Northeastern Crimea. Sivash-plain region, located in the northeastern part of the Crimean peninsula; composition of the region: - Nizhnegorsk region
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NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA Sivash-plain region located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean peninsula
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North-Eastern Crimea is perhaps the most unknown and least visited region of Crimea. But in this distant corner you can find a lot of interesting and unusual things. This place is for those who pave the way for themselves. The recommended mode of transport is a bicycle, a motorcycle or an ATV, an SUV or an ordinary passenger car. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
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Features of the nature of the northeastern Crimea
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STATE BOTANICAL RESERVE "PRISIVASHSKY" It is protected virgin steppe with medicinal plants, including extensive thickets of chamomile, a valuable and very popular medicinal plant. Lake Sivash, framing the reserve, has no less health benefits. .
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AGARMYSH FOREST More than 200 years old. In 1964 it was declared a protected area. Beech, oak, hornbeam are the main species of the Old Crimean forest. A unique Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam and two varieties of oak are under protection here: fluffy and rocky.
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SIVASH - the coast of the bay is extremely dissected and winding. The coastline does not have a clear, stable outline and creates a picture of a complex natural labyrinth. Most of the narrow peninsulas elongated in the northeast direction are called “tyups” or “kuts”, and the land areas temporarily flooded due to surge currents are called “droughts”
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Mount AGARMYSH is a classic Mediterranean type karst. Water, dissolving limestone, forms a variety of grottoes, wells, mines, caves. Here is an interesting cave "Bottomless well". The entrance to this cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. Bottomless well - an open mine. It is a failure leading to a chamber with a diameter of 4 m, from the bottom of which a 38-meter shaft expanding downwards begins. At the bottom there is a blocky heap, on the walls there are separate streaks. There are many legends about this cavity, which are reflected in its names. The main feature is the increase in the warm period of carbon dioxide concentration to life-threatening (up to 4 vol.%). The record content of CO2 is 7.62%. Descent only in an insulating gas mask. The oxygen content drops to 1416%. In winter, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases.
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ARABAT STRELKA - A narrow and long (113 km) spit extends from the Akmonai isthmus in a northwestern direction. It separates from the Sea of Azov its shallow and very salty (up to 200 ppm) lagoon - Sivash. The Arabat Spit consists mainly of shell material, the width is from 270 meters to 8 kilometers.
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ARMS OF REGIONS
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NIZHNEGORSKY Nizhnegorsky (until 1944 Seitler; Crimean Tatar Seyitler, Seyitler) is an urban-type settlement in the Sivash steppe region of the Republic of Crimea, the center of the Nizhnegorsky district. The largest and most significant enterprises of Nizhnegorsk include a plant for the production of mixed fodder, juices, oils, various cereals, flour and canned fruits and vegetables. The village has a bread factory and organizations providing housing and communal services. Numerous small enterprises of Nizhnegorsk are engaged in trade and construction activities
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Sovetsky (until 1944 - Ichki, Crimean Tatar. İçki) - an urban-type settlement in the Soviet district of the Republic of Crimea of Russia (Autonomous Republic of Crimea). district. The largest enterprises: a bakery, a winery, a printing house. There are 449 enterprises operating in the region. Trade services for the population are provided by consumer cooperation enterprises and business structures.
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KIROVSKOE Kirovskoe (until 1945 Islam-Terek; Crimean Tatar. İslâmTerek, Islyam Terek) is an urban-type settlement in the east of Crimea. The center of the Kirovsky district of the republic. The population is about 7 thousand people. The industry of the village is represented by such enterprises: OATP "Kirov Repair and Transport Enterprise" (engineering and metalworking), printing house, OATP "Kirov Feed Mill".
