassociated with an acute shortage of food, their inferiority and imbalance in nutrition.

Possible solutions:

Expansion of seafood production;

Help from the global community;

Ensuring a balance between population growth and production opportunities.

The problem of natural resources.Many resources are exhaustible, non-renewable.

Possible solutions:

Change the very model of economic growth: move from increasing the volume of resources to rationalizing their production and consumption;

Reduction of energy and material intensity of production;

Development of non-traditional energy;

Stimulation of rational and economical use of resources.

Socio-environmental problemsassociated with the relationship between society and the environment. This is pollution of the air and water basins of the Earth, a threatening increase in production waste, global climate change, deterioration of soil fertility, etc.

Possible solutions:

Development and implementation of international programs for environmental protection;

Effective environmental legislation;

Solving the problem of waste disposal;

Formation of ecological outlook in society.

Global human problems.The growth of pandemic diseases, AIDS, "chronic fatigue syndrome", the growth of all kinds of phobias, etc.

Possible solutions: promotion and implementation of a healthy lifestyle.

Additional material

Global warming will make people sick more often

Scientists warn: climate change will affect the health of millions of people.

Every fourth visit to the doctor is caused by the weather or the “whims” of the environment. This figure was announced at a recent conference of meteorologists in Madrid by Maria Niera from the World Health Organization. Here are the diseases most associated with the heavenly office:

Diarrhea. The explanation is simple: the warmer it is, the more bacteria multiply. Banal, it would seem, diarrhea is considered by doctors to be one of the main “killers” of a person.

Respiratory infections and chronic lung diseases - asthma, bronchitis, etc. (depending on the humidity and purity of the air).

Malaria (it kills 1.1 million people a year). Its distribution is highly dependent on temperature and humidity.

Injuries in road accidents. And what do they have to do with it? Very simple: slippery roads in ice and rain, poor visibility due to fog... This is the cause of 1.2 million deaths annually.

Cardiac ischemia. The cores react both to heat, and to changes in atmospheric pressure, and to high humidity.

From global warming, the inhabitants of the tropics and the poor countries of Africa and Asia suffer the most disasters. But the townspeople in Europe and in Russia, including their own misfortunes: "heat waves" in the summer and very dirty air in large cities. A terrible figure: 350 thousand inhabitants of the Old World per year died from breathing all sorts of filth (this is the data of the European Commission on Air Cleanliness). This includes all types of pollution: automobile exhaust, factory chimney smoke, road and construction dust, tobacco smoke, pollen... They, according to researchers, can cause or accelerate the course of many ailments: cardiovascular, respiratory, oncological, nervous, and even genetic. The purity of urban air is directly related to the weather.

In Moscow, for example, on sunny and windless summer days, the most harmful impurities accumulate in the air. And although bad weather spoils the mood, it clears the atmosphere.

The fact that the heat can be not just debilitating - deadly, the Europeans seriously thought in the summer of 2003. France, Italy.

Greece, Spain for several weeks in a row languished from the heat, which went off scale for +35 degrees Celsius.

“In Paris, about 300 people died in a day. And in normal weather, no more than 50,” Sergey Semenov, a professor from the Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, cited statistics.

The heat that summer killed 40,000 Europeans. For heat to become dangerous to health, it does not have to be 40 degrees. Even quite harmless +25 or +30 in a metropolis can become disastrous, provided that such weather lasts for a very long time. Its victims are primarily elderly and poor people, especially those with diseases of the cardiovascular or respiratory systems. Those who live in apartments without air conditioning and on the top floors, right under a hot roof. According to a Japanese study, half of all those affected by the heat are babies under 4 years old and old people over 70.

Since then, meteorologists and doctors have studied the “heat waves” in great detail and set up a warning system for residents in European cities: what to do, how to behave. And, according to Stephen Connor, director of the International Research Institute for Environmental Monitoring, although the summer of 2006 was also abnormally hot, the number of deaths was reduced to several thousand!

Does this mean that global climate change will also affect health? Alas! In the forecast of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the next 100 years, a separate chapter is devoted to this. Key takeaway: A changing climate will affect the health of millions of people.

