Mzymta river mouth. Black Sea rivers
Mzymta is a river in the Krasnodar Territory. The length of the river is 89 km, the area of its drainage basin is 885 km². The most long river Russia from flowing directly into the Black Sea.
It originates on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian ridge at an altitude of 2980 m, in the upper reaches it flows from the alpine lakes Maly Kardyvach and Kardyvach, lower on the river - Emerald waterfalls. In the middle course, it breaks through the Aibga-Achishkho ridge, forming the Greek Gorge, below it passes through the Akhtsu Gorge, the Akhshtyr Gorge.
Mzymta flows into the Black Sea
The river almost throughout its entire length has a stormy mountainous character; during the snowmelt season in the gorges, the water horizon sometimes rises to 5 meters. It flows into the Black Sea at Adler, forming an extensive alluvial cone. The largest tributaries are Pslukh, Pudziko (Achipse), Chvizhepse, Laura, Tikha.
The feeding of the river is mixed; characterized by spring-summer floods and rain floods. The average annual water flow near the village of Kepsha is about 50 m³/s (the highest is 764 m³/s).
There are numerous mineral springs in the Mzymta basin. In the middle course in sheer cliffs on the right bank of the river in the Akhshtyrskaya cave is the site of an ancient man.
Mzymta river 
origin of name
What does the name of the river "Mzymta" mean? Not "crazy" by any means.
There is no such translation from any "Circassian". The wide distribution of this version was facilitated by the reference book of Sochi guides "On the paths of the mountainous Black Sea region" (Efremov). On the first pages of the book, the author tells about his first trip to Krasnaya Polyana and the excursion on which the guide brought this “translation”. Then, already in the middle of the book, when Efremov tells how he himself became a Krasnopoliansk guide, he indignantly recalls that first excursion, where all the information turned out to be empty stories. The most plausible version of the name Mzymta comes from the name of the local residents Medozyuev. The name Medoveevka also came from their name. Well, Medozyui, in turn, can be translated as "people born in the snow."
The translation of the name “Mzymta” as “mad” also looked doubtful. On old maps, in articles and reports, they wrote: “Mdzimta”, “Midzimta”, “Mezyumta” (Map of Lieutenant Rodionov, 1838) and, finally, “Medzyumta”. The latter led so close to the name of the same medozyuev that it was suggested whether it was from them that the genealogy of the name “Mzymta” should be traced (And in one of the ancient sources, was it not Mzymta mentioned among the Black Sea rivers called Midzigon, through which, too, as it were “ the Byzantine ambassador Zemarch, returning from the Turks, named certain Misimians among the mountaineers of the Western Caucasus - this is also consonant with the medules). It was clear that "mad" had nothing to do with it. - "The paths of the mountainous Black Sea region" (Efremov).
Economic use
The village of Krasnaya Polyana, the villages of Estosadok, Kazachiy Brod and others are located on the river.
Near the village of Krasnaya Polyana, the Krasnaya Polyana hydroelectric power station stands on the river.
There is a large farm for breeding river trout on the river. Fish farming began before 1917.
Mzymta is popular with lovers of water sports, especially rafting. The slopes of the mountains in the upper reaches of the river are popular with lovers of skiing and snowboarding. In the riverbed and floodplain, in the 2000s, construction of a combined road and railroad was carried out to transport participants from Adler to Krasnaya Polyana, which will connect the venues of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games.
According to a number of environmental and other public organizations, during the construction, the river was seriously polluted, vegetation was massively destroyed on the surrounding slopes. The fact of significant pollution of the river was recognized by the Minister natural resources RF Yu. Trutnev.
It was noted that the construction does not take into account the turbulent nature of the river, as well as landslide and karst phenomena common in the Mzymta valley. Ecologists drew attention to the work carried out without permits, as well as to the illegal removal of pebbles from the river bed by builders. It was also mentioned that a number of hotels and guest houses built to receive vacationers in the upper reaches of the Mzymta drain wastewater into the river without treatment.
In the future, it is planned to build the Krasnopolyanskaya HPP-2 on the river.
Mzymta river, Black Sea, Adler
Water Register of Russia
06030000312109100000790
Pool code 06.03.00.003
GI code 109100079
According to the state water register of Russia, it belongs to the Kuban basin district, the river basin of the river is the Rivers of the Black Sea basin, the river sub-basin of the river is absent, the water management section of the river is the river of the Black Sea basin from the western border of the Shepsi river basin to the Psou river (border of the Russian Federation with Abkhazia ).
According to the data of the geoinformation system for water management zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation prepared federal agency water resources:
The code of the water body in the state water register is 06030000312109100000790
Code for hydrological knowledge (GI) - 109100079
Pool code - 06.03.00.003
GI volume number - 08
Issue on GI - 1
upper reaches of the Mzymta river
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MZYMTA RIVER
The main tributaries are the rivers Achipse - 16.5 km and its tributary Laura - 14.5 km, Pslukh - 15 km, Chvizhepse - 19.0 km, Kepsha - 9.8 km, Tikhaya - 9.5 km, other tributaries are insignificant. All of these large tributaries flow into the Mzymta from the right bank, and only the Tikhaya flows from the left bank at the thirteenth kilometer from the source.
The river bed is winding, slightly branched, the banks are ledges of terraces up to 10 m deep. The valley in the upper reaches of the river is V-shaped. The steepness of the slopes is 30-35°, in places it increases to 40-50°. Throughout the slopes are heavily dissected by deep ravines and valleys of small tributaries. The bottom of the channel is rocky with boulders. In the middle and lower reaches - pebble or pebble-boulder.
At the exit to the Adler lowland, the river. The Mzymta flows through a wide, well-developed valley of the type of lowland river valleys, where the slopes are 0.004-0.0055. Fluctuations in the levels of the Mzymta River are quite significant. The annual amplitude of the level fluctuation reaches 2.32 m, as the river approaches the mouth, the amplitude of the fluctuation decreases somewhat and in Adler does not exceed 2.23 m.
The speed of water currents in the Mzymta River in the section from the Moldovsky Bridge to the mouth reaches 2.6-3.5 m/sec.
The Mzymta River is a mountain river with a flood flow regime. The river is fed by precipitation falling on the catchment area and glaciers of the Main Caucasian Range. In the flat part, the role of rain and soil nutrition increases. This river is characterized by a well-defined flood during the warm period of the year, frequent autumn floods and a stable winter low water. In total, in the basin of the river. Mzymta there are three glaciers with a total area of 2.58 km2, which is 0.32% of the total area of the river basin.
In spring, the river is fed by water formed due to snowmelt processes in the upper part of the catchment area. During this period, up to 42-50% of the annual flow of the river passes. The amplitude of level fluctuations, according to observations of the post Kazachiy Brod (15 km from the mouth), the highest is 277 cm in 1977, the average is 203 cm, the lowest is 134 cm in 1986. Summer period characterized by the melting of glaciers and during this period passes up to 30% of the annual runoff. In autumn, up to 15-17% of the annual flow passes.
The duration of the flood depends on the intensity and duration of rains that fall on the territory of the river basin. During the passage of floods, the river transports a significant amount of entrained and suspended sediments. The amount of sediments is set by the conditions of their receipt from watersheds.
The runoff of suspended sediments is directly dependent on the runoff of water: the greater the flow of water, the greater the runoff of sediments and vice versa. The average annual runoff of suspended sediments is 488.2 thousand tons and traction sediments is 141 thousand tons. The granulometric composition of bottom sediments is dominated by fractions from 30 to 60 mm (60%).
Any economic measures affecting the natural hydraulics of the flow or limiting the mobility of alluvium can upset this natural balance, which was reflected in the reduction of the fan of the Mzymta River and the approach of the Mzymtinsky Canyon to the general coastline of the sea. In recent years, the selection of pebbles and sand from the riverbed. Mzymta for construction purposes has reached an unprecedented scale. It takes 10 - 15 years to make up for these losses with the solid runoff of the river. Due to the deficit of sediments, their runoff to the coastal zone has actually stopped.
Mzymta in the cinema
The scene of bathing in the mountain river Shurik and Nina (film "Prisoner of the Caucasus", 1967) was filmed on the Mzymta River.
Memoirs of N. Varley, who played Nina in this episode:
Gaidai had an idea that Nina, before jumping into the water after Shurik, first rides a horse, then a donkey. But after I fell off my horse in front of the film crew ...
And Gaidai decided: stop taking risks. The water is especially icy, it is easy to catch a cold. At first they wanted to shoot a stuntman - well, it didn’t go into any gates, I could not agree to such a substitution. Then they found a girl similar to me in figure, she said that she was a master of sports in swimming. She jumped and ... began to sink - she didn’t know how to swim, it turns out, but she really wanted to act.
And in the end I was allowed to jump off the cliff myself. By the way, I remember not the bath itself, but how Sasha Demyanenko and I sit after the bath and tremble. We tremble for real. The thing is, we have to look wet on the screen. But the day was hot, and the moisture evaporated from us instantly. Therefore, we were poured with water from the river, and it was seven degrees. After this execution, they poured me alcohol and forced me to drink so that I would not get sick. How I got to the camp site where we lived, I don’t remember ...
