What natural conditions are considered. Natural and climatic conditions of Russia

This article will be devoted to the issues of natural conditions and natural resources. What do we mean by natural conditions? Why do we need natural resources and how do we use them? Let's try to answer them.

Natural resources

Natural resources are very important for society in general and any state in particular. After all, they include what nature gives us: these are minerals, and solar energy, and wind energy, and much more.

Thanks to their presence, we have everything that we have now and can have even more in the future if we learn how to use them correctly.

At the moment, all types of natural resources have already been explored, many deposits have been found, therefore, for convenience, there is a division of natural resources according to various criteria: the type of origin of resources and the way they are used.

Types of natural resources

According to the type of origin, land, biological, water and other types of resources are distinguished, and there is also an additional division into inexhaustible, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Inexhaustible natural resources include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and others. Renewable resources are biological, land and water, and not renewable - mineral natural resources.

According to the method of use, the resources of material production (that is, the resources of various types of industry and agriculture) and the resources of the non-productive sphere are distinguished.

Scientific and technological progress directly affects natural resources. The development of methods for the development of minerals has led to a sharp increase in their production. The development of search methods helped to find new untapped deposits, which also increased their production.

Not all countries have enough natural resources, but their very thoughtful use helps to raise the country's economy to fantastic heights.

Take Japan for example: having extremely small land resources (the population is growing year by year), she found an amazing way out - she began to build huge residential skyscrapers, place city parks right on the buildings.

Nature has enough natural resources to provide us with them for a very long time, but it depends on us how these resources will be used by us.

natural conditions

We have known since school days that in every corner of the globe there are different air temperatures, different animals live, different plants grow. Why is this happening?

The fact is that in every corner of the globe there are completely different natural conditions, that is, a different climate, relief, a different amount of natural resources, different animals and plants.

All of the above affects the formation of the nature of a particular region. The population of a particular region, the development of industry and agriculture depend on natural conditions.

With the development of science and technology, a person needs more and more natural resources, more and more it is necessary to change the natural conditions of a particular region in one way or another.

When moving from Smolensk to Rostov-on-Don, I did not feel any discomfort and quickly adapted to life in a more southern region. Discomfort I felt much later, when I visited Bahrain - an island nation in the Middle East. It was there that it became clear to me that the resident of central Russia, which I had been from birth, had not gone away from me. Why is acclimatization so difficult for a person?

Comfortable conditions for residents of the middle lane

First of all, it would be appropriate to talk about the territorial boundaries of this region. The central strip of Russia originates from the border with Belarus and ends in the east near Tatarstan, in the north it begins in the territory of the Kostroma region and covers more southern lands together with the Saratov region.

The middle lane is distinguished as a zone with a temperate continental climate, where all seasons are represented:

• mild winters with an average temperature of -10 ° C, and on the most frosty days - rarely dropping to -30 ° C;
• spring and autumn with moderate rainfall and average temperatures above 0 °C;
• warm summers, the maximum temperature in July rarely exceeds +35 °C, and the average value on the thermometer is +25 °C.

The conditions of the middle zone are comfortable not only for people to live, but also for the rest of the living world, which is very rich in these latitudes.

The area has a diverse fauna (bears, wolves, hares, birds) and a wide variety of flora (broad-leaved and coniferous trees, shrubs, mosses).

How to quickly acclimatize in a "foreign" climate

When I was in the Middle East, in the early days I just howled from the sweltering heat.

I couldn’t get my head around how local women in the 45-degree heat (for them this is quite a normal summer temperature) freely walk around in black tight hijabs.

But the human body can adapt to everything, and after a week it became much easier for me in the new conditions.

To quickly adapt to a hot climate, you need to sit less by the air conditioner, and to a cold one, spend more time outside.

Natural conditions are usually understood as a complex of such factors as the geographical location of the area, climate, relief, natural resources, flora and fauna, which exist independently of human activity. has a significant impact on the activities and lifestyle of people.

Due to the large extent and predominance of the temperate climate zone, a wide range of natural conditions are found on the territory of Russia. The need for a special diet, clothing, infrastructure and housing depends on them. A quarter of the country's land is unfit for human habitation. The Volga and Chernozem regions are considered the most favorable. The main components of the geographical environment that form the natural conditions of Russia are considered below.