How exactly? There will be more diseases caused by lack of food. For the planet as a whole, this is the main problem, now hunger and malnutrition kill 3.7 million people a year. But it should not touch Russia. In our middle and northern latitudes, global warming in terms of food is very useful. This is the official data of experts: if the temperature rises by no more than 2 degrees, our food production will only grow, because all plants bloom earlier and ear faster. Now, if it gets warmer by 3 degrees, then the Russians will face a shortage of food. Recall that, according to the IPCC forecast, by 2009 the Earth may warm up by 1.8^1 degrees.

There will be an increase in deaths, injuries and illnesses associated with "heat waves" (these are long periods of extreme heat), floods, hurricanes, wildfires and droughts. One of the troubles of global warming is that all these weather disasters are becoming more and more every year, including in Russia.

More and more people will suffer from diarrhea and suffer from other ailments of the digestive system. Cardiorespiratory diseases will also increase. Infectious diseases threaten residents of regions where the infection was never heard of before. First of all, it is malaria and dengue fever. Tropical diseases will not reach Russia. But in our country the area of ​​spread of tick-borne encephalitis is already expanding.

In the middle and northern latitudes, pollen allergy sufferers already have more problems: the flowering period of plants begins earlier and lasts longer.

Is global warming really harmful to health? Of course no. IPCC experts believe that there will be fewer problems associated with cold, including deaths from hypothermia. “Living in a harsh climate is a small pleasure! And in our country, most of the country lives like that, 60% of the Russian territory is covered with permafrost, - explains Oleg Anisimov, one of the experts, a professor from the State Hydrological Institute - So for Russia as a whole, warming is a great blessing. But at the same time, we have already encountered new diseases in the Arctic. The matter is that earlier the majority of microbes for a winter froze out. Frost is as reliable a method of disinfection as boiling. And now, because of the warm winters, they suddenly began to survive!”

III. Consolidation of the studied material

What are the main signs of a global problem.

According to international polls, 89% of Russians, 67% of US citizens, 51% of Canadians, 27% of Norwegians, 21% of Finns, and 14% of Danes are concerned about the negative impact of the deteriorating environmental situation on people's health. Analyze this data. What do you think explains such a wide range of opinions?

Polls show that Americans and Finns, Russians and Danes perceive the threats generated by the global problems of our time with varying degrees of severity. Does this mean that the burden of solving these problems should be placed primarily on those countries where the number of citizens concerned with global problems is especially large?

Speaking at a scientific conference, the scientist said: “It is time to realize that humanity is coming to its end. We do not have the strength and ability to save ourselves. We are doomed". Do you agree with this opinion? Justify your answer.

(The teacher sums up the lesson.)

Homework

1. Learn the notes in your notebook.

2. Individual tasks. Select media materials on the following issues:

Energy problem and ways to solve it;

The problem of water supply and possible ways to solve it;

The problem of rational use of the resources of the World Ocean;

Main ways of solving environmental problems;

Urbanization as a worldwide process;

The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

State educational institution of higher professional education

RUSSIAN STATE HUMANITARIAN

UNIVERSITY

BRANCH IN DOMODEDOVO

Department of Economic and Management Disciplines

problems of developing countries of the world

Test work on the world economy

Option number 6

2nd year student

Groups E-22

Credits Book 027-012/E(4)-12

Pigovich Andrey Vadimovich

Lecturer Ph.D., prof.

Sabirov R. M.

Domodedovo 2015

Introduction

Chapter 1. Problems of developing countries

1 General characteristics of the developing countries of the world

Chapter 2. Problem Analysis

1 Ways out of the crisis

Conclusion

List of used literature2

Introduction

Developing countries make up the largest group by number, with approximately 103 countries located in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania. Most of them entered the international arena as a result of the rapid collapse of the colonial system and the formation of young independent nation-states. The former colonies left the young nation-states as a legacy of a backward economy, dependence on foreign markets and external sources of accumulation.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the problems of developing and underdeveloped countries, as well as to look at development prospects.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:

.To get acquainted with the characteristics of the underdeveloped countries of the world;

.Analyze the essence, causes and consequences of backwardness;

.Consider the role of the shadow sector of the economy in underdevelopment;

.Consider social problems and unemployment as a problem in developing countries;

.Find ways out of the crisis

The relevance of the topic I have chosen can be justified by the fact that, in the modern era, when the confrontation between East and West is significantly reduced, the problem of overcoming poverty and backwardness of developing countries, which is global in nature, is becoming more and more urgent for humanity. Many scientists believe that the problems of the countries of the "third world" contain an explosive potential that is not inferior in strength to nuclear.

