Sanitary protection of reservoirs. Socio-ecological project "protection and restoration of water resources" Excursions to reservoirs

REPORT ON THE TOPIC: "PROTECTION OF WATER BODIES"

Plan:

Meaning, role in nature.

Causes of pollution.

Protection of water bodies:

For you to take.

What is a body of water???

Water - permanent or temporary accumulation of standing or with reduced in natural or artificial depressions ( , , etc.). In a broad sense, also - the designation and . Science studies water bodies .

By the way, about 71% of the surface covered with water , , , , ice) - 361.13 million km. On Earth, approximately 96.5% of water is in the oceans, 1.7% of the world's reserves are groundwater, another 1.7% are glaciers and ice caps and , a small part is found in rivers, lakes and , and 0.001% in clouds (formed from particles of ice and liquid water suspended in the air) .

There are reservoirs: artificial and natural

Natural water bodies include: stream, river, lake, sea

Artificial reservoirs include: reservoirs, pond, canal

Meaning, role in nature.

Great importance of reservoirs. Reservoirs are reservoirs of water, which is necessary for all living things. In addition, the water of reservoirs participates in the water cycle.The role of water in the formation and maintenance of on earth, in chemical structure living organisms, in the formation and . Water is the most important substance for all living things on the planet. . And for those plants and animals that live in water bodies, this is the only home.

When you approach a reservoir in warm weather, you see only some of its inhabitants. It is impossible to see everyone. But there are a lot of them! A reservoir is a place where a wide variety of living beings live.

The role of plants in the reservoir is great. They serve plants and animals, release oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater thickets of plants serve as a refuge for animals.

There are many animals whose life is connected with water. These are animals, birds, fish, various small animals. Each reservoir creates its own living conditions. They depend on the size of the reservoir, its depth, water temperature, the flow of rivers and many other reasons. But all the animals living in the reservoir have adapted to its conditions.

When the plants and animals of the reservoir die, their remains fall to the bottom. Here, under the action of microbes, the dead remains rot and are destroyed. They form salts. These salts dissolve in water, and then they can be used to feed new plants.

Pollution of natural waters - this is a decrease in their biospheric functions and economic significance as a result of the entry of harmful substances into them.

Causes of pollution.

There are natural and anthropogenic pollution. Natural pollution occurs as a result of natural causes - volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, catastrophic floods and fires. Natural (natural) pollution - pollution of the environment, the source of which is natural processes and phenomena that are not directly caused by human activity: volcanic eruptions, dust storms, floods, natural fires, etc.

Anthropogenic (artificial) pollution

- the result of human activity. At present, the total power of anthropogenic pollution sources in many cases exceeds the power of natural ones.

Artificial (anthropogenic) pollution of water bodies is mainly the result of descending into them Wastewater from industrial enterprises and settlements. Pollution entering the reservoir, depending on their volume and composition, can affect it. different influence:

1) change physical properties water (transparency and color changes, odors and tastes appear);

2) floating substances appear on the surface of the reservoir and deposits are formed (sediment at the bottom);

3) the chemical composition of water changes (the reaction changes, the content of organic and inorganic substances, harmful substances appear, etc.);

4) the content of dissolved oxygen in water decreases due to its consumption for the oxidation of incoming organic substances;

5) the number and types of bacteria change (pathogenic bacteria appear), introduced into the reservoir along with wastewater. Polluted reservoirs become unsuitable for drinking, and sometimes for technical water supply; fish die in them.

In the first decade of the 21st century, anthropogenic pollution of natural waters has become global in nature and has significantly reduced the available exploitable fresh water resources on Earth.

Mankind consumes a huge amount of fresh water for its needs. Its main consumers are industry and agriculture. The most water-intensive industries are mining, steel, chemicals, petrochemicals, pulp and paper, and food. They take up to 70% of all water used in industry.

One of the main water pollutants is oil and oil products. Oil can get into the water as a result of its natural outflows in the areas of occurrence. But the main sources of pollution are associated with human activities: oil production, transportation, processing and use of oil as fuel and industrial raw materials.

Among industrial products, toxic synthetic substances occupy a special place in terms of their negative impact on the aquatic environment and living organisms. They find more and more wide application in industry, transport, public utilities. The concentration of these compounds in wastewater, as a rule, is 5-15 mg/l at MPC - 0.1 mg/l. These substances can form a layer of foam in reservoirs, which is especially noticeable on rapids, rifts, locks. The ability to foam in these substances appears already at a concentration of 1-2 mg / l.

Of the other pollutants, it is necessary to name metals (for example, mercury, lead, zinc, copper, chromium, tin, manganese), radioactive elements, pesticides coming from agricultural fields, and runoff from livestock farms. A small danger to the aquatic environment from metals is mercury, lead and their compounds.

Tab. 1. The main pollutants of aquatic ecosystems in various industries

Industry

Main types of pollutants

Oil and gas production, oil refining

Petroleum products, synthetic surfactants, phenols, ammonium salts, sulfides

Timber industry, pulp and paper industry

Sulfates, organics, lignins, resinous and fatty substances

Mechanical engineering, metalworking, metallurgy

Heavy metals, fluorides, cyanides, ammonium compounds, petroleum products, phenols, resins

Chemical industry

Phenols, petroleum products, synthetic surfactants, aromatic hydrocarbons, inorganics

Mining and coal industry

Flotation reagents, inorganics, phenols

Light, textile and food industry

Synthetic surfactants, petroleum products, organic dyes, other organic substances

A significant amount of hazardous pollutants such as pesticides, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc., is washed away from agricultural areas. Mostly they enter water bodies and drains without any treatment, and therefore contain a high concentration of organic substances, nutrients and other pollutants.

The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture: 60-80% of all fresh water is used for its needs. Moreover, its irrevocable consumption is great (especially for irrigation).

Expanded production (without treatment facilities) and the use of pesticides in the fields lead to severe pollution of water bodies with harmful compounds. Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs as a result of the direct introduction of pesticides during the treatment of water bodies for pest control, the ingress of water flowing down from the surface of cultivated agricultural land into water bodies, when waste from industrial enterprises is discharged into water bodies, as well as as a result of losses during transportation, storage and partially with atmospheric precipitation.