Climate

Due to the length of the territory, it is diverse. Basically, the territory of the country lies in a moderate latitude. The seasons change rhythmically. Winter is colder than in , summer is warm. In cold weather, thaws often occur, precipitation falls in the summer, in the form of rain. The continental climate dominates in the west of Siberia, sharply continental - in the territory of Central Siberia. The Far East falls under the influence of the monsoon climate.

The lands near the Arctic Ocean are ruled by the Arctic climate zone. Winter temperatures drop to -30°C. Heat deficit and polar nights make this area unsuitable for economic activity. The subarctic belt is forming in the north. Within its boundaries lie the territories of the Russian and West Siberian Plains. Because of the swampiness, it is difficult to conduct economic activities here. The Black Sea coast belongs to the subtropical climate. It is relatively warm here even in winter. Agriculture is well developed here.

Due to the flat relief of the European part of the country, winds from the north penetrate the entire plain. The currents of the Atlantic Ocean bring warmth to. Half of Russia feels the influence of the Atlantic. In winter, warm winds from the south soften the negative temperatures. They also bring rainfall with them. Without the warm air coming from the Atlantic, the Russian climate would be much harder.

The mountain ranges of the Far East do not allow the Pacific air to penetrate deep into the continent. This is a unique region with a monsoonal climate. Summer cyclones bring heavy rains. Winds rage in the coastal regions in winter. In Siberia, they are practically absent, the humidity of the air is low, so the cold is easier to bear. The densely populated regions of the country are the center, southern regions and regions of Western Siberia. Winter here averages 60 days.

Relief and geology

The contours of the land of the country significantly affect the living conditions of people. Russia is located on several plates at once, differing from each other in age. The European part lies on the Russian platform, which is billions of years old. It is dominated by flat. The Siberian platform, on which the northeast of the country lies, is much older. The West Siberian platform is a relatively young tectonic formation. It is pressed on both sides by neighboring plates, so there are many mountain ranges.

The relief of the south of the country was formed under the influence of the wind. The mountains have been affected by glaciers over time. The coastal plains changed shape under the influence of the ebb and flow of the tides. Centuries-old floods have formed river valleys, ravines and gullies. They are ubiquitous.

Three quarters of the country's land is located on. The largest of them, East European, occupies 4 million km². Here the lowlands gradually give way to the uplands. Rarely rises in relief exceed 500 m. From the Ural ridges in the east, the West Siberian Plain begins, with an area of ​​2.6 million km². The third largest space, the Central Siberian Plateau, occupies a little more than 3 million km².

High mountain ranges predominate in the southern and eastern regions. Mount Elbrus has a height of 5642 m, and is the highest point in the country. The Altai ranges are located between China, Mongolia, Russia and Kazakhstan. The maximum height is 2000 m. The Urals are considered to be the natural border between and. The highest mark of the complex is Mount Nagornaya, 1895 m. There are many mineral deposits in the Ural Mountains. The most eastern are the hills of Kamchatka, which still periodically erupt lava.

There are large islands and archipelagos in all. The New Siberian Islands, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and Wrangel Island are characterized by mountainous relief. to the east is Sakhalin. Not far from Kamchatka are the Commander Islands. The Kuriles share the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. Large islands exist on. These include the Valaam and Solovetsky Islands, Olkhon.

Natural resources

Russia has a quarter of the world's reserves. Most of it grows in the Far East and Siberia. On the territory of Europe, green areas remained along. The use of wood is poorly developed, many trees are lost during transportation.

Forests provide people with animals, mushrooms and berries. People actively collect plants that are popular in folk medicine. Fur hunting is underway. The species diversity of fish is observed in all the seas washing the country. Large inland water bodies are generous for the catch.

Due to the diverse tectonic structure, the country is rich in minerals. More often deposits are located in folded landforms. Kola and the lands of the Kursk magnetic anomaly are the main sources of ores. Cuprous sandstones, polymetals and iron ores occur in the Urals and in the Trans-Baikal Territory. Rich sources of natural gas and oil are located in the Stavropol Territory, in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. These non-renewable resources lie in the depths of the West Siberian platform. Hard coal is mined in the bowels of the East European Valley.

There are so many minerals in the country that they can fully satisfy the needs of the population. Expensive sell on world markets, but sales are gradually reduced. The policy of the state is aimed at the implementation, and not at the conservation of its own resources. The availability of some fossils is measured in only a few decades.

