MPC chlorides in drinking water. Definitions of indicators of water pollution

Chemical properties of water

Oxidability

Oxidability indicates the amount of oxygen in milligrams required for oxidation. organic matter contained in 1 dm³ of water.

The waters of surface and underground sources have different oxidizability - in groundwater the value of oxidizability is insignificant, with the exception of marsh waters and waters of oil fields. Oxidability mountain rivers lower than the plains. The highest value of oxidizability (up to tens of mg/dm³) is found in rivers fed by swamp waters.

The value of oxidizability naturally changes throughout the year. Oxidability is characterized by several values ​​- permanganate, dichromate, iodate oxidizability (depending on which oxidizing agent is used).

MPC oxidizability of water have the following meanings: chemical oxygen demand or bichromate oxidizability (COD) of drinking water bodies should not exceed 15 mg O₂ / dm³. For reservoirs in recreation areas, the COD value should not exceed 30 mg O₂ /dm³.

pH value

The hydrogen index (pH) of natural water shows the quantitative content of carbonic acid and its ions in it.

Sanitary and hygienic standards for reservoirs of various types of water use (drinking, fisheries, recreational zones) are established MPC pH in the range of 6.5-8.5.

The concentration of hydrogen ions, expressed as a pH value, is one of the most important indicators of water quality. The pH value is of decisive importance in the course of numerous chemical and biological processes in natural water. It is the pH value that determines which plants and organisms will develop in a given water, how elements will migrate, and the degree of corrosiveness of water to metal and concrete structures also depends on this value.

The pH value determines the pathways for the conversion of biogenic elements and the degree of toxicity of pollutants.

Hardness of water

The hardness of natural water is manifested due to the content of dissolved calcium and magnesium salts in it. The total content of calcium and magnesium ions is the total hardness. Rigidity can be expressed in several units of measurement; in practice, the value of mg-eq / dm³ is more often used.

High hardness impairs household characteristics and taste properties of water, and has an adverse effect on human health.

MPC for hardness drinking water is normalized by the value of 10.0 mg-eq / dm³.

The technical water of heating systems is subject to more stringent requirements for their rigidity due to the likelihood of scale formation in pipelines.

Ammonia

The presence of ammonia in natural water is due to the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic substances. If ammonia in water is formed during the decomposition of organic residues (faecal contamination), then such water is unsuitable for drinking. Ammonia is determined in water by the content of ammonium ions NH₄⁺.

MPC for ammonia in water is 2.0 mg/dm³.

Nitrites

Nitrite NO₂⁻ is an intermediate product of the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Nitrification processes are possible only under aerobic conditions, otherwise natural processes follow the path of denitrification - the reduction of nitrates to nitrogen and ammonia.

Nitrites in surface waters are in the form of nitrite ions, in acidic waters they can partially be in the form of undissociated nitrous acid (HN0₂).

MAC of nitrites in water is 3.3 mg / dm³ (according to the nitrite ion), or 1 mg / dm³ in terms of ammonium nitrogen. For fishery reservoirs, the norms are 0.08 mg / dm³ for nitrite ion or 0.02 mg / dm³ in terms of nitrogen.

Nitrates

Nitrates, compared with other nitrogen compounds, are the least toxic, but in significant concentrations cause harmful effects on organisms. The main danger of nitrates is their ability to accumulate in the body and oxidize there to nitrites and nitrosamines, which are much more toxic and can cause the so-called secondary and tertiary nitrate poisoning.

The accumulation of large amounts of nitrates in the body contributes to the development of methemoglobinemia. Nitrates react with blood hemoglobin and form methemoglobin, which does not carry oxygen and thus causes oxygen starvation of tissues and organs.

The subthreshold concentration of ammonium nitrate, which does not have harmful effects on the sanitary regime of the reservoir, is 10 mg/dm³.

For fishery reservoirs, damaging concentrations of ammonium nitrates for various kinds fish start at values ​​on the order of hundreds of milligrams per litre.