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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA REGIONS The economy is based on agricultural production. In recent years, active work has been carried out in the region to develop tourism and recreation. Particularly promising are the territories on the coast of Sivash. A variety of natural landscapes (floodplains, spits, shallow waters, reed beds), deposits of unique therapeutic mud, the presence of fish ponds, a large concentration of hunting bird species - all these factors create favorable ground for the development of recreational and tourist activities in the area (primarily fishing tourism) . Rural (“green”) tourism is developing rapidly, which is also due to favorable natural conditions. Much attention is paid to the development of folk crafts, mainly related to the processing of sheep products.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA First of all, these are mounds - the so-called "pyramids of the steppes". One of them - the Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervonoe (Nizhnegorsky district) - in 1974 pleased with a unique find. The burial of a woman who supposedly lived at the end of the second century BC was discovered. - first century AD The woman’s head was crowned with a golden diadem, her neck was decorated with a massive golden hryvnia with the image of griffins, a golden brooch rested on her chest, there were bracelets on her arms and legs, and her hands were decorated with precious stones. in the form of a dolphin
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The city of OLD CRIMEA is a tourist "Mecca" of the Kirovsky district
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Stary Krym is a city in the eastern part of Crimea. The population is about 10 thousand people. The main sights of the city are the buildings of the XIII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center of the Crimean Yurt. The current mosque of Khan Uzbek has been well preserved to this day. In the eastern part of the city are the ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and the Kurshum-Jami mosque, and 5 kilometers west of Stary Krym is the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach (Holy Cross), the revival of which has begun in recent years. In addition, the city has an ethnographic museum dedicated to the culture of the Crimean Tatar people.
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MOSQUE OF KHAN UZBEK In OLD CRIMEA Khan Uzbek, who ascended the throne of the Golden Horde in 1312, having become an adherent of Islam, ordered the construction of a beautiful mosque and a higher Muslim religious school - a madrasah in Solkhat. The construction of the mosque began in 1314. According to the Turkish traveler EvliyaChelebi, in 1512-1513, under Mengli Giray, the mosque was a cathedral one. Now the mosque is a rectangular building of the basilica type with an entrance from the north side and a minaret built into the northeast corner. The longitudinal axis of the building is oriented in the north-south direction, so that the faithful in the building, praying, turn their faces to the south, towards Mecca.
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SURB-KHACH Surb-Khach - Armenian monastery. The church bearing the name of Surb-Nshan was built in 1358 during the Armenian colonization of Crimea. Later, a gavit (porch) with a bell tower was added to the temple. And in 1719 - a fraternal building with cells for monks. The monastery is more like a fortress than a humble abode. The windows are like loopholes, and from the bell tower, which looks like a watchtower, until the forest surrounded the monastery, the access road was visible.
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GREEN MUSEUM IN THE OLD CRIMEA The exposition of the museum consists of two small rooms. One of them is completely preserved in its original form. Alexander Stepanovich died here. An iron bed by the window, a couch on which Nina Nikolaevna Grin was on duty at the bedside, a badger skin, an old alarm clock, a vase for flowers. In the second room - books, manuscripts, old photographs with views of the Old Crimea and Kara-Dag.
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HOUSE-MUSEUM OF K.G. Paustovsky Museum is located in a house with a shady old garden. Here the writer stayed in the 1950s. In support of this, an original open-air exposition has been created - a wonderful garden, which presents quotes from the works of Paustovsky. As if the writer himself tells the visitor about his favorite corner. The typological interior of a provincial petty-bourgeois house of the early 20th century has been recreated in four halls, and an exposition has been deployed that tells about the life and creative path of Paustovsky.
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TOPONYMS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA
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Stary Krym - a city of museums Museum complex of the city Literary and Art House-Museum of A.S. GrinK. Paustovsky House-MuseumMuseum of Culture and Life of the TatarsMuseum of History and Local Lore Memorable places of the Old Crimea Panteleimon Starokrymsky cemetery, including --- the grave of Alexander Grin --- the grave of Yulia Drunina Memorable historical places of the North-Eastern Crimea
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Crimea is rich in recreational resources. Its geographical location and weather conditions have created conditions for the formation of unique biological complexes. Which ones, we will consider in this article.
Natural zones of the Crimean peninsula
There are three main natural areas:
- steppe;
- altitudinal zones;
- hard-leaved evergreen forests (Mediterranean).
Rice. 1. Detailed map of natural areas of Crimea
Most of the peninsula is occupied by steppes. This is a flat area, completely developed by man. In the northeast, closer to the Sea of Azov, there are semi-desert steppes and salt marshes.
The greatest wealth of the flat part of Crimea is its fertile land. It is represented by chernozems and dark chestnut soils. To date, 70% of the territory of the steppe has been mastered by man. There are plantations of corn, rice, wheat, sunflower, and grapes.
Rice. 2. Vineyards in Crimea
Among the plants, feather grass, fescue, and perennial grasses predominate. In spring, the fields are covered with plantations of amazing flowers: tulips, irises. Animals live in burrows. These are ground squirrels, jerboas, ferrets, hamsters, various mice. Lots of steppe birds.
Natural zones of mountain ranges
The foothills are represented by forest-steppe. The main representative of this part is oak. There are also many other Mediterranean plants: maple, hawthorn, euonymus, pistachios, blackthorn.