The work consists of five chapters. The first chapter introduces the characteristics of the underdeveloped countries of the world. The second analyzes the causes and consequences of backwardness. The third and fourth chapters deal with the shadow market, social problems and unemployment as problems of developing countries. The fifth chapter identifies various ways of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

The following literature was used to write the work:

For example, Ivan Goncharov's book examines the main directions of the European Union's policy towards the developing countries of Asia. Primary attention is paid to the analysis of the EU's collective strategy, officially called development policy and covering all areas of relations with the countries of the former Third World. The features of the course of individual EU states, the dialogue of the EU with the countries of the Mediterranean, the approaches of European researchers to the concepts of democratization and co-development are highlighted.

Zhukov Sergey's book examines the main issues of the modern world economy, much attention is paid to the theory and methodology of the world economy, its historical evolution and features in the modern period. The central place in the textbook is given to the analysis of the developing countries of the world, their positions in the system of the world economy.

Also in the book by Viktor Lomakin, the state of world markets (labor, capital, food, mineral resources), economic growth and its quality, and the main issues of the social situation in the world are analyzed. The positions of the main subsystems of the world economy, their characteristics, the position of individual countries are considered.

The book by Igor Nikolaev is devoted to one of the most important problems of the modern world economy. Particular attention is paid to the impact of globalization on some of the economic problems of developing countries. The work emphasizes the inextricable link between globalization and the process of the emergence and development of a monopoly.

Another source of Ernest Obminsky's book for the first time examines the changing role and nature of the participation of developing countries in the international capitalist division of labor and the possibility of using it in the interests of the development of these countries. The author analyzes two trends characteristic of developing countries during the scientific and technological revolution: on the one hand, their elimination from the use of the achievements of science and technology due to the division of labor that has developed since colonial times, and on the other hand, their involvement in the division of labor in a new basis. The possibilities for improving the position of developing countries in the international division of labor due to equal cooperation with the socialist states are shown.

In the book Buglay V.B., Levintsev N.N., the theory of foreign trade, means of foreign trade regulation, world economic relations in the reflection of balances of payments, the international monetary and financial system are considered.

The data from the journal were also used to write this work.<#"justify">1.1General characteristics of the developing countries of the world

One of the main features of the development of the modern world economy is the strengthening of the role and importance of the former colonial and dependent territories - the current developing countries.

The group of developing countries today includes about 103 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania, where almost 4 billion people live. The share of developing countries in the world economic complex is evidenced by the GDP indicator, which is about 37% of the world volume. In the second half of the XX century. the share of these countries in world production increased significantly, their total GDP grew 6 times, and per capita - almost 3 times. In general, after the global collapse of the historical colonial system, the economic growth rates of the developing countries accelerated noticeably and for the first time in the long period of their existence within the world economy exceeded the economic growth rates of the developed countries.

During the period of economic development, the control of developing countries over their natural resources, which in the recent past belonged to Western countries, has strengthened. An important role in this is played by their state institutions, financial and economic structures that regulate the reproduction process. In some countries, such links of the reproductive structure as heavy industry, the banking system, industrial infrastructure, and the system of training and education were strengthened, in others, they were recreated.

Such states as India, Egypt, Brazil, Mexico and South Korea are already working for export to a certain extent, exporting products of mechanical engineering, electronics, and other manufacturing industries; for entire groups of goods they compete with Japan, the United States and European countries.

For the whole variety of developing countries, a number of characteristic features and features can be distinguished that unite them into a large socio-economic structure in the world economy system:

the multi-structural nature of the economy of developing states with various forms of ownership, including archaic (tribal-communal), patriarchal and private capitalist elements;

dependent position in the system of the world economy, including from the inflow of foreign capital;

the transitional nature of internal socio-economic structures, although for decades they have been focused on the formation of developed market relations;

low level of development of productive forces, backwardness of industry, agricultural, industrial and social infrastructure;

the financial dependence of developing countries on industrialized countries due to the debt crisis;

a pronounced scientific and technical lag behind developed countries, a low level of spending on R&D, which makes them technologically dependent on the leading countries of the world;

the agrarian orientation of a number of developing countries and the preservation of the dominant role of the extractive industries, which, with a steady fall in prices for raw materials and agricultural products, remains an unfavorable factor in economic growth;

strengthening the socio-economic and political positions and increasing the diversity of relations of some countries with other groups of countries.