MPC nitrates for drinking water is 45 mg / dm³, for fishery reservoirs - 40 mg / dm³ for nitrates or 9.1 mg / dm³ for nitrogen.

chlorides

Chlorides in high concentration worsen taste qualities water, and at high concentrations make the water unsuitable for drinking purposes. For technical and economic purposes, the content of chlorides is also strictly regulated. Water containing a lot of chlorides is unsuitable for irrigation of agricultural plantations.

MPC chlorides in drinking water should not exceed 350 mg / dm³, in the water of fishery reservoirs - 300 mg / dm³.

sulfates

Sulfates in drinking water worsen its organoleptic characteristics, at high concentrations they have a physiological effect on the human body. Sulfates are used in medicine as a laxative, so their content in drinking water is strictly regulated.

Magnesium sulfate is determined in water by taste at a content of 400 to 600 mg / dm³, calcium sulfate - from 250 to 800 mg / dm³.

MPC sulfates for drinking water - 500 mg / dm³, for waters of fishery reservoirs - 100 mg / dm³.

There is no reliable data on the effect of sulfates on corrosion processes, but it is noted that when the sulfate content in water exceeds 200 mg/dm³, lead is washed out of lead pipes.

Iron

Iron compounds enter natural water from natural and anthropogenic sources. Significant amounts of iron enter water bodies along with wastewater from metallurgical, chemical, textile and agricultural enterprises.

At an iron concentration of more than 2 mg/dm³, the organoleptic properties of water worsen - in particular, an astringent aftertaste appears.

MPC iron in drinking water 0.3 mg / dm³, with limiting hazard indicators - organoleptic. For the waters of fishery reservoirs - 0.1 mg / dm³, the limiting indicator of harmfulness is toxicological.

Fluorine

High concentrations of fluorine are observed in wastewater from glass, metallurgical and chemical industries (in the production of fertilizers, steel, aluminum, etc.), as well as in mining enterprises.

MPC for fluorine in drinking water is 1.5 mg / dm³, with a limiting sanitary-toxicological hazard indicator.

Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the logical opposite of acidity. The alkalinity of natural and industrial waters is the ability of the ions contained in them to neutralize an equivalent amount of strong acids.

Indicators of water alkalinity must be taken into account in the reagent treatment of water, in the processes of water supply, when dosing chemical reagents.

If the concentration alkaline earth metals increased, knowledge of water alkalinity is essential in determining the suitability of water for irrigation systems.

Water alkalinity and pH are used to calculate the carbonic acid balance and determine the concentration of carbonate ions.

Calcium

The intake of calcium into natural waters comes from natural and anthropogenic sources. A large number of calcium enters natural water bodies with effluents from metallurgical, chemical, glass and silicate industries, as well as with runoff from the surface of farmland where mineral fertilizers were used.

MPC calcium in the water of fishery reservoirs is 180 mg/dm³.

Calcium ions are hardness ions that form hard scale in the presence of sulfates, carbonates and some other ions. Therefore, the calcium content in industrial waters supplying steam power plants is strictly controlled.

The quantitative content of calcium ions in water must be taken into account when studying the carbonate-calcium balance, as well as when analyzing the origin and chemical composition of natural waters.

Aluminum

Aluminum is known as a light silvery metal. In natural waters, it is present in residual quantities in the form of ions or insoluble salts. Sources of aluminum entering natural waters are wastewater from metallurgical industries, bauxite processing. In water treatment processes, aluminum compounds are used as coagulants.

Dissolved aluminum compounds are highly toxic, can accumulate in the body and lead to severe damage to the nervous system.

MPC aluminum in drinking water should not exceed 0.5 mg/dm³.

Magnesium

Magnesium is one of the most important biogenic elements that play big role in the life of living organisms.

Anthropogenic sources of magnesium in natural waters - wastewater from metallurgy, textile, silicate industries.

MPC magnesium in drinking water - 40 mg/dm³.

