Brandt's nightlight how to navigate in the dark. Brandt's bat • The Red Data Book of the Ryazan Region

Brandt's night bat (lat. Myotis brandtii) is a small bat of the genus of night bats. Their body weight is usually 5.5-10 g, body length 38-55 mm, tail length 31-45 mm, forearm length 33-39 mm, wingspan 19-24 cm. Named after the German zoologist Johann Brandt. The ear is of medium length, tapering towards the end, with a notch at the rear edge. The muzzle, ears and membranes are rather dark, usually darker than the base tone of the coat. At the same time, the bases of the auricles and the bases of the tragus are light, uncolored. The foot with claws is approximately equal to half the tibia. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The epiblema is undeveloped. The fur is thick, long, slightly disheveled. Hair with dark bases, back color from reddish to dark brown, belly - from grayish to fawn-whitish. characteristic feature that distinguishes it from similar mustachioed bat- the presence on the large upper premolars, on the anterior-inner edge of the crown, a pointed protrusion. This ledge, as a rule, is clearly visible behind the second small premolar even in living animals (especially if you use a magnifying glass). The small premolars themselves are approximately the same size.

Brandt's night bat (lat. Myotis brandtii)

It lives in mixed and broad-leaved forests, penetrates into the steppe along floodplains, prefers old-growth mixed and deciduous forests with hollow trees. Saddles, shelters organizes in hollows of trees, hollows, rock crevices, less often - in buildings, single animals can daylight and simply behind a lagging piece of bark. Winters in various underground shelters, in old adits, cellars and cracks in limestone cliffs. In the spring, Brandt's night bat is one of the first to leave winter shelters, and before the arrival of bats from the south, it can be found in a variety of biotopes.

In flight, Brandt's bat is at first glance similar to bats, from which, when viewed in the hands, it is easily distinguished by the absence of an epiblem, a pointed tragus, and the presence of two small premolars in the upper jaw. This bat hunts small flying insects in the air, but usually close up. woody vegetation. Flies out to hunt after dusk. Hunts for flying insects in the forest over gaps and clearings at the level of crowns or between trunks, in parks, and also low above the surface of water bodies. It feeds on a variety of small flying insects and lives in areas with high concentrations of them. The flight is smooth, unhurried, maneuverable. Echolocation signals of low intensity in the range of 80-35 kHz, with a maximum amplitude of about 45-50 kHz.

Mating after the end of lactation or during wintering. It breeds in early to mid-summer. There is one cub in the brood, lactation is about 1.5 months. Brood colonies up to several dozen females, males usually keep apart.

Number data are fragmentary. One of the most common and widespread types bats in the zone mixed forests on the border with the forest-steppe, Brandt's bat is sporadically distributed and not numerous.

limiting factors. Lack of shelters due to logging ripe trees, violation of the food base as a result economic activity human (use of insecticides). Direct disturbance and destruction of brood colonies in human buildings.

Life span - up to 20 years.

Brandt's Nightlight- a transpalearctic species, distributed over most of Europe to northeastern China, Mongolia (Khubsugul, Khangai, the Khenti mountain range), Korea and the Sakhalin, Kuril and Hokkaido islands. Occasionally found in the Caucasus. It rises to heights up to 1800 m above sea level. The species is named after the German zoologist Johann Friedrich von Brandt. Brandt's bat is a small animal, body length 3.8-5.5 cm, tail length 3.1-4.5 cm, forearm length 3.3-3.9 cm. Wingspan up to 20-24 cm. Body weight 3 ,1-12 gr. The wings are broad and blunt. The wing membrane is attached to the hind limb at the base of the outer toe. The length of the foot is about half the length of the leg. The ear, extended forward along the head, protrudes 1-3 mm beyond the tip of the nose. The tragus is long, pointed, evenly tapering towards the apex. The sexual organ of males is quite large. The skull is elongated with a flattened brain capsule and a gentle rise in the forehead. The interorbital gap always exceeds the distance between the outer edges of the upper canines. Small anterior molars are quite large and are located on the midline of the dentition. Dental formula: i 2/3 c 1/1 p 3/3 m 3/3 = 38 teeth in total. Brandt's night bat lives in mixed and broad-leaved, and sometimes in coniferous forests often in close proximity to water. It is not so common near human habitation.