The growing social and economic ties between the developing countries and the industrialized countries determine their diverse and contradictory participation in the structure of the world economy. Developing countries are constantly experiencing the consequences of cyclical crises, currency inflation, expansion of TNCs, and so on. As a result, the crisis phenomena in the economy of the newly-free states turned out to be so large-scale and deep that in the conditions of the modern interdependent world, overcoming them is considered by the world community as one of the global problems.

A characteristic feature and feature of all developing countries is also a steady trend of natural population growth. They are dominated by an extended type of population reproduction. Average indicators of natural population growth correspond to the level of 2% per year, and in the least developed countries - up to 3% against 0.7% in developed countries. This creates its own demographic problems that affect the specifics of the economic development of these countries:

population growth, respectively, increases the level of consumer demand, creating tension in all parts of mass consumption;

such a demographic situation, by creating a reserve of labor force, complicates investment processes, i.e. the state is forced to create new jobs to ensure full employment, as well as to solve a range of social problems.

In the developing world as a whole, about 45% of the working-age population are completely or partially unemployed, while the population below the poverty line, although relatively decreasing, is absolutely continuing to grow.

In most developing countries, labor productivity is extremely low, which is due to the lack of sufficient funds for the development of labor potential, in particular, the extremely low level of literacy, the lack of qualified medical care, the weak material and technical base of education, the lack of an energetic layer of entrepreneurs who are able to take risks, etc. For developing countries as a whole, the predominant share of GDP growth is still provided in an extensive way.

In general, at the beginning of 2009 The “third world” developed extremely unevenly, as a result of which the process of differentiation dynamically deepened, i.e. Among the developing countries of the world, 2 extreme groups of states have been clearly identified - the most and least developed, between which the bulk of the developing countries are located.

In accordance with world classifications, the poor is the one who receives less than 275 dollars a year. At the beginning of 2009 There were 20 lower income countries. In the most difficult situation are the 42 least developed countries with a population of approximately 407 million, where the average GDP per capita has fallen to $230 (8 in Asia, 29 in Africa, the rest in Latin America and Oceania). The most developed countries of the "third world" stood out on the basis of the "oil boom" - the states of the Persian Gulf, the "new industrial countries" of Southeast Asia and Latin America form one pole in the system of developing states. At the other extreme, the poorest states, which are in a position of actual stagnation, have settled. Among them are a number of African countries, including Mozambique (GNP - $ 80 per person per year), Ethiopia ($ 100), Tanzania ($ 100), etc. In addition to these countries, this group includes certain Asian countries: Nepal ($ 160 ), Bhutan and Vietnam ($70), Myanmar, etc.

The developing category also includes the two largest countries in the world: China and India. Thanks to the large potential of natural and human resources and a targeted strategy for the socio-economic development of these countries, they have already formed a large production potential, the food problem is being solved, and these states themselves are considered as real contenders for the status of great powers.

For specific analysis, developing countries are divided into groups.

Countries with an active balance of payments (energy exporters): Brunei, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, UAE, Saudi Arabia.

Countries with a passive balance of payments are divided into two groups:

Countries with a newly formed active balance of payments: Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan.

The lagging of developing countries behind developed ones is a significant problem not only for these countries themselves, but also for the entire world economy. Strongly expressed disproportions at different "poles" have an impact on the structure and level of development of world economic relations.

A significant factor holding back the economic growth of developing countries is the huge amount of external debt. The level of international debt is constantly growing and in general for developing countries has almost doubled over a ten-year period.

developing country unemployment underdevelopment

List of some countries by external debt:

Country debt ($) Date of information per capita population of population ( %to GDP) USA17 923 7771 November 201451 245107 %Ukraine142 March 28023 March 99581 %South Africa 00039 olive December 8739, 2014 07336 %India, 201333 %December 2013333333 December 20132 34822%

The resolution of this protracted problem is possible, but each specific option has its pros and cons. For example, reducing imports and expanding exports in order to generate high incomes from foreign trade and then use them to pay off debts. However, given the general level of socio-economic development of many developing countries and territories, an increase in exports (and in many cases this is the export of raw materials) and a decrease in imports directly leads to a further decline in living standards. Moreover, if the net proceeds from exports are directed mainly to paying off debts, then the funds for economic development remain meager.