Along with pesticides, agricultural effluents contain a significant amount of fertilizer residues (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) applied to the fields. In addition, large amounts of organic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus enter with runoff from livestock farms, as well as with sewage. An increase in the concentration of nutrients in the soil leads to a violation of the biological balance in the reservoir.

Initially, in such a reservoir, the number of microscopic algae sharply increases. With an increase in the food supply, the number of crustaceans, fish and other aquatic organisms increases. Then there is a death huge amount organisms. It leads to the consumption of all the reserves of oxygen contained in the water, and the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide. The situation in the reservoir changes so much that it becomes unsuitable for the existence of any forms of organisms. The reservoir gradually "dies".

Pollutants can also penetrate into groundwater: when industrial and agricultural effluents seep from storage ponds, settling ponds, etc. Groundwater pollution is not limited to the territories of industrial enterprises, waste storage facilities, etc., but spreads downstream to distances up to 20 - 30 km or more from the source of pollution. All this creates a real threat to drinking water supply in these areas.

Moreover, groundwater pollution has a negative impact on the ecological state of surface waters, soils and other components. natural environment. In particular, contaminants contained in groundwater can be carried by the flow to surface water bodies and pollute them.

Lake Baikal

Almost in the center of the huge continent of Eurasia is a narrow blue crescent - Lake Baikal. In the Baikal mountainous area, surrounded on all sides by high ridges, it stretches for 636 kilometers in length and up to 80 km in width. In terms of area, Baikal is equal to Belgium with its almost 10 million population, many cities and industrial centers, highways and railways. 336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal, while half of the water entering the lake comes from the Selenga. The only river that flows out of Baikal is the Angara. In order to realize the immensity of the Baikal water body, imagine that the Angara, which annually takes out 60.9 km3 of water from the lake, would need 387 years of continuous work to drain its bowl. Provided, of course, that during this time not a liter of water gets into it and not a drop evaporates from its surface.

Pollution of Lake Baikal by the waters of the Selenga River

The largest tributary of Lake Baikal is the Selenga River. The main sources of pollution of the Selenga River are located in Buryatia. There are large industrial cities of Ulan-Ude and Selenginsk. Wastewater treatment plant in Ulan-Ude gives 35% of total waste dumped into the Selenga.

In 1973, not far from the city of Selenginsk and 60 kilometers from Lake Baikal, the Selenginsky Pulp and Cardboard Plant was opened. Since 1991, a closed water circulation system has been used there.

As the management of the plant assures, the discharge of production waste into the river. Selenga is completely stopped. But at the same time, the enterprise continues to pollute the air, more than 10,000 cubic meters are emitted per year. solid waste, which seep and end up in the waters of the Selenga, and then in Baikal. Chemical substances applied in agriculture washed into the Selenga with rain. In addition, the quality of Baikal water pollution in Lake Baikal is adversely affected by the discharge of livestock waste and soil erosion. In the deltas of the Selenga River, according to the results of a 2006 study, the concentration heavy metals such as zinc, lead and copper exceeded the norm by one and a half to two times.

Severe pollution of the river delta. Selenga is the main cause of death of omul caviar.

Consequences of the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station for Lake Baikal

In 1950, the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, the first hydroelectric power station of the Angarsk cascade, began. The hydroelectric dam raised the water level in Baikal by a meter.

Sharp changes in the water level in Baikal cause great harm to the flora and fauna of Baikal. With a rapid decline in the water level of Lake Baikal, spawning grounds for valuable species of fish dry up, and caviar dies. The dam of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, which does not have fish passage devices, blocks the migration paths for fish that go to spawn in the upper reaches of the Angara. Valuable breeds sturgeon and whitefish are being replaced by horned, perch, and ruff. Buryat scientists came to the conclusion that a sharp change in the water level affects the entire Baikal ecosystem, leads to a mixture of water masses, and a strong destruction of the coast. Spawning grounds, reproduction of fish mass are in danger.

Pollution of water by waste from the settlements of the coastal zone

More than 80 thousand people live in small towns and villages of the Baikal coastal zone.

Together, all these settlements dump about 15 million cubic meters of waste per year. Treatment facilities for domestic and industrial wastewater in settlements near Lake Baikal are either non-existent or of very poor quality.

“Laws” of B. Cammoner's ecology are very clear and concise: 1) everything is connected with everything; 2) everything has to go somewhere; 3) nature “knows” better; 4) nothing is given for free.

Causes of pollution of Lake Issyk-Kul.

What measures are already being taken.

What I would like to do.

As we found out when considering the first and second questions, the main cause of the ecological disaster of our water bodies is one or another human activity. Now let's turn to the question of how the same person can contribute, if not to the elimination, then at least to the reduction of the harm caused to him, as well as the restoration of the natural communities of water bodies. In our opinion all measures for the protection of rivers and reservoirs from pollution, clogging and depletion and for their integrated use:

Security.

Reclamation.

Household.

Now let's try to consider each of these events in more detail.

Security, as the name suggests, should include all activities related to the security of currently existing communities and their preservation at least in the state in which they currently exist. These measures include the fight against poaching, a special place is given to the protection of nesting sites for waterfowl and near-water birds, the protection of mass spawning sites for fish. No less important is the issue of combating fires and illegal logging along the banks of water bodies, with pollution of water bodies with poisonous and toxic substances, as well as heavy metals. It should be noted here that most water bodies have not yet lost their ability to self-heal, and if measures are taken to prevent further pollution of water bodies and damage to their inhabitants, then after a certain period of time, which can stretch for more than one decade, self-healing of the ecosystem of water bodies will occur and possibly up to such state as they were before human intervention. At the same time, we understand that no matter how much we would like, a person will not be able to completely refuse to interfere in the life of water bodies (for example, abandon navigation, use water for irrigating agricultural land, etc.) That is why the use of protective measures alone insufficient to restore the biocenosis of water bodies, it is necessary to use the other two types of measures.

