Resources of the Black Sea and their use by man. Economic importance of the Black Sea

Information and bibliographic department

Black Sea: resources and problems

Sevastopol

The list dedicated to the Black Sea, its history, bioresources, modern problems, is compiled on the basis of the funds of the Central State Library named after A.I. Tolstoy and includes books, articles from collections and periodicals for 2002-2012. In some cases earlier editions are used.

The list consists of five sections:

1. General works. History of the Black Sea.

2. Flora and fauna.

3. Minerals.

4. Ecology of the sea and coastal zone.

5. Bays of Sevastopol.

Books in the list are arranged alphabetically by authors and titles, periodicals are in reverse chronology.

members of public environmental organizations- to everyone who is not indifferent to the fate of the sea.

Compiler , chief bibliographer

Since the time of Herodotus, who visited the Black Sea in the 5th century. BC e., our knowledge of the sea and its shores has increased immeasurably. Its shores are carefully described, the bottom topography and soils are studied. The currents have been explored chemical composition water and its temperature at different depths, the laws of interaction between the sea and the atmosphere are successfully learned.

The flora and fauna of the sea is diverse. Classes of organisms have been taken into account, data have been accumulated on the abundance of many species, the places and times of their accumulation, habits, nutrition, reproduction, and the significance of marine animals for humans. Now the Black Sea is one of the most studied on the globe.

However, science and practice still have to solve many problems in order to better use the resources of the Black Sea, and without causing damage to the reservoir itself. Respect for the sea and protecting it from pollution is one of the most urgent tasks today.

I.General works. History of the Black Sea

1. Bulgakov on large-scale circulation and stratification of the Black Sea waters. The role of buoyancy flows. - Sevastopol: ECOSY-Hydrophysics, 1996. - 243 p.

2. Black Sea: Popular science essay. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1983. - 80 p.

3. Ryazanov zone of the Black Sea: Problems and prospects. - Sevastopol: ECOSI-Hydrophysics, 1998. - 78 p.

4. Strogonov structure of marine systems. - Sevastopol: ECOSI-Hydrophysics, 1995. - 287 p.

5. Tarasenko of the Black Sea: 110 questions and answers. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2000. - 64 p.

6. Philippi ocean and climate of the Earth. - Sevastopol: ECOSY-Hydrophysics, 2011. - 192 p.

7., Black Sea. - K .: Society "Knowledge" of the Ukrainian SSR, 1985. - 48 p.

8. Natural conditioner of the Crimea: (To the International Day of the Black Sea) // Krymskiye Izvestia. - 2011. - October 27.

9. Tsunami in Europe: (On the possibility of a tsunami in the Mediterranean and Black Seas) // Today. - 2011. - April 28. - p.7.

10. The lake that became the sea: (History of the formation of the Black Sea) // Avdet. - 2011. - January 31. – P.15.

11. Safeguard: October 31 - International Black Sea Day // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2010. - October 30. – C.3.

12. Why did the Black Sea burn?: (Secrets and mysteries of the sea) // Rabochaya gazeta. - 2009. - April 18.

13. And all this blue Black Sea: (October 31, the International Day of the Black Sea is celebrated in all countries of the Black Sea region) // Rabochaya gazeta. - 2008. - October 25. - C.2.

14. When will the sea explode?: (Gas bubbles in the Black Sea - the danger of methane release and ignition) // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2008. - April 8.

15. Peninsula dead ships: (The most powerful storms in the Black Sea. The water area of ​​Sevastopol is one of the most disastrous places) // Moskovsky Komsomolets in Ukraine. - 2008. - January 9-16. – P.20.

16. Black Sea vectors in the geopolitical concepts of Ukraine and Russia: (The Black Sea in the life of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples) // Political management. - 2005. - No. 4. - P.127-140.

17. The Black Sea - the result of the flood?: (The hypothesis of the formation of the sea) // 2000. - 2004. - November 19. - C. C8.

19. How many historical names does the Black Sea have? // Sevastopol newspaper. - 2003. - April 25.

20. The sea calls!: (Physical characteristics of the Black Sea) // Krimska svitlytsya. - 2003. - 14.02. – P.19.

21. When the Black Sea lights up: (Hydrogen sulfide layer) // Pravda Ukraine. - 2002. - September 6.

22. This is a dangerous Black Sea: (Mud volcanoes of the Black Sea) // Glory of Sevastopol-February.

23. Will the Black Sea explode?: (Movement of hydrogen sulfide) // Trud. - 2000. - January 29.

24. And a miracle will appear from the sea ...: (Hydrogen sulfide environment of the Black Sea) // Science and religion. - 2000. - No. 1. - P.36.

25. etc. recent history three seas: (Over the past million years, the relics of the ancient ocean Paratethys - the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Sea- changed their volumes and configuration several times) // Nature. - 1999. - No. 12. - P.17-25.

II.Flora and fauna.

24., Krivokhizhin of the Black Sea: About dolphins and seals and their relationship with humans. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1996. - 94 p.

25. Vershinin of the Black Sea. - M.: MAKTSENTR, 2003. - 175 p.

26. Zgurovskaya of the Black Sea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2004. - 191 p.

27., Karpov coastal zone of Sevastopol (Black Sea) // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2012. - No. 2. - P. 10-27.

28. Kovtun case of observation and video recording of a gray seal in the coastal grottoes of the eastern Crimea // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2011. - No. 4. - P.22.

29. Stuttering with a depth of abundance of macro- and meiobenthos in the Black Sea // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2011. - No. 4. - P.50-55.

30. The main goal of the state fish protection activity is the revival of the fishing industry in the Crimea: (State and problems of the Black Sea and its living resources) // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2011. - October 29. - C.2.

31. Stuttering of the depth of fish habitat in the Black Sea and features of their feeding at the border of the hydrogen sulfide zone // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2011. - No. 2. - P.39-47.

32. Invasion of invaders: (Changes in life in the Black Sea and on the coast in connection with the appearance of exotic species of animals and plants) // Sevastopolskaya gazeta. - 2010. - November 11. – C.4.

33. Red Book "orderlies": ( Black Sea crabs) // Worker of the sea. - 2010. - June 4. – C.4.

34. Smirnov of heterotrophic microorganisms of the coastal shallow waters of the Kazachya Bay (Black Sea) // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2010. - No. 2. - P.81-86.

35. Lissitzky structure and seasonal dynamics of meroplankton in the mariculture area (Martynova Bay, Sevastopol, Black Sea) // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2009. - No. 4. – P.79-83.

38. They came, they saw, they stayed: (On new fish populations in the Black Sea) // Worker of the sea. - 2007. - August 3. - p.5.

