Nature and animals of Mordovia. Presentation on the topic "The flora of the forests of Mordovia

The Republic of Mordovia is located almost in the very center of the European part of Russia, on the southwestern periphery of the Volga basin, between the Moksha and Sura rivers. It neighbors: Penza, Ryazan, Ulyanovsk and Nizhny Novgorod regions, as well as Chuvashia. The wealth of Mordovian nature is explained by the diversity of its landscapes.

A considerable part of the republic is occupied by the forest-steppe, turning in the west into forest zone. Soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils are combined in the soil cover. Chernozems occur in places. Dominant vegetation - pine forests, with admixtures of spruce forests, oak forests and meadow steppes.

Flora of Mordovia

Due to the peculiarities of the Mordovian climate, coniferous, coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests, shrub and meadow steppes are bizarrely combined here, plant communities in floodplain meadows and swamps. Most often here you can find such forest-forming species as spruce, pine, pedunculate oak, downy and warty birch, black poplar, smooth elm, sticky alder. On sandy soils, pine forests are most common. Mountain ash, honeysuckle, euonymus and hazel grow in the undergrowth, sedge, reed grass, gout, hoof, wintergreen and oak bluegrass predominate among the herbs. Broad-leaved forests are predominantly found on gray forest soils and podzolized chernozems. Basically, these are oak forests. The first tier almost entirely belongs to oak and ash, the second is occupied by maple, linden and elm. The undergrowth is formed by euonymus, honeysuckle, wild rose and buckthorn.

In the grass cover you can find butterflies anemone, common gout, fragrant bedstraw, hairy sedge. Moist oak, ash, and linden forests grow in the beams. In the grass, frequent guests are nettle nettle, forest cleaner, etc.

The high banks of the rivers are covered with upland oak, maple, elm and linden forests. Shrub and meadow steppes of Mordovia today for the most part plowed up and are less common than before. So, in the basin of the Levzhi River you can find low almonds, steppe cherries, wild roses, Russian broom. The herbaceous cover is formed by species characteristic of meadow steppes: pinnate feather grass, narrow-leaved bluegrass, bedstraw, sage, mountain clover.

Meadows are characterized by a cover of mosses. Reeds, cattail, reeds, as well as horsetail and sedge predominate in the swamps. Shrub swamps are formed by thickets of willow. In coastal areas, thickets of horsetail and various kinds sedges. There is often a white water lily and a yellow water lily. Among the underwater and floating plants are pondweed, elodea, hornwort, duckweed and watercress.

Fauna of Mordovia

The diversity of the fauna of Mordovia is explained by its unique geographical position. About forty species of various fish live in the reservoirs of Mordovia. Here you can meet really rare and endangered species listed in the Red Book. For example, the Caspian lamprey, sturgeon and sterlet, common sculpin and quicksand. The carp family is especially widely represented. Its typical representatives are: roach, dace, common and silver carp, bream, bleak. Often there are loaches, perches, pike perches, ruffs. Tailed amphibians are represented by common and crested newts. Of the tailless amphibians, the green toad and the moored frog are often found. From rare species listed in the Red Book - common frog, gray toad and red-bellied toad.

Reptiles are represented by the quick and viviparous lizard, spindle and viper. Quite rarely come across a copper snake and bog turtle. In the forests, the most numerous order of birds are passerines: finches, jays, warblers, flycatchers, robins, thrushes, nightingales, tits. Less often you can meet in the forest a motley woodpecker, hazel grouse, capercaillie.

Of the birds of prey in Mordovia, kites, honey beetles, goshawks, buzzards, long-eared owls, and the tawny owl live. Very rarely you can see an eagle owl, golden eagle, owl, black stork, splyushka in the forest. All of them are included in the Red Book. Lapwings, corncrakes, wagtails, buntings, curlews nest in the meadows. Predators, such as the meadow harrier or short-eared owls, also hunt here. Floodplain meadows in spring become a haven for migratory geese, gulls, waders and ducks. Typical inhabitants of the vast Mordovian fields are field larks, quails, partridges. Migratory geese and common cranes also stop here to rest in spring. Doves, sparrows, rooks, jackdaws, swifts, swallows, tits, starlings, wagtails settle near human habitation.