The ongoing measures for the rehabilitation and improvement of ponds, rivers, streams bring water bodies into a state of ecological balance, which positively affects the flora and fauna of reservoirs and coastal areas.

Environmental rehabilitation of water bodies includes:

implementation of design and survey work (description of the object: field surveys of adjacent territories, mapping, reporting; laboratory research: sampling and analysis; recommendations on the technical and biological stages of rehabilitation of water bodies)

cleaning the bed of the reservoir from contaminated sediments;

pond waterproofing project, dredging;

accumulation and purification of drainage and storm waters that feed reservoirs

reclamation of watershed areas;

bank protection project, anti-landslide and anti-erosion measures

settlement of reservoirs with hydrobionts, planting of aquatic vegetation;

ecological rehabilitation and improvement of floodplain territories;

landscaping, landscaping, landscape design coastal and recreational areas.

Environmental rehabilitation consists of several stages:

1. Stage of preparatory work;

The study of the hydrogeological characteristics of the reservoir, its morphological parameters (depth, bottom topography), sampling of water and silt deposits for laboratory analysis for chemical contamination.

2. Stage of technical rehabilitation of the reservoir;

Depending on the size of the reservoir, the presence hydraulic structures, hydrogeological characteristics of the area and a number of other circumstances, the need for mechanical cleaning of the reservoir bed from silt deposits is determined.

3. Stage of biological rehabilitation;

A natural reservoir is a balanced ecosystem in which self-purification mechanisms operate.

The settlement of water by living organisms-hydrobionts is carried out according to the results of biotesting of the reservoir. A species community of such microorganisms, invertebrates, mollusks is selected for settlement, which allows restoring the hydroecosystem of the reservoir.

4. Creation (restoration) of the coastal ecosystem;

Properly located and formed coastal zones largely determine the qualitative composition of water in the future. They help to form a natural landscape and provide food for the biota of the reservoir. The restoration of a certain type of green spaces and various living organisms in the coastal zone has a positive effect on the ecosystem of water bodies.

5. comprehensive improvement of the adjacent territory;

The quality composition of the water in the pond largely depends on the surrounding area. During ecological rehabilitation necessary condition is the correct planning of the territory, providing convenient approaches to the water, viewing platforms, distribution of recreational load. Exclusion of sewage ingress into the water area.

Reclamation activities also include artificial breeding and subsequent release into the habitat of fry, primarily of those fish species that have suffered the most damage and whose populations have either already reached or are at the limit of the number at which its self-recovery becomes impossible.

The next type of activities under consideration is economic activities, one of which is the rational use of natural resources. Nature management in any industry is based on following principles: principle systems approach, the principle of optimization of nature management, the principle of advancing, the principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production, the principle integrated use.

Let's briefly review these principles.

The principle of a systematic approach provides for a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the impact of production on the environment and its responses. For example, the rational use of irrigation increases soil fertility, at the same time leads to the depletion of water resources. Discharges of pollutants into water bodies are assessed not only by the impact on biota, but also determine the life cycle of water bodies.

The principle of environmental management optimization is to make appropriate decisions about the use of natural resources. natural resources and natural systems based on a simultaneous ecological and economic approach, forecasting the development of various industries and geographic regions. The development of minerals has an advantage over mine production in terms of the degree of use of raw materials, but leads to the loss of soil fertility. The optimal combination is open development with land reclamation and restoration.

The principle of advancing the rate of extraction of raw materials by the rate of processing is based on reducing the amount of waste in the production process. It assumes an increase in production due to a more complete use of raw materials, resource saving and improvement of technology.

The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production is based on the creation and operation of natural-technogenic ecological and economic systems, which are a set of industries that provide high production rates. At the same time, a favorable ecological situation is maintained, it is possible to preserve and reproduce natural resources. The system has a management service for timely detection of harmful effects and correction of system components. For example, if a deterioration in the composition is detected environment due to the production activities of the enterprise, the management service decides to suspend the process or reduce emissions and discharges. Such systems provide for the prediction of undesirable situations through monitoring. The information received is analyzed by the head of the enterprise, and the necessary technical measures are taken to eliminate or reduce environmental pollution.

The principle of the integrated use of natural resources provides for the creation of territorial production complexes based on the available raw materials and energy resources, which allow for a more complete use of these resources, while reducing the technogenic burden on the environment. They have a specialization, are concentrated in a certain territory, have a single production and social structure and jointly contribute to the protection of the natural environment, such as the Kansk-Achinsk Heat and Power Complex (KATEK). However, these complexes can also negative impact on the natural environment, but due to the integrated use of resources, this impact is significantly reduced

The next activity is rational water use. Water use is the totality of all forms and types of use of water resources in the general system of nature management. Rational water use involves ensuring the full reproduction of the water resources of the territory or water body in terms of quantity and quality. This is the main condition for the existence of water resources in the life cycle. Improving water use is the main factor in modern economic development planning. Water management is determined by the presence of two interacting blocks: natural and socio-economic. As resource-saving systems, river water intake should be considered as part of the earth's surface. River water intake is a functionally and territorially integral dynamic geosystem that develops in space and time with clearly marked natural boundaries. The organizing principle of this system is the hydrographic network. Water management is a complex organized territorial system that is formed as a result of the interaction of socio-economic societies and natural water sources.

Important task water economic activity consists in its ecological optimization. This is possible if the water use strategy includes the principle of minimizing the violation of the quality structure of a water body with a catchment area. Return waters after their use are different in composition from natural waters, therefore, for rational water use, maximum savings and minimal interference with the natural moisture cycle at any level are required. The reserves and quality of water resources are a function of regional conditions for the formation of runoff and the technogenic water cycle created by man in the process of water use. The assessment of the water supply of the territory for the region can be presented as a complex of highly informative hydrogeological indicators corresponding to various cost options for the organization of water use. At the same time, at least three options should be presented - two extreme and one intermediate: natural conditions, which correspond to a minimum of resources and zero costs for their extraction; conditions for expanded reproduction resulting from costly engineering measures; conditions of limiting water use that would take place when using the full annual runoff formed in a given territory, which corresponds not only to the maximum of resources, but also to the maximum of possible costs. Such conditions are unattainable, but in theoretical modeling and forecasting, their consideration is necessary to get an idea of the processes under study and as a comparative value for economic calculations. Equally important here is the construction of treatment facilities, or the modernization of existing ones, the use of which is the guarantor of the reproduction of "quality" water resources, which, after being used in human economic activity, are returned to water bodies.