The woods

Forests occupy a little less than half of the state's land. There are more of them in the Asian region. grows in the temperate climate zone. Forests are represented by evergreen trees: spruce, fir, pine. Larch is widespread throughout the taiga.

Broad-leaved and mixed forests are located a little to the south. These include maple, elm, beech, oak, linden. Most of the areas of the green zone were destroyed by people for the sake of grazing and building settlements. Harvesting of trees is carried out in the Arkhangelsk, Perm, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Amur regions.

A strip of small-leaved forests stretched from Europe to the Far East. The main representatives of vegetation are alder and birch. They contribute to the restoration of green areas.

All forests are federally owned. The state can transfer them for rent or gratuitous fixed-term use. There are protective, reserve and operational forests. In areas with a high population density, forests are fully developed.

In the section on the question, what natural conditions are considered extreme? where in Russia are territories with extreme conditions located? given by the author drill the best answer is Extreme natural conditions are conditions that are extremely unfavorable for the human body.
Russia is a great northern power. More than 2/3 of its area belongs to areas of extreme natural conditions with increased risk and costs for economic activity.
The zone of the North is a territory in which the vital activity of the population is sharply limited due to extremely harsh natural conditions (low air temperatures for most of the year, the spread of permafrost, electromagnetic storms, high wind speeds, stunted woody vegetation or its complete absence, irregular daily routine and nights). The health of the population, especially the newcomers, is under the constant influence of characteristic risk factors, which leads to the formation of a specific northern pathology.
Extreme conditions include natural disasters (tsunamis, earthquakes, etc.)
20% of the territory of Russia belongs to seismically active regions (including 5% of the territory is subject to extremely dangerous 8-10 magnitude earthquakes).
Over the past quarter century, about 30 significant earthquakes have occurred in Russia, that is, with a force of more than seven points on the Richter scale. 20 million people live in the zones of possible destructive earthquakes in Russia.
Residents of the Far East region of Russia suffer the most from earthquakes and tsunamis. The Pacific coast of Russia is located in one of the "hottest" zones of the "Ring of Fire".
The seismically active regions of Russia also include Eastern Siberia, where 7-9-point zones are distinguished in the Baikal region, the Irkutsk region and the Buryat Republic.
Yakutia, through which the border of the Euro-Asian and North American plates passes, is not only considered a seismically active region, but also holds a record: earthquakes often occur here with epicenters north of 70 ° N. sh.

Answer from Peculiarity[guru]
harsh climate, deserts, highlands, sharply continental climate.
Far North, Siberia

Answer from Tata[guru]
The Arctic is a region of extreme conditions - very low temperatures, strong winds, permafrost.
The most extensive area in the Russian North is occupied by extreme territories.
In these areas, almost all year round, natural conditions greatly affect a person, greatly complicate his work, life and rest, and the parameters of individual environmental factors reach values ​​that are critical for the health and life of people.
The southern boundary of the extreme subzone in the northwest passes north of the Arctic Circle, and to the east of the Mezen, the boundary shifts south of the Arctic Circle and in the northeast of the country it crosses 60o N. sh.

Plan:

1. The concept of natural conditions and their characteristics

2. The influence of natural conditions on the life and economic activity of people

3. Adverse and dangerous natural phenomena

Natural conditions have played and continue to play an important role in the life and development of human society. Undoubtedly, scientific and technological progress has significantly influenced the growth of human power in relation to nature.

Since 1992 - the year of the UN Conference on the Environment in Rio de Janeiro - it has become generally accepted that the paramount condition for the sustainable development of individual countries and all of humanity as a whole is the totality of natural factors.

Taking into account and adequate understanding of the role and place of natural development factors are of vital importance in the field of management at almost all territorial levels in modern conditions. The concept of "natural factors" usually includes the following categories: natural conditions, natural resources, landscape sustainability and ecological situation.

natural conditions- a set of the most important natural characteristics of the territory, reflecting the main features of the components of the natural environment or local natural phenomena.

They influence the life and economic activity of the population, the settlement of the population, the development and distribution of productive forces, and their specialization depend on them. They determine the cost, and, consequently, the competitiveness of manufactured products, which is especially important for countries with a significant distribution of extreme natural features, including Russia.

Among the components of the natural environment, as a rule, climate, geological environment, surface and ground waters, soils, biota, landscape or landscape conditions as a whole are considered as characteristics of natural conditions.