39. Do jellyfish kill vacationers?: (Comb jelly Mnemiopsis in the Black Sea) // TVNZ. - 2007. - June 21. – S.6.

40. Rare, unique, Red Book!: (Inhabitants of the Black Sea depths) // Worker of the sea. - 2006. - April 7. - p.7.

41. Fading oases of the Black Sea life: (Inhabitants of the Black Sea. Commercial tasks) // Science and life. - 2006. - No. 2. - P.74-75.

42. Dolphins: people from the sea?: (Studies of the Black Sea dolphins by scientists of the Karadag branch of the InBYuM) // Science and religion. - 2005. - No. 12. - FROM.

43. If there are dolphins in the sea and they feel good, then the sea is in order: Implementation of the MORECIT project (Monitoring and rehabilitation of cetaceans) // Krymskiye Izvestia. - 2005. - April 15.

44. Suicide Dolphins?: Dolphins and the Black Sea Ecology // Mirror of the Week. 2004. - November 13.

45. Lady killer: (On the spread of predatory jellyfish in the Black Sea and its impact on the decrease in the number of fish fry) // Crimean newspaper. - 2004. - October 23. - p.8.

46. ​​Green algae launched an offensive, or why in the Black Sea it became less fish// Worker of the sea. - 2004. - September 10.

47. Dolphins of the Black Sea // Marine Power. - 2004. - No. 2. –S.43-45.

48. Save our sea brothers: (The riddle of dolphins and the program for their protection and restoration of the population) // Voice of Ukraine. - 2003. - April 18.

49. Mystery of the turquoise abyss: (Unknown inhabitants of the Black Sea depths) // Voice of Ukraine. - 2003. - April 12.

50. "Invaders" in the Black Sea: (Massive invasion of alien organisms and its consequences. Mnemiopsis; Beroe ovata; Rapana, etc.) // Flag of the Motherland. - 2001. - April 19.

51., Zuev a stranger in the Black Sea: (Representatives of the flora and fauna of the World Ocean that penetrated the Black Sea) // Nature. - 2000. - No. 5. - P.26-27.

III.Minerals.

70. Type of ecology of dovkill - to ecology of the soul: (Press conference in Sevastopol "International Black Sea Day, the role of the Sevastopol Dolphinarium in the preservation of the environment and rehabilitation of the Black Sea") // Krimska svitlytsya. - 2011. - 11.11. - p.7.

71. The Black Sea will not be black: (Ecology of the Black Sea, sources of its pollution and possible ways out of the current situation. The work of Sevastopol specialists in restoring the ecosystem of the sea) // Region - Sevastopol. 2011. - November 4. - p.5.

72. Dirt in the Black Sea spotted from space: Unprecedented spills of oil products in the Russian waters of the Black Sea // Izvestia. - 2011. - September 19. – C.4.

73. So that the SOS signal does not sound at the WWTP ...: (Problems of environmental safety and quality of the Black Sea coastal waters are directly dependent on the state of treatment facilities) // Krymskaya gazeta. - 201 April. - C.2.

74. Black spots of the Black Sea: (Dynamics of pollution) // Krymskaya Pravda. - 2011. - March 31. - C.2.

75. And the beaches - go, go, go ...: (The sandy beaches of Evpatoria are being destroyed) // Crimean newspaper. - 2011. - February 1. - S.1-2.

76. , Bobko of the state of pollution of bottom sediments with heavy metals in the coastal regions of the Crimea (Black Sea) // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2010. - No. 4. - P.38-41.

77. Problems of the protection of the Dovkil of the Sea of ​​Azov and the Black Sea: organizational and legal aspect // Law of Ukraine. - 2010. - No. 7. - P.122-130.

78. We save the Black Sea!: (Problems of the ecology of the sea. The role of artificial reefs in its revival) // Crimean newspaper. - 2010. - June 9. - S.1-2.

79. The main thing is the ecology of the soul: (Ecological problems of the Black Sea. Mass extermination and issues of saving cetaceans) // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2009. - November 13.

80. Let's protect it together!: (October 31 - International Black Sea Day) // Worker of the sea. - 2009. - October 30.

81. The Black Sea must be protected not only on International Day, but daily // Krymskiye Izvestia. - 2009. - October 29.

82. How do you live, Black Sea?: (Issues of environmental protection of the sea and coastal zone) // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2009. - October 31.

83. The Black Sea calls "SOS". To preserve its ecosystem, a marine reserve will be created in Ukraine // Day. - 2009. - October 6. - C.2.

84. I., Tarasova dovkіllya Ukraine: three development scenarios: (Ecology and bioresources of the Black Sea) // Ecological Bulletin. - 2009. - No. 3. - P.11-13.

85. Will the Black Sea be clean?: (Problem of environmental pollution) // Voice of Ukraine. - 2009. - June 26. – P.9.

86. We are responsible for "the bluest in the world" and its inhabitants: (Issues of the purity of the Black Sea and the protection of the Black Sea dolphins) // Sevastopol News. - 2008. - November 12.

87. The future of the Black Sea is in our hands!: (Environmental problems) // Krymskaya Pravda. - 2008. - November 6.

88. Threads of thoughts woven into the runes of Nature…: (Ecology of the Black Sea) // Crimean newspaper. - 2008. - October 23.

89. The sea remains the sea. If you clean it: (Issues of search, classification, lifting and disposal of containers with chemical warfare agents and objects representing a technogenic and environmental hazard) // Krymskaya Pravda. - 2008. - September 25.

90. For the reasonable development of the coastal zone: (A round table was held in InBYuM on the problems of sustainable development of the coastal zone of the Sevastopol region) // Sevastopol News. - 2008. - July 12.

91. The sea asks for protection: “ Round table» in the InBYuM on the topic «Problems of sustainable development of the coastal zone of the Sevastopol region» // Worker of the sea. - 2008. - July 4. - p.8.

92. The Black Sea screams “SOS”: Will artificial reefs save it: // Moskovsky Komsomolets. - 2007. - November 28.

93. Day of the Black Sea: a gloomy holiday: (Scientists of the InBYuM about the environmental problems of the Black Sea) // Vesti. - 2007. - October 27.

94. Black Sea: a threat to the ecosystem [due to changes in the thickness of the hydrogen sulfide layer] // Flag of the Motherland. - 2007. - February 16.

95. Chemistry test: (War ammunition pollutes the Black Sea) // Voice of Ukraine. - 2006. - December 8.

96. The Black Sea is waiting for protection and help: (Deputy Director of the InBYuM on environmental problems) // Worker of the sea. - 2006. - June 2.

97. The Black Sea calls for help: (The scale of pollution is rampant, and their consequences are catastrophic) // Krymskiye Izvestiya. - 2005. - November 15.