On the northern and southern slopes of the main mountain range there are broad-leaved forests. The soils here are mountain-forest. A special place on the tops of the mountains is given to the Crimean pine. This tree is low, but with a very wide and spreading crown.
Rice. 3. Landscape in Crimea
Yayla are covered with mountain steppes and meadows. The soils are appropriate: mountain-steppe and mountain-meadow. Flora is represented by grass steppe plants, meadow flowers. In spring, yayla are covered with crocuses, edelweiss are not uncommon.
Yayly is the Turkic name for pastures on mountain peaks.
The coastline of the Crimean peninsula is covered with dry juniper-oak forests and shrubs, typical for the Mediterranean climate. Plants thrive in brown soils. Among the unique species there are: derzhitree, sumac, skumpia, cistus, walnut, almond.
Many species of animals of the mountainous Crimea are completely exterminated by man. Now in the wild you can find only deer and roe deer, wild boar and mouflon. There are even fewer predators: marten, fox, weasel.
What have we learned?
Crimea is a rich fertile land, fully developed by man. There are practically no wild forests left in this region, and all unique animals live in reserves. At the same time, nature is very rich here: the steppe region in the north of the peninsula, the most beautiful broad-leaved forests on the southern and northern slopes of the Mountain Range and the amazing hot Mediterranean region on the very coast of the Black Sea.
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Lesson No. 13 "Crimea Studies" Grade 7.
North-Eastern Crimea: the largest agricultural region. Geographical position, composition of the region, a brief history of settlement, development and development of the territory.
Features of nature.
Planned results:
Personal: increasing the geographical culture of students, fostering a careful attitude to the landscapes of the small Motherland, to the environment;
Metasubject: development of cognitive interest, creative abilities in the study of certain regions of the Crimean peninsula;
Subject: study of the features of the geographical location of the North-Eastern Crimea, the history of settlement and development of the territory, features of nature.
Equipment: demonstration map “Administrative and territorial division of Crimea”, atlas, p. 5, notebook with a printed basis “Crimean studies: a mosaic of Crimean regions” edited by A.V. Suprychev for grade 7, a multimedia complex with direct Internet access.
During the classes:
I . Organizing time.
In the previous lessons, we studied “Central Crimea”, “Central-Northern Crimea”, so you have an idea according to what plan the regional Crimea is being studied and what points you need to pay attention to. Today, dear students, you will help me in mastering a new topic.
II . Learning new material.
North-Eastern Crimea is a Sivash-flat region located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean peninsula.
Carefully study the map of the atlas "Administrative - territorial division of Crimea" and answer the question: "What areas are included in the region under study, name their centers?
Nizhnegorsky district with the center - Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky with the center - Sovetsky, Kirovsky with the center - Kirovskoye. It can be added that the Nizhnegorsk region is our eastern neighbor. You need to know your neighbors!
Carefully study the map and name the major settlements of the North-Eastern Crimea. These are Sadovoe, Zhelyabovka, Mikhailovka, Izobilnoe of the Nizhnegorsk region, Pushkino, Nekrasovka, Chapaevo, Cherished Soviet region, Golden Field, Bright Field, Privetnoye, Vladislavovka of the Kirov region. Even in the toponymy of the listed villages, we can safely say that the territory we are studying has an agricultural direction - "Golden and Bright" fields, they talk about the development of grain farming, and "Gardening", "Abundant" - growing fruits, grapes and vegetables. A sign of the geographical center of Crimea was installed near the village of Yastrebki, Nizhnegorsky district.
Let's analyze together the geographical position of the territory: it is washed by the Sea of Azov, it borders on the strong central regions of the peninsula: Dzhankoysky, Krasnogvardeysky, Belogorsky. Not far from the region there is a large city - the port of Feodosia on the Black Sea coast, Salgir flows here and the railway line connecting Armyansk and Kerch passes. The coast of the region in the northeast is washed by the Sivash Bay, which has a salinity of 200 ppm. The shores of the bay are extremely dissected and winding. Today, all Crimeans have heard a lot about the Tavrida highway, the construction of which will begin in 2017. The transport interchange between the cities of Dzhankoy, Feodosiya and Kerch will pass through Vladislavovka - Kirovsky district. For obvious reasons, the geographical position of the North-Eastern Crimea will become even better, which means that the region's economy will increase its sectoral structure of the economy.