In large tracts of coniferous and coniferous-broad-leaved Mordovian forests live brown bears, roe deer, wild boars, spotted deer, foxes, wolves, badgers, squirrels, hares, lynxes, pine martens, minks, polecats, dormouse, moles, weasels, voles, wood grouses, hazel grouses, black grouses, common cranes, woodpeckers, thrushes, nightingales, crossbills, tits, vipers, snakes, lizards. AT deciduous forests, meadows and meadow steppes are found hares, field mice, gray partridges, marmots and ground squirrels, jerboas, mole rats, hamsters, larks, buntings, occasionally there is a steppe harrier.

Beavers, muskrats, raccoon dogs, otters and desmans, terns, mallards, kites, snipes, lake frogs, and newts are found near water bodies.

Climate in Mordovia

Mordovia is located in a sector with a temperate continental climate, so the change of seasons is especially pronounced here. The Mordovian climate is characterized by cold frosty winters and moderately hot summers.

The cold period of time comes after November 4-6. Winter is usually cloudy with slight frosts. The coldest month is January, when the average monthly temperature ranges from -11.1 to -11.6 degrees Celsius.

The arrival of spring in Mordovia is the end of March - the beginning of April. The first harbingers of it are the arriving rooks. Later, larks and starlings appear. Bird cherry begins to bloom in the middle, and lilac - at the end of May. The spring period ends in the last days of May, its duration is approximately 58 days.

Summer in Mordovia lasts from 91 to 96 days and ends with last days August.

The autumn period of the year begins from the first days of September and is marked by poplar leaf fall. Precipitation is mixed. Autumn in Mordovia continues until the first decade of November.

The Republic of Mordovia- subject Russian Federation, is part of the Volga Federal District.

Square— 26.2 thousand sq. km.
The length from west to east is about 280 km, from north to south - from 55 to 140 km.

Population- 826.6 thousand people (data from the city)
Population density - 31.6 people. per 1 sq. km.

Capital city ​​of Saransk.

Geographical position.
The republic is located on the eastern part of the East European Plain. Its western part is located on the Oka-Don Plain, the central and eastern parts - on the Volga Upland. The highest point of the republic - 324 m.

Borders:
In the north - with the Nizhny Novgorod region;
in the northeast - with Chuvashia;
in the east - with the Ulyanovsk region;
in the south - with the Penza region;
in the west - with the Ryazan region.

Climate.
The climate is temperate continental, with a pronounced seasonality (seasons). Average annual temperature air 3-4 °C. average temperature January: -11.5 -12.3 °С.
Average July temperature: +18.9 +19.8 °С. The average annual precipitation is 480 mm. Most of the precipitation (up to 70%) falls as rain.

Water resources.
On the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, there are about 1525 rivers, streams, streams and other small drains with a total length of 9250 km. More than half of them are small, with a small and very small extent. The main rivers are Sura, Alatyr, Insar, Pyana, Moksha, Sivin, Issa, Vad, Partsa, Vysha.

There are hundreds of lakes. The largest lake is located in the valley of the river Sura - Inerka. It is about 3 km long, 100-150 m wide, and up to 11 m deep.

Bogs and wetlands are located mainly in the floodplains of rivers, they are found in low places of gullies and ravines, especially in their upper reaches. The main areas occupied by swamps are located in the valleys of the Sura, Alatyr, Moksha, Vada, Insara rivers.

Rivers freeze in late November - early December. The ice stays for 4-5 months, its thickness reaches 85 cm, and in severe winters the rivers freeze up to 115 cm.

Vegetable world.
The vegetation cover of the republic at present is an alternation of forests with arable land and small areas of steppe meadows or meadow steppes. Forests occupy an area of ​​744.3 thousand hectares, which is 27% of the territory. Forests in Mordovia are mixed with a predominance of small-leaved species: birch, alder, linden. Significant areas of hardwoods: oak, ash, maple. A quarter of the forests are coniferous, consisting mainly of pine and spruce. Especially a lot coniferous forests in the largest forest area in the west of the republic, in the Mordovian State Reserve.

Animal world.
The fauna of Mordovia is very diverse, due to the proximity of forests and steppes, and the forbidden hunting zone of Mordovia state reserve serves as a nursery for many animals. The fauna of the reserve includes 51 species of mammals, 175 species of birds, 29 species of fish, 1117 species of insects.

Many valuable fur animals live on the territory of the republic: martens, badgers, squirrels, hares, weasels. Of the large predators, the wolf and the fox are ubiquitous, in remote places there are bear and lynx. Per last years the number of elk has increased greatly. Of the rodents, squirrels, hare are common, there are many ground squirrels, jerboas, and shrews in the fields. Beavers live in the water, there are many muskrats, desmans, and otters.

The bird fauna is represented by a large number of songbirds, many pigeons, capercaillie and black grouse have been preserved in remote places.