An effective form of protection of the natural environment when industrial production is the use of low-waste and waste-free technologies, and in agriculture - the transition to biological methods of pest and weed control. The greening of industry should develop in the following areas: improvement of technological processes and development of new equipment that ensures less emissions of pollutants into the environment, large-scale introduction of environmental impact assessment of all types of production, replacement of toxic wastes with non-toxic and recyclable ones, widespread use of methods and means of environmental protection. It is necessary to use additional means of protection using treatment equipment such as wastewater treatment devices and systems, gas emissions, etc. Rational use of resources and protection of the environment from pollution is a common task, for which specialists from various branches of technology and fields of science should be involved. Environmental protection measures should determine the creation of natural-technogenic complexes that would ensure the efficient use of raw materials and the preservation of natural components. Environmental protection measures are divided into three groups: engineering, environmental, organizational.

Engineering activities are designed to improve existing and develop new technologies, machines, mechanisms and materials used in production, ensuring the exclusion or mitigation of technogenic pressures on the ecosystem. These activities are divided into organizational-technical and technological. Organizational and technical measures include a number of actions to comply with technological regulations, gas and wastewater purification processes, control over the serviceability of instruments and equipment, and timely technical re-equipment of production. The most progressive continuous and enlarged production facilities are provided for, ensuring the stability of the enterprise. They are also easily manageable and have the ability to constantly improve technologies to reduce emissions and discharges of pollutants.

Technological measures by improving production reduce the intensity of pollution sources. At the same time, additional costs will be required for the modernization of production, however, with a decrease in emissions, there is practically no damage to the natural environment, so the payback of measures will be high.

It is necessary to pay attention and environmental activities aimed at self-purification of the environment or self-healing. They are divided into two subgroups:

abiotic;

Biotic.

The abiotic subgroup is based on the use of natural chemical and physical processes that occur in all components.

Biotic measures are based on the use of living organisms that ensure the functioning of ecological systems in the zone of influence of production (biological fields for wastewater treatment, cultivation of microorganisms for the processing of pollutants, self-overgrowing of disturbed lands, etc.).

The group of organizational measures is determined by the structure of management of natural-technogenic systems and is subdivided into planned and operational ones. Planned are designed for a long-term perspective of the functioning of the system. Their basis is the rational arrangement of all structural units of the natural-technogenic complex.

Operational measures, as a rule, are used in extreme situations that occur at work or in the natural environment (explosions, fires, pipeline ruptures).

The above measures are the basis of human activity, creating environmentally friendly production, and should be aimed at reducing the technogenic load on ecosystems, and in case of its occurrence, contribute to the prompt elimination of the causes and consequences of accidents. The basis of the methodological approach to the selection environmental protection measures the principle of their environmental and techno-economic assessment should be laid down.

In addition to the above, I would like to note that for transboundary water bodies, of which the Amur is an example, the development of national and international legal documents that may be required to preserve the quality of water resources, primarily for the following purposes, is also important:

Monitoring and control of pollution of national and transboundary waters and its consequences;

Controlling the transport of pollutants over long distances through the atmosphere;

Control of accidental and/or arbitrary discharges to national and/or transboundary water bodies;

Conducting environmental reviews, as well as compensation for damage caused by one of the parties, the user of the transboundary reservoir

21. The concept of legal responsibility and the grounds for its application.

22. Criminal and administrative responsibility.

23. Civil liability.

24. Disciplinary responsibility.

25. Legal liability for pollution of water bodies.

26. Legal liability for contamination of water bodies.

27. Legal responsibility for the depletion of water bodies.

Water pollution is a decrease in its quality as a result of various physical, chemical or biological substances entering rivers, streams, lakes, seas and oceans.

Depletion of waters (water bodies) is a sustainable reduction in the minimum allowable surface water runoff or a reduction in groundwater resources

Legal protection of waters

characteristic feature The legal regime of waters is a comprehensive regulation of their protection from various harmful effects.

Legal protection of waters is a system of legally enforceable measures aimed at preventing their pollution, clogging and depletion. Pollution or littering the water legislation recognizes the deterioration of water quality as a result of the discharge into water bodies or the entry into them in any other way of harmful substances (pollution) or objects or suspended particles (contamination). Water depletion is a steady reduction in their volume (Article 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation).

In the field of protection of water bodies, the development and implementation of government programs on the use and protection of waters, ecological monitoring of water bodies, implementation of state accounting of surface and ground waters, maintaining state water cadastre * .

In order to ensure compliance by legal entities and citizens with the established procedure rational use and protection of water bodies, standards, norms and rules in the field of use and protection of waters, the regime for the use of territories of water protection zones of water bodies and other requirements of water legislation are carried out state control for the use and protection of water by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, state bodies in the field of environmental protection ** .

The legislation stipulates that the use of water bodies should be carried out with the minimum possible negative consequences for water bodies. When using them, citizens and legal entities need to carry out production and technological, reclamation, agrotechnical, hydrotechnical, sanitary and other measures to ensure the protection of water bodies. These requirements are disclosed through the system discussed above responsibilities the specified subjects that form the content of the right to water use.

At the same time, water legislation establishes a number of special measures, requirements and prohibitions for the protection of waters.

Maintaining surface and groundwater in a state that meets environmental requirements is ensured primarily through the establishment and compliance with standards for maximum permissible harmful effects to water bodies. They are set based on:

The maximum permissible value of the anthropogenic load, the long-term impact of which will not lead to a change in the ecosystem of the water body;

The maximum allowable mass of harmful substances that can enter a water body and its catchment area.