Using additional material, we fill in the table "Features of the nature of the North-Eastern Crimea." We work with atlas maps (a creative atmosphere is established in the lesson, where work takes place in “pairs” teacher-class). The flat terrain prevails, because. at the base is the Scythian plate. The region is poor in mineral resources. Temperate climatic zone with winter temperatures approximately equal to zero degrees, summer - about twenty. The lowest air temperature was recorded in Nizhnegorsk on January 11, 1940 - minus 36.8 degrees. The annual rainfall is 400 - 500 mm. Salgir flows through the region, dark chestnut soils and chernozems are widespread. The flora is represented on saline soils - cereal volosnets, kirmek, in untouched territories - fescue, feather grass (up to 70% of the territory is plowed and occupied by wheat, corn, sunflower, orchards and vineyards). In the North-Eastern Crimea there is a unique natural object - the state botanical reserve "Prisivashsky", in which the virgin steppe with medicinal plants, large thickets of chamomile, a valuable, very popular and sought-after medicinal plant, are protected. Agarmysh forest is over 200 years old. In 1964 it was declared a protected area. Beech, hornbeam, oak are the main "inhabitants" of the Old Crimean forest. Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam, downy oak and sessile oak are protected here. Mount Agarmysh is a classic Mediterranean-type karst. Water, dissolving the Upper Jurassic limestone, forms a variety of grottoes, wells, mines, caves. Here is the “Bottomless Well” cave with the accumulation of methane gas and carbon dioxide at the bottom, which makes it impossible for tourists to visit, so the entrance to the cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. The fauna is represented by rodents, which take an active part in the sowing of seeds of various plants: foxes, mice, martens. This is how the region of the North-Eastern Crimea appears before our eyes.
The region also has many interesting objects on its territory. Mounds - "pyramids of the steppes". One of them is the Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervonoe, Nizhnegorsky district. In 1974, the burial place of a woman was found here, who supposedly lived at the end of the 2nd century BC. BC. - I century. AD with gold jewelry and products adorned with precious stones.
The city of Stary Krym is an object of cultural and historical heritage. The history of the city begins in the distant XIII century and today invites tourists to get acquainted with the ancient mosque of Khan Uzbek, built in 1314, operating in the Crimea, Surb Khach Monastery is an ancient monument of Armenian architecture. For lovers of literature, more modern historical sights can be offered - the house - museum of A. Green and K. Paustovsky. In a word, we were once again convinced that “Crimea is an open-air museum!”
Demonstration of the video "Stary Krym Kirovsky district of Crimea" duration 04.54 min. from 07/04/2015 (a convenient, relevant and short video!)
North-Eastern Crimea is a huge area of the steppe, on which many villages and towns are scattered, the population of which is engaged in agriculture, but we will talk about this with you in the next lesson.
III . Summing up the lesson.
Thanks for the lesson! You very subtly noticed the characteristic features of the nature of the North-Eastern Crimea, you worked wonderfully with notebooks and maps of the atlas, therefore, taking into account your assessment answers, the most hardworking guys earn.
IV . Homework: pp. 40-45 notebook!
SOUTH EASTERN CRIMEA
Southeast Crimea- a coastal-mountainous region located in the southeastern part of the Crimean peninsula. The poetic toponym of Cimmeria is closely connected with the concept of South-Eastern Crimea. Cimmeria - the legendary land that stretches around Koktebel to the north, west and east for some not entirely certain distance, but probably to Stary Krym, zander and Feodosia, respectively. The composition of the Eastern Crimea includes the following cities and urban-type settlements: Koktebel , New World, Ordzhonikidze, Kurortnoe, Coastal, Marine, Seaside. Each of these names is associated with numerous legends and ancient history.
Eastern Crimea is an amazing corner with majestic mountains, wild cliffs, mysterious grottoes and cozy fabulous blue bays. Here you can enjoy a bouquet of famous wines and cognacs, or champagne from the cellars of Prince Golitsyn. The visiting cards of these places are Novy Svet, Koktebel, Zander and Feodosia and, in contrast to them, many kilometers of sandy beaches of the Sea of Azov on the Kazantip Peninsula. The Genoese fortress, Bald Mountain and Golden Beach, Kara-Dag and Uzyn-Syrt, resort towns and wonderful nature - all this is Eastern Crimea.
Eastern Crimea is the literary Koktebel, where all the paintings and events are built around the House of the Poet, this is Feodosia with its Cimmerian artists and Old Crimea with the first and last house of Green. These are the Demerdzhi and Karabi passes, the rocks of the New World, the underwater world in the bays of Kara-Dag or fabulous hang-gliding.