True, some sources say that only A. Demyanenko, who played Shurik, poured alcohol, and Varley was treated to hot tea, because. she was still very young. 
Ecological state
AT recent times intensive development of transport, residential and sports sectors in the upper basin of the Mzymta River and in the river valley has led to environmental degradation.
These factors have caused deterioration of the river itself (i.e. self-cleaning capacity, regulation of water flows), loss of biodiversity (especially fish populations), destruction natural environment habitats, including aquatic (i.e. refuge, breeding and feeding functions) and land (i.e. river boundaries, slope reduction) among other factors affecting the Mzymta River ecosystem.
It is well known that in the past the Mzymta River and its tributaries contained a wide variety of fish. Unfortunately, most of the natural habitats of fish located in the main stream, in the Mzymta River itself, have been degraded due to preparatory work for the Olympic Games and tourist facilities.
Wild salmon, including the Black Sea trout (Trutta fario labrax), still live in the tributaries of the Mzymta River, where natural habitats have been preserved, and the genetic piggy bank has been preserved in the local fish farm.
Mzymta, Krasnaya Polyana
Report on a water tourist trip II with e-mail. IV category of complexity on the Mzymta River, completed from July 24 - August 1, 2000
Head: Sidorenkov V.Yu. (Moscow)
Entrance to the route
Mzymta, starting in the mountains, flows almost perpendicular to the Black Sea coast and flows into the sea in the city of Adler, which is nominally a district of Sochi.
You can get to Adler by one of several direct trains (27-40 hours, from 230 rubles) or by plane (airport in Adler). It is advisable to choose a train not through Ukraine - it's cheaper, faster, calmer. The next task is to get to the village. Krasnaya Polyana (50 kilometers) or higher, to the so-called Narzanov - a mineral spring located 15 (?) Kilometers from Polyana, at the confluence of Mzymta and Pslukh, most groups start from there.
There is a regular bus from the bus station to the Polyana and even higher, to the so-called cable car (cable car) (to the last from the railway station there are several stops on the city bus). He goes several times a day, with an interval of about 1.5 hours, there are a lot of people, but it’s real to leave, it’s advisable to come up in advance and throw yourself into the one that has just arrived. It costs about 25 rubles. The road to the cable car is good. The primer comes from the cable car.
We walked from the cable car (with catamarans) and reached Narzanov in about two hours. You can catch a car, many recommend doing it right at the railway station, where a wide variety of taxi drivers will repeatedly offer their services to you. However, after the cable car, the national park begins, into which cars are either not allowed, or for money. Even we, on foot, paid five. There are many cars on the cable car, but not taxi drivers. Or rather, many taxi drivers, but driving back to Adler. But, probably, it is possible to agree, to go for a maximum of half an hour there and back (and then if you give 30 km / h). The passenger car, in principle, passes, but still something like an UAZ is better, streams cross the road, which, during rains, can probably be an obstacle.
Reference information about the travel area
R. Mzymta flows in the Krasnodar Territory, flowing down from the Main Caucasian Range, flows to the west - southwest approximately perpendicular to the Black Sea coast, very close to the border of Russia with Abkhazia (5-10 kilometers) and almost parallel to it. Nevertheless, it is separated from it by the Psou River, along which the border passes, and by the Aibga Range with the mountains adjacent to it. Partly because, partly because good relations The situation between Russia and Abkhazia is calm there, the proximity of the state border is felt weakly, no passes are needed. In the upper reaches of the Mzymta, mountains up to 3000 m high surround it. The summer is warm, the average temperature in July is from +13 in the mountains to 23 ° C on the coast. Precipitation falls. From 400 to 3200 mm per year (this is on the edge, we don’t know for sure). Mzymta is the most full-flowing and stable river of these places and practically the only one suitable for rafting. Probably, in summer it is helped to maintain a relatively constant consumption by glacial nutrition.
In 1924, to protect the alpine natural complex was created in the region Caucasian Reserve, in which the balneological resort area Krasnaya Polyana stands out - a center of tourism and skiing with a museum of flora and fauna of the Caucasus. (And also there is a KSS, the activity of which we, however, did not feel) Now Krasnaya Polyana is actively built up with elite hotels - boarding houses, in the mountains a little higher than it, but practically on the banks of the Mzymta there is a cable car - "Kanatka" - ski lifts and sports a multipurpose entertainment center where you can paragliding, rafting, as well as buy the magazine "Vertical World" and a jacket from Lowe alpine. Vladimir Putin likes to visit there.
Mzymta does not flow through the territory of the reserve, but crosses the Natural national park, for visiting which (that is, travel above the Cable Car) you have to pay a little.
As we all understand, the Krasnodar Territory is the main resort center of Russia with many healing springs and all that. Having visited Mzymta, you will also inevitably visit the second longest city in the world - namely Greater Sochi, which stretches for 145 km along the coast and includes Lazarevskoye, Khosta, Adler and Sochi itself. They say you can make a pedestrian "six" without leaving the boundaries of the city. Mzymta flows through Adler, flowing into the sea. The population of Sochi is multinational. Perhaps the Russians prevail, although there are many Armenians, Greeks, and near Krasnaya Polyana there is a settlement of Estonians - Estosadok, with a museum that we could not visit, and therefore we do not know how these Estonians ended up there.
Purpose of Travel
The purpose of the trip was to pass the sports route, and we also continued testing a new version of the ship we made (catamaran-2). In general, the river was of great interest to the group, they wanted to fix the old one and acquire new experience rafting on mountain rivers (previously, the group passed the Msta River (Tver Region), the Shuya River (Karelia), the Malka River (Northern Caucasus), the B. Zelenchuk River.
Traffic schedule
Entrance to the "cable car", approach to the "Narzan", slipway.
Completion of the assembly of catamarans, launching. Threshold "Mudflow". Overnight in front of the "Kanatka". Passed 7 km.
Passing to the Greek Gorge, carrying it. Overnight stay right behind the gorge. Traveled 9 km
Passage to the gorge Ah-Tsu. Carrying the waterfall, passing the gorge, rafting to Adler. Passed 30 km.
Technical description of the route
The "Narzans" have parking places on the left bank along the road. However, it is rather difficult with parking, because there is a semi-stationary amateur camp for those who like to relax in nature and there are a lot of people. In the end, we found a patch on the bank of the Pslukh, on the way to Narzany proper, crossing the bridge over the Mzymta and moving about a hundred meters. There is no building timber. You can burn a fire.
Lotsiya river Mzymta from "Narzanov"
Most of the groups start rafting from the "narzans". However, they write, you can start even higher in order to pass the "Upper Canyon". The upper section is characterized by a low (into high water no more than 12 cubic meters per second) flow rate and a large drop. The river in this place flows in a narrow gorge, sometimes turning into a canyon with steep walls. We have not been there, but the water flows really little. We started directly from the bridge on the arrow of Mzymta and Pslukh.
The floating part of Mzymta (from "Narzans") has 6 characteristic sections:
Upper rapids (Sills) - length 2 km, flow rate 15-25 m3/s, slope 15m/km.
Run to the Greek Gorge - length 12 km, consumption 25-50 cubic meters. m/sec, slope 5-7 m/km
Greek Gorge 3-4 km. Consumption 10-30 m3/s, slope 25 m/km. (here, about 30 cubic meters per second goes into the HPP pipe)
Shivera - length 9-10 km, Consumption 60 cubic meters. m/s, slope 15-20 m/km.
Akh-Tsu Gorge - length 4 km, flow rate 60 cubic meters. m/km, slope 10 m/km.
Run to Adler (to the sea) - length 25 km, consumption 60-70 cubic meters. m/s, slope 3 m/km.
1. The upper rapids (the Mudflow threshold) are 2 km long.
Immediately after the bridge, after the confluence with the right tributary of the Pslukh, the Mzymta for 800 meters is a medium-difficulty chive (3 grades).
As usual, incidents begin immediately. On these 800 meters we broke 3 oars. It's time to grow up, it's time to switch to normal ones, stop torturing - kayak alterations.
Mudflow threshold /4 class/
View on the left bank. Above the mouth of the stream is a pebbly island. Passage along the right channel, chalka at the end of the islet into the catch at the left bank.
The threshold itself consists of three steps:
1 step
It starts 80 meters below the mouth of the stream. These are two drains located one after another. Perhaps their height depends on the water, they did not seem complicated to us. After 50 meters, the second step begins.
2nd stage
Drain and shiver. In front of the drain there is a large piece of rock near the left bank. In the previous report, they noted a bulk on it, we did not feel it. The main difficulty is the zigzag shiver. After the left turn, the step ends, its length is about 100 m.
3 step.