Among the fish species are bream, ide, chub, pike, burbot, catfish, there are many carp in floodplain lakes.

Minerals.
On the territory of the Republic, 266 deposits and manifestations of solid minerals and 759 peat deposits and manifestations have been recorded. Deposits of common minerals predominate, in the majority - building materials: sands, clays, loams, carbonate and siliceous rocks.

Mineral water.
Mined on the territory of the republic mineral water, intended for the treatment of the digestive system (sections Saransky, Kovylkinsky and Yasnopolyansky) and

mineral medicinal waters belonging to the balneological group of bromine chloride-sodium waters, which are used in balneotherapy in the form of baths, therapeutic showers and pools for the treatment of a wide range of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, musculoskeletal systems and chronic gynecological diseases (Saransky and Yasnopolyansky sites).

Attractions.

Church of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God.
It is located in the Temnikovsky district, in the village of Urey-3, which was part of the possession of the baptized Tatar princely family of the Divletkeldievs. The stone Tikhvin temple with the Sergiev-Radonezh chapel was built in 1765. This is one of the few Baroque buildings left on the territory of Mordovia. In 1784, at the stone church, a second, wooden Nikolskaya church was built, with side chapels in the name of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious and the Great Martyr Paraskeva. AT Soviet time the wooden church perished, but the stone church survived, but lost its bell tower. The temple is a monument of history and architecture of federal significance in accordance with Decree No. 176 of February 20, 1995.

Mordovian State nature reserve them. P. G. Smidovich.
The reserve was created on March 5, 1936 by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha River (left tributary of the Oka), on the territory of the Temnikovsky district. The area is 32,148 hectares. The main tasks of the reserve at the time of its creation were the preservation and restoration of the forest massif of the southern spur of the taiga zone, the conservation and enrichment of the animal world through the reacclimatization and acclimatization of the most valuable species, the study of harmful entomofauna and the search for rational methods fight with her.

PURPOSE OF THE LESSON: to continue to form students' knowledge of the biogeocenoses of Mordovia, to acquaint students with the biogeocenosis of the forest, its flora and fauna; foster a sense of respect for representatives of flora and fauna.

EQUIPMENT: tables, task cards, a poster with a statement about the forest, a movie.

EPICGRAPH OF THE LESSON: “The forest is not only a hostel for woody plants, it is a hostel of a wider order: in it not only plants are adapted to each other, but also animals to plants and plants to animals.” G. F. Morozov.

LESSON PLAN:

1. Checking homework.
2. Flora of the forest.
3. Types of forests of Mordovia.
4. Wildlife of the forest, rare plants and animals of the forest.
5. Lesson results.
6. Homework.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Checking students' knowledge.

A) frontal survey.

• What is biogeocenosis?
• Who proposed the term "biogeocenosis"?
• How is biogeocenosis different from an ecosystem?
• What types of biogeocenoses exist on the territory of Mordovia?
• What are the components of biogeocenosis?
• What are producers, consumers, decomposers?
• What is a food chain?
• What groups are water plants divided into?
• What is a swamp and what types of swamps are found in our republic?
• What types of meadows are there in Mordovia?

C) Individual tasks: card work.

Card #1

Draw a diagram of a food chain characteristic of swamps. Its components are: frog, dragonfly, water detritus (organic matter), mosquito, snake. Indicate which components of this circuit can most often be included in other power circuits.

Answer: detritus - mosquito - dragonfly - frog - already. Most often, detritus and mosquitoes are included in other swamp chains.

Card #2

Knowing the ten percent rule, calculate how much grass is needed to grow one eagle weighing 5 kg (food chain: grass - hare - eagle) and build a biomass pyramid.

II. Formation of new knowledge.

In today's lesson, we will get acquainted with a new type of biogeocenosis that exists on the territory of our republic. And with what, you yourself tell me after I read R. Rozhdestvensky's poem:

Here, in the thickets of the forest,
Where everything is sweet for the heart,
Where clean air
So sweet to breathe
Available in herbs and flowers
healing power,
For everyone who can
unravel their secret.

So, the topic of today's lesson (declaration of the topic and purpose of the lesson).

Yes, guys, nature has created a magnificent country for us - the forest. The forest meets us with a sea of ​​sounds and smells, hundreds of mysteries and mysteries. You need to be able to walk through the forest in order not only to notice the beauty around, but also to penetrate its secrets. One who walks slowly, silently sees and hears a lot in the forest.