In order to protect waters, ensure the health and safety of the population, standards are established for the content of pollutants, harmful substances in water - their maximum allowable concentrations(MPC). To maintain water quality that meets these standards, the norms of water legislation regulating economic activities that have a negative impact on water are aimed.

In order to prevent and eliminate pollution of water bodies that may occur as a result of this activity, sources of pollution are determined. Sources of pollution objects are recognized from which the discharge or other entry into water bodies of harmful substances is carried out, deteriorating the quality of surface and ground waters, limiting their use, as well as negatively affecting the state of the bottom and banks of water bodies.

The protection of water bodies from pollution is carried out by regulating the activities of both stationary and other sources of pollution.

Citizens and legal entities when operating economic and other facilities that affect the state of water bodies, they are obliged to take measures to prevent pollution, clogging and depletion of water bodies and harmful effect waters (Art. 106). Waste water discharge, containing harmful substances is allowed in the presence of licenses, issued by the authorities for the use and protection of the water fund, and also if such a discharge does not lead to an increase in the content of pollutants above established norms- standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in water (MAC).

In this regard, each source of pollution must comply with the standards established for it by the competent state authorities. maximum allowable emissions pollutants (MPE). The standards for maximum permissible emissions of harmful substances are established based on the condition of the inadmissibility of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in water bodies.

When operating economic and other facilities, it is prohibited:

Discharge into water bodies of untreated and not neutralized wastewater in accordance with established standards;

To produce water intake from water bodies, which significantly affects their condition;

Discharge wastewater containing substances for which maximum permissible concentrations have not been established, or containing pathogens of infectious diseases.

In case of exceeding the MPE standards or discharge of wastewater containing substances for which the relevant standards are not established, violation of other requirements for the rational use and protection of water, the discharge of wastewater may be limited, suspended or prohibited up to the termination of the production facility by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation or the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the water fund management authorities, environmental protection or sanitary and epidemiological supervision.

When placing, designing, building, commissioning economic and other facilities, as well as introducing new technological processes, their impact on the state of water bodies and the environment should be taken into account. Construction sites (reconstruction) economic and other facilities that affect the state of water bodies, as well as the conduct of construction, dredging, blasting and other work on water bodies should be coordinated with the water fund management body, the state body for sanitary and epidemiological supervision, and other management bodies for the use and protection of natural resources.

Commissioning is prohibited:

Household and other facilities, including filter tanks, waste disposal sites, municipal and other landfills not equipped with devices, treatment facilities, preventing pollution, clogging, depletion of water bodies;

Water intake and waste facilities without devices that provide accounting for the intake and discharge of water;

Water intake and other hydraulic structures without the establishment of sanitary protection zones and the creation of observation points for indicators of the state of water bodies.

Sources of pollution located on land should not cause pollution and clogging of water bodies in excess of the established standards for the impact on water bodies, which should be ensured by priority application technology, that do not have a negative impact on the environment, limiting the use of toxic substances and heavy metals, introducing scientifically based methods for measuring and calculating wastewater discharges into water bodies.

The law establishes the obligations of water users to take measures to reduce water consumption, stop wastewater discharge by improving production technology and water supply schemes(application of waterless technological processes, air cooling, closed systems of industrial water supply, etc.) (Articles 98, 105 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation).

In the interests of sustainable satisfaction of the needs of the population and sectors of the economy in water, maintaining optimal conditions for water use, rational use of water resources and ensuring a favorable ecological and sanitary and epidemiological state of water bodies, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation establishes for water users water use limits.

Water use limits (water consumption and wastewater disposal) are the maximum allowable volumes of withdrawal of water resources or discharge of wastewater of standard quality into water bodies over a certain period of time *.

* Clauses 14-18 of the Rules for granting state-owned water bodies for use, establishing and revising water use limits, issuing a water use license and an administrative license, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 3, 1997 No. 383.

In order to protect water from clogging it is prohibited to discharge into water bodies and bury industrial, domestic and other wastes in them (Article 96 of the RF VC).

It is prohibited to bury and discharge radioactive and toxic substances (materials) into water bodies, as well as to carry out work on water bodies that uses nuclear and other types of technologies, accompanied by the release of radioactive and toxic substances.

Fund owners water transport, floating and other facilities on water bodies rafting organizations must prevent water pollution and clogging due to loss of oils, wood, chemical, petroleum and other products.

It is not allowed to operate self-propelled and non-self-propelled ships, as well as other objects located on the surface of water bodies, without devices for collecting sewage, waste and garbage generated on these ships and objects.

Enterprises, organizations and institutions are obliged to prevent pollution and clogging surfaces of watersheds and ice cover of reservoirs industrial, domestic and other waste and refuse, as well as oil products, pesticides and other harmful substances, the washout of which will lead to deterioration in the quality of surface and groundwater.

essential feature legal protection waters is setting water protection zones water objects.

A water protection zone is a territory adjacent to the water areas of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other surface water bodies, where a special regime of economic and other types of activity is established in order to prevent pollution, clogging, silting and depletion of water bodies, as well as to preserve the habitat of animal objects. and the plant world.

Compliance with the special regime on the territory of water protection zones is an integral part of a set of environmental measures to improve the hydrological, hydrochemical, hydrobiological, sanitary and ecological state water bodies and the improvement of their coastal areas.

Within the water protection zones are established coastal protection strips, on the territories of which additional restrictions on nature use are introduced. The legal regime of these territories is regulated by the Regulations on water protection zones of water bodies and their coastal strips.

In order to protect water bodies used for drinking and domestic water supply, as well as medical, resort and recreational needs of the population, zones and districts of sanitary protection.

The Water Code of the Russian Federation also regulates issues emergency water pollution as a result of salvo discharges of harmful substances, the concepts of zones are defined emergency environmental situation and environmental disaster at water bodies(Art. 97, 116 VK RF), provides for measures to prevent and eliminate the consequences harmful effects of water(floods, inundations, destruction of banks, dams, etc., swamping and salinization of lands, soil erosion, mudflows, etc.).