The most difficult in the threshold. It is a chive in the left channel, 100 meters long. The key place is at the exit, at the lower end of the island dividing the river. There, two large protruding stones form three passages. The left one is a relatively gentle, but heavily polluted drain, a shallow "tooth" sticks out in the middle. In general, everything seemed dangerous. The right one is narrow, steep and shallow. For the passage, the central one was chosen, which is an almost vertical drain about a meter high, located parallel to the main stream (that is, the line of movement in the drain is perpendicular to the shore). The difficulty lies in the fact that you need to get into the gate parallel to the flow, turn sharply 90 degrees and jump off the drain, rounding the left (upstream) stone and at the same time not crashing into the right (lower) stone. When passing, the first catamaran moved on the final area close to the right bank, in order to approach the drain at low speed, guaranteed not to crash into the left stone and not fall to the left, and it also seemed to help not to drive into the bottom stone with acceleration. from the desired point, cross a narrow and not very powerful jet. However, they hit the ground with the right balloon, turned to the right and almost piled on the lower stone with the left (!) balloon. They also did not have time to jump off the desired drain with the stern, the jet dragged to the right. As a result, they fell headlong into the right low-water passage and turned over.
the crew took pictures of the whole process with pleasure. After the liquidation of the consequences, the second crew successfully passed the drain "from acceleration". True, they did not have time to turn completely at the gate, they entered the drain halfway, but resisted.
Drive to the Greek Gorge.
Length 12 km.
After the Mudflow threshold, the slope of the Mzymta sharply decreases. There are no rapids for the first 8-9 km, but you should not relax. There are blockages on the river, which, combined with a still decent current (and a surprise factor) represent real danger. We passed this section in the late afternoon, and the sun shone in our eyes so that a number of blockages (low-lying logs blocking the entire river) were recognized only at a close distance. As a result, one of these logs demolished half the crew on the front catamaran (the leader climbed onto the log, but did not have time to return to the ship), and the poorly controlled catamaran flew into the eversion located just below in the middle of the river so thoroughly that they filmed for two hours.
After the cable car, which can be seen on the left, it becomes easier. They write that in the area of the bridges (6-7 km to the Greek Gorge) there may be construction rubbish, we did not notice anything like that. The last 3-4 km require attention. There are three thresholds of 3-4 grades here. The guideline for the first of them is a cable crossing with a cradle. More precisely, our predecessors noted the cradle, we didn’t observe it, we saw a booth on the shore. In general, there are a lot of cables over the river. In the place described, a path approaches on the right and buildings are visible, on the left, directly by the river, there is a low, fairly flat bank with convenient parking lots, then the river turns left and the bank rises sharply. Here is the first threshold.
First threshold.
At the left turn there is a long island that divides the river into two channels. The left one is shorter and more powerful, the threshold is in it, so viewing is on the left. The river breaks through the ridges of semi-drenched stones. Blockages are possible. In our case, in a key place, a log was lying around so inconveniently that after deliberation we decided to go along the right channel. It represents a shivera of medium difficulty. It was very small, nothing to see. At the confluence of the duct, the threshold ends. Further right turn and 800 meters of a simple shiver.
Second threshold.
A landmark for its beginning is a large island overgrown with trees, separated from the left bank by a low-water channel, hardly noticeable from the influx. At the end of the island, the threshold begins with a gentle meter-long drain through a stone ridge, the passage is on the left. Basically, it ends there. This threshold is distinguished by our predecessors, we ran to watch it, but we could calmly go on the move, it does not present any difficulty and, as it seemed to us, does not stand out against the background. After 400 meters the river makes a right turn and begins
Third threshold.
On the left side of the river there is a ridge of pouring stones with narrow passages, on the right side there are slanting plums with barrels. The length of the threshold is 200 meters. The threshold came gradually, we walked it in tandem without viewing, and we liked it.
After 500 meters, the current slows down, a small (400 meters) reservoir begins in front of the dam. Locals love to swim here by jet-skiing in front of the reservoir. You can ride for the dam or the entire Greek Gorge 100 meters before the dam on the right bank. They write that it is possible to go to the left bank (and a dirt road allegedly runs along it along a wide terrace almost to the end of the gorge), as we did at first, but from there we were driven by a watchman with a gun. He explained that there is no water in the Greek Gorge at all. 
3. Greek Gorge.
Length 3-4 km, 5 with el. 6 k.s.
We did not pass, see other reports about thresholds. Everything is arranged there like this: from the dam, most of the water (always about 30 m 3 / s) goes into a hefty pipe, where the turbines of the power plant rotate. For some reason, this pipe crosses the channel several times on special arched bridges and at the end of the gorge releases water back into the river. Thus, only what is not taken into the pipe flows into the gorge, in our case it was a couple of cubic meters / sec., but sometimes more, which makes it possible to pass difficult rapids Gorges. We walked with interest along one of the "pipeline" bridges and observed rapids of 5-6 k.s from above - majestic, formidable, absolutely dry. Thus, from the dam along the road we climbed to Krasnaya Polyana, spread over the Gorge, where we came across a kind guy in a passenger car, who threw our two katas in turn to the end of the gorge. Unfortunately, the descent to the water in the place where the pipe pours into the river is very difficult (supposedly there is a clearing near the water where you can get up, it is not visible from above), and we went down 2-3 km lower (according to the report of our predecessors -2, according to the time of our movement on foot 3-4), there is also a concrete road coming to the river, there are places for lodging for the night. In total, the run-off turned out to be 5 kilometers. Immediately after the exit of the pipe, the chive begins. We, starting below, caught a piece of it.
4. "Shivera" and run to Ah-Tsu.
Length 9-10 km, flow rate 60 m3/s.
It begins 50 meters after the confluence of the water used in the hydroelectric power station on the right. The water content of the stream increases dramatically (by 30 cubic meters, this is how much the hydroelectric power station takes). First there is a 200-meter section with ramparts and barrels, then a left turn follows. Behind it are numerous islands that break the river into channels, in which blockages are possible. Then the shafts and barrels begin again. But gradually everything calms down, the slope decreases, low terraces appear along the banks, suitable for overnight stays. The "Shiver" does not have a clearly defined ending, it can be conditionally considered that it ends at the confluence of a large right tributary - the Chvizhepse River. There are no serious obstacles further to the Ah-Tsu waterfall. 2.5 km after the confluence of the Chvizhepse, a small tributary flows on the left, after another 800 meters on the right on the bank a small village, here on the right a small stream flows into the Mzymta. This is an important landmark - after 500 meters the Akh-Tsu gorge begins.
5. Ah-Tsu Gorge - 4 km long.
Consumption 60 m3/s, slope 10 m/km.
The sides of the glade converge, the road running along the right bank rises to a ledge to a height of 10-15 m. Above the river. The left bank is bom, the right bank is steep, overgrown with bushes. The place for a chalka for carrying around the waterfall is 600 meters before the beginning of the gorge, there is a narrow pebble beach, the current is calm, the remains of wooden piles stick out of the water near the shore. 150 meters ahead you can see the rocky right bank and a sharp turn of the river to the left - this is the entrance to the Akh-Tsu waterfall.
Ah Tsu Waterfall. 6+ k.s.
The length of the obstacle is 75 meters, the fall is 5-6 meters. A successful passage is unlikely, although in 1998-1999 Ah-Tsu successfully passed on a kayak, and local guides who ride tourists along the Limestone Canyon swore that they pass it on catamarans regularly. Nevertheless - for the vast majority of groups - run-out. To do this, along the path you need to get to the road that runs along the right bank. Above the waterfall (or rather, immediately after it), the road goes into a 100-meter tunnel. A 20-meter cliff stretches behind the tunnel for some time, after 200 meters after the tunnel, in principle, you can go down to the water along a steep scree slope. Our predecessors apparently did just that. We acted differently. From the end of the waterfall to the vertical wall of the canyon - two meters. A steep, but passable path from above leads to this point. We launched the catamarans along it and took turns starting from there. Here begins the threshold not described in the report we used, which we will conditionally call
Threshold "Gorge".
Approximately 4 k.s.
It starts directly behind the waterfall, pressing against the wall of the gorge. The clamp is followed by approximately 50 meters relative to calm water in the most "canyon" point of the gorge, right under the tunnel. Next - a row of gates with plums of large stones. There may be logs. We passed mainly on the left. The strongest section is located on the first hundred meters behind the tunnel. Further to the end of the gorge there are obstacles, but there is nothing to worry about. Viewing the main section is possible from above, from the entrance to the tunnel.
For parking it is necessary to raft to the suspension bridge (shortly after the end of the gorge). On the right bank there is a trout farm (another, larger one is behind the Limestone Canyon). The predecessors mark a cafe there, but they drove us out of there without giving us lunch.
Run to Adler - length 25 km,
consumption 60-70 cubic meters / s.