98. Operational oceanography: The Black Sea under the control of scientists: (International experiment on the functioning of the system for diagnosing and forecasting the state of the Black Sea and some coastal modules) // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2005. - August 19.

99. Ecological problems of the Black Sea in the framework of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation // Economics of Ukraine. - 2005. - No. 2. – P.88-90.

100. Problems of the Black Sea: (Bottom pollution and its impact on the ecology of the sea) // Panorama of Sevastopol. - 2005. - January 15.

101. Rescuers of the Black Sea: Marine Club "Temerinda" conducts environmental monitoring of the coastal zone of the Azov and Black Seas // Democratic Ukraine. - 2004. - 2.09.

104. Safe sea - clean sea: (negative impact economic activity on the state of the Black Sea) // Sevastopolskaya gazeta. - 2004. - June 3.

105. Gvozdev of the Black Sea // Ecology and life. -2004. -№4.–S.53-56.

106. Nature chooses harmony: (Issues of environmental protection of the Black Sea) // Flag of the Motherland. - 2003. - November 25.

107. If you love the sea, then save it: (Problems of protecting the Black Sea) // Crimean newspaper. - 2003. - October 31.

108. Comprehensive study of environmental and economic problems of the Black Sea // Economics of Ukraine. - 2002. - No. 8. – P.87-88.

109. To keep the Black Sea blue: (The problem of ballast water and its control) // Uryadoviy kurs "єр. - 2002. - 20.02.

110. Ecological Armageddon approaching?: (Incl. - environmental problems Black Sea) // Intermediary. - 2002. - February 4. - p.8.

111. Environmental problems of the Black Sea // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2001. - November 20.

112. The sea is our wealth, it must be protected: (Problems of compensation for damage caused to the sea by naval maneuvers, the use of explosives. Creation and activity of the Oceanic Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) // Fleet of Ukraine. - 2001. - 3-9.11.

113. Tears will not help the sea: (On the results of the meeting of the Committee of the BSEC Parliamentary Assembly “Protection of the Black Sea Environment: New Requirements”) // Voice of Ukraine. - 2001. - April 10.

114. Shevchuk of the Black Sea: words and ... deeds: (Suggestions public organizations Russia and Ukraine on solving environmental problems of the Black Sea region) // Ecology and life. - 2001. - No. 1. – P.62-65.

V. Bays of Sevastopol

115. Water area and coast of Sevastopol: Ecosystem processes and services to society. - Sevastopol: Akvavita, 1999. - 289 p.

116. Cossack Bay - a general zoological reserve of national importance // Ekovestnik. - 2012. - No. 3. - C.2.

117. Monitoring ecological state Artilleriyskaya Bay (Sevastopol) // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2012. - No. 1. - P.41-52.

118. Animal world Cossack Bay - a legacy to descendants // Marine Power. - 2012. - No. 1. - P.53-56.

119. Integrated monitoring of the waters of the Balaklava Bay (Black Sea) in the period 2001 - 2007. // Marine Ecological Journal. - 2010. - No. 4. – P.62-75.

120. Who lives well in Sevastopol bays?: (Ecological situation in the bays of the city) // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2010. - February 26. - C.2.

121. "The Sevastopol Bay was not safe for navigation": (Serious environmental pollution of the bay) // People's Army. - 2009. - 6 sickles. – S.6.

122. Inkerman Bay is being turned into a cargo port: The environmental consequences of this have not been studied // Events. - 2008. - No. 4.

123. At the bottom of the Sevastopol bays rests 20 thousand tons of oil and oil products: (Conversation with the head of the Department of Sanitary Hydrobiology InBYuM O. Mironov about the sanitary condition of the Sevastopol bays) // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2008. - March 28.

124. Save our bays for posterity: Presentation of the project "Carrying out measures for the comprehensive environmental cleanup of the Azov-Black Sea waters with subsequent environmental certification" // Glory of Sevastopol. - 2007. - May 4.

125. "Group Nadra" will clear the South and Balaklava bays // Sevastopol newspaper. - 2007. - April 26.

126. Cleanliness of bays under control: (Monitoring of the ecological state of the Sevastopol Bay) // Flag of the Motherland. - 2006. - April 11.

127. Measures for the ecological cleaning of water areas as an element of improving the ecological safety of the region // Chornomorska bezpeka. - 2007. - No. 2. - P.93-99.

128. “Clean” will clear the bay: (commissioned oil skimmer “Clean”) // People’s Army. - 2006. - 21 birches.

129. For the ecological rehabilitation of the Sevastopol bays, there is both technology and specialists!: (Ecological problems of bays and coastal waters) // Sevastopol News. - 2005. - August 24.

130. Golubaya Bay is no longer blue at all, but when will the normal treatment facilities start working? // Panorama of Sevastopol. - 2005. - May 21.

131. Balaklava Bay: environmentalists do not advise to calm down: (Monitoring of the bay and problems of improving environmental situation) // Worker of the sea. - 2004. - November 5.

132. Provide environmental protection of the Balaklava Bay // Sevastopol News. - 2003. - May 24.

133. The Black Sea: a view from space: (On the activities of the Department of Remote Investigation Methods of the InBYuM. Pollution of the bays of Sevastopol according to the department) // Morska Derzhava. - 2003. - No. 2. - P.50-52.

134. Raid on clean water: (Conversation with the acting head of the environmental service of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation I. Pavlov about the struggle for the purity of the Sevastopol bays) // Krasnaya Zvezda. - 2002. - October 18.

135. The bay is clean. Almost: (On the control by the Black Sea Fleet over the state of the water area of ​​the Sevastopol Bay) // Flag of the Motherland. - 2002. - June 1.

136. The bays are recovering: (The firm "Crimea-Marina-service" examines the Sevastopol bays and carries out bottom-cleaning work) // Crimean newspaper. - 2002. - April 17.

1 Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography" Federal State Unitary Enterprise "VNIRO", Moscow

2 FSUE "Kamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography" - FSUE "KamchatNIRO", Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

The contribution of the Black Sea fishery to the total Russian fish catch is small. The significance of biological resources in the Black Sea is determined, first of all, by its natural and climatic conditions, which are favorable for organizing year-round recreation for the population of the country. The high density of the population, permanently and temporarily residing in the region, determines the demand for fresh seafood, which is an incentive for the development of coastal fisheries. Given the limited bioresources of the Black Sea coastal areas and their vulnerability, priorities should be given to their careful and waste-free use, the development of measures aimed at increasing the productivity of the sea, the organization of fisheries, taking into account physical-geographical, biological and socio-economic factors. The following should be singled out as priorities: 1) limiting fishing with active fishing gear in the coastal waters of the Black Sea and priority use of passive fishing gear with a total fishing capacity corresponding to the actual raw material base; 2) development of recreational and sport fishing; 3) increasing the biodiversity and fishery potential of coastal ecosystems through the development of aquaculture and the creation of artificial reefs.