The specificity of the natural conditions of the area depends on its location in a particular natural zone, the presence in it of a certain combination of natural landscapes.

natural areas- large divisions of the geographical envelope, expressed in the form of wide belts of the earth's surface, united by the similarity of such characteristics as the amount of solar radiation, moisture, type of soil, vegetation and wildlife.

natural landscapes- these are relatively homogeneous parts of the geographic shell, distinguished by a regular combination of its components and phenomena, the nature of their relationships. Along with natural ones, anthropogenic, or cultural, landscapes are also distinguished, characterized by a varying degree of purposeful or spontaneous transformation of the original natural natural complexes.

Landscape- the main category of territorial division of the natural environment. The processes of matter and energy exchange between landscape components (rocks, soils, vegetation, etc.) determine their structure. Both natural and anthropogenic landscapes are subject to rhythmic and irreversible changes, so both are objects of regulation in human activity.

Among the landscape-forming factors that form the most important properties of landscapes, external (cosmic and geodynamic) and internal (manifested in the processes of interaction of individual natural components) factors are distinguished. All landscape-forming factors are also divided into zonal (climate, soil, vegetation) and azonal (relief, geological structure).

In management in general and in regional politics in particular, landscapes are considered as the natural basis for the life and economic activity of people. At the same time, such features as their genesis, type, resistance to anthropogenic influences, aesthetic merits, degree of disturbance or preservation, and the nature of anthropogenic influences are taken into account.

The allocation of natural zones and landscapes is based on the climatic features of the territory, which are manifested primarily in the ratio of heat and moisture.

Climate- this is the average long-term weather regime in a particular area. Being the result of a variety of natural processes that continuously occur in the atmosphere, the climate of the Earth and its individual regions is constantly changing, significantly affecting people's lives.

Heat is the most important climatic factor. Thermal resources determine the energy of plant growth. The amount of heat required to complete the vegetation cycle (growth period) is called the biological sum of temperatures. It should be emphasized that this most directly affects the economy of the country, the economy, many aspects of the life of the population and politics.

The consequence of climatic conditions is permafrost, sometimes called permafrost, widespread in the states of the northern hemisphere. The specifics of permafrost must be taken into account when creating engineering structures: pipelines, bridges, railways, etc.

Water(humidification), primarily in the form of precipitation, is the second most important climatic factor. The lack of water, as well as its excess, adversely affect the development of both agriculture and the economy as a whole, bringing significant costs to the budget.

The most important factor in the formation of natural specificity is relief. Influencing all components of the natural environment, it contributes to the emergence of various landscapes. Over the past centuries, the formation of anthropogenic relief has become widespread. Man influences the relief directly (mining and technical works, hydraulic engineering, etc.) and indirectly through other components of the natural environment. For example, the reduction of forests in the savannas contributes to desertification and the development of aeolian landforms; overgrazing leads to increased water erosion, etc.

For agriculture and a number of other sectors of the economy, soil conditions are of paramount importance. The soil- this is a special natural body, formed as a result of the transformation of the surface layer of the earth's crust, air and biota and combining the properties of animate and inanimate nature. The value properties of the soil are reflected in its fertility - the ability to provide plants with digestible nutrients and moisture and create conditions for harvesting. Natural and artificial fertility is distinguished. Comparative qualitative assessment of soils according to the developed scales in relation to a given area is carried out using grading.

Biota is understood as a historically established set of living organisms living in any territory, i.e. flora and fauna of the area. The characteristic of the natural conditions of the area also includes an assessment of vegetation and wildlife.

Vegetation is a set of plant communities (phytocenoses). One or another type of vegetation has a significant impact on the development of the economy - agriculture, forestry, and other opportunities.

Animal world- a set of animal communities living within a particular area.

Natural conditions affect almost all aspects of the daily life of the population, especially its work, leisure and life, people's health and the possibility of their adaptation to new, unusual conditions.

The total assessment of natural conditions is determined by the level of their comfort for a person. For its measurement, up to 30 parameters are used (the duration of climatic periods, temperature contrast, climate humidity, wind regime, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, etc.).