The river is sharply simplified, the slope decreases, in 2 hours of rafting after Ah-Tsu there is a picturesque, but uncomplicated "Limestone Canyon". Behind it, the rafting is of little interest, the road departs from the river and up to Adler the landscape is industrial. The last kilometers along Mzymta is the airport, fenced with barbed wire (there were negotiations with armed guards, but nothing happened), then the river flows through the city. In total, from the Ah-Tsu gorge to the sea, the rafting takes 3-4 hours. Having tried to go a little into the sea, they dodged (one cat) and were thrown ashore: the excitement of about two points generates worthy surf waves. You can sort it out on the beach at the mouth, preferably on the right. Then ten minutes to the station by minibus or bus (and if someone goes to the airport - the same thing, but up the river, you just sailed it).
You need to decide in advance whether you need to pass the thresholds of 5-6 k.s. Greek Gorge. If yes, you need to quickly find out the water level this month, otherwise you can come to dry rapids. However, in general, the Mzymta among the rivers flowing in this area is distinguished by the constancy of flow. Therefore, a hydroelectric power station was installed on it.
If you do not go through these rapids and do not abuse local wine, the route is passed quite quickly (with all sorts of delays, we managed to keep within three days, plus a day of approaches, if you count from Adler). Therefore, it is useful to provide some other cultural program so that the shaking time in the train does not exceed the time of the active part. You can fly paragliders with an instructor at the Ropeway, it cost 1000 rubles for that way 20-25 minutes of flight. You can just relax in Adler, it's not bad there, and you can live from 40 rubles / day. We climbed into the Vorontsov caves, to which from Adler, with a good combination of circumstances, even public transport two hours (and a day - if unsuccessful). But this is a separate story, see S. Galkin's report about our caving trip or any one about the Vorontsov caves.
We continued to test self-made "pointy" low-slung catamaran (see our report on Zelenchuk, if anyone is interested). In this campaign, long bent stringers were put on it to reduce the deformation of the ends of the cylinders in the shafts. The deformations decreased, but the stringers gradually broke. Would need thicker.
We have passed the threshold "Akh-Tsu Gorge" in the first ascent mode. Of course, this was not a real first ascent, but there was an impression that the groups surrounding the waterfall also surround this threshold (and, accordingly, they do not write anything about it). Which is in vain. The threshold is interesting and corresponds to the possibilities of the group going to the "four".
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads.
http://www.skitalets.ru/water/
http://www.new.bescker.ru/index.php/Mzymta
http://www.yugopolis.ru/
Wikipedia website
Vkontakte group Adler.
Report on a water tourist trip II with e-mail. IV category of complexity on the Mzymta River, completed from July 24 - August 1, 2000
Head: Sidorenkov V.Yu. (Moscow)
Mzymta(Ubykhsk. Mdzymta - "mad", Kabard.-Cherk. Mdzymte) - a river flowing in the Krasnodar Territory, a basin.
The Mzymta River originates on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range near Mount Loyub at an altitude of 2980 meters above sea level in the Mostovsky District Krasnodar Territory. It flows, forming an extensive alluvial fan, into the Black Sea in the Adler microdistrict of the city of Sochi, Krasnodar Territory. Mzymta is the longest river flowing into the Black Sea from the territory of the Kuban and Russia.
The length of the Mzymta River is 89 kilometers, the catchment area is 885 km2. The total fall of the river is 2980 meters, the slope is 33.5 m/km. The straight-line distance from the source to the mouth is 62 kilometers, the tortuosity coefficient is 1.4.
In the upper reaches of the Mzymta, it flows through the alpine lake Kardyvach, below which there is a fifteen-meter Emerald waterfall on the river. In the middle reaches, it cuts through the Aibga-Achishkho ridge, forming the Greek Gorge. Further, Mzymta crosses the Akhtsu-Katsirkha mountain range and forms its longest and deepest gorge, Akhtsu. Approximately 19 kilometers before the mouth of the Mzymta, it breaks through the Akhshtyr mountain range. Here it flows through the narrow gorge Akhshtyrskie Vorota. In the lower reaches, the Mzymta valley expands, and the river takes on a flat character.
Settlements.
The Mzymta River flows through the territory belonging to the urban district of Sochi. On its banks are settlements: the village of Estosadok, the village of Krasnaya Polyana, the villages of Chvizhepse, Kepsha, the Monastery, Cossack Brod, Vysokoye, Cherry and the Adler microdistrict.
Driveways.
Adler has a railway station and an airport, along the Black Sea coast there is a federal highway M-27. The A-148 highway runs from Adler along Mzymta to Krasnaya Polyana. Further along the river there are also roads, but it must be borne in mind that there are border areas where a special regime applies.
main tributaries.
The largest tributaries of the Mzymta River - Pslukh, Achipse (Pudziko) with a tributary of the Laura River, Chvizhepse flow from the right bank.
All major tributaries of the Mzymta River:
Left side:
Tikhokh, Quiet River, Sulimovskaya, Rzhanaya, Galion 1st, Galion 2nd, Galion 3rd, Pikhtinka, Kesha, Deep Yar.
Right handed:
- Crazy River;
- the Pslukh River flows into the 57th kilometer from the mouth of the Mzymta River, the length is 15 kilometers;
- the river Achipse (Pudziko) flows into the 50 km from the mouth of the river Mzymta, length 16.5 km;
- the Beshenka River flows into the 42 km from the mouth of the Mzymta River, the length is 7.5 km;
- the Monashka River flows into the river Mzymta 40 km, length 7 km;
- the Chvezhipse River (Chvizhipse, Chuzhepse) flows into 31 kilometers from the mouth of the Mzymta River, the length is 19 kilometers;
- The Kepsh River flows into the 27 km from the mouth of the Mzymta River, the length is 9 km.
Relief and soils.
The Mzymta River flows through the mountains, starting on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range. The shores are composed of dark gray shales and very hard and dense limestones of the Jurassic age.
The Mzymta basin is dominated by brown mountain forest soils. At the source, the soils are mountain-meadow, and in the lower reaches, brown forest soils in combination with zheltozems.
Vegetation.
Along the banks of the Mzymta River, fir, fir-spruce and broad-leaved forests with a predominance of beech grow. The lower reaches are characterized by mixed broadleaf forests(beech, oak, hornbeam, chestnut, etc.) Mzymta flows through the forests of the Caucasian biosphere reserve and on the territories belonging to the Sochi State Natural National Park.
hydrological regime.
The food of the Mzymta River is mixed. It is characterized by spring-summer floods and rain floods. The average annual water flow is 45.6 m³/s (the highest reaches 764 m³/s). In the spring, up to 42-50% of the annual runoff of the Mzymta River passes. In summer, during the melting of glaciers, up to 30% of the annual flow passes. Autumn accounts for up to 15-17% of the annual runoff. There are three glaciers in the Mzymta river basin. Their total area is 2.58 km 2, which is 0.32% of the total area of the river basin.
The Mzymta River has quite significant level fluctuations. The annual amplitude reaches 2.32 meters. Closer to the mouth, the water level changes slightly decrease. In Adler, their amplitude does not exceed 2.23 meters. During the spring melting of snow in the gorges, the water level rises to 5 meters.
The density of the river network in the Mzymta basin is 1.48 km / km 2. The average speed of the river flow is 1.8 m/s, on the reaches - 0.4-1.2 m/s, the highest - 2-3 m/s. After the Moldovsky bridge and up to the mouth it reaches 2.6-3.5 m/s.
Almost throughout its entire length, Mzymta has a stormy mountainous character. The bed of the Mzymta River is winding, slightly branched. The banks are formed by ledges of terraces up to 10 meters deep. AT upstream the river valley is V-shaped. Steep banks have a slope of 30-35°, sometimes reaching 40-50°. In the lower reaches, the Mzymta River flows along the Adler Lowland, a well-developed wide valley characteristic of flat rivers with slight slopes.
Throughout the Mzymta River, the slopes of its banks are strongly dissected by deep gullies and tributary valleys. The bottom of the channel is composed of rocks with boulders. In the middle and lower reaches, the bottom soil is pebbly or pebble-boulder.
Water quality.
During floods, the Mzymta River transports a large number of suspended and movable sediments. The average annual runoff of suspended sediments is 488.2 thousand tons and traction sediments is 141 thousand tons.
Ichthyofauna.
Mzymta mountain river, most valuable species fish that live and enter it to spawn are trout and brown trout.
Tourism and rest.
The Mzymta River has been a popular destination for rafting, rafting, slalom and kayaking. After the start of the Olympic construction in 2010, lovers of this type of recreation received many inconveniences and obstacles.
There is a large trout farm on the Mzymta River. Local guides are happy to “hang noodles on the ears of vacationers” telling that this is the only place in Russia where trout fry are grown. Fishing is organized for tourists on a special trout pond.
There are many mineral springs in the Mzymta river basin.
One of the attractions of the Mzymta valley are karst caves. In the middle course on the right bank of the river, in the sheer cliffs in the Akhshtyrskaya cave, an ancient human site was discovered. It is located opposite the village of Akhshtyr, 15 kilometers from Adler. The cave was formed under the action of groundwater on the right steep bank of the Mzymta. The entrance to it is located at an altitude of about 120 meters above the river. The length of the cave is about 150 meters, the width in some places reaches 9 meters, the height is 10 meters.