Black Sea

coastal fishing

raw material base

fishing gear

recreational fishing

artificial reefs

aquaculture

1. Berg L. S. Fish fresh water USSR and neighboring countries. M.; L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1949. Part 1. 467 p.

2. Boltachev A. R. Trawl fishing and its impact on the bottom biocenoses of the Black Sea // Marine Ecological Journal. 2006. V. 5. No. 3. pp. 45-56.

3. Dvortsova E. N. Coastal territories: overseas experience economic development and management // All-Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. 2010. No. 7. S. 13-18.

4. Dushkina L.A. Status and prospects of cultivation of marine hydrobionts // Biological bases of mariculture. M.: Publishing House of VNIRO, 1998. S. 29-77.

5. Zemlyansky F. T., Krotov A. V., Domanyuk E. A., Semenova T. E., Tikhonov O. I. Reserves for increasing the economic efficiency of the use of fish resources of the Azov-Black Sea basin. works "Problems of the economy of the sea". Odessa: AN Ukrainian SSR, 1977. Issue. 6. P.47-55.

6. Kumantsov M. I., Kuznetsova E. N., Pereladov M. V., Lapshin O. M., Yakhontova I. V. Black Sea: fishery problems and ways to solve them // Rybnoe khozyaystvo. 2011. S. 39-41.

7. Lapshin O. M. Efficiency of coastal fisheries on complex artificial reefs // Technique of industrial fishing. Questions of theory, practice of fishing and behavior of aquatic organisms. M.: VNIRO, 1993. S. 210-218.

8. Lapshin OM Efficiency of using artificial reefs [IR]// Questions of theory and practice of industrial fishing. Behavior of hydrobionts in the area of ​​action of fishing gear: Collection of scientific papers. M .: VNIRO, 1998. P. 97-110.

9. Lapshin O. M., Zhmur N. S. Determination of anthropogenic impact on coastal ecosystems and development of a model for balanced management of coastal fisheries // Status and prospects of scientific and practical developments in the field of mariculture in Russia: materials of the All-Russian meeting [August 1996 , Rostov-on-Don]. AzNIRKh, 1996. S. 177-184.

10. Luts G. I., Dakhno V. D., Nadolinsky V. P., Rogov S. F. Fishing in the coastal zone of the Black Sea // Fisheries. 2005. No. 6. S. 54-56.

11. Makoedov A. N., Kozhemyako O. N. Fundamentals of the fishery policy in Russia. M.: Publishing House of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Rybnatsresursy", 2007. 477 p.

12. Russ T. S. Modern ideas about the composition of the ichthyofauna of the Black Sea and its changes // Issues of Ichthyology. 1987 .T. 27. Issue. 2. S. 179-187.

13. Russ T. S. Fish resources of the Black Sea and their changes // Oceanology. 1992. T. 32. Issue. 2. S. 293-302.

14. Revina N. I., Safyanova T. E. Dynamics of the number of commercial fish of the Black Sea and the current state of their stocks // Biological research of the Black Sea and its commercial reserves. M., 1968. S. 165-170.

15. Svetovidov A. N. Fish of the Black Sea. M.: Nauka, 1964. 550 p.

16. Sokolsky A. F., Kolmykov E. V., Popova N. V., Andreev V. V. Influence of artificial reefs on bioproductivity and self-cleaning ability of marine areas // Rybnoe khozyaystvo. 2007. No. 2. S. 72-74.

17. Stepanov V. N., Andreev V. N. Black Sea. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1981. 157 p.

18. Titova G. D. Bioeconomic problems of fishing in the zones of national jurisdiction. St. Petersburg: VVM, 2007. 368 p.

The contribution of the Black Sea fishery to the total Russian fish catch is small. The significance of biological resources in the Black Sea is determined, first of all, by its natural and climatic conditions, which are favorable for organizing year-round recreation of the country's population on the coast and adjacent territories. The high density of the population, permanently and temporarily residing in the region, determines the demand for fresh seafood, which is an incentive for the development of coastal fisheries. The Draft Federal Law on Coastal Fishing states: “The purpose of coastal fishing is to maintain and develop the socio-economic infrastructure of coastal regions Russian Federation on the basis of rational sustainable use of aquatic biological resources...”. The sustainable use of aquatic biological resources provides for the organization of nature management taking into account the physical-geographical, biological and socio-economic factors that determine the state, functioning and dynamics of changes in natural ecosystems during the withdrawal of biological resources.

In the Black Sea, the area of ​​the shelf suitable for the existence of fish of the coastal complex is about 22% of the entire sea area. About 70% of the shelf zone falls on the shallow northwestern part of the sea, in other areas its length does not exceed 10 km from the coast.

In terms of species composition, the ichthyofauna of the Black Sea is almost twice as rich as the ichthyofauna of the Caspian Sea, which is located at the same latitude and once constituted a single body of water. All the diversity of life is observed in the surface layer of the sea. The Black Sea is inhabited by more than 2000 species of marine organisms. The number of species and subspecies of fish is 184, however, only 25 species of fish are of commercial importance. Commercial species of the Black Sea are usually divided into four groups, differing in ecology and genesis: warm-water marine proper, temperate-cold-water, brackish-water, anadromous-freshwater. The actual marine warm-water species include: migrating in summer to the Sea of ​​Azov anchovy (European anchovy) Engraulis encrasicolus ; migrating in the summer to the Black Sea from the Sea of ​​Marmara - mackerel Scomber scomber, horse mackerel Trachurustrachurus and Tr.mediterraneus, Bonito Sarda Sarda, bluefish Pomatomussaltatrix, tuna Thunnus thunnus; permanently living in the Black Sea - mullet Liza spp., Mugil cephalus, red mullet Mullusbarbatusponticus, garfish Belone belone euxini, crucian carp Sparidae spp., croakers Sciaenidae spp., stingray sea cat Dasyatis pastinaca. Marine temperate cold-water species include: sprat sprattus sprattus phalericus, whiting Merlangus merlangius euxinus, several types of flounders - Psetta maxima maeotica, Scophthalmus rhombus, Platichthys flushus luscus, gerbil Gymnamodytes cicerellus, katran Squalus acanthias, sea ​​fox stingray Rajaclavata. Brackish water species include: sprat FROMlupeonella cultriventris, gobies Gobiidae spp., percarina Percarina maeotica. Anadromous freshwater fish include: sturgeon Acipenseridae spp., herring Alosa spp., perch Stizostedion lucioperca, bream Abramis brama, ramming Rutilus heckeli, catfish Silurus glanis and etc.