The coat is thick, long and shaggy. The color of the fur on the back is brown-brown, the belly is brown-white with a yellowish tint. The wing membrane, nose and ears are light brown. Juveniles of the first year of birth are darker than adults. There is a black mask on the muzzle, and circles of bare skin can be seen around the eyes. They fly out to hunt late, in complete darkness. They drink water, diving over a pond. Brandt's bats are insectivorous, feeding on moths, spiders, and other small insects. The flight is smooth, unhurried and maneuverable. They hunt all night long low over the banks of reservoirs, tree crowns, along park alleys and forest edges. The day is spent in wall niches, hollows of trees, spaces behind lagging tree bark, in attics, cellars, woodpile, rock crevices, etc. In colonies, hollows, attics or caves hang on the ceiling, huddled in a dense pile. Mating usually takes place in autumn or after lactation ends, and sperm is stored in the female's womb until spring. For childbirth and feeding of cubs, females gather from maternity colonies, numbering from 20 to 60 individuals.

Childbirth occurs in June-July. Newborn cubs huddle when females fly out to hunt. At the age of three weeks, the young are already learning to fly, but they become independent only by 1.5 months. In the north of its range, Brandt's bat appears to be a nomadic species. Mice fly south or gather in caves, tunnels, basements or mines. For the winter, fatty substances accumulate, mainly in the area of ​​​​the shoulder blades. Wintering lasts from late September to early May. In some areas of the range they make seasonal migrations, but no further than 230 km from the places where daytime roosts are located. The voices of Brandt's bats are absolutely individual, so the animal can easily recognize the reflection of its own signal in a cave, where hundreds of thousands of mice simultaneously use an echolocator. Besides ultrasound, the bats They also use ordinary sound signals, mainly for communication. These sounds usually lie at the threshold of human perception. The frequencies used by these bat species for echolocation lie between 32 and 80 kHz. The lifespan of Brandt's bats is about 20 years.

Brandt's Nightlight

Order: Chiroptera (Chiroptera)

Family: Smooth-nosed Bats (Vespertilionidae)

Style: Night lamp Brandt

Myotis Brandtii (Eversmann, 1845)

Brandt's boss

Description

The sizes are small. Body length 39-50 mm, tail 32-44 mm, ear 12.5-17 mm, forearm 33-38 mm, wingspan 220-260 mm, weight 5-11 g. Coloration from dark chestnut to black. The tragus is long, rising above the cove of the ear. The wing membrane adheres to the base of the toes. Spur without epiblemoid fold. The ear is translucent.

A transpalearctic species inhabiting predominantly boreal-type forest landscapes. The range is vast and very distinctive. It lives in the central, northwestern, northern and northeastern parts Europe. The eastern border from the mouth of the Danube stretches north through the Carpathians, further along eastern Poland and (probably within the Belarusian Lakeland) bends sharply to the east. To the east of the territory of Belarus, the studied area is represented by separate, scattered islands. According to modern assumptions, the eastern border of the continuous range of this species passes through the western part of Belarus. Until recently, it was not found in Ukraine and Moldova. Extremely rare in the extreme east of Poland.

In July 2003, an adult male and female were caught in the national park "Bryansk Forest" near the border with Belarus. In the late 1970s, A. Ruprecht discovered Brandt's night lamp in the collection materials of A.I. Kurskov, collected in the Belarusian part Belovezhskaya Pushcha. In June 2001, a sexually mature male and female were caught by us in the village of Chersk and the village of Harsy, Brest district. Purposeful searches by different methods in other regions of Belarus did not bring any results. Not found on wintering grounds in Belarus.

Habitat

Outskirts of human settlements near large coniferous massifs and river floodplains.