The legislation provides for the creation of various categories specially protected water bodies- natural ecosystems of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are completely or partially, permanently or temporarily withdrawn from economic activity. These may be areas of internal sea waters, wetlands, streams and reservoirs classified as unique natural landscapes, zones of protection of the source or mouth of water bodies, spawning grounds for valuable fish species, etc. The Special Federal Law "On the Protection of Lake Baikal" establishes a special legal regime for the protection of a unique ecological system - Baikal natural area, which is a natural world heritage site.

The Krasnodar Territory is a subject Russian Federation since 1937. It is located in the southwest of the country and is part of the Southern Federal District.

Types of reservoirs

In order to go to the description of the reservoirs of this territorial unit RF, it is necessary to clarify what this concept is.

A body of water is a temporary or permanent accumulation of water, stagnant or with reduced flow, in natural or artificial depressions. This term is also applicable to the seas and oceans, but in a broader sense. Temporary can be called oxbow lakes and puddles, that is, those hydro facilities that occur at certain periods of the year, most often in spring and autumn floods.

Reservoirs of the region

Permanent objects of this type include lakes, ponds, reservoirs and specific reservoirs. Krasnodar Territory- estuaries. Reservoirs are divided into artificial and natural. The former include reservoirs, dams, ponds and pools.

All of the above hydro facilities are available in the Kuban, most which occupies the Krasnodar Territory. In the southwest and northwest, the territory of the region is washed by the waters of the Black and Azov Seas, respectively. These are the largest natural reservoirs in the Krasnodar Territory.

Seas of the Krasnodar Territory

The Black Sea is washed by the border of the region from serving as the border with Abkhazia to Cape Tuzla. The Kerch Strait connects it with the Sea of Azov, which is 11 times smaller than the Black Sea in area. The Sea of Azov is the smallest sea in Russia. In ancient times, it was called the Meotian swamp.

These reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory differ sharply from each other. So, the greatest depth of the Black Sea is 2210 (2245) meters, while the Azov is only 14. The water in the first is very salty and below 200 meters is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, while in the second natural reservoir, it is desalinated by large rivers - the Kuban and Don, salt contains little. The shores of the Black Sea are covered mainly with pebbles, while those of the Sea of Azov are covered with shell rock and sand. And if up to 180 species of fish are found in the Black Sea, 40 of which are commercial, then until recently the Azov Sea was generally considered the richest in fish stocks in the country.

The largest fresh lake

In addition to the seas, lakes are among the major natural hydro objects. Abrau, Kardyvach and Psenodakh are fresh water bodies of this type in the Krasnodar Territory. The largest freshwater drainless lake in the Krasnodar Territory is the Abrau reservoir, located on the peninsula of the same name (Abrausky), 14 km from Novorossiysk. The reservoir is really large - its length is 3,100 meters, width - 630. The depth in some places reaches 11 meters.

The area of the mirror is 0.6 square kilometers. Scientists argue about its origin - someone considers it karst, someone - formed as a result of a landslide. There are suggestions that the lake is a remnant of the ancient Cimmerian freshwater basin. The lake is very clean, as evidenced by the presence of a large number of crayfish on the banks. In addition to them, it is also found here. As noted above, the lake is drainless, and only one river flows into it - the Durso, as well as numerous mountain streams. And yet, having no natural drains, the lake becomes shallow. Shallows and silts, despite the measures taken. Next to it there is a small Dolphin Lake, the depth of which reaches 7 meters. It is adapted to work with marine animals - a dolphinarium has been built here.

The name of the reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory, each of them, sounds very beautiful and mysterious and is often shrouded in some kind of legend. Lake Abrau and the Durso River flowing into it, united in the name of the rural district, are associated with a beautiful legend about unhappy love. And the name of the second largest reservoir in the Krasnodar Territory, Lake Kardyvach, is translated from the Abaza language as "in a clearing inside a hollow."

Lake Kardyvach

All reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory are beautiful, Kardyvach is often called the lake of dreams. Located 44 km from the now world-famous resort of Krasnaya Polyana, located at an altitude of 1838 meters above sea level, this almost regular oval-shaped body of water is a favorite destination for tourists and part of a biosphere reserve. Often the lake is called a mirror lake - in addition to beautiful shores, snow-capped mountain peaks are reflected in it.

The one flowing from it is the longest of all rivers and streams flowing into the Black Sea. The length of the lake reaches 500 meters, width - 360, depth - 17 meters. It should be added that the lake, located on the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range, changes color - from emerald green in spring to bright blue in summer.

Lake Psenodakh

The third largest is the lake of the Lago-Naki plateau - Psenodakh, located at an altitude of more than 1900 meters. The shape of this lake is interesting - it resembles a smile. The reservoir is shallow - no more than a meter (the greatest depth reaches 3 m). The lake is interesting because periodically, and often for unknown reasons, it disappears, and then reappears. And when it exists and is filled with water, it is an amazingly beautiful sight - surrounded by meadows and framed by mountain peaks, it is filled with clear and clean water.

Other lakes of the Krasnodar Territory

Close to Black and Seas of Azov there are salt lakes, which were formed as a result of the occurrence of an alluvial shaft that separated the reservoirs from the sea. Healing mud found in such lakes as Khanskoye, Golubitskoye and Salt, Chemburka and Sudzhukskoye are used for medicinal purposes. The same salt lakes with healing mud are also in steppe zones- near Armavir there are two Ubezhensky lakes - Small and Big.

There are lakes such as Staraya Kuban, which was formed from the old channel of the Kuban River. It is interesting in that its waters serve to cool the Krasnodar thermal power plant. It is also used for fish breeding, and more recently for recreational purposes (swimming and recreational fishing).