Other options include obtaining a deferral of debt repayments based on bilateral negotiations, which will make it possible to reduce the amount of annual payments on the principal debt and to “write off” a significant part or all of the debt. But this approach gives rise to a number of problems; refusal to repay loans causes financial damage to banks and their shareholders, if these are commercial banks; if debts on state loans are forgiven, then the taxpayers of these countries are infringed. As a result, all these areas inevitably reduce the willingness to provide developing countries with new loans and loans.

2 Causes and consequences of underdevelopment

The backwardness of the country (more precisely, its socio-economic backwardness) implies that this country, compared to other developed countries, is at a lower level of socio-economic development. The main indicators of the level of development, such as the sectoral structure of GDP and the human development index, the production of GDP and GNI per capita, as a rule, are significantly higher in developed countries than in developing ones.

List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in dollars:

country20112013South Africa1297113788Malaysia2986723160Thailand1260714136Indonesia85359635Colombia1161912766Namibia919310234Zambia35573927Mexico1639217390Brazil1426714987

To begin with, it is necessary to identify the reasons for the backwardness of a huge part of the countries. It should be noted that, compared with developed countries, the transition to a market economy (capitalism), and then to a modern market economy (modern capitalism), in this group of countries occurred much later. The main role here was played by the backwardness of their institutions, especially the rights and forms of ownership, the rights of the organization and the individual, and customs. Thus, in the context of the spread of communal property, competition is weak, and hence the desire for innovation; individualism is not approved, and hence entrepreneurship; usually skeptical about making a profit from entrepreneurial abilities. Thus, it is precisely backward social relations that give rise to a backward economy, therefore, before solving the problem of backwardness only by economic and technological methods, due attention should be paid to eliminating flaws in social relations.

Developing countries had to take the path of catch-up development in order to somehow reduce the huge gap in the level of development compared to developed countries. However, with catching up development, the modernization of the economy involuntarily occurs not so much under the influence of internal as external factors. After all, a significant part of the capital, entrepreneurial experience and the bulk of knowledge comes to developing countries from developed ones. Thus, the phenomenon of dependent development arises, i.e. such a development of the national economy, the course of which is highly dependent on the situation in several foreign countries or even one. Former colonies, most of which have become dependent on other developed countries or depend on former mother countries, most clearly demonstrate the phenomenon of dependent development.

As a result, the world economy unwittingly divided into the so-called center, represented by a group of developed countries, from where political, economic and cultural impulses come, and the periphery, which is forced to develop under the powerful influence of these external impulses. It is possible to single out large backward countries that have a large domestic market and a strong influence on neighboring countries (India, Brazil), which are less prone to dependence, however, they can also be considered, if not a periphery, then a semi-periphery of the world economy.

Chapter 2. Problem Analysis

1 Unemployment as a problem in developing countries

Developing countries face serious social problems. In addition to the demographic problem, poverty and strong social differentiation, these are also problems of a backward social infrastructure, high unemployment and the shadow sector.

The social infrastructure in most developing countries is weak and lagging behind, primarily because of the lack of funds for it in the budgets of the state and citizens. They simply do not have enough funds to maintain a modern system of education, healthcare, housing and communal services. As a result, illiteracy is high in developing countries (in Brazil, 11% of the population aged 15 and older are illiterate, Nigeria - 33%, India - 39%, Egypt - 44%), low life expectancy.

Average life expectancy:

countrySouth AfricaZambiaNamibiaCameroonKenyaLife expectancy, years42-4538435155

The percentage of unemployed in some countries of the world:

CountryZimbabweNepalKenyaSwazilandLiberiaPercentage of unemployed,%9546404285

Unemployment in the "third world" is more widespread than in developed countries, if hidden unemployment is taken into account. Here, the bulk of the population usually lives in rural areas, where there is often an unregistered surplus of workers. But even in the cities, employment services register only a part of job seekers.