All plants of the forest community, and there are many of them, get along well without interfering with each other. This happens, firstly, because they occupy different tiers above the ground and in the soil. In different plant communities, the number of layers is different.

Think why in deciduous forest five tiers or more can be distinguished, and in spruce - only two. (demonstration of the presentation scheme)

Trees, shrubs, grasses make up, as it were, the "floors" of the forest - its tiers. The upper, first tier, form tall trees- pedunculate oak, heart-shaped linden, warty birch, smooth elm. Of particular value is the oak - a powerful, strong, majestic tree. It lives from 400 to 1000 years, reaches a height of 40m. The roots of this tree are powerful, they penetrate deep into the ground, so the oak stands firmly on the ground.

The birch reaches a height of 20-30 m, it is very decorative due to the branched openwork crown and the white bark of the trunk. This is the only tree that has a white trunk (the birch bark cells contain a special substance - betulin). If you lean against a birch, white spots will appear on your clothes, like chalk.

In the second tier there are trees of the second size - mountain ash, bird cherry, goat willow, wild apple.

The third tier of the forest consists of shrubs that form an undergrowth - common hazel, forest honeysuckle, brittle buckthorn, European spindle tree.

The fourth tier of the forest consists of tall grasses - forest chistets, spreading forest, wrestlers.

The fifth tier of the forest is represented by lower grasses - common goutweed, hairy sedge, perennial sedge, etc.

The sixth tier - mosses, mushrooms, lichens.

The tiered arrangement of plants is associated with unequal illumination. The amount of light decreases from tier to tier. The trees of the first tier receive a lot of light and very little - mosses and lichens. Shrubs do not grow in a spruce forest - the branches of fir trees retain a lot of light, it is always gloomy in such a forest.

Roots from forest plants are also arranged in tiers. This allows you to absorb water, minerals from different layers of the earth.

Second fixture forest plants to cohabitation - development at different times. In the spring in the forest, one can observe the flowering of some plant species and only the very beginning of the development of others. At the end of summer, on the contrary, the first species are already unnoticed: their leaves and stems have dried up, the seeds have crumbled. And the second enter the time of lush flowering. Linden blossoms later than all the trees in our forests.

Light-loving plant - snowdrops. They develop in the spring due to the supply of nutrients and bloom when the leafless branches of trees and shrubs freely pass the sun's rays to them.

Trees whose crowns are located above all other plants of the forest are pollinated by winds. And most shrubs have adapted to pollination by insects, since there is almost no wind under the forest canopy. But there are exceptions - hazel. It blooms when tall trees are not yet covered with foliage and the wind freely carries pollen.

An adaptation to life under trees with a lack of light is the color of the petals of herbaceous plants. In the dark coniferous forest prevails white coloring corollas, clearly visible to pollinating insects. And a plant that blooms before the leaves of trees and shrubs bloom or grows in forest glades and edges have flowers with brightly colored petals.

Interspecies relations in any community depend on the availability of food and its consumers. Food connections are the basis of the biogenic cycle in the forest ecosystem. They unite individual species of animals and plants in a community, and the more diverse the species composition of an ecosystem, the more complex the food chain.

Complex food chains also arise in other groups of animals. So insects serve as food for insectivorous birds, and birds of prey feed on them.

Animals cannot live without plants and ultimately exist at the expense of autotrophs. But the plants of the forest are also closely related to animals, as the well-known arborist G.F. Morozov said: plants and plants to animals." (Presentation demonstration)

III. Types of forests in Mordovia.

The forests of the republic are represented by the following main types (student presentations by types of forests):

Pine forests occupy 29.7% of the area of ​​all forests and are represented mainly by Scots pine. These are lichen pine forests, lingonberry-heather, bilberry-lingonberry, green moss pine forests, long mosses, sphagnum pine forests, the names of which are given by the dominance in the undergrowth and grass cover of the corresponding plant species. Soils pine forests poor in organic matter, due to the lack of massive leaf fall. Yes, and gradually falling needles do not create soil humus and even inhibit the germination of seeds of forest plants. Therefore, such forests are poorly represented by shrubs, and mosses and lichens are found among herbaceous plants. We also have complex (or mixed) pine forests, where oak, linden, birch grow in the tree layer, along with pine, and mountain ash, buckthorn, euonymus, hazel and others grow in the undergrowth. Due to the regular leaf fall of deciduous species, the soils here are rich in humus, therefore, such forests are rich in herbaceous vegetation (lily of the valley, lungwort, strawberry).

spruce forestsin the republic is not much, about 0.5%, and they are confined to the northwestern part (Temnikovsky, Tengushevsky districts). It is there that the southern border of the range of Norway spruce passes. Spruce forests, like pine forests, are classified into groups according to their predominance in the undergrowth. The greatest economic importance are spruce forests-green mosses, bilberry-lingonberry. We have compound spruce forests (oak and linden-oak forests), brook and lowland spruce forests.