On the banks of the Mzymta is the village of Krasnaya Polyana - known throughout Russia ski resort in the Kuban.
Reference Information.
Name: Mzymta
Length: 89 km
Basin area: 885 km²
Pool: Black Sea
Water consumption: 45.6 m³/sec. (27 km from the mouth)
Slope: 33.5‰
Tortuosity factor: 1.4
Source: Main Caucasian Range, Mount Loyub, Mostovsky District, Krasnodar Territory
Altitude above sea level: 2980 m
Coordinates:
Latitude: 43° 34′ 20.29″N
Longitude: 40° 37′ 33.08″E
Mouth: Adler microdistrict, Sochi city, Krasnodar Territory
Altitude above sea level: 0 m
Coordinates:
Latitude: 43° 24′ 57″N
Longitude: 39° 55′ 25″E
The skittish Mzymta carries its waters in the Krasnodar Territory. The river has a difficult character, which is very popular with rafting enthusiasts. Its picturesque shores do not leave tourists indifferent, and cold waters can not only give pleasure from rafting, but also provoke man-made accidents. It is about this obstinate beauty that today's story will go.
Short description
On the territory of Russia, the Mzymta River is one of the largest water arteries flowing into the Black Sea. On average, it annually releases about 1.4 km³ into the depths of the sea. fresh water. The length of the river is more than 89 km, and the drainage basin covers 885 km².
The source of the river should be sought on the slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, at an altitude of more than 2400 m (the base of Mount Loyub). The upper reaches of the Mzymta River feed the alpine lakes Maly Kardyvach and Kardyvach. Below the lakes, a strong stream forms a waterfall, the height of which is 15 m. It is called the Emerald. Then the stream picks up speed and rushes on. The path of the middle riverbed passes through the Aibga-Achishkho ridge, creating a picturesque Greek gorge. Downstream are the gorges Akhtsu and Akhshtyr.
The Mzymta channel is weakly branched, but very winding. The banks are ledges of terraces, the depth of which is about 10 m. At the source and in the upper reaches, the valley is V-shaped. The slopes are steep up to 35°, but in some places they are much steeper - up to 50°. Along the entire channel, they are divided into deep beams and valleys. The upper part of the channel has a rocky bottom with large boulders, the middle and lower parts are characterized by a pebble-boulder and pebble bottom.
The mouth of the Mzymta River is located on the Adler Lowland. Here water artery falls into a wide valley with small slopes. In the upper reaches and middle reaches, the river is characterized by a large fluctuation in the water level, the annual amplitude can be 2.32 m. Closer to the mouth, this indicator becomes smaller. The Mzymta River in Adler usually does not rise higher than 2.23 m during the year.
Characteristics of the catchment area
Mzymta is a river of mixed recharge. In spring and summer, its waters are replenished as a result of the melting of snow and ice in the mountains. During floods, the water horizon can rise up to 5 meters. Additional nutrition comes from rainwater runoff, which can also cause floods. The duration of this period depends on the amount and intensity of precipitation over the catchment area. Floods carry a large amount of sediment.
The Mzymta basin is famous for its numerous mineral springs.
About the name
Initially, there was no name Mzymta on old maps and historical documents. The river was signed as Mdzimta, Midizimta, sometimes it was called Mizimta. The roots of these words belonged to the names of the Abaza local tribe. The Abkhazians called him "Mdzaa", and the Adygs called him "Mdavei". The toponym Mzymta appeared a little later. Its rough translation is "the valley of the honeysuckers". Some local historians translated the name as "a river born in the snow."
The well-known physicogeographer Yu. K. Efremov, in the book “The paths of the mountainous Black Sea region”, put forward a version that the name Mzymta can be translated as “mad river”. According to the author, the name came from the Circassian language. This version is promoted by most local guides, avoiding complex concepts, names and words. However, the guides, most likely, did not bother to read the book in its entirety. Further in the text, the author refutes his assumptions, explaining them by the unprofessionalism of the person who brought the first "translation".
About economic use
On the banks of the Mzymta there are several settlements and villages. The most famous of them are Krasnaya Polyana and Estosadok. The Krasnaya Polyana hydroelectric power station was built near Krasnaya Polyana. Its average annual output is over 166 million kW/h. This HPP, together with mountain transmission lines, supplies electricity to the city of Sochi.
Before October revolution on Mzymta they were engaged in breeding river trout. To date, this type of economic activity has not lost its relevance. On the banks of the river there is a solid fish farm engaged in trout breeding.
Unfortunately, human activity could not but affect ecological state rivers. In the course of the Olympic construction, uncontrolled illegal extraction of sand and gravel took place in the Mzymta channel, which partially disrupted the natural hydraulics of the flow and reduced the flow of the cone at the mouth. It will take almost 15 years for these losses to be replenished in a natural way (by the solid runoff of the river).
Man-made and natural problems
The river has thrown unpleasant surprises to people many times. In December 2009, for example, there was a major Mzymta spill that flooded one of the Olympstroy overpasses.
In November 2010, the water level, which rose as a result of rains, destroyed buildings at the mouth of the water artery and demolished construction equipment.
In 2011, either by mistake or as planned by the builders, drilling fluid was put into the river during the construction of one of the tunnels. As a result, the water artery was heavily polluted and the septic tanks overflowed. The situation repeated itself several times.
River rafting
Rafting on the Mzymta River can be interesting for people with different levels of training. Some rapids, for example in the Greek Gorge, have a 5-6th category of difficulty. They require skills and experience to pass. But this does not mean that there are no routes for family or student walks.
Simple options for rafting on the Mzymta River today are offered by many companies. They include a visit to Krasnaya Polyana in their itinerary, make a stop at the Maiden's Tears waterfall, and visit Narzan springs. Such trips end with noisy picnics and a visit to the bathhouse to relieve muscle fatigue.
As a result of the construction (for the 2014 Olympics) of a combined road and railway leading to Krasnaya Polyana, some adjustments were made to the riverbed, so that athletes and amateur tourists have to change their usual routes.
Fishing Features
Fishing on the Mzymta River is not allowed in all places. Fishermen should not approach closer than 1 km to the mouth. Before you cast fishing rods in the Sochi region, you should check with the rangers for permitted places. An easier option is to contact a travel agency that specializes in organizing fishing or hunting. For amateur fishermen in the vicinity of Sochi there are a large number of paid reservoirs where you can catch carp, crucian carp, grass carp, carp and other types of fish.
The Adler fish farm also offers paid fishing and even a tour of its territory. Here you can not only catch different types trout, but also to see all the stages of its cultivation.
River in Adler
By 2014, modern embankments of the Mzymta River were equipped. Adler greatly benefited as a result of their appearance. On the right bank, the embankment almost adjoins the center of the settlement (actually, Adler is one of the districts of Sochi). A park is laid out here, cozy alleys are equipped, benches and monuments are installed. A calm and measured promenade along the Mzymta river embankment in Adler will bring real pleasure. It is especially interesting to observe the mouth where the freshwater artery flows into the Black Sea.
From the southern wooded slopes of the Greater Caucasus, hundreds of mountain rivers rapidly carry their waters. Their valleys in the lower reaches are densely populated.
Rivers Black Sea coast differ sharply from the rivers of the Azov-Kuban lowland, they are closer in appearance to the mountain rivers of the Kuban basin, but are formed in somewhat DIFFERENT natural conditions;
Natural conditions of the Black Sea river basin. The basins of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea within the Krasnodar Territory are located on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. This slope is shorter and steeper than the northern one. Here, in front of a high watershed ridge, a series of medium-altitude ridges and low-mountain ridges stretches to the south, but unlike the northern slope, typical cuestas are absent. Plain areas here are small, scattered and broken and occupy the lower reaches of river valleys or are confined to Quaternary marine terraces.
The mountains reach the highest height in the Sochi region along its northeastern border. Here there are such mountains as Aibga with a height of 2450 m, Loyub with a height of 3000 m, South Pseashkho - 3251 m, etc. In the direction to the northwest, the mountains gradually decrease. In the Tuapse region, their peaks do not rise above 975 m (Mount Lysaya), and in the Novorossiysk region - 400 m. Further to the northwest, the foothills pass into the coastal plain of the Anapa region.
The high-mountain part of the basin is composed mainly of limestones and sandstones of the Jurassic system. Mid-high mountains - limestone and flysch of the Cretaceous and Paleogene systems.
The low mountains consist of rocks of the Paleogene system.
In the area between the cities of Novorossiysk and Tuapse, in the 1st swarm of folded ridges, flysch (layered) strata of the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene from carbonate rocks, shale marls, and thin-layered limestones take part in the base.