Due to the saturation of the depths of the sea with hydrogen sulfide, its pelagic zone, suitable for fish life, is limited to the upper 140-180-meter layer. However, this area has significant biological resources. Pelagic fish species such as anchovy, sprat, and horse mackerel have the largest abundance in the Black Sea. The dominant species is anchovy. The second place in terms of abundance and biomass is occupied by sprat, followed by small horse mackerel. Due to the small length of the shelf zone and hydrogen sulfide contamination, the stocks of bottom fish species are very limited.

In the EEZ of Russia, 102 species of fish have been recorded in the modern period, of which 20 species are fished.

Modern catch marine fish in the Black Sea is 17-21 thousand tons. Composition of the catch in 2009-2011 is shown in Table 1. The total volume of marine fish catch, excluding anchovy, which, according to the decision of the Russian-Ukrainian Commission on Fisheries, is carried out at the expense of the general basin volume, for 2012 is projected at 24,669 thousand tons.

Table 1. Fish catch in the Black Sea in 2009-2011, tons

The predicted catch volumes are underutilized, mainly due to small pelagic fish species: anchovy, sprat, horse mackerel. The main reasons for underfishing lie in the outdated fleet, the lack of purse fishing vessels, bases for the acceptance and processing of fish. A possible increase in the production of small pelagic fish species by the scientists of the FSUE "AzNIIRH" is estimated at 60 thousand tons.

Until the 60s of the last century, more than half of the catch in the Black Sea were valuable fish species: bonito, mackerel, mullet, bluefish, large horse mackerel, flounder-Kalkan. Total catch of the USSR in the Black Sea in 1938-1960 did not exceed 50 thousand tons. In the 70-80s, due to the intensification of trawl fishing for anchovy and sprat, catches increased, amounting to 300 thousand tons in 1988. Development of trawl fishing, regulation of river flow, changes in the hydrological regime of the Bosporus and Kerch and the deterioration of the conditions for fish migration through them, the eutrophication of the sea and other anthropogenic factors led to radical changes in the state of the raw material base. The basis of catches began to be small pelagic species of fish, anchovy and sprat (up to 80%).

Since the late 80s, in connection with the introduction of the Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis Мnemiopsis leidyi, a powerful food competitor of zooplankton feeders, which at that time did not have natural enemies in the Black Sea, there was a sharp decrease in the stocks of mass planktophage species. The changes did not affect the stocks of deeper-sea sprat. In the late 90s, thanks to the introduction of another ctenophore, Beroe Beroe ovata, the consumer of Mnemiopsis, the number of pelagic fish species began to gradually increase.

The commercial resources of the Black Sea, in addition to fish, include non-fish objects, algae and invertebrates. In the Black Sea, there are up to 200 species of mollusks, 18 - crabs, 290 - algae. Phyllophora are of commercial importance phyllophora rubens, cystoseira Cystoseira barbata and zoster Zostera sp. Some invertebrates such as oysters Ostrea edulis and mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis, have high nutritional qualities and belong to the category of delicacies. These objects, unlike fish, are characterized by low mobility, so their stocks, on the one hand, are easier to assess, on the other hand, easier to overfish. In addition, the increased vulnerability of these species to the impact of pollutants (oil, organochlorine substances, pesticides, etc.) contributes to the reduction in the stocks of benthic invertebrates and the deterioration of their food qualities, since many are filter feeders. There is also a reduction in the substrates suitable for their life, as in the case of the impact of trawl fishing on the biocenoses of mussel and phaseolin silt. In addition, the invading predatory gastropod mollusk rapana Rapana thomasiana destroyed almost all oyster banks in the Black Sea and seriously undermined the stocks of mussels and other bivalve mollusks. As a result of such impacts, the most valuable fishery objects, such as oysters and mussels, are in a depressed state in the modern period. Other non-fish objects of fishery, such as pontogammarus, rapana, algae (cystoseira, zoster), are underutilized, the possibility of increasing their withdrawal by specialists of the FSUE "AzNIIRH" is estimated at 120-150 thousand tons.

The main reason for the underutilization of many facilities lies in the lack of demand for them. However, for example, rapana meat is a valuable protein product with a high content of trace elements necessary for the human body. Many Black Sea countries (Turkey, Bulgaria, Ukraine) are engaged in the industrial development of rapana. Most of the products are shipped to Japan, where rapana meat is traditionally highly valued. With skillful preparation, rapana can be a delicacy for the Russian consumer. Therefore, to stimulate its industrial development, it is necessary to develop a technology for its preparation, or look for potential customers abroad.

The extraction of mass pelagic fish species in the modern period is carried out by various types of vessels, using purse and trawl fishing. The extraction of bottom invertebrates is also carried out using trawling fishing gear: dredges, bottom trawls of various types. In the 80s of the last century, after obtaining evidence of the destructive effect of the use of bottom trawls on bottom biocenoses, the use of these trawls in the Black Sea was prohibited. However, recent studies by Ukrainian scientists of the Crimean shelf using underwater television devices and a diving method, as well as an analysis of pelagic trawl catches have shown that in the daytime, when sprat forms clusters near the bottom, its fishing is carried out by pelagic trawls in the near-bottom version, when trawl doors, lower cables and the lower line of the trawl are towed along the ground, destroying, depending on the density of loose soils, not only epi-, but also soil infauna to a depth of several tens of centimeters to a meter or more. It is shown that in the areas of operation of fishing vessels on the southwestern shelf of Crimea, as a result of the impact of trawls, there is a significant damage to the belt bottom biocenoses of mussels and phaseolina, largely consisting of filter-feeding mollusks, thereby destroying the natural biofilters of the sea. Macrobenthic flora and fauna are practically absent at depths of more than 45 m.

Research by FSUE "VNIRO" specialists of the coastal waters of the Russian part of the Black Sea using underwater television also showed that, starting from a depth of 20-25 m in the areas of trawlers, destruction of the surface layer of the bottom substrate is observed. Organisms of macrobenthos are almost completely absent; the substrate is represented by fragments of broken shells of mollusks of various sizes. Parallel shafts of soil are noted, which are the result of the mechanical impact of trawls, traces of trawl boards and bottom lines are clearly visible.

As a result of the long-term impact of trawl fishing on bottom biocenoses, the following is observed at present: a decrease in the species diversity of ecosystem components, a decrease in water transparency and, accordingly, an increase in the lower boundary of the algal belt, the disappearance of many bottom biocenoses, deterioration in feeding conditions for valuable fish species, a decrease in the level of natural biological self-purification of waters and, accordingly, the deterioration of the sanitary condition of coastal waters.