Broad-leaved forests (oak forests) used to occupy vast territories in our republic, but now they are preserved in the form of small massifs on fertile soils in the central and eastern parts of the republic (about 17.5% of the forest area).

The main forest-forming species is the pedunculate oak, usually accompanied by Norway maple, small-leaved linden, common ash and other forest species.

Herbage is plentiful in such forests due to the very nutrient-rich soil and is represented by May lily of the valley, lungwort, species of kupena, common gout. According to the dominance of species in the undergrowth, oak forests are distinguished maple-sedge-grass, maple-linden-swallow, maple-linden-forb and floodplain oak forests growing near rivers on floodplain loams with excessive moisture. Floodplain oak forests form mixed communities with alder, elm, in the grass cover there is dioica nettle, meadowsweet and others. Oak forests are the most valuable, species-rich forests of our republic, and it is a pity that their area continues to decrease, and the oak of seed origin is replaced by coppice with lower quality wood.

Birch and aspen forests (small-leaved) are derived or secondary types and occupy 51% of the forest area in Mordovia. Birch forests appear, as a rule, in the place of pine forests, although sometimes primary birch forests are found in floodplains. In our forests, there are mainly three types of birch: warty, fluffy and drooping, but the name white birch has become stronger among the people because of the color of the bark.

Aspen forests form derived types that have replaced spruce forests and oak forests. Aspen (trembling poplar), as a breed that is more demanding on soil and moisture, occupies more fertile soil. One of the characteristic features of the aspen is its very mobile leaves, which come into motion even from a weak breeze. This is due to the fact that the leaf blades are attached to the end of a long, thin petiole, which is flat, strongly flattened laterally. Thanks to this shape, the petiole bends especially easily to the right and to the left, which is why aspen leaf blades are so mobile, and one gets the impression of their trembling. Aspen does not live long, its trunk often has rot inside at an early age, almost all mature trees are rotten in the middle. For this reason, they break easily in strong winds. Aspen is of little use for firewood, as it gives little heat; it is used mainly for matches and various crafts. Its wood is of little value, therefore the aspen is called the weed of the forests.

IV. Fauna of the forests of Mordovia,

The fauna of the forests of Mordovia is diverse. Most of the species of insects recorded in our republic are found here, you can find many hymenoptera, butterflies, beetles. Some of the nicknames are listed in the Red Books - these are mnemosyne butterflies, swallowtail, many types of bumblebees.

The forest litter is also rich in species of invertebrates; a huge number of microorganisms develop here.

Among the amphibians in the forests live: moor and grass frog, spadefoot, green and gray toad, listed in the lists of rare and endangered species.

All six species of reptiles are found in the forests. On the outskirts there is a nimble lizard, along the edges - a viviparous lizard, in humid forests it is already ordinary, there are copperheads, brittle spindles.

The birds of the forests of Mordovia are also represented by a great variety. In the forest you can meet the small and motley woodpecker, nuthatch, wryneck, siskin, carduelis, hazel grouse, black grouse and many other birds. Some species are listed in the Red Books.

Mammals of forest biogeocenoses are divided into several ecological groups:

Wood-climbing. They spend most of their lives in trees, getting food there, arranging nests for reproduction and rest, and fleeing from squirrels and martens.

Mammals leading a semi-arboreal, semi-terrestrial lifestyle - forest dormouse, hazel.

Species leading a terrestrial lifestyle. These are elk, sika deer, roe deer, forest polecat, many species of mouse-like rodents.

Underground mammals are also found in the forest - various types of shrews, moles. Many species of forest animals are of commercial importance.

Conclusion: From the above, we can conclude that animal world Mordovia is diverse, but many of them have become rare and therefore are listed in the Red Book.

v. rare plants forests of Mordovia.

To preserve the beauty of our native land,
To save plants and flowers,
All endangered species
They are now listed in the Red Book.
There is sleep-grass and lungwort,
Beautiful water lily, adonis,
Lady's slipper and lily of the valley,
Spring is a wonderful herald-primrose.
The Red Book is a book of anxiety.
Know that all the plants in it are touchy.
You don't need to tear them, friends! Protect them always!