Highly rare view bats. Summer shelters are found in the outer parts of wooden buildings. AT neighboring countries winters in the basement of buildings. It feeds on small insects, butterflies make up a significant part of the diet. Forage areas are associated with trees and shrubs, canals, streams. Individual areas are expressed, the feeding area of ​​one colony can reach an impressive size of up to 100 km2. They live up to 38 years (the limiting known age of Palearctic bats). In Europe, there are situations of antagonism towards Brandt's bat from other species of bats.

Number and trend of its change

Single finds in the extreme south-west of Belarus. After the 1970s, the number decreased in its known habitats in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

The biological instability of small groups on the borders of a kind of gap among the vast range of the species is obvious. Probable feeding and other forms of competitive pressure from bats and other bat species. Potentially high vulnerability on roads.

Protection measures

According to the Regulations on hunting, it is included in the category of useful animals, for the illegal destruction of which a fine of 1 base unit per individual is provided. It is necessary, as for other small species of bats, to ensure complete immunity, approval of a high conservation status identified maternity biotopes, creation of optimal wintering conditions (temperature 2-6 ° C, relative humidity air 80-100%, complete blackout, minimization of noise, vibrations) in places of detection of hibernating individuals.

Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845)
Order Chiroptera - Chiroptera
Family Smooth-nosed bats - Vespertilionidae

Spreading. In the Moscow region widespread species. AT late XIX- early XX centuries. on the territory occupied by modern Moscow, Brandt's bats were caught in Losiny Ostrov, the Izmailovsky menagerie, Perov, in the garden of the Geer almshouse on V. Krasnoselskaya street. (2-4).

In the 1940s they lived in the crevices of the walls of the Novodevichy Convent (5). In the spring of 1986, Brandt's bats were observed when leaving the wintering grounds in Lefortovsky Park and on Vorobyovy Gory (6); in the summer of 2010, an adult animal was found in env. Vorontsovsky park (7). There are no other reliable data on the presence of the species within Moscow in 1985-2010. no, but it can be assumed that it lives on some natural areas with reservoirs - in Losiny Ostrov, Izmailovsky Forest, Kuzminsky l-ke, Uzky, Znamensky-Sadki, on Sparrow Hills, in Fili-Kuntsevsky l-ke and Serebryany Bor

Number. In the Moscow region as a whole, the species is very numerous (8-10), its abundance in the territory of Moscow is not known. Along the Moskva River on Sparrow Hills in spring, when Brandt's bats emerge from wintering, in 1986, 20-30 ind. per 1 km of the route; in early May, only single animals were recorded there (8). It is assumed that in relatively large forest areas of the city with water bodies, the abundance of the species may be close to that in similar habitats outside of Moscow.

Habitat features. As in natural conditions, in Moscow prefers old-growth mixed and deciduous forests with hollow trees located near water bodies. In summer, in small groups or singly, it settles in hollows of various configurations, less often in crevices under roofs and behind the sheathing of walls of wooden buildings. It hunts not far from its shelters over rivers and reservoirs, on the edges, glades and clearings, among trees in sparse forests and old parks. It feeds on a variety of small flying insects and lives in areas with high concentrations of them. Does not make long-range seasonal flights. In Moscow, it can winter in the basements of houses and other shelters where the air temperature does not drop below zero.

Negative Factors. Strengthening urbanization of the center, parts of the Moscow region with an increase in the area and building density. Within Moscow - town-planning development of territories adjacent to forest areas without maintaining a buffer undeveloped strip along the edges. Technogenic pollution of water bodies and the air basin, sanitation of ponds, primarily in old parks, and the resulting significant reduction in the number of flying night insects - bat food items.

Transformation or degradation of natural and related biotopes along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, including as a result of bank protection with the destruction of near-water vegetation. Overgrowing of glades and clearings in large forests with woody plants, lack of shelters due to a limited number of old hollow trees. Lack of data on the distribution and state of the species on the territory of Moscow and the impossibility in this regard of taking targeted measures to preserve it

Security measures taken. On the territory of Moscow, the species was under special protection from 1978 to 1996; Elk Island”, P-IP “Izmailovo”, “Kuzminki-Lyublino”, “ Bitsevsky forest"and" Moskvoretsky ", PZ" Vorobyovy Gory ".