Therefore, despite the significant underutilization of the catch limits for anchovy and sprat, it is necessary to introduce strict restrictions on the areas of work for vessels equipped with trawl fishing gear. The entire coastal zone, which is essential for the existence of coastal fish species and largely determines the existing biodiversity, should be closed to trawling. The trawl fishery should be shifted more seaward to areas of mass concentration of anchovy and sprat. At the same time, trawl fishing for these fish species is economically inefficient, anchovy and sprat from a trawl bag are of low quality for subsequent technological processing. The ability to engage in pelagic trawling, due to the greater cost of bottom fish species, creates a constant incentive to break bottom trawl fishing restrictions. It is advisable to restore the purse fishing of these species with the pouring of the catch by fish pumps. In 1970-1976 the average catch of anchovies by a vessel of the CChS-150 type in the Krasnodar Territory for the season ranged from 480 to 1140 tons. An increase in the catch of small pelagic species should be achieved through the development of purse fishing, both a more environmentally friendly and more economical (in terms of energy costs) fishing method.

In the coastal zone, fishing should be carried out only with passive fishing gear (set nets, various types of traps, nets), which ensure minimal impact on bottom biocenoses, the ability to control the species and size composition of fishing objects by choosing the place and time of installation of fishing gear and through their selective parameters ( mesh size, planting ratio and number of meshes). The requirements of ecologically balanced fishing also require the determination of the optimal fishing load by the number of passive fishing gear and the time of their stagnation for existing fishing grounds.

In addition to industrial fishing, amateur and sport (recreational) fishing is developing in the coastal regions of the Black Sea. At the same time, recreational fishing partially uses the same resources as industrial fishing. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the forms of coexistence of this type of fishery with industrial fisheries, taking into account their mutual influence and impact on the state of resources and habitat. When the interests of industrial and recreational fishing coincide, in countries with a developed recreation industry, as a rule, preference is given to recreational fishing, since in addition to fish products, the process of catching fish is highly valued in this fishery. A variety of commercial activities are associated with the satisfaction of the needs of recreational fishers and athletes, and as a result, this type of fishery is more profitable for society than industrial fishing. Since a large percentage of the population living both in the Black Sea region and in other regions of Russia is involved in recreational fishing, its social significance is very high. It is necessary to assess the resource base of recreational fishing, to give a preliminary assessment of the current and future demand for the resource from recreational and sport fishing and the possibilities of meeting it. Industrial fishing and recreational fishing should be considered in the overall system of integrated nature management in the Black Sea coast. In this case, a more complete use of the existing diversity of fish resources can be ensured.

The existing species diversity in the coastal area was also shown by our recent studies. The catches of fixed and cast nets and set gill nets were studied in the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the spring and autumn periods of 2000-2005. and in the summer period of 2010. In the spring period, 23 species of fish were found in the set net, of which 10 had an occurrence of more than 75% (smarida Spicarasmaris, horse mackerel, garfish, satin Atherina boyeri , red mullet , croaker Sciaenaumbra, roll Grenilabrus tinca, scorpionfish Scorpaenaporcus, whiting Merlangius merlangus euxinus and gobies Gobiidae), 3 species - more than 50% and 10 species were encountered singly. In the autumn period, 17 species were noted, of which 6 had an occurrence of more than 86% (smarid, horse mackerel, garfish, satin, red mullet, anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus ), 5 - more than 30% and 9 met singly. In spring, the basis of catches by weight was horse mackerel and red mullet, and in autumn - smarida and garfish. In the catches of the throw seine, 8 species were noted: garfish, satin, red mullet, horse mackerel, anchovy, golden mullet Mugil auratus, goby-whip Mesogobius batrachocephalus, scorpionfish. The basis in them by weight was made up of active schooling species - 99% (garfish, red mullet, sedge, horse mackerel, anchovy, golden mullet). In catches of fixed gillnets, 9 species were noted: red mullet, anchovy, golden mullet, Mediterranean three-horned burbot Gaidropsarus mediterraneus, round goby G.melanostomus, scorpionfish, greenfinch Crenilabrusocelatus, rulena, stone perch Serranus scriba. In the summer of 2010, in large-mesh nets (mesh pitch 50 and 60 mm), the basis of catches was pilengas Lizahaematocheilus. Starting from June 9, the striped mullet was regularly caught Mugilcephalus accounting for up to 50% of the catch. Single, in the catches of large-mesh nets in the studied period, the following were found: Dicentrarchuslabrax, croaker , bluefish . In the catches of nets with a mesh of 20 mm, the following fish species were found: red mullet, horse mackerel, smarida, greenfin wrasse, pilengas, blennies Blendiussanguinolentus, scorpionfish, round goby , sea ​​fox. The basis of catches was red mullet (45%) and smarida (34%). Horse mackerel accounted for about 13% of the catch, round goby and juvenile soles accounted for 3% each, and juvenile pilengas - 2%. In many catches, scorpionfish accounted for a significant proportion. When setting nets to a depth of 10 m or more, skates accounted for a significant share in the catches.

The climatic conditions of the Black Sea basin are exceptionally favorable for the development of aquaculture. Aquaculture, in conditions of high demand for food products and limited natural resources, is one of the most developing areas of fisheries. Almost all of the increase in world fisheries production in recent years is provided by aquaculture. The rapid development of aquaculture began in the 1970s and 1980s. Since that time, the total volume of fish products received annually has increased by almost 10 times. If in 1970 commercial aquaculture facilities accounted for only 3.9% of the world catch, then in 2007 this figure was 43%, or 55.5 million tons (excluding algae) with a total value of $69 billion. 2010 exceeded 50% of the world catch. The advantages of this industry are due to the lack of dependence on the variability of the state of the raw material base, lower energy costs than in fishing, the proximity of the places of withdrawal of raw materials to coastal processing complexes, the ability to supply products of stable quality to the markets at any time of the year.

World experience shows that large-scale cultivation of oysters and mussels can be very effective. If on natural banks mussels grow to marketable size in 3-4 years, then with artificial cultivation, with the right selection of a suitable place, the marketable size is reached in 18 months. The yield of products during cultivation is 2.3 times higher than in natural state, and the amount of sand in the valves is 1200 times lower. Breeding oysters and mussels does not require feed. The main requirement for their breeding in places natural habitat is the purity of the waters.

According to expert estimates, commercial farms with a capacity of up to 25-30 thousand tons of mollusks and 5-7 thousand tons of marine fish (trout, sea bass, croaker) can be located in the coastal waters of the Russian Black Sea coast. Small reservoirs (ponds, estuaries, small reservoirs) have even greater potential. total area which only in Krasnodar Territory is about 140 thousand hectares.

The Black Sea basin has long been famous for such valuable species fish, such as sturgeon, Black Sea salmon, flounder, kalkan, fish, etc. Their role in modern fisheries is extremely small, however, these fish can be bred as aquaculture objects. Some valuable invaders are also of interest for breeding. Currently, only freshwater aquaculture of partial (including herbivorous), salmon and sturgeon fish is developing in the Black Sea basin, and the high potential of marine aquaculture is not realized.