(demonstration of the presentation of rare plants with teacher's comments)

Lily Saranka. It grows in small groups in sparse upland oak forests, broad-leaved forests and birch groves, preferring soils rich in humus. Blooms in late June - July. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Iris is leafless. Grows in light forests, preferring chernozems or dark gray soils. Blooms in May - June. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Love is green-flowered. Grows in moderately humid, broad-leaved, small-leaved, mixed forests, upland oak forests. Seeds germinate only in the presence of fungi within 2-4 years; seedlings lead an underground lifestyle. For 3-5 years, the first leaves appear, and the plant blooms for 9-11 years, usually in June - July. The plant lives on average 20-27 years, propagating mainly by seeds. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Anemone forest. It grows on rich chernozem and dark gray soils, along the edges of steppe upland oak forests. Blooms in May - June. Plants grown from seeds bloom in 5-8 years. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Pulsatilla opened Perennial. Grows in dry sparse pine forests on poor sandy soils and steppe chernozem slopes. Blooms in April - May. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

Spring Adonis. Light-loving plant growing on steppe slopes, thickets of shrubs and edges of steppe oak forests. Blooms in late April - early May. Flowering and fruiting occurs when reaching 15-20 years of age. It is found in many regions of the republic, including Ruzaevsky.

The lady's slipper is real. Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, on the outskirts of swamps, as well as in upland oak forests and birch forests. It blooms at 15-21 years of age, in late May - early June. The most numerous populations are in the Simkinsky natural park of the Bolynebereznikovsky district. Listed in the international Red Book.

Lady's slipper speckled. Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, slopes of forested ravines and river valleys on wet soils. Blooms in late May - early June. It was first discovered in the 80s of the XX century in the vicinity of the biological station of the Mordovian University in the Bolshebereznikovsky district.

Russian hazel grouse. Bulbous ephemeroid. Grows in sparse broad-leaved forests, forest clearings, forest edges, in well-warmed places with relatively abundant moisture and rich soil. Blossoms for 4 years of life in the second half of May. It occurs in the Lyambirsky district and in the vicinity of the city of Saransk.

Siberian scilla. Grows in deciduous forests. Ephemeroid. Blooms at the end of April. A significant population is located in the vicinity of the village of Samaevka, Kovylkinsky district.

VI. Rare animals of the forests of Mordovia.

Take care of these waters, these lands,
Even a small bylinochku loving.
Take care of all the animals inside nature,
Kill only the beasts within you.

(Demonstration of the presentation of rare animals with teacher's comments)

• Swallowtail (insect class)
• Mnemosyne (insect class)
• Grass frog (class amphibians)
• Copperhead ordinary (class reptiles)
• Black stork (bird class)
• Golden eagle (bird class)
• Owl (bird class)
• Small Vespers (mammals class)
• Red deer (mammalian class)
• European bison (mammalian class)

VII. Lesson results.

So, guys, in today's lesson we got acquainted with the biogeocenosis of the forest, its flora and fauna. We learned that many plants and animals have become rare through the fault of man and therefore are listed in the red books.

Everything in our polysyllabic measure is interconnected, nature is fragile and vulnerable, and the consequences of a rude and thoughtless attitude towards the animal and plant world can be catastrophic. But we only have one planet. One for all earthlings. And there won't be another. (last slide of the presentation)

If we are destined to breathe the same air,
Let's all unite forever.
Let's save our souls
Then we on earth will save ourselves!

N. Starshinov.

VIII. Homework. Paragraph 18.

Sharonov Nikita

This research work will help us to know the geographical position of the Republic of Mordovia, the climate in our region, water resources, flora, fauna, as well as protected natural objects in our region.

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Slides captions:

Research work on the topic: "The diversity of nature native land"Completed by: student 3 "A" class Sharonov Nikita Leader: Gorkanova Svetlana Petrovna

PLAN: Geographical position of the Republic of Mordovia. climate in our region. Water resources. Flora of the Republic of Mordovia. Fauna of the Republic of Mordovia. Nature protection in the Republic of Mordovia.

The Republic of Mordovia is part of the Volga Federal District Russian Federation, located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the Volga River basin. It borders on Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Ryazan regions and Chuvash Republic. The territory is 26.1 thousand square kilometers. The capital is Saransk, located 600 kilometers from Moscow. Geographical position of the Republic of Mordovia.

2. Climate in our region. Mordovia is located in the zone of continental climate with cold snowy winter and warm summer. The air temperature in summer ranges from +15 to +25 degrees. In winter - from -8 to -18 degrees. The average annual rainfall is ~ 450-500 mm.