Change the state of a view. There is no data to assess the change in the state of the type, its CR remains unchanged - 4.

Necessary measures for the conservation of the species. Carrying out special studies in order to clarify the distribution, abundance and habitat characteristics of bats in Moscow. Purposeful searches for the species in the protected areas of Moscow and the allocation of the discovered habitats in the memory. Compliance with the requirements for the placement of buildings no closer than 30-50 m from the edges forest areas during the reconstruction of residential areas in areas adjacent to protected areas. Preservation of hollow trees in the coastal zones of rivers and ponds in existing and planned protected areas.

Adjustable mowing of forest glades, wide clearings and floodplain meadows preventing them from being overgrown with trees and shrubs. Development and implementation of measures to reduce pollution of rivers and water bodies in protected areas. Ban on sanitation of water bodies in protected areas. With the improvement of river valleys - the preservation of ancient reservoirs and areas with natural floodplain vegetation, hollow trees; on existing and project protected areas - ecological restoration of rivers and reservoirs, the banks of which are reinforced with gabions and vertical woven walls, with the restoration of conditions for the emergence and development of near-water vegetation.

Sources of information. 1. Red Book of the Moscow Region, 2008. 2. Ognev, 1913. 3. Collection of the Zoom Museum of Moscow State University. 4. Kuzyakin, 1950. 5. Formozov, 1947. b. Morozov, 1998. 7. A.A. Panyutina, L.S. 8. Borisenko et al., 1999a. 9. Glushkova et al., 2006.10. Kruskop, 2002. Author: S.V. Kruskop

Brandt's night bat Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845)

Status. IV category. A VIEW with an undefined status.
Description. Body length is 3.8-5.5 cm, weight - 5.5-10 g, length lying down - 3.3-3.9 cm. The mask is covered with dark hair. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The fur is thick, long, slightly disheveled. Hair with dark bases, the color of the back is from reddish-to dark brown, the belly is from grayish to fawn-whitish. Hunts for flying insects in the forest along clearings and roads, over clearings and clearings at the level of crowns or between trunks, in parks, and also low above the mirror of reservoirs. Sedentary species, winters in various underground shelters. Brood colonies - up to several dozen females, males usually keep apart. Distributed in mixed and broad-leaved forests of the Palearctic. In Chuvashia, it was noted in the Surye and Trans-Volga regions. Included in the Red Books of the Republics of Tatarstan (IV category), Mordovia (Appendix 4), NiZhegorodsk (category Z) and Ulyanovsk (category IV) regions.
Habitats. Tied to mixed and deciduous forests, but along floodplains it penetrates into the taiga and steppe. Shelters in the hollows of trees, hollows, less often - in human buildings.
The number and trends of its change. Data on the number is not enough. Until recently, the species was not separated from the closely related bat M. mystacinus; therefore, the faunistic literature of an earlier period does not provide reliable information about occurrences of the species. Single meetings from the Trans-Volga region are known. One individual was caught in spider webs on the border of the buffer zone of the Alatyrsky section of the state nature reserve"Prisursky" in the floodplain of the river. Sura.
In 2008, it was recorded twice in the Baishevskoye forestry national park"Chăvash vărmanĕ".
The main limiting factors. Lack of shelters due to felling of mature trees, violation of the food base as a result of human activities (the use of insecticides). Direct disturbance and destruction of brood colonies in human buildings.
Breeding. Breeding activities were not carried out.
Security measures taken. The species is protected on the territory of the state natural reserve "Prisursky" and the national park "Chăvash vărmanĕ".
Required security measures. Collection of data to identify the status and estimate the abundance of the species. Preservation of mature forest plantations, hanging artificial shelters. Explanatory work with the population about the need to preserve bats and their shelters. Organization of the national park in the Volga region.
Sources of information: Popov, 1960; Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990; Ilyin, Smirnov, 2002; Ilyin et al., 2002; Pavlinov et al., 2002; Ganitsky et al., 2006; Lapshin et al., 2008; compiler data.
Compiled by: Ganitsky I.V., Tikhomirova A.V.