Sodium

Sodium is an alkali metal and a biogenic element. In small amounts, sodium ions perform important physiological functions in a living organism; in high concentrations, sodium causes disruption of the kidneys.

In wastewater, sodium enters natural waters mainly from irrigated agricultural lands.

MPC sodium in drinking water is 200 mg/dm³.

Manganese

The element manganese is found in nature in the form of mineral compounds, and for living organisms it is a trace element, that is, in small quantities it is necessary for their life.

A significant flow of manganese into natural water bodies occurs with the effluents of metallurgical and chemical enterprises, mining and processing plants and mine production.

MPC of manganese ions in drinking water -0.1 mg / dm³, with a limiting organoleptic hazard indicator.

Excessive intake of manganese in the human body disrupts the metabolism of iron; in case of severe poisoning, serious mental disorders. Manganese is able to gradually accumulate in body tissues, causing specific diseases.

Residual chlorine

Sodium hypochlorite used for water disinfection is present in water in the form of hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ion. The use of chlorine for the disinfection of drinking and waste water, despite criticism of the method, is still widely used.

Chlorination is also used in the production of paper, cotton wool, for the disinfestation of refrigeration plants.

Active chlorine should not be present in natural reservoirs.

MPC free chlorine in drinking water 0.3 - 0.5 mg/dm³.

Hydrocarbons (petroleum products)

Oil products are one of the most dangerous pollutants of natural water bodies. Petroleum products get into natural waters in several ways: as a result of oil spills during accidents of oil tankers; with wastewater from the oil and gas industry; with wastewater from chemical, metallurgical and other heavy industries; with household waste.

Small amounts of hydrocarbons are formed as a result of the biological decomposition of living organisms.

For sanitary and hygienic control, indicators of the content of dissolved, emulsified and sorbed oil are determined, since each of the listed species affects living organisms in a different way.

Dissolved and emulsified petroleum products have a diverse adverse effect on the plant and animal world reservoirs, on human health, on the general physical and chemical state of biogeocenosis.

MPC for oil products for drinking water -0.3 mg / dm³, with limiting organoleptic hazard indicators. For reservoirs for fishery purposes, MPC for oil products is 0.05 mg/dm³.

Polyphosphates

Polyphosphate salts are used in water treatment processes to soften industrial water, as a component of household chemicals, as a catalyst or inhibitor chemical reactions as a dietary supplement.

MPC for polyphosphates for drinking water - 3.5 mg / dm³, with limiting organoleptic hazard indicators.

Silicon

Silicon is a common element in the earth's crust, it is part of many minerals. For the human body is a trace element.

A significant content of silicon is observed in the wastewater of ceramic, cement, glass and silicate industries, in the production of binders.

MPC silicon in drinking water - 10 mg/dm³.

Sulfides and hydrogen sulfide

Sulfides are sulfur-containing compounds, salts of hydrosulfide acid H₂S. In natural waters, the content of hydrogen sulfide makes it possible to judge organic pollution, since hydrogen sulfide is formed during protein decay.

Anthropogenic sources of hydrogen sulfide and sulfides are household wastewater, wastewater from metallurgical, chemical and pulp industries.

A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide gives the water a characteristic unpleasant odor (rotten eggs) and toxic properties, the water becomes unsuitable for technical and household purposes.

MPC for sulfides - in reservoirs for fishery purposes, the content of hydrogen sulfide and sulfides is unacceptable.

Strontium

Reactive metal, in its natural form, is a trace element of plant and animal organisms.

Increased intake of strontium in the body changes the metabolism of calcium in the body. Perhaps the development of strontium rickets or "Urov's disease", in which growth retardation and curvature of the joints are observed.

Radioactive isotopes of strontium cause a carcinogenic effect or radiation sickness in humans.

MAC of natural strontium in drinking water is 7 mg / dm³, with a limiting sanitary-toxicological hazard indicator.

Harmful elements are established by state regulations. Failure to comply with the limit values ​​specified in it is an offense for which offenders are held liable in accordance with the law. The MPC standard in water gives instructions on those limit values ​​of pollutants, the content of which does not entail damage to human health or life.