Estuaries

The natural reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory are also a huge array of lagoon and floodplain natural reservoirs, called estuaries. They are located at the mouth of the Kuban River and cover an area of 1300 sq. km. Their depth ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 meters. They occurred as a result of the processes of formation on the site of the sea bay of the river delta. This happened as a result of the formation of a shell spit, which fenced off the bay from the Black and Azov seas. There are many of them - below are some and Kiziltashsky, Yeysky, Beisugsky and Kirpilsky have always been considered the largest. The entire array of estuaries of the Kuban is divided into three systems - Taman, Central and Akhtarsko-Grivna. They unite both lagoonal estuaries located near the sea, and floodplain - remote from it. There are on the territory of the region and plavni.

reservoirs

Artificial reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory are represented by the following reservoirs - Atakaysky and Varnavinsky, Krasnodar and Kryukovsky, Neberdzhaevsky and Shapsugsky.

Only in the Kuban basin on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory there are 10 reservoirs. The largest not only in the region, but throughout the entire North Caucasus is the Krasnodar reservoir, finally filled with water and put into operation in 1975. It absorbed the Tshchik reservoir located here earlier. The purpose of its formation was to combat floods in the lower reaches of the Kuban (such tributaries of the Kuban as the Belaya, Pshish, Marta, Apchas, Shunduk, Psekups flow into it) and rice cultivation.

Protection and use

The use and protection of reservoirs in the Krasnodar Territory are carried out by the services of various departments. So, reservoirs are used to maintain the required water level for the possibility of navigation. All reservoirs, except for saline ones, are used to irrigate areas with insufficient moisture, to ensure normal irrigation of fields, including rice fields.

The state of water bodies is constantly monitored within the framework of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and monitoring. The state of water quality is monitored at 297 sampling points. 42 are located in reservoirs of the I category (household and drinking supply), 136 - of the II category (swimming, sports, recreation of the population), 119 - of the III (fishery purpose) category. From May 15 until the end of summer holiday season laboratory control of water quality is carried out every ten days. Constant explanatory work is carried out with the population about the inadmissibility of pollution of water bodies.

Bad ecology

The ecological state of the reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory is determined on the basis of information received by the control authorities. It can be stated that there are plenty of problems in the reservoirs of the region. These include depletion of fish stocks, degradation of water bodies - shallowing, silting, overgrowing of estuaries, swamping. Erosion of banks, discharges of prohibited city waters, contamination of the natural environment with toxic industrial waste, as well as radioactive contamination of the territory and much more, even resulted in acid rain. The biggest changes are in Krasnodar Territory occurred as a result of water-chemical reclamation, which negatively affected the condition of the soil - due to its oversaturation, up to 50% of chemical fertilizers were washed into water bodies, which could not but lead to disastrous results.

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Freshwater bodies perform several functions. On the one hand, rivers and lakes are important part water cycle in nature.

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On the other hand, this important environment life on the planet with its unique complex of living organisms.

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Large rivers and lakes are a kind of heat trap, since water has a high heat capacity. On cold days, the temperature is higher near water bodies, since the water gives off stored heat, and on hot days, the air over lakes and rivers is cooler due to the fact that the water accumulates excess heat in itself. In the spring, lakes and rivers become a resting place for migratory waterfowl, which migrate further north, into the tundra, to nesting sites.

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Rivers and lakes are the only available source of fresh water on our planet. Currently, many rivers are blocked by hydroelectric dams, so the water in the rivers plays the role of a source of energy.

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The picturesque banks of rivers and lakes allow a person to enjoy the beauty of nature. That is why one of critical values ground reservoirs - a source of beauty.

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In the Arkhangelsk region, in addition to the listed functions, rivers play the role of transport routes through which various goods are transported.

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Previously, mole rafting of wood was carried out along the Onega, the Northern Dvina and other rivers. With this method a large number of logs during the spring flood independently rafted downstream. Thus, wood was delivered free of charge from the logging areas to large sawmills in Arkhangelsk. With this method of alloying trees, irreparable damage was caused to nature. The bottom of the rivers on which mole rafting was carried out was heavily littered with rotting logs. Such rivers became summer period non-navigable. As a result of rotting wood, a reduced oxygen content was noted in the water.

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Consequences of a mole alloy.

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Rafting timber on the Northern Dvina.

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The northern rivers are famous for the abundance of various fish. They are inhabited by whitefish, char, omul, herring. In the rivers flowing into the Beloe and Barents Sea, in the spring a valuable commercial fish northern salmon, or salmon. Currently, the number of this species has greatly decreased due to poaching. In order to save the salmon, the state regulates the catching rates for special fishing brigades. But sometimes residents catch salmon with nets without the permission of fish protection organizations on their own, in connection with this, the problem of poaching in northern rivers is particularly acute.

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SALMON is an anadromous fish of the salmon family. Length up to 150 cm, weighs up to 39 kg. After feeding in the sea, it migrates to rivers to breed. Two races of salmon are known in the White Sea: autumn and summer. The course of the salmon of the Northern Dvina begins in the spring and continues until the freeze-up.

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Another source of pollution of rivers and lakes is domestic sewage. Majority major cities in the Arkhangelsk region stands on the banks of large rivers. Therefore, a large amount of insufficiently treated wastewater can enter rivers and further into the sea. In order to maintain the high quality of water in the rivers of the Arkhangelsk region and preserve the diverse flora and fauna, industrial enterprises must comply with pollutant emission standards, and the population must comply with environmental laws and take care of the riches that nature has bestowed.

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Literature
Ecology of the Arkhangelsk region: Tutorial for students in grades 9-11 of a comprehensive school / Under. Ed. Batalova A. E., Morozovoy L. V. - M .: Publishing house - in Moscow State University, 2004. Geography of the Arkhangelsk region ( physical geography) 8th grade. Textbook for students. / Under the editorship of Byzova N. M. - Arkhangelsk, publishing house of the Pomor International Pedagogical University named after MV Lomonosov, 1995. Regional component of general education. Biology. - Department of Education and Science of the Administration of the Arkhangelsk Region, 2006. PSU, 2006. JSC IPPK RO, 2006

Freshwater bodies perform several functions. On the one hand, rivers and lakes are an important part of the water cycle in nature. Freshwater bodies perform several functions. On the one hand, rivers and lakes are an important part of the water cycle in nature.

In the Arkhangelsk region, in addition to the listed functions, rivers play the role of transport routes through which various goods are transported. In the Arkhangelsk region, in addition to the listed functions, rivers play the role of transport routes through which various goods are transported.