To the east of Tuapse, Paleogene shale clays, sandstones, and marls play the main role in the relief structure of the foothills. Sometimes they have a flysch character, i.e., a layered structure. These rocks are relatively easily eroded by water and form here low hills and ridges of rather soft, smooth outlines. In the higher mountain ranges, composed of Upper Cretaceous limestone, karst landforms develop in the form of funnels, wells, and caves. Karst caves on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus are numerous and some of them, such as Bolshaya Vorontsovskaya, are of considerable size.
The climate of the Black Sea coast is not the same in its western and eastern parts. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 mm near the city of Anapa to 3500 mm - on Mount Achishkho near Sochi.
But on most of the coast from Arkhipo-Osipovka to Adler, precipitation is from 800 to 1700 mm per year.
Precipitation of the cold period prevails. The average annual temperature on the Black Sea coast is +13, +14°C. average temperature January +3, +5, July +22, +24°. The southeastern part of the coast from Tuapse to Adler is a humid subtropics with a mild, warm and humid climate.
The soil cover in the area of the city of Anapa is expressed by chestnut soils. Further, in the southeast, in a wide strip, capturing the foothills and low mountains, humus-carbonate soils stretched to the city of Tuapse. To the north, in the mid-mountain zone, they pass into mountain forest soils. In the area from Tuapse to Adler, the low-mountain part of the coast is occupied by mountain forest soils in combination with zheltozems. And higher in the mountains, they go first in the lane. purulent-carbonate soils, then into mountain-forest soils, and finally, in the highlands, into mountain-meadow soils.
The wealth of heat, moisture, fertile soils, especially in the subtropical part of the Black Sea coast, led to the development of lush vegetation here.
The territory from Adler and almost to Tuapse in the zone from sea level to medium-altitude mountains is covered with dense wet. deciduous forests Colchis type with evergreen undergrowth. Higher into the mountains, they give way to broad-leaved oak and beech forests, then fir forests, and in the highlands - lush variegated subalpine meadows with thickets of Caucasian rhododendron.
The coastal area from Tuapse to Anapa is covered mainly with broad-leaved oak and beech forests. Separate islands along the very coast of the sea are found here between Tuapse and Gelendzhik forests of Pitsunda, Pallas and hooked pine, and between Gelendzhik and Anapa juniper woodlands with other drought-resistant shrubs.
Hydrologically, the Black Sea coast of our region is very different from the basin of the Kuban and the Azov rivers. It is divided into numerous small drainage basins. From the city of Novorossiysk to the southeastern border of the region, there are up to 80 separate rivers flowing into the sea, and only three of them - Mzymta, Shakhe and Psou have a length of more than 50 km and a catchment area of more than 400 km 2, all other rivers are much smaller major rivers over 20 km long are (counting from the southeast to the northwest) Psou, Mzymta, Sochi, Shakhe, Psezuapse, Ashe, Tuapse, Nechepsuho, Shapsuho, Dzhubga, Vulan, Pshada.
The Black Sea rivers are characterized by large slopes and often look like mountain streams, cascading down from the mountains.
In many rivers, especially in the upper reaches, the valleys have a canyon-like character. Rivers located southeast of the river. Shapsuho, are characterized by the presence of high "river terraces" in the lower reaches.
The water regime of the Black Sea rivers is peculiar. Rivers located west of the river. Nebug, are characterized by high floods from rain and melting snow during the cold part of the year and persistent low levels from May to October. (Sometimes the summer low water is interrupted by floods caused by heavy rains. Then the rivers can turn into powerful turbulent streams.
The snow cover in the basins of these rivers is unstable, and when it melts, no pronounced flood is observed;
Rivers located east of the river. Nebug, have larger drainage basins with higher elevations.
the amount of precipitation and the density of the river network here are almost twice as much.
The snow cover is also unstable. Snow is accumulating
only in parts of the basins with elevations above 1000 m. These rivers are characterized by floods, which often occur during the cold season. They are caused by prolonged autumn rains and snowmelt in winter. Floods are also observed in summer, but less frequently. Low water is not long and is also interrupted sometimes by flash floods.
At the same time, floods, due to heavy precipitation and large slopes of the terrain, are short-lived and have a sharp rise and fall in the level. Turning into turbulent streams, rivers sometimes bring destruction to settlements. Most of the Black Sea rivers are characterized by the absence of freezing.
The total mineralization of the water of these rivers ranges from 50 mg/l (the Mzymta river in the upper reaches) to 940 mg/l (the Gostagai river) and higher. But most rivers are still characterized by low and medium (not higher than 500 mg/l) mineralization.
There is a general pattern of increasing mineralization of the river waters of the Black Sea coast from the source to the mouth of these rivers, as well as in the direction from southeast to northwest along the coast.
The predominant ions by weight in river waters here are bicarbonate, calcium, and sulfate ions.
Using the classification of O. A. Alekin, the waters of all Black Sea rivers should be attributed to the hydrocarbonate class of the calcium group - the second type. The content of sulfate ions rarely exceeds 10% meq. There are few chloride ions. The hardness of river waters can range from 0.5 to 11.2 meq (Gostagai river). During the period of low water and interflood periods, water hardness is greatest. Moderately hard waters at this time distinguish rivers from the river. Psou to the river. Tuapse. The rivers lying west of the river. Tuapse, have a higher water hardness (6-9 mgeq).
Psou river
On the slopes of a high mountain range, to the west of Mount Agepsta, at an altitude of 2730 m above sea level, the river is born. Psou. Half of its drainage basin is located on wooded mountains above 1000 m. total area watershed; ; rivers 431 km 2. Having traveled 53 km, Psou flows into the Black Sea, 8 km southeast of the Adler resort. In its lower course, the river is the border between Krasnodar;; region and the Abkhaz ASSR. Shsou is a typical mountain river with fast current, clear water and a picturesque valley "noy?") For the first 28 kilometers it flows in a narrow valley with steep slopes, up to 100 m high in places. Dzykhra, flows to the sea already through a wide valley.In the lower reaches, the river has a wide pebble floodplain and is divided into branches.
The largest tributaries of the Psou are pp. Phista and Besh. Both flow into it from the left.
The river is fed in the spring due to the melting of high mountain snows, in the summer - due to showers, and in autumn and early winter it is fed by prolonged rains. Underground nutrition plays a certain role during the low water period.
The water regime of the river is flood.; The average annual discharge of Psou (near the village of Leselidze) is about 19 m 3 /s. During the year, the river brings in. The Black Sea has more than 650 million m 3 of water of medium mineralization.
The following settlements are located in the Psou valley: Aibga, Ermolovka, Nizhneshilovskoye, Veseloye.
Mzymta river
This is the largest and most abundant of the rivers of the Black Sea coast within the Krasnodar Territory. Mzymta originates on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range in the region of Mount Loyub, at an altitude of 2980 m.
Having made a path of 89 km among the mountains and collecting water from an area of 885 km 2, Mzymta flows into the Black Sea near Adler.
Translated from the Circassian, Mzymta means "mad", and it fully justifies its name, as it is a stormy mountain river, quickly and noisily carrying its foaming waters between steep rocky banks. At the very source, Mzymta looks like a mountain stream falling from a steep cascade clean and clear cold water.Two kilometers from the source, the river flows into the most picturesque high-mountain lake Kardyvach, about 0.5 km long.It is located at an altitude of 1850 m, in a deep basin and surrounded by high mountains.The nature here is beautiful: the variegated green carpets of the Alpine meadows, dark green coniferous forests on the slopes of the mountains, sparkling snowfields, the lake Kardyvach Mzymta flows out as a calm river with clear cold water and flows at first, meandering in low meadow banks) Then the river valley narrows. Mzymta, raging, breaks through a tight crevice and rapidly falls down a waterfall with a mighty rumble, scattering in cascades of spray. This waterfall, called Emerald, has a fall height of about 15 m.
poses an insurmountable obstacle even for swift trout, and it is not found above the waterfall, but below it there are quite a few.
Trout - silvery, with black and red specks, cautious and shy fish. Its meat is tender and tasty. In addition to trout, barbels, black-bellies, and chub and roach are found in the Mzymta. In autumn, the Black Sea salmon enters the river to spawn - a rather large fish, reaching up to 30 kg of weight.
The forests and meadows of the Mzymta basin are inhabited by numerous animals that find abundant food in the form of juicy herbs, fruits, berries, acorns, chestnuts and nuts. There are many Caucasian bears, wild boars, badgers, foxes, wild cats here. There are lynx, wolves, valuable fur-bearing animals - martens, hares, Altai squirrels, otters and minks. The pride of the local forests is the Caucasian red deer and wild goat - roe deer. Beautiful and agile chamois graze in subalpine meadows, mountain goats - Severtsov's tours, mountain turkeys, Caucasian black grouse live.
There are also many birds in the forests.
(Many tributaries flow into the Mzymta, the largest of them are Pslukh, Pudziko, Chvizhepse. There are a number of waterfalls on the tributaries of the Mzymta, fast mountain rivers.!