The main sources of toxic elements are numerous operating enterprises industrial complex. Their emissions are strong enough to soil and water. Chemical elements, which have a negative impact on the environment around us, it is customary to divide into groups depending on the degree of their danger to humans. These include hazardous substances:

emergency;

high;

Moderate.

There is also a group of hazardous elements.

MPCs in various waters are reflected in specially designed tables. There are also various formulas, the use of which allows you to calculate the maximum tolerance of toxins. They are used by specialists to carry out control measures for water used by humans. Such actions can be carried out by any of us. To do this, it is enough to analyze the state of drinking water in your home and compare it with acceptable standards finding different elements in it. For example, the content in milligrams per liter should not be higher than:

Dry residue - 1000;

Sulphates - 500;

Chlorides - 350;

Zinc - 5;

Iron - 0.3;

Manganese - 0.1;

Residual polyphosphates - 3.5.

The total should not exceed seven milligrams per liter.

Great importance also has control over the condition of the soil. It is the earth that serves as an accumulator and filter for various connections. MPCs that are constantly discharged into the soil must also comply with the standards, since constant migration in its upper layers pollutes the entire environment quite strongly.

According to sanitary and hygienic standards, no more than:

0.02 mg/kg benzapyrene;

3 mg/kg copper;

130 mg/kg nitrates;

0.3 mg/kg toluene;

23 mg/kg zinc.

When the MPC in water is exceeded, the authorities involved in the control of the state environment, will determine the cause of this phenomenon. Quite often, on an increase in the amount in nature chemical substances influenced by the usual household waste. Currently, the problem of cleaning water bodies from phosphate and nitrogen compounds is especially acute. Three different approaches can be used to solve this problem:

Chemical;

Biological;

A combination of the first two methods.

Bringing the MPC to the standard value in water using chemical treatment involves the formation of metal phosphates, which, being insoluble, settle at the bottom of a special container. This process occurs with the help of reagents. Using the chemical cleaning method finds wide application at industrial enterprises. This work may only be carried out by specially trained personnel.

If phosphorus or P-bacteria are used in water purification, then this method is biological. This is a modern natural approach to preventing excess of MPC. Special zones of treatment tanks are supplied alternately with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. This method is used in biofilters, septic tanks and aeration tanks.

The combination of biological and chemical methods used in treatment systems, where there is a need to accelerate and enhance the reactions of decomposition of sewage.

Vladimir Khomutko

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The problem of the presence of oil products in water and how to deal with it

Among the most common and toxically hazardous substances that serve as sources of pollution of the natural aquatic environment, experts include petroleum products (NP).

Oil and its derivatives are unstable mixtures of hydrocarbons of the saturated and unsaturated groups, as well as their derivatives different kind. Hydrochemistry conditionally interprets the concept of "petroleum products", limited only to their hydrocarbon aliphatic, aromatic and acyclic fractions, which constitute the main and most common part of oil and its components released during oil refining. To indicate the content of oil products in water, in international practice there is the term Hydrocarbon Oil Index (“hydrocarbon oil index”).

The maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in water of oil and oil products for cultural and domestic and household water use facilities is at around 0.3 milligrams per cubic decimeter, and for fishery water use facilities - 0.05 milligrams per cubic decimeter.

The determination of oil products contained in water is possible using various instruments and methods, which we will briefly discuss in this article.

To date, there are four main methods for determining the concentration of oil and its derivatives in water, which are based on different physical properties determined oil products:

• gravimetry method;
• IR spectrophotometry;
• fluorimetric method;
• gas chromatography technique.

The method of applying one or another method of measuring the content of oils and oil products in water, as well as MPC standards for various types of oil products, is regulated by environmental regulations of federal significance (abbreviated as PND F).

gravimetric method

Its use is regulated by PND F number 14.1:2.116-97.