Unemployment varies greatly by region. In 2010 registered unemployment was about 9% in Latin America and 4% in East and Southeast Asia (considered underestimated due to undercounting rural unemployed). At that time, even according to official data, it was approaching 40% in North and South Africa (in Algeria and South Africa). The difference in unemployment rates - whether it is huge or just large - is largely due to the strong differentiation of the "third world" in terms of economic and population growth. In sub-Saharan Africa, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 2.7% in 2007 and an average annual population growth rate of 2.5%, real unemployment can be estimated at more than a third of the population, while in Latin America, with such At the same rate of economic growth during that period, but at a lower rate of population growth (1.6%), real unemployment rarely exceeded one-fifth.

Large population growth rates in rural areas (leading to the so-called agrarian overpopulation) are pushing the population to move to cities, where there are more chances to find work (creating a noticeable layer of city dwellers out of those who have not found permanent work), or to emigrate to other countries.

2 The role of the shadow sector of the economy

The size of the shadow sector in developing countries is usually larger than in developed ones. According to data from the 1990s, the scale of the shadow economy was at least 70% in Nigeria, Egypt and Thailand and about 60% in Mexico and the Philippines compared to 8-30% in developed countries. In general, from 1999 to 2007 . After a long-term growth, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the share of the shadow economy in official GDP. In developing countries, the shadow economy has decreased from 68% to 34%.

Average size of the shadow economy in developing countries, as a percentage of GDP:

Country 2007-2010 Africa Nigeria and Egypt Tunisia and Morocco Central and South America Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Panama Chile, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay and Colombia Asia Thailand Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and South Korea Hong Kong and Singapore 28- 31% 29-35% 40-60% 25-35% 30% 28-40% 19%

In developed countries, a dualistic economic and social structure has developed: a modern "official sector" of industrial enterprises and an "informal sector" in services, small-scale handicraft and agricultural production. The informal sector in developing countries employs 35-65% of the labor force and produces 30-60% of GDP. This sector includes very small businesses as well as individual traders and artisans. About 300 million people are employed in the informal sector of developing countries, including 75 million in the smallest industrial enterprises. Employment growth in the informal sector is often higher than in the formal sector. This is due in many developing countries to the influx of ruined peasants into large cities, many of them agree to work on any conditions and without any registration. Also, ethics (including entrepreneurial) in many developing countries is low, and therefore the attitude of society towards the shadow economy (often even to such a part of it as the criminal economy) is condescending.

The main factors hindering legal business and thus contributing to the spread of the informal sector are high taxes, cumbersome and expensive registration procedures (complicated by bribery), and difficulties in accessing legal credit. For many economic agents, moving into the informal economy is caused by the fact that the costs of compliance with the law in the conduct of ordinary economic activities (time and money spent on obtaining a permit, tax burden) exceed the expected benefits (revenues from trading in a street kiosk or from a craft workshop).

Also, it should be noted, the functioning in the general shadow economy, such a segment as the illegal (criminal) economy.

Here the leading place is occupied by the international market of illicit drugs, which has become one of the largest on the planet. According to expert estimates, drug trafficking accounts for at least 8% of world trade. And here again the backward countries appear, which are the main participants in the international drug business, in the form of transnational mafia organizations. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels control the export of cocaine and heroin from the Andean Triangle to North America, Chinese triads organize the export of heroin from the Golden Triangle, Turkish, Italian and Albanian mafias control the export of heroin from the Golden Crescent.

The volume of opium produced in 1998 amounted to 4.3 thousand tons, in 2005 this figure increased to 5.5 thousand tons, in 2014 the volume of opium produced is 7.1 thousand tons.

It should be noted the illegal trade in weapons, where the buyers are usually states and organizations of the "third world", and the sellers, in turn, are located in developed countries. According to experts, the illegal trade in weapons has taken second place in the world after the trade in narcotic substances. Currently, the volume of the market for illegal circulation of automatic weapons, explosives, ammunition and military equipment in the world, including the United States, is estimated at about 3-5 billion dollars.

The widespread development of the illegal economy forms the so-called geographical "gray zones", which are not controlled by any legal authorities. In Latin America, this is a number of areas in Peru, Bolivia and especially Colombia, where, in fact, all power is in the hands of drug guerrillas. Afghanistan and parts of Myanmar represent the "grey zone" of Asia. In Africa, "gray zones" are located in countries where there is a permanent civil war: in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia. The extensive development of the international smuggling business gives illegal organizations a stable financial base: the "gray zones" of Latin America rely on cocaine drug trafficking, the "grey zones" of Asia - on heroin, the "gray zones" of West Africa - on the smuggling of diamonds. As a result, a vicious circle of crime is formed, which the legal authorities are unable to stop.