Below the confluence with the Mzymta river. The Pudziko river valley changes dramatically: the channel is divided into branches, the floodplain expands to 0.6 km, and the river slope decreases. At 46-48 km from the source, on the right bank of the Mzymta, in a picturesque valley, the working settlement of Krasnaya Polyana is located at an altitude of about 600 m above sea level. In Krasnaya Polyana there is a department of the southern department of the Caucasian State Reserve, woodworking and sawmills. Near the village, a little downstream of the Mzymta, there is a diversion hydroelectric power station with an original design with a 30-meter equalizing tower. HPP capacity is 29,000 kW.
Even further downstream, the Mzymta valley narrows again, as the river, breaking through the Aibga-Achishkho ridge here, forms the Greek gorge. Its shores are composed of dark gray Jurassic shales. Steeply falling, with a slope of 0.1, the river, compressed by rocks, has a rapid rapids. During floods in the narrowest part of the gorge, the water horizon can rise higher than usual, up to 5 meters or more.
Escaping from the Greek Gorge, the river expands its valley, and the floodplain here has a width of 100 to 500 m. However, after about 15 km, the river valley sharply narrows again. Here Mzymta cuts through the Akhtsu Katsirkha mountain ridge and forms the deepest and longest of its gorges, Akhtsu, reminiscent of the famous Darial Gorge in beauty. The width of the gorge along the bottom in some places is only 3-10 m, its slopes are composed of very hard and dense limestones of the Jurassic age. Not reaching 19 km from the sea, Mzymta crosses the Akhshtyr mountain range. The river flows through a narrow gorge called the Akhshtyr Gates. Behind this gorge begins the lower course of the river. Its valley expands again, and the river takes on a flat character. The slope of its channel drops to 0.004. For the last 6 km, the Mzymta flows along a wide flat terrace made of river sediments. The river splits into branches and winds along the floodplain. The shores here are very unstable, easily washed out during floods and need to be strengthened.
One of the attractions of the Mzymta valley are karst caves. The most famous is the Akhshtyrskaya cave, located opposite the village of Akhshtyr, 15 km from Adler. It was formed under the action of groundwater on the right steep, rocky bank of the Mzymta. The entrance to it is located at an altitude of about 120 m above the river level. The cave is about 150 m long, up to 9 m wide and up to 10 m high in some places.
During excavations in the cave, archaeologists discovered traces of human settlement 60-70 thousand years ago. Evidence of this are finds such as stone axes, arrowheads and spears, fragments of pottery, bones of animals and fish.
This cave is well known. The tourist centers and excursion bureaus of Adler, Sochi, Gagra include it in their excursion routes.
A trout farm has been built and operates 13 km from the mouth of the Mzymta, where trout is bred and supplied with this tasty fish Sochi resort.
[Feed r. Mzymtu small glaciers, firn snowfields of the Agepsta, Pseashkho, Chugusha ridges, prolonged autumn rains, summer showers. In addition, the river basin in the upper reaches is very rich in springs and springs, the nourishing value of which is especially noticeable during the low-water period.
The water regime of Mzymta is flood. At the same time, spring, summer and autumn floods are observed "The highest discharges and the highest levels usually occur in April - May. Low horizons and discharges are observed in January - February and July - August. The average annual water discharge near the village of Kepsha is about 44 m 3 / s , and the maximum is 764 m 3 / s.
During the year, the river carries over 1.4 billion m 3 of water and a large amount of solid sediment into the Black Sea.
Mineralization of the water of the river. Mzymta from small in the upper reaches (50 mg/l) to medium in the middle and lower reaches (200 mg/l).
Hydrocarbonate, calcium and sulfate ions predominate in water by weight. The river basin is rich in mineral springs. mineral water. The largest of these sources with a flow rate of over 20 thousand liters per day is similar in composition to the Kislovodsk narzan. The waters of the vicinity of the village of Krasnaya Polyana contain boron. A number of mineral springs are available in the valleys of Pslukh, Chvizhepse and others. In terms of mineralization and chemical composition, some of them are of the Borjomi and Essentuki type, others are calcium carbonate and alkaline, saturated carbon dioxide.. Unfortunately, the richness of the mineral waters of the Mzymta basin is still poorly used in balneological terms.
There are a number of settlements in the river valley: EstoSadok, Krasnaya Polyana, Chvizhepse, Monastery, Moldovka and Adler resort.
Khosta River
It is a small, shallow river that deserves a description due to the interesting features of its basin. Khosta is formed from the confluence of two small mountain rivers - Western Khosta and Eastern Khosta, originating on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus.
The length of Khosta itself is only 4.5 km, but if we consider its length together with Eastern Khosta, then their total length is about 21 km, and the fall is 933 m. The length of Western Khosta is 14 km. The Khosta flows into the Black Sea near Cape Vidny in the Khosta area.
The area of the entire drainage basin of Khosta is about 96 km2. Its relief is mountainous, but the heights of the terrain nowhere reach 1000 m, and more than 30% of the basin lies no higher than 250 m above sea level. Most of the basin is covered with forests of the Colchis type. A unique object of nature in the river basin is the Khosta yew-boxwood grove. It is located 2 km from the resort
Khosta district and 20 km from the Central district of the city of Sochi on the southeastern slope of the Big Akhun mountain and covers an area of 300 hectares. The grove is a small separate branch of the Caucasian State Reserve.
Favorable climatic conditions this corner of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus: an abundance solar heat, a significant amount of precipitation, high humidity "and mild winters - contributed to the preservation of such relic trees as yew and boxwood. In addition to them, more than 60 species of tree and shrub species grow in the grove, including beech, laurel cherry, hornbeam, butcher's broom, oak bears, roe deer, wild cats, jackals, wild boars, badgers, squirrels, martens, dormouse, otters live near the river. , finches, tits, jays, hawks, kites, etc.
Can be found here occasionally. poisonous snake viper, more often harmless snake, snake and spindle.
For a small part of its length, the Khosta flows in a steep-walled valley overgrown with forest. She is very picturesque. One of the most beautiful places The valley is the area of the White Rocks on the territory of the yew-boxwood grove. Coming out of the twilight of the grove to the observation deck over the cliff, you will see a lovely panorama of the river valley immersed in the greenery of forests. Hosts. In the north, jagged spurs of the Greater Caucasus looming in a misty haze. On the opposite bank of the river, a hundred-meter cliff of light-gray limestones whitens, and at the foot of the cliff, the impetuous Khosta roars dully.
D The river is fed mainly by precipitation, partly groundwater. The water regime of Khosta is flood, like all Black Sea rivers. During prolonged or heavy rains, as well as during intense snowmelt on the slopes of the surrounding mountains, the river, usually shallow in low water, turns into a high-water raging stream.
The average annual water flow near the village of Khosta is 5 m 3 /s. The maximum flow reaches 436 m 3 /s, and the minimum drops to 0.98 m 3 /s.
"The mineralization of the water in the river is average. Khosta does not abound with fish, but fast trout, barbel, chub, blackbell are found here. Such valuable fish as salmon enter the river from the sea during the spawning period.
Sochi river
Sochi's watercourses are located on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range near Mount Chura at an altitude of 18-3 m. The river flows into the Black Sea in the central part of Sochi) near the Caucasian Riviera sanatorium. / The length of the river is 45 km. Sochi collects water from an area of 296 km 2 / Almost half of the basin lies at an altitude of more than 1000 m. Most of the basin is covered with forests of the Colchis type. In the first ten kilometers of its course, the river falls steeply from the mountains, with a channel slope of 0.13, and flows rapidly in a narrow valley with steep, high rocky banks. Below the confluence of its tributary Ats into Sochi, the river valley expands noticeably, and below the confluence of the river. Azhek pebble islands appear in the channel.
Approximately 28 km from the source of the river. Sochi breaks out of the mountain valley into the foothills. The slopes of the channel here are already much less - 0.008-0.005, so the river flows more calmly along the pebbly channel and has formed a wide floodplain.
On the river Sochi and its right tributary Orekhovka has beautiful waterfalls. At the very mouth of the river Orekhovka, its channel breaks off abruptly, and the stream of water falls almost vertically from. 35 meters high, uplifting cascades of spray. The waterfall looks especially impressive during floods.
In the lower reaches, the river flows through central District the city of Sochi. Here, its banks are clad in concrete; a beautiful embankment stretches on both sides. Bridges are thrown over the river.
(The Sochi River is fed by melting snow, rainfall and groundwater. Its water regime is flood. The spring flood period is 40-50 days. The winter flood is clearly expressed, resulting from the melting of unstable snow cover in pool. Often spills from rains occur in summer. Horizons of water and costs of the river. Sochi fluctuate significantly throughout the year. Thus, water discharges in the lower reaches can vary from 2.3 to 587 m 3 /s. The average annual flow of the river here is 17 m 3 /s. During the year it carries out to the Black Sea about 600 million m 3 of water and a significant amount of sediment.
Mineralization of the water of the river. Sochi does not exceed the average (100-250 mg / l), the water is soft. The predominant ions (by weight) are calcium bicarbonate and sulfate.