Its essence is the extraction (dehydration) of oil products from samples provided for analysis using an organic solvent, followed by separation from polar compounds using column chromatography on aluminum oxide of other classes of compounds, after which the content of the substance in water is quantified.

In wastewater studies, this method is used at concentrations ranging from 0.30 to 50.0 milligrams per cubic decimeter, which does not allow determining the compliance of water with MPC standards at fisheries water use facilities.

Another significant disadvantage of this method is the long period of time required for measurements. Therefore, it is not used in the current technological control in production, as well as in other cases where the speed of obtaining results is of paramount importance.

Experts attribute the absence of standard calibrations for samples, which are typical for other methods of analysis, to the advantages of this technique.

The error when using this method with a P value of 0.95 (±δ,%) in the analysis of natural waters varies from 25 to 28 percent, and in the analysis of waste water - from 10 to 35.

IR spectrophotometry

The use of this technique is regulated by PND F number 14.1: 2: 4.168, as well as guidelines MUK 4.1.1013-01.

The essence of this technique for determining the content of oil products in water is the isolation of dissolved and emulsified oil contaminants by extracting them with carbon tetrachloride, followed by chromatographic separation of the oil from other compounds of the organic group, on a column filled with aluminum oxide. After that, the determination of the amount of NPs in water is carried out according to the intensity of absorption in the infrared region. C-H spectrum connections.

Infrared spectroscopy is currently one of the most powerful analytical techniques, and is widely used in both applied and fundamental research. Its application is also possible for the needs of current control production process.

The most popular technique for such spectral IR analysis today is Fourier IR. Spectrometers based on this technique, even those in the lower and middle price niche, already compete with traditional instruments such as diffraction spectrometers in terms of their parameters. They are now widely used in numerous analytical laboratories.

In addition to optics, the standard package of such devices necessarily includes a control computer, which not only performs the function of controlling the process of obtaining the required spectrum, but also serves for operational processing of the received data. Using such IR spectrometers, it is quite easy to obtain the vibrational spectrum of the compound presented for analysis.

The main advantages of this technique are:

• small quantities of initial samples of analyzed water (from 200 tons to 250 milliliters);
• high sensitivity of the method (determination step - 0.02 milligrams per cubic decimeter, which allows you to determine the compliance of the results with the MPC standards for fishery reservoirs).

The most important disadvantage of this method of analysis (especially when using a photocolorimetric end), experts call a high degree of its dependence on the type of oil product being analyzed. Determination with a photocolorimeter requires the construction of separate calibration curves for each type of oil product. This is due to the fact that the discrepancy between the standard and the analyzed oil product significantly distorts the results.

This method is used at NP concentrations from 0.02 to 10 milligrams per cubic decimeter. The measurement error at P equal to 0.95 (±δ,%) ranges from 25 to 50 percent.

Regulated by PND F number 14.1:2:4.128-98.

The essence of this technique is the dehydration of petroleum products, followed by their extraction from water with hexane, then purification of the resulting extract (if necessary) and subsequent measurement of the fluorescent intensity of the extract, which arises from optical excitation. To measure the intensity of fluorescence, a Fluorat-2 liquid analyzer is used.

To undeniable merits of this method include:

Aromatic hydrocarbons require different conditions for the excitation and subsequent registration of fluorescent radiation. Experts note the dependence of spectral changes in fluorescence on the wavelength possessed by the exciting light. If excitation occurs in the near part of the ultraviolet spectrum, and even more so in its visible region, then fluorescence appears only in polynuclear hydrocarbons.

Since their share is quite small, and directly depends on the nature of the studied oil product, there is high degree dependence of the received analytical signal on a specific type of NP. When exposed ultraviolet radiation only some hydrocarbons luminesce, mainly high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons from the polycyclic group. Moreover, the intensity of their radiation varies greatly.

In this regard, in order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to have a standard solution that contains the same luminescent components (and in the same relative proportions) that are present in the analyzed sample. This is most often difficult to achieve, so the fluorimetric method for determining the content of oil products in water, which is based on recording the intensity of fluorescent radiation in the visible part of the spectrum, is unsuitable for mass analyzes.