Three quarters of the Eastern Crimea are steppe plains with rich black earth soils. Geography teachers, not devoid of imagination, compare the mountain range of the South-Eastern Crimea with the back of a whale emerging from the sea or that huge fish that Sinbad the Sailor mistook for an island. From a long lying on the surface, her back was overgrown with trees, lakes appeared on her, waterfalls rustled and even people began to settle.
The region of the South-Eastern Crimea includes many attractions, among them I would like to highlight:
- Genoese fortress, Sudak. The Genoese fortress is a monument of medieval architecture of world significance, the only Genoese citadel that has survived in the Crimea. Built by the Genoese between 1371 and 1469.
- grotto of Chaliapin, n. New World. An amazing grotto with a centuries-old history is now called Chaliapin's Grotto. The name of the grotto is associated with the visit of the famous singer. He liked to visit his friend the count, and of course, he could not ignore the grotto along with its contents.
- House Museum of Maximilian Voloshin, town. Koktebel. The house-museum of Maximilian Voloshin is perhaps the only museum in the world that survived the wars and preserved the mystery and charm of the Silver Age in the atmosphere of the life-creation of its owner.
- Feodosiya National Art Gallery. I.K. Aivazovsky, G. Feodosia. Feodosiya National Art Gallery. I.K. Aivazovsky - one of the oldest art museums in Ukraine, a unique, world-famous museum of marine painting, the first public museum in Ukraine.
Extinct volcano Kara-Dag, town. Koktebel. The Kara-Dag volcano is the oldest volcano in Europe with a respectable age of 140 million years. Its sea coast is a group of amazingly beautiful bays, many of which can only be reached from the sea. These bays are closed by overhanging rocks up to three hundred meters high with underwater grottoes and caves. One of the most amazing creations of volcanic activity can definitely be called a rock in the Golden Gate Sea, through which a fairly large boat can easily pass.
Climate This resort region is moderate, characterized by the absence of sharp temperature fluctuations. Thanks to the sea breezes, the summer heat is quite easily tolerated. The swimming season starts at the end of May and lasts until the beginning of October. The southern slopes of the mountains are covered with Mediterranean vegetation, to the east the Crimean mountains smoothly turn into a steppe landscape. The beaches of the South-Eastern Crimea are sandy and pebbly, with the addition of small shell rock.
South-Eastern Crimea provides ample opportunities for the development of various types of tourism. Pedestrian routes in the South-Eastern Crimea are carried out mainly parallel to the coastline and along river valleys.
Great opportunities for cycling tourism gives Zander. Sudak also has ample opportunities for outdoor activities. These are diving, horseback riding, paragliding. The New World has natural resources for the development of such a type of tourism as rock climbing. In the town Feodosia there is a hang gliding center, tasting excursions to the Novosvetsky factory of sparkling wines and a dolphinarium are held. Various festivals are held in the city.
This area is attractive for those who prefer a relatively inexpensive and relaxing holiday. There are few chic health resorts here, as in the South Coast, small, cozy, quite comfortable rest houses and boarding houses prevail. Housing compared to the South Coast is a little cheaper, the private sector prevails, and not high-rise buildings.
The local coast is very beautiful, somewhat exotic, there are many cozy bays and rocks. The beaches are mostly small pebbles, and in Feodosia and to the east - sandy.
This area has long been chosen by car tourists, so almost all health resorts and the private sector are focused on vacationers with a car. In the summer season, in every city and village on the coast, summer campsites and parking lots are equipped for autotourists.
The local places, especially the capes protruding into the sea - Meganom, Kiik-Atlama, etc. - are very convenient for lovers of various types of sailing because of the constantly blowing gentle winds. And the bays of Koktebel and Novy Svet, the steep coast of Karadag attract fans of diving (snorkeling) like a magnet.
There are fewer sights in this area than in the mountainous southwestern Crimea (especially historical ones), but there are enough magnificent and unusual landscapes, natural monuments.
Unearthly, deserted landscapes of Yayla Karabi, mysterious Valley of Ghosts with a giant stone chaos and the Funa fortress near Mount Demerdzhi, the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach near Stary Krym, White Rock near Belogorsk, the Dzhur-dzhur waterfall, the partisan memorial near Kalan-Bair, the ruins of the "long walls" near Chigenitra and many other memorable places will always be of interest to travelers. And the breathtaking landscapes that open from almost every peak will not leave indifferent true connoisseurs of beauty.
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