3. Water resources. The main rivers of Mordovia are: Sura, Alatyr, Insar, Pyana, Moksha, Sivin, Issa, Vad, Partsa, Vysha. There are several thousand lakes, ponds and reservoirs in Mordovia. The largest of them are Vyachkishevo (near Temnikov) and Inerka. Moksha Partza

4. Flora of Mordovia Predominate herbaceous plants, the number of species of trees and shrubs is small. The main forest-forming species are: pine, spruce, larch, pedunculate oak, ash, sycamore maple, elm, warty and downy birch, alder, small-leaved linden, black poplar. Forests occupy 24.2% of the territory of Mordovia. Forests are located in the west and east of the territory of the republic, in the valleys of the Moksha, Vad and Alatyr rivers. The steppe areas in Mordovia are completely plowed up.

Trees Pine Larch Ash Alder Black poplar Downy birch

Flowers Lily of the Valley Bluebell Cornflowers Water Lily

5. Fauna of Mordovia 63 species of mammals (of which 35 are rare), 267 species of birds (70 rare) are registered in Mordovia, 44 species of fish live in the waters of the republic. The world of insects is very rich (more than 1000 species), but the diversity of reptiles and amphibians is small. The animal world consists of representatives of the forest fauna (elk, wild boar, lynx, marten, white hare, capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, thrushes, tits) and, to a lesser extent, steppe fauna (speckled ground squirrel, steppe lemming, common mole rat).

Insects Hawthorn Maybug Pine barbel Dragonfly

Birds Linnet Finch Siskin Field Sparrow

Animal Wild boar Hare Lynx Elk

Fish Roach Bleak Common crucian Pike

The list of animals of Mordovia, listed in the "Red Book" of Russia, consists of 32 species: desman, boba, European, bison, black-throated loon, black stork, osprey, golden eagle, short-toed eagle, peregrine falcon (falcon), white-eyed pochard, white-tailed eagle, saker falcon , kestrel, ptarmigan, oystercatcher, little tern, little tern, eagle owl, gray shrike, blue tit, common sculpin, etc. Of the reptiles, 4 species are considered practically lost for the nature of Mordovia: brittle godwit, common copperhead, steppe viper, viviparous lizard. 6. Nature protection in the Republic of Mordovia

On the territory of the republic are located the Mordovian State Nature Reserve named after. P.G. Smidovich and national park"Smolny".

Mordovian State Nature Reserve named after P.G. Smidovich The reserve is located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha River, the left tributary of the Oka, in the territory of the Temnikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia. The main tasks of the reserve at the time of its creation were the preservation and restoration of the forest, the preservation and enrichment of the animal world.

Smolny National Park. The Smolny Nature Park is located on the territory of the Ichalkovsky and Bolshe-Ignatovsky regions of the Republic of Mordovia. Created to save natural complex, which has a special ecological and aesthetic value. Many picturesque landscapes, such as floodplain lakes, healing springs, rich forests make the park promising for the development of scientific and ecological tourism. Within the territory of national park there are four children's summer camps, there is a sanatorium-dispensary "Smolny".

PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT!

Geography and relief of the Republic of Mordovia

The Republic of Mordovia is located in the central part of the Russian Plain between the Oka and Sura rivers. It is located at the junction of the steppe and forest natural zones.

The total territory of the republic is 26.2 thousand square meters. km.

The Republic of Mordovia borders on:

• Nizhny Novgorod region (north),
• Penza region (south),
• Ryazan region (west),
• Ulyanovsk region (east),
• Chuvashia (northeast).

The relief of the republic is a plain, somewhat hilly and elevated (south-eastern part), low-lying and flat, mainly in the valley of the Moksha River and its tributaries (west and north-west).

The eastern regions are represented by spurs of the Volga Upland with a characteristic hilly rugged relief. The most elevated areas - Alatyrsky shaft (Mordovia ravine plateau) are located in the east of Mordovia in the interfluve of the Insara and Sura.

The western part of the republic is an almost flat lowland with a slightly dissected relief.

Watersheds are in the nature of flat plateaus, they bring a certain variety to the landscape. There are floodplains and terraces above the floodplains formed by sandy alluvial deposits.

Climatic conditions and soils

The climate is temperate continental with cold and snowy winters and warm summers. Due to the compact location of the region, climatic conditions are poorly differentiated.

The duration of the warm period of the year is 209-214 days. Spring passes quickly (69-71 days).