River valley Sochi in the middle and lower reaches is densely populated; here, in addition to the world-famous resort city of Sochi, there are also settlements Azhek,
Plastunka, Navaginskoe. River valley Sochi is one of the objects of tourist trips. Here you can admire the waterfalls on the river. Sochi and Orekhovka, visit a karst cave on the left bank of the river. Ats. This cave named after N.I. Sokolov is located about 1.5 km from the confluence of this river with the river. Sochi. The cave is very interesting, it has an underground river with waterfalls.
Traveling through the river valley Sochi, you can also get acquainted with the rich flora and fauna of this fertile corner of our Motherland.
Shahe river
River is born. Shahe near Mount Chura at an altitude of 1718 m above sea level in the zone of alpine meadows. This is the second longest and most abundant river of the Black Sea coast within our region.
Flowing through the Lazarevsky district of the city of Sochi, it collects water from a basin with an area of 562 km 2 and flows into the Black Sea near the village of Golovinka, having traveled 60 km. Almost the entire river basin is mountainous and covered with forest, while almost two-thirds of it lies above 1000 m. In its upper reaches, the Shakhe has a very steep slope for 14 km - from 0.14 to 0.04 narrow steep rocky valley. Here, many small mountain streams flow into it. In the middle reaches of the Shakhe, on the segment from the mouth of its tributary, the Boyuk, to the confluence of the river. Tukh, the slopes are already smaller - from 0.03 to 0.01, and it flows more calmly in an extended valley, which has a pebble floodplain with a width of up to 0.6 km in places. In the lower reaches, the river valley expands even more.
A number of tributaries flow into Shah, the largest of them are Bzych (left) 25 km long, Kichmay (right) 12 km long and Azhu 11 km long.
They feed r. Shahe precipitation in the form of rain and snow and groundwater. Springs and groundwater give a certain stability to the flow of the river during low periods. Shahe does not reach the boundaries of eternal snow.
"The water regime of the Shakhe River is flood, unstable. Floods are caused by prolonged or heavy rains and melting of seasonal snow in the highland zone of the basin. The latter is observed in November - December and from March to June.
High flood peaks are almost possible SCH. ,.joe. season, except for January and February, when the snow cover is the most stable. In the floods of the river Shahe rises violently and rushes in a formidable powerful stream. At the same time, water discharges can vary at Solokhaul from 6.5 m 3 / s (during low water) to 421 m 3 / s (during high water). The average annual discharge of the river here is about 28 m 3 /s. The river carries almost 1 billion m 3 of water and hundreds of thousands of tons of sediment into the Black Sea per year. The general mineralization of the water of the river. Shahe low to medium: 100-250 mg/l. The water is soft, it is dominated (by weight) by hydrocarbonate, calcium and sulfate ions. On the river Shah settlements are located: Babukaul.Shzych, Big Kichmay, Golovinka, Solokhaul.
Tuapse river
[The origins of the river. Tuapse is located on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range at an altitude of 350 m above sea level, 2.5 km southeast of the Goyth Pass. The length of the river is 35 km. It flows in the lower reaches through the city of Tuapse and flows here into the Black Sea. The drainage basin of the river with an area of 352 km 2 is located in a zone of low mountains covered mainly with deciduous forests consisting of oak, hornbeam, beech, alder, ash, and maple. Among these: forests are often found wild fruit trees - pears, apples, cherries, Walnut, chestnuts, etc. I shrubs such as wild rose, buckthorn hawthorn, barberry, laurel cherry grow in the undergrowth. Wild pigs, deer, roe deer, bears, wolves, jackals, foxes, hares, badgers, squirrels, martens, raccoon dogs live in the forests of the river basin, mink along the river banks.
The river valley is rather narrow and steep-walled; in the upper reaches, below, especially in the pre-estuary part, it is strongly smoothed and widened, acquiring a significant pebble floodplain.
The river is fed by atmospheric fires. v. part of the groundwater. Its water regime is flood. The river is shallow, it dries up very much in summer. During the year, the river carries 0.5 billion m 3 of water and more than 0.2 million suspended solids into the Black Sea.The water of the Tuapse River is of medium schneralization, 200-350 mg/l, soft.
(The predominant dissolved components , are bicarbonate, calcium and sulphate ions (N..
rivers * are located settlements: Turkey, Krivenkovckos and the industrial port city of Tuapse. A city of glorious revolutionary, military and labor traditions.
Pshada river
This small mountain river originates on the slopes of the Greater Caucasus near Mount Pshada at an altitude of 448 m above the sea. The length of the river is 35 km. In terms of basin area, equal to 358 km 2, Pshada ranks fourth among the Chernomorsk rivers of the Krasnodar Territory. In its upper reaches, the Pshada is a real mountain river flowing in a gloomy, wild gorge with steep rocky slopes covered with a gloomy forest. The gorge is winding and narrow. The riverbed here is replete with boulders, stone “va. [by us], cluttered with windbreak. There are numerous waterfalls. Total on the river. Do you have Pshade and its tributaries? over a dozen waterfalls. The most picturesque and highest is the Bolshoy Pshadsky (or Olyapkin) waterfall. From a stone ledge 20 m wide, water ") falls in sparkling streams from a height of 9 meters into a rather vast! reservoir. During the low water period, the Pshada river is shallow and the waterfall has a very peaceful appearance. However, in floods after heavy rains, it presents an impressive spectacle when , i, a with a frantic roar collapses down in the foam and splashes the yellow wall of water.
In the middle reaches, the Pshada valley expands and becomes flatter. In the lower reaches, the valley becomes even more flattened, but the slope of the channel remains relatively greater! -0.01.
The Tsshada flows into the Black Sea almost in the middle between Areshpo-Osipovka and Dzhankhot.
The river is fed mainly by precipitation and partly by groundwater. Its water regime is characterized by very high sharp rises in the water level during floods and a rapid decline. This indicates a close relationship between floods and surface runoff of precipitation. Floods on Pshad are observed in all seasons of the year, but are most frequent from November to March. The average annual discharge is 0.65 m 3 /s (near the village of Beregovoe).
Water in the river of medium mineralization - no more than 500 mg / l. The predominant ions in water are bicarbonate, calcium and sulfate.
In the Pshada valley there are settlements: Pshada, Beregovoye, etc. In the area of the village of Pshada, you can see ancient burials - dolmens.
The Mzymta River is at least 50 km of the channel, banks and slopes torn apart by violent pre-Olympic construction: new roads and railways to Krasnaya Polyana, Olympic buildings. The hydrological regime of the river, already complex, has been disturbed in a significant part of the catchment area.
The new road "Adler - Alpika-Service" - the combined road and railroad Adler - Krasnaya Polyana, in fact, along the Mzymta River is absolutely dead-end, like the old Sochi-Krasnaya Polyana road, which runs a little further, higher from the Mzymta River.
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A whole complex of artificial structures was built in the riverbed: 12 tunnels and several dozen bridges and overpasses.
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Mzymta is a river in the Krasnodar Territory. The length of the river is 89 km, the area of its drainage basin is 885 km². The longest river in Russia flowing directly into the Black Sea.
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From the Circassian languages "Mzymta" can be translated as "mad" or "having no brakes."
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It originates on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range at an altitude of 2980 m, in the upper reaches it flows from the alpine lakes Maly Kardyvach and Kardyvach, lower on the river - Emerald waterfalls. In the middle course, it breaks through the Aibga-Achishkho ridge, forming the Greek Gorge, below it passes through the Akhtsu Gorge, the Akhshtyr Gorge.
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The river almost throughout its entire length has a stormy mountainous character; during the snowmelt season in the gorges, the water horizon sometimes rises to 5 meters. It flows into the Black Sea at Adler, forming an extensive alluvial cone. The largest tributaries are Pslukh, Pudziko (Achipse), Chvizhepse, Laura, Tikha.
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There are numerous mineral springs in the Mzymta basin. In the middle course in sheer cliffs on the right bank of the river in the Akhshtyrskaya cave is the site of an ancient man.
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The village of Krasnaya Polyana, the villages of Estosadok, Kazachiy Brod and others are located on the river. Near the village of Krasnaya Polyana, the Krasnaya Polyana hydroelectric power station stands on the river.
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Interestingly, during high water, how in Krymsk this canal assigned to the river will be able to let through all the water?
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According to a number of environmental and other public organizations, during the construction the river was seriously polluted, vegetation was massively destroyed on the surrounding slopes.
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The river bed, squeezed into concrete, is practically invisible from the window of the train.
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The fact of significant pollution of the river was recognized by the Minister of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation Yu. Trutnev. It was noted that the construction does not take into account the turbulent nature of the river, as well as landslide and karst phenomena common in the Mzymta valley.
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Ecologists drew attention to the work carried out without permits, as well as to the illegal removal of pebbles from the river bed by builders.
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It was also mentioned that a number of hotels and guest houses built to receive vacationers in the upper reaches of the Mzymta drain wastewater into the river without treatment that flow to the resort town of Adler. River in Adler.
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