The development of aquaculture can become an incentive for the development of fishing for underutilized biological resources of the Black Sea. The use of small pelagic fish as feedstock for aquaculture will significantly increase the demand for these fisheries. The construction of coastal enterprises for processing fish into feed flour will create new jobs for the local population, the main income of which after the collapse of Soviet Union associated mainly with the holiday season.

The creation of commercial aquaculture farms should be accompanied by a comprehensive assessment of their impact on the environment, as well as measures to reduce the possible negative impact. It is necessary to provide a water purification system, since the waste products of cultivated hydrobionts, falling into the sea, cause increased eutrophication of coastal waters, which negatively affects the state of ecosystems.

An increase in the raw material base of fisheries is also possible due to the artificial reproduction of juveniles of valuable commercial species with subsequent release into natural environment, creation of artificial spawning grounds, etc. An increase in the level of natural reproduction of aquatic biological resources can be achieved through land reclamation, the construction of artificial reefs and the acclimatization of new commercial objects.

The creation of artificial reefs is the most efficient and economical means of ecological and fishery melioration of marine areas. Artificial reefs can significantly increase the biological productivity of the water area. The succession of hydrobionts on the reef rapidly increases the biomass of organic matter, the regeneration of which provides the mineral salts and biogens necessary for photosynthesis. Due to the formation of active surfaces in the water column, where the temperature and oxygen saturation are much higher than in the near-bottom layer, the rate of biological processes increases significantly. Bacteria, algae and other organisms thrive on the reef substrate. Reefs serve as a good refuge for fish and invertebrates, create additional spawning substrates and, thereby, increase the abundance and species diversity of aquatic organisms. The creation of artificial reefs fundamentally changes the nature of the biotope. Soon valuable objects of industrial and recreational fishing appear here. Experiments carried out in the Caspian Sea showed that after 2-3 months the surface of the reefs was completely covered with fouling. Biomass indices of zooplankton were 1.3-8.4 times, and bottom organisms 1.5-2.3 times higher than those in the background area. The construction of artificial reefs makes it possible to increase the self-cleaning capacity of the sea area, which is very important in case of oil pollution. During the vegetation period, the microorganisms of a reef 100 m long can utilize about 510 kg of oil. In addition, artificial reefs will create barriers to the use of trawling gear.

Thus, despite the underutilization of the catch limits for hydrobionts, priorities should be given to actions aimed at preserving biodiversity, developing measures that increase the productivity of the sea and the recreational value of the coast.

First of all, you need to give detailed description the underwater relief of the Russian shelf, assess the content of suspended solids and their composition in the water in its various sections, take into account the presence of fishing and other types of coastal economic use. It is required to assess the current state of biological resources, to characterize their seasonal distribution. This will make it possible to give a comprehensive description of the shelf zone in order to determine the areas most suitable for industrial and recreational fishing, the development of mariculture, and the creation of artificial reefs.

It is also necessary to evaluate state of the art industrial fishing in general and in the coastal zone in particular, taking into account fishing gear and methods, to determine the economic efficiency and social significance of this form of employment of the population, to assess the mutual influence of recreational and industrial fishing and their overall impact on the state of fishing objects, and also to assess the ability of natural populations to withstand one or another press without prejudice to reproduction.

Since the coastal waters of the seas are of great importance in the reproduction of hydrobionts not only in the coastal zone, but also in open waters, it is necessary to determine the role of certain coastal areas in the reproduction of fishery objects. If a negative impact of one or another form of fishing on the reproduction process in coastal areas important for this process is revealed, it is possible to recommend the organization of reproduction sites with the closure of one or another form of fishing activity in general or for some periods of time (fishery reserve zone).

At present, there is extensive information about the significant pollution of the Black Sea waters, about changes in the outlines of the coastline due to the extraction of gravel in the estuarine sections of rivers flowing into the sea. It is necessary to take into account all significant sources of anthropogenic pollution of coastal waters, determine the toxicogenic load from point sources of pollution, conduct extensive toxicological studies of coastal waters, soil, bioresources, and develop a set of measures to reduce the level of pollution. These studies can lay the foundation for effective monitoring of the state of the environment. On the basis of ecotoxicological studies, sites should be identified, the recreational use of which should be excluded or limited until the situation changes in order to preserve human health.

Ultimately, the entire coastal zone can be subdivided into areas that differ in terms of opportunities for the development of industrial fisheries, recreational fisheries, aquaculture, or other forms of recreation on the water.

The need to create effective system Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) was reflected in the decision international conference UN Environment and Sustainable Development. To date, about 90 countries are implementing more than 180 ICZM programs at the international and national levels. The European Commission considers ICZM as a means of conserving coastal zones together with their biodiversity. In large economic projects, social and economic problems are given due place, but environmental protection is a priority. European states of the northeast Atlantic, the main emphasis in management policy is on the protection marine environment, conducting scientific research on ecosystems, on the sustainable use of fisheries, conservation of biodiversity, development of tourism in the coastal regions of countries. Fisheries management should be based on an ecosystem approach, which is “a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that ensures their conservation and sustainable use ...” .

The following should be highlighted as priority tasks in the Black Sea:

• restriction of fishing with active fishing gear in coastal waters;
• restoration of purse fishing as a more environmentally friendly way of fishing;
• creation of coastal enterprises for the processing of low-value species of aquatic organisms into fishmeal for aquaculture facilities;
• priority use of passive fishing gear corresponding to the existing resource base;
• development of recreational and sport fishing;
• increase in fishery resources and fishery importance of the Black Sea basin, through the development of artificial reproduction and commercial marine and freshwater aquaculture, taking into account existing world experience, the creation of artificial reefs.

Reviewers:

• Arkhipov A. G., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Deputy Director, Federal State Unitary Enterprise "AtlantNIRO", Kaliningrad.
• Bulatov O. A., d.b.s., head. department, FSUE "VNIRO", Moscow.

Bibliographic link

The Black Sea is currently important part and occupies an area equal to 420325 km 2. It is home to more than three thousand species of flora and fauna. A remarkable feature can be considered the fact that all of the above diversity is found only at a depth of no more than 150 m. represent saturated solution hydrogen sulfide. This is a destructive environment for all creatures that need oxygen for normal life.

Black Sea: environmental problems

Like any other modern sea, it is subject to negative influence. Every year, hundreds of tons of harmful substances are discharged into its basin. Such pollutants can be safely attributed to all organic and mineral fertilizers, which generously fertilize the soil to get a better harvest. It is they who, getting into the sea and accumulating in the water column, provoke the active reproduction of phytoplankton. When dying, such living organisms consume the oxygen contained in the water masses, and thus create certain problems. The Black Sea is covered with a whole layer of dead algae, which is getting bigger and bigger every year. Under the influence of this factor, oxygen deficiency is observed in the near-bottom areas.