Average daily temperature in cold time goal is from -8 to -18 ºС, and in summer - from +15 to +25 ºС.

The average annual rainfall is 450-500 mm. Most of the precipitation (70%) falls during the warm season, from April to October. The minimum amount of precipitation is observed in February (15-30 mm).

Dry winds are observed from 37 to 44 days a year, droughts periodically occur.

The most common are daytime cloudy weather and partly cloudy weather.

The soils of the republic differ in fertility. A combination of the most valuable podzolized and leached chernozems (44%), complexes of gray forest soils, and small areas of soddy-podzolic soils are typical.

in the valleys major rivers and their tributaries there are floodplain soils (3.2%).

Natural resources

To natural resources The Republic of Mordovia includes:

Water resources. About 360 rivers flow through the territory of the republic. The entire river network belongs to the Moksha and Sura basins. The rivers are typical flat ones with a calm course, wide valleys and winding channels. The main rivers are Alatyr, Sura, Pyana, Insar, Sivin, Moksha, Vad, Issa, Vysha, Partsa. The feeding of the rivers is mixed - soil and snow-rain. There are few lakes, the largest lake is Churilki with an area of ​​41 hectares. Large reservoirs - Tokmokovskoe, B. Sarke-Tarasovskoye, Alatyr, Seitme, Pyrme - are reservoirs of complex use. Weighty reserves groundwater, however, only 5-6% are used.

minerals e. Deposits were discovered: brown iron ore, phosphorites, peat, mineral paints. Near the rivers Sura, Vad, Moksha there are deposits of bog oak. Significant reserves of building materials: deposits of opoka and marl-cretaceous rocks (Chamzinsky and Bolshebereznikovsky districts); marl and chalk (Atemarskoye, Kulyasovskoye, Piterskoye deposits); tripoli ( eastern regions Mordovia), limestones (north-western regions); sandstone (Bolshiye Berezniki, Saransk); refractory, brick, pottery clay (Shishkeevskoe and Nikitskoe deposits).

Soil and land resources. They are a natural basis for the production of agricultural products. On the territory of the republic, several regions are distinguished according to the availability of fertile soils: low-income regions (Temnikovsky, Tengushevsky, Zubovo-Polyansky) - soddy-podzolic soils; low availability (Ichalkovsky, Bolsheignatovsky, Krasnoslobodsky, Bolshebereznikovsky, Kovylkinsky districts) - soddy-podzolic with gray forest soils; average provision (Elnikovsky, Kochkurovsky, Kadoshkinsky, Insarsky, Dubensky and other districts) - gray and dark gray forest soils with areas of chernozems and floodplain soils; high level availability (Lyambirsky, Romodanovsky, Chamzinsky, Atyashevsky, Atyuryevsky districts, the city of Saransk) - highly fertile chernozems.

Remark 1

In the construction industry, on the basis of mineral deposits, they produce: silicate and clay bricks, expanded clay gravel, blocks, limestone flour, carbonate rubble, mineral wool, crushed stone, building sands are mined for pantries and plaster solutions.

Flora and fauna

The flora and fauna of Mordovia can be attributed to the forest and forest-steppe zones according to their character.

The vegetation cover is represented by the alternation of forests with arable land and meadow steppes or areas of steppe meadows.

Forests are mixed, small-leaved species predominate: alder, birch, linden. large areas occupied by hardwoods: ash, oak, maple. 25% of the forests are represented by coniferous forests (mainly spruce and pine).

Figure 1. Typical landscape of Mordovia. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Steppes are found along the forest outskirts, on river terraces, along the slopes of gullies and ravines.

The predominant types of steppe vegetation are rhizomatous grasses: feather grass, fescue, bluegrass, timothy, bonfire. Of the herbs, forget-me-not, clover, and adonis are common.

About half of all meadow lands fall on water meadows in floodplains. Cereals grow here (meadow-steppe keleria, meadow bluegrass, red fescue, etc.) and legumes (sickle-shaped alfalfa, red clover, etc.). A lot of medicinal plants: burnet, valerian, yarrow, succession, and others.

The fauna of the republic is very diverse. Foxes and wolves are ubiquitous, in remote places you can meet lynx, bear, elk. Valuable fur animals live here: squirrels, badgers, martens, weasels, hares. There are many jerboas, ground squirrels, shrews, beavers, desmans, otters. There are many songbirds and pigeons, black grouse and capercaillie live in remote places.

The following fish species are of commercial importance: ide, bream, pike, chub, catfish, burbot, crucian carp.