Chapter 3. Main directions of development

1 Ways out of the crisis

One of the main economic problems of developing countries is an acute shortage of financial resources for investment, an extremely slow, sluggish accumulation process, therefore, the expansion of the export sector and the attraction of foreign capital, which forms a special sector of the economy, is of fundamental importance for them.

Another defining feature of developing countries is the high role of the public sector. The state provides links between different modes, stimulates commodity production, restrains and controls to some extent the activities of foreign corporations (at the same time trying to attract foreign investment), and most importantly, having the greatest mobilization capabilities, is able to concentrate resources to solve the most acute national economic problems, primarily turn, restructuring. Being artificially, forcibly drawn into the capitalist world, these countries are subjected to a continuous massive, multi-channel onslaught of the standards of the Western way of life, the Western system of values, and so on. But the traditional structures of social consciousness in these countries, with rare exceptions, are incompatible with Western ones and offer desperate, fierce resistance.

Most economists agree that the development of effective national development strategies in developing countries based on domestic economic resources based on an integrated approach is of decisive importance in solving the problem of poverty and underdevelopment. With this approach, not only industrialization and post-industrialization, the liberalization of economic life and the transformation of agrarian relations are considered as prerequisites for creating a modern economy and achieving sustainable economic growth, but also education reform, improving the healthcare system, mitigating inequality, pursuing a rational demographic policy, and stimulating problem solving. employment.

However, it should be remembered that the problem of poverty and underdevelopment of developing countries is global in nature. Therefore, the solution to this problem requires global changes not only in the underdeveloped countries themselves, but throughout the world as a whole. Since the world economy cannot function at full capacity if one of the links in the economic chain is in distress.

In order to put an end to backwardness forever, it is necessary to carry out transformations unprecedented in scale and depth: first, to establish a new world economic order; secondly, to eliminate all forms of inequality among the peoples of the world; thirdly, to approve such a system of social relations between countries and within each country that would provide real opportunities for solving global problems. There is no other way for mankind. Either education, scientific and technological progress, the achievements of world culture will serve all people, or humanity will inevitably begin to degrade.

Conclusion

Developing countries are a special category of states that retain, albeit to varying degrees, certain common signs of socio-economic backwardness, including a diversified economy, traditional forms of ownership and public institutions, and low productivity of social labor.

Differences in growth rates, the speed of economic modernization and the impact of the world economy contribute to the differentiation of developing countries. The socio-economic strategies of developing countries aim to overcome backwardness, transform traditional economic structures, change positions in the international division of labor, and integrate into the world economy.

Socio-economic processes in developing countries are increasingly shaped by the influence of the world economy. This is primarily due to the impulses of scientific and technological progress, spreading from the center to the periphery, the growing importance of world trade, as well as the activity of TNCs.

One of the most important criteria for separating developing countries into a separate world subsystem is their underdevelopment and backwardness.

Developing countries are constantly experiencing the consequences of cyclical crises, currency inflation, expansion of TNCs, and so on. As a result, the crisis phenomena in the economy of the newly-free states turned out to be so large-scale and deep that in the conditions of the modern interdependent world, overcoming them is considered by the world community as one of the global problems.

It is important that people want to seek solutions to these difficult problems together; and also correctly used life and mind in order to avoid destructive actions and direct all material and spiritual resources to the development of civilization.

Bibliography

1.Buglay V.B., Levintsev N.N. International economic relations, M.: "Finance and statistics", 2008 - 302 p.

.Goncharov I.V. Socio-economic development in the states of Eurasia, M .: "Prospect", 2006 - 382 p.

.Zhukov S.V. Developing countries: the service sector and economic growth, M.: "Nauka", 2004 -272 p.

.Lomakin V.K. Mirovaya ekonomika, M.: "Unity", 2012 - 672 p.

.Nikolaeva I.P. World economy, M.: "Prospect", 2004 - 200 p.

6.Obminsky E. Developing countries and the international division of labor, M .: "International Relations", 2001 - 272 p.

Internet resources:

7.

.

Tutoring

Need help learning a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.