The environmental problems of the Black Sea are also determined by the following negative factors:

1. Pollution of the rivers flowing into it with sewage rainwater. This entails not only a decrease in the transparency of the waters and the blooming of the sea, but also the destruction of multicellular algae.

2. Oil pollution. Similar Black Seas are most often found in the western part of the water area, where there are many ports and a large number of tanker traffic. As a result, there is a death of many representatives of flora and fauna, a violation of their normal life, as well as a deterioration in the state of the atmosphere due to the evaporation of oil and its derivatives.

3. Pollution of water masses with human waste products. Such environmental problems of the Black Sea are the result of the discharge of untreated and poorly treated wastewater. The main load falls on the northwestern part of the region. The main spawning grounds for fish and breeding of various species of animals and birds are also located there. Another significant factor is the active development of the coastline. As a result, the bottom surface of the Black Sea shelf is polluted with cement dust and residues of chemicals used in construction.

4. Negative factors can also include massive fishing, which entails the inevitable and global restructuring of marine ecosystems.

These are the main environmental problems of the Black Sea.

To narrow the search results, you can refine the query by specifying the fields to search on. The list of fields is presented above. For example:

You can search across multiple fields at the same time:

logical operators

The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all the elements in the group:

research development

Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values ​​in the group:

study OR development

Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:

study NOT development

Search type

When writing a query, you can specify the way in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search based on morphology, without morphology, search for a prefix, search for a phrase.
By default, the search is based on morphology.
To search without morphology, it is enough to put the "dollar" sign before the words in the phrase:

$ study $ development

To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the query:

study *

To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:

" research and development "

Search by synonyms

To include synonyms of a word in the search results, put a hash mark " # " before a word or before an expression in brackets.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthesized expression, a synonym will be added to each word if one was found.
Not compatible with no-morphology, prefix, or phrase searches.

# study

grouping

Parentheses are used to group search phrases. This allows you to control the boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:

Approximate word search

For an approximate search, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a word in a phrase. For example:

bromine ~

The search will find words such as "bromine", "rum", "prom", etc.
You can optionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1, or 2. For example:

bromine ~1

The default is 2 edits.

Proximity criterion

To search by proximity, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:

" research development "~2

Expression relevance

To change the relevance of individual expressions in the search, use the sign " ^ " at the end of an expression, and then indicate the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the others.
The higher the level, the more relevant the given expression.
For example, in this expression, the word "research" is four times more relevant than the word "development":

study ^4 development

By default, the level is 1. Valid values ​​are a positive real number.

Search within an interval

To specify the interval in which the value of some field should be, you should specify the boundary values ​​in brackets, separated by the operator TO.
A lexicographic sort will be performed.

Such a query will return results with the author starting from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in an interval, use square brackets. Use curly braces to escape a value.

Biological resources of the sea. Since ancient times, the population living on the shores of the Black Sea has been looking for opportunities to use its food resources. The focus was on the fish fauna. Fishing in the Black Sea has retained its importance to this day. However, more and more intensively used in the food industry and in pharmacology, other biological resources. plant resources. In terms of biomass and productivity, among the plant resources of the Black Sea, algae occupy the first place, which grow at a depth of 60-80 meters. Their biomass is estimated at 10 million tons. In the first place among algae is the red alga Phyllophora. Agar-agar is obtained from the dried raw materials of phyllophora, which is used in industry. It is used in the textile industry, it gives density, shine and softness to fabrics. In the confectionery: for the production of cakes, sweets, for baking bread, so as not to become stale. Used for the production of medicines, cosmetic creams, photographic films. Cystoseira algae grow from brown algae. Algin is made from it, used in the food industry, and for obtaining various technical emulsions. Seagrass (zostera) grows from flowering plants in the Black Sea. It is used as a packaging and stuffing material in the furniture industry.

Geography Grade 6

"Mathematics Scale" - On the ground 4.5 * 200 \u003d 900 km. 3) Samara - Novosibirsk 11 cm on the map. On the ground 6*200=1200 km. 5) Bratsk - Komsomolsk - on - Amur 13 cm on the map. IV. in). IV a). Purpose: To reveal the connection between mathematics and geography. The dictation is checked by consultants from the senior classes and entered into the table. Equipment: World map, atlases, figures, posters. Find the distance between cities (5 min.) (using geography atlases).

"Geography Grade 6 Hydrosphere" - Geography, Grade 6. 5. Scheme of the wave. General lesson on the topic. Is life possible on earth without water... the hydrosphere? 4. Geographic tasks. Laboratory work. Lines that connect places with equal depths. B.) 250/10=25kg.=25000g. Northern or Caspian? C) Determine on the map which sea is deeper - the Baltic or the Black? 3. Nomenclature.

"Geography Grade 6 Scale" - Numerical scale. What does scale show? Scale types. Write a story using the conventional signs. The scale is indicated by the capital letter "M". MOU "Basic comprehensive school No. 3". What is a site plan? Let's get acquainted with the concept of "scale"; We learn: What is the scale for? "Scale of the plan" (geography lesson grade 6) Teacher: T.F. Eremeeva.

“Atmosphere Grade 6” - The text of the textbook on p. 86 will help you learn about the boundaries of the atmosphere. Water vapor. Complete task 1 in workbook on page 51. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Where do oxygen, carbon dioxide and water come from in the air? What gases are in the atmosphere? What is the role of gases for life on Earth? Oxygen. Carbon dioxide. See answer in fig.80 p.86. Lesson Objectives: Why is it said that the air smells of ozone after a thunderstorm? Atmosphere - the air shell of the Earth / definition on page 86 of the textbook /. Lesson number 34. January 29th.

"Hydrosphere geography" - Land. Glaciers. steam condensation. Spring. Hydrosphere. Water! Wind. The water cycle in nature is a worldwide process. Evaporation. The groundwater. Rivers. It cannot be said that you are necessary for life: you are life itself ... Precipitation rain. Precipitation - snow. Antoine de Saint-Exupery. Lakes. Parts. Ocean. The composition of the hydrosphere. Geography lesson in the 6th grade.

"Geography of the River" - The source is the beginning of the river. Guess the river: I am the Siberian river, Wide and deep. Determine on the map. “Not a horse, but running. R e k i. Let's check ourselves. What is a river? Runs, runs - does not run out. Change the letter "e" to "y" - I will become a satellite of the Earth. DETERMINE WHICH RIVER BEGINS AT A POINT WITH COORDINATES 57?N.W.33?E. Mouth of the river.