This method can be applied at oil concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 50.0 milligrams per cubic decimeter.

The error of the results obtained (at P equal to 0.95, (±δ, %)) ranges from 25 to 50 percent.

The use of this technique is regulated by GOST No. 31953-2012.

This technique is used to determine the mass concentration of various petroleum products both in drinking (including packaged in containers) and in natural (both surface and underground) water, as well as in water contained in household and drinking sources. This method is also effective in the analysis waste water. The main thing is that the mass concentration of oil products should not be less than 0.02 milligrams per cubic decimeter.

The essence of the gas chromatography method is the extraction of NP from the analyzed water sample using an extractant, its subsequent purification from polar compounds using a sorbent, and the final analysis of the resulting substance on a gas chromatograph.

The result is obtained after summing up the areas of the chromatographic peaks of the released hydrocarbons and by subsequent calculation of the NP content in the analyzed water sample using a predetermined calibration dependence.

With the help of gas chromatography, not only the total concentration of oil products in water is determined, but also their specific composition is identified.

Gas chromatography is generally a technique based on the separation of thermostable volatile compounds. Approximately five percent of total number known to science organic compounds. However, they occupy 70-80 percent of the total number of compounds used by man in production and everyday life.

The role of the mobile phase in this technique is played by a carrier gas (usually an inert group), which flows through the stationary phase with much larger area surfaces. As the carrier gas of the mobile phase is used:

• hydrogen;
• nitrogen;
• carbon dioxide;
• helium;
• argon.

Most often, the most accessible and inexpensive nitrogen is used.

It is with the help of the carrier gas that the components to be separated are transported through the chromatographic column. In this case, this gas does not interact either with the separated components themselves, or with or with the substance of the stationary phase.

The main advantages of gas chromatography:

• the relative simplicity of the equipment used;
• a fairly wide field of application;
• the possibility of high-precision determination of sufficiently small concentrations of gases in organic compounds;
• the speed of obtaining the results of the analysis;
• a wide range of both used sorbents and substances for stationary phases;
• a high level of flexibility that allows you to change the separation conditions;
• the possibility of conducting chemical reactions in a chromatographic detector or in a chromatographic column, which significantly increases coverage chemical compounds, subjected to analysis;
• increased information content when used with other instrumental methods of analysis (for example, with mass spectrometry and Fourier-IR spectrometry).

The error of the results of this technique (P is 0.95 (±δ, %)) ranges from 25 to 50 percent.

It should be noted that only the method of measuring the content of oil products in water using gas chromatography is standardized in international organization according to standardization, which we all know under the abbreviation ISO, since only it makes it possible to identify the types of oil and oil product pollution.

Regardless of the methodology used, constant monitoring of the waters used in production and in the domestic sphere is vital. According to environmental specialists, in some Russian regions more than half of all diseases are somehow related to the quality of drinking water.

High concentration of oil products in water

Moreover, according to the same scientists, improving the quality of drinking water alone can extend life by five to seven years. All these factors indicate the importance of continuous monitoring of the state of water near enterprises. oil industry, which are the main sources of environmental pollution by oil and its derivatives.

Timely detection of exceeding the MPC of oil products in water will allow avoiding large-scale disturbances of the ecosystem, and in a timely manner to take necessary measures to remedy the current situation.

However, in order to work effectively, environmental scientists need governmental support. And not so much in the form of cash subsidies, but in the creation regulatory framework regulating the responsibility of enterprises National economy for violation of environmental standards, as well as in strict control over the implementation of adopted standards.

Maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in water

are regulated by normative documents providing environmental safety water resources. In the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and Russian Federation at first, the standards adopted earlier in the USSR were used, these are:

« Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution”, SanPiN 4630-88, Ministry of Health of the USSR, 06/04/1988 and Additions: No. 1 (N 5311-90, dated 12/28/90), No. 2 (N 5793-91 dated 07/11/91), No. 3 (N 6025 -91 dated 10/21/91).2). "" SanPiN 4631-88, Ministry of Health of the USSR, 6.07.1988.3). " Rules for the protection of surface waters”, Goskompriroda of the USSR, dated 21.02.1991, Maximum permissible concentrations of normalized substances in the water of fishery water bodies (represented by the Glavrybvod of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries).

In addition to these regulations, initial period the formation of new states were guided by the Republican Water Codes that were in force in each republic of the USSR. Subsequently, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation developed and approved their own legislative acts on the regulation of the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in water (MPC) in order to ensure the environmental safety of water bodies and water use.

Regulatory framework in the Republic of Belarus:

Water Code of the Republic of Belarus dated April 30, 2014 No. 149-ZAdopted by the House of Representatives on April 2, 2014 Approved by the Council of the Republic on April 11, 2014

Hygienic standards 2.1.5.10-21-2003. Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of chemicals in the water of water bodies for drinking and domestic water use. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus, Decree of 12. 12. 2003 No. 163.

On some issues of water quality regulation of fishery water bodies. Decree of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Republic of Belarus and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus No. 43/42 dated May 8, 2007

Regulatory framework in Ukraine:

Water Code of Ukraine. Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada No. 214/95-VR dated 06.06.95, VVR, 1995, No. 24, art. 190

The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the water of reservoirs for sanitary and domestic water use and the requirements for the composition and properties of water in water bodies for domestic drinking and cultural and domestic water use are regulated SanPinom 4630-88 and three Additions to data Sanitary rules and standards: No. 1 ( N 5311-90, dated 12/28/90), No. 2 ( N 5793-91 dated 07/11/91), No. 3 ( N 6025-91 from 21.10.91).

« Sanitary rules and norms of protection coastal waters seas from pollution in places of water use of the population» SanPiN 4631-88, Ministry of Health of the USSR, 07/06/1988.

The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in sea water are specified in the Appendix to " Rules for the protection of internal sea ​​waters and territorial seas Ukraine from pollution and clogging”, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 431 dated March 29, 2002.

Regulatory framework in the Russian Federation:

"Water Code of the Russian Federation" dated 06/03/2006 N 74-FZ (as amended on 11/28/2015) (with amendments and additions that entered into force on 01/01/2016).

SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 « Hygiene requirements to the protection of surface waters. Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of June 22, 2000

Hygienic standards 2.1.5.1315-03"Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) of Chemicals in the Water of Water Bodies for Domestic Drinking and Cultural and Domestic Water Use", Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2003 dated April 30, 2003 N 78 (as amended on September 28, 2007)

Order federal agency on fisheries dated January 18, 2010. #20"On approval of water quality standards for water bodies of fishery significance, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the waters of water bodies of fishery significance"

On approval of the Regulations on measures for the conservation of water biological resources and their habitats. Decree No. 380 of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 29, 2013

Table. MPC of some chemicals in water bodies and reservoirs.

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In the Russian Federation, the quality of drinking water must meet certain requirements established by SanPiN 2.1.4.10749-01 "Drinking Water". In the European Union (EU), the directive "On the quality of drinking water intended for human consumption" 98/83/EC defines the standards. World Organization(WHO) establishes water quality requirements in the 1992 Guidelines for the Control of Drinking Water Quality. There are also U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) regulations. In the norms there are slight differences in various indicators, but only water of the appropriate chemical composition ensures human health. The presence of inorganic, organic, biological contaminants, as well as an increased content of non-toxic salts in amounts exceeding those specified in the requirements presented, leads to the development of various diseases.
The main requirements for drinking water are that it must have favorable organoleptic characteristics, be harmless in its own way. chemical composition and safe in epidemiological and radiation terms. Before water is supplied to distribution networks, at water intake points, external and internal water supply networks, the quality of drinking water must comply with hygienic standards.

Table 1. Requirements for the quality of drinking water

s.-t. – sanitary-toxicological; org. – organoleptic.