Previously, mole rafting of wood was carried out along the Onega, the Northern Dvina and other rivers. With this method, a large number of logs during the spring flood were independently rafted downstream. Thus, wood was delivered free of charge from the logging areas to large sawmills in Arkhangelsk. With this method of alloying trees, irreparable damage was caused to nature. The bottom of the rivers on which mole rafting was carried out was heavily littered with rotting logs. Such rivers became non-navigable during the summer period. As a result of rotting wood, a reduced oxygen content was noted in the water. Previously, mole rafting of wood was carried out along the Onega, the Northern Dvina and other rivers. With this method, a large number of logs during the spring flood were independently rafted downstream. Thus, wood was delivered free of charge from the logging areas to large sawmills in Arkhangelsk. With this method of alloying trees, irreparable damage was caused to nature. The bottom of the rivers on which mole rafting was carried out was heavily littered with rotting logs. Such rivers became non-navigable during the summer period. As a result of rotting wood, a reduced oxygen content was noted in the water.

Despite the high economic efficiency, this method of transporting wood brought great harm to nature. Therefore, it has now been abandoned. Now the wood is transported along the rivers in the form of large rafts. In this case, there is no loss of logs, and therefore, rivers and the sea are not polluted. Despite the high economic efficiency, this method of transporting wood brought great harm to nature. Therefore, it has now been abandoned. Now the wood is transported along the rivers in the form of large rafts. In this case, there is no loss of logs, and therefore, rivers and the sea are not polluted.

The northern rivers are famous for the abundance of various fish. They are inhabited by whitefish, char, omul, herring. In the rivers flowing into the White and Barents Seas, in the spring, a valuable commercial fish, northern salmon, or salmon, comes to spawn. Currently, the number of this species has greatly decreased due to poaching. In order to save the salmon, the state regulates the catching rates for special fishing brigades. But sometimes residents catch salmon with nets without the permission of fish protection organizations, in connection with this, the problem of poaching in the northern rivers is especially acute. The northern rivers are famous for the abundance of various fish. They are inhabited by whitefish, char, omul, herring. In the rivers flowing into the White and Barents Seas, in the spring, a valuable commercial fish, northern salmon, or salmon, comes to spawn. Currently, the number of this species has greatly decreased due to poaching. In order to save the salmon, the state regulates the catching rates for special fishing brigades. But sometimes residents catch salmon with nets without the permission of fish protection organizations, in connection with this, the problem of poaching in the northern rivers is especially acute.

SALMON is an anadromous fish of the salmon family. Length up to 150 cm, weighs up to 39 kg. SALMON is an anadromous fish of the salmon family. Length up to 150 cm, weighs up to 39 kg. After feeding in the sea, it migrates to rivers to breed. Two races of salmon are known in the White Sea: autumn and summer. The course of the salmon of the Northern Dvina begins in the spring and continues until the freeze-up.

The main negative human impact on the state of rivers and lakes is their pollution with waste from chemical industries. The most polluted is the Northern Dvina. On this river are the largest pulp and paper mills in Europe. One of them is located near Kotlas, in the city of Koryazhma, and the other two are located in Novodvinsk and Arkhangelsk. The main negative human impact on the state of rivers and lakes is their pollution with waste from chemical industries. The most polluted is the Northern Dvina. On this river are the largest pulp and paper mills in Europe. One of them is located near Kotlas, in the city of Koryazhma, and the other two are located in Novodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

The total pollution of the Northern Dvina is so high that in the summer it is not recommended to swim in the river within the city of Arkhangelsk. The problem of water pollution in Arkhangelsk is particularly acute, since in this city the river is the only source of drinking water. The Water Code has been developed to control the quality of fresh waters by the state. The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Environment” contains a separate article on the protection of fresh waters. In Russia, maximum allowable concentrations and maximum allowable discharges of hazardous substances from industrial enterprises have been developed. The General Directorate of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection is responsible for the implementation of these laws and for monitoring the quality of wastewater. The total pollution of the Northern Dvina is so high that in the summer it is not recommended to swim in the river within the city of Arkhangelsk. The problem of water pollution in Arkhangelsk is particularly acute, since in this city the river is the only source of drinking water. The Water Code has been developed to control the quality of fresh waters by the state. The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Environment” contains a separate article on the protection of fresh waters. In Russia, maximum allowable concentrations and maximum allowable discharges of hazardous substances from industrial enterprises have been developed. The General Directorate of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection is responsible for the implementation of these laws and for monitoring the quality of wastewater.

Another source of pollution of rivers and lakes is domestic sewage. Most of the large cities in the Arkhangelsk region are located on the banks of large rivers. Therefore, a large amount of insufficiently treated wastewater can enter rivers and further into the sea. In order to maintain the high quality of water in the rivers of the Arkhangelsk region and preserve the diverse flora and fauna, industrial enterprises must comply with pollutant emission standards, and the population must comply with environmental laws and take care of the riches that nature has bestowed. Another source of pollution of rivers and lakes is domestic sewage. Most of the large cities in the Arkhangelsk region are located on the banks of large rivers. Therefore, a large amount of insufficiently treated wastewater can enter rivers and further into the sea. In order to maintain the high quality of water in the rivers of the Arkhangelsk region and preserve the diverse flora and fauna, industrial enterprises must comply with pollutant emission standards, and the population must comply with environmental laws and take care of the riches that nature has bestowed.

Literature Ecology of the Arkhangelsk region: Textbook for students in grades 9-11 of a comprehensive school / Pod. Ed. Batalova A. E., Morozovoy L. V. - M .: Publishing house - in Moscow State University, 2004. Geography of the Arkhangelsk region (physical geography) Grade 8. Textbook for students. / Under the editorship of Byzova N. M. - Arkhangelsk, publishing house of the Pomor International Pedagogical University named after M. V. Lomonosov, 1995. Regional component of general education. Biology. - Department of Education and Science of the Administration of the Arkhangelsk Region, 2006. PSU, 2006. JSC IPPK RO, 2006

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