According to the level of comfort, there are:

Extreme territories (polar regions, alpine regions of high latitudes, etc.);

Discomfort territories - areas with harsh natural conditions, unsuitable for life of non-indigenous, unadapted population; subdivided into cold humid (arctic deserts, tundra), arid territories (deserts and semi-deserts), as well as mountainous areas;

· hypercomfortable territories - areas with limited favorable conditions for the resettlement population; subdivided into boreal (forests of the temperate zone) and semiarid (steppes of the temperate zone);

Precomfortable territories - areas with minor deviations from the natural optimum for the formation of a permanent population;

Comfortable territories - areas with almost ideal environmental conditions for the life of the population; characteristic of the southern part of the temperate zone, etc.

The concept of natural conditions in itself presupposes one or another type of economic activity. Natural conditions predetermine the economic diversity of human activity, the sectoral specialization of individual regions, and the pace of economic and social development. At the same time, the influence of natural conditions on the national economy is ambiguous and largely depends on the level of development and the economic situation of the country.

Natural conditions are of paramount importance for those branches of the national economy that operate in the open. First of all, it is agriculture, forestry and water management. Their specialization and efficiency of development are directly related to soil fertility, climate, and the water regime of the territory. Transport and many other sectors of the economy are also under their influence.

For example, when organizing the extraction of minerals, not only reserves and quality characteristics are taken into account, but also the conditions of their occurrence, which directly affect the method, scale and cost of extraction. In practice, it often happens that not the richest, but relatively poor, but located in more favorable natural conditions, become the most economical deposits.

Almost all types of construction are in great dependence on natural conditions. Its prime cost is predetermined by such terrain parameters as strength and watering of soils, degree of seismicity, swampiness of the territory, presence of permafrost, mountainous terrain, etc.

The natural parameters of the territory have a significant impact on the organization of urban utilities. Thus, the cost of heating, water supply, sewerage, lighting of dwellings, as well as their construction, also differ significantly depending on the climate and engineering and geological conditions. In the northern regions of Russia, the heating season lasts up to 10 months, and in the south of the country 4-5 months.

The question of natural conditions for agriculture deserves special attention. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy are directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and the water regime of the territory.

Ways of growing various crops and breeding farm animals depend on agro-climatic conditions - climate resources in relation to the needs of agriculture.

Agro-climatic conditions have significant differences from place to place. Understanding the patterns of agro-climatic differentiation is necessary not only for managing the agricultural sector of the national economy, but also for the purposes of political and economic analysis. It has been calculated, for example, that the agro-climatic potential of the United States is approximately 2.5 times higher than that of Russia. It follows from this that for equal costs, the output of US agriculture will always be higher.

When assessing agro-climatic conditions and for a number of other practical purposes, they use data on zonal differences in the country's territory.

Unfavorable and dangerous natural phenomena or natural disasters inherent in certain areas are a specific form of natural conditions.Disaster is a dangerous natural phenomenon that causes emergency situations. Under emergency refers to a critical situation in a certain area that has developed as a result of a natural disaster or a man-made accident and entailed human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of normal living conditions for people.

Earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes and storms, tornadoes, typhoons, landslides, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, forest and peat fires are among the most common and at the same time dangerous for mankind natural disasters. Typical examples of adverse natural phenomena are droughts, frosts, severe frosts, thunderstorms, heavy or prolonged rains, hail and some others.

By genesis, all the main types of adverse and dangerous natural phenomena are divided into hydrometeorological and geological-geomorphological. Among the less common ones, there are also solar-cosmic (magnetic storms, meteorite impact), biogeochemical (soil salinization, biogeochemical corrosion) and biological (reproduction of agricultural pests, epizootics, etc.).

floods are among the most common hazards. They threaten almost ¾ of the earth's surface. Usually, seasonal floods are observed on the rivers, associated with the manifestation of regular climatic factors, in particular with the melting of snow (for example, the Lena River). Often, catastrophic floods are caused by heavy rainfall.

The largest Chinese river, the Yellow River, is especially famous for its catastrophic floods, in the valley of which more than 80 million people live. More victims are recorded here than in all other regions combined. She holds the most tragic record in the history of mankind: in the fall of 1987, the water level in the Yellow River rose by 20 m. 300 settlements were flooded, about 2 million people were left homeless, the death toll reached 1 million.

Floods have been and continue to be a formidable and insidious element for humans. According to UNESCO, over the past century, 9 million people have died from them. The material damage they cause is colossal.

The most important prerequisite for effective flood protection is their accurate forecast. Flood protection can be active (construction of dams, dams, diversion channels, regulation of river beds) or passive (warning and evacuation of people, their use of places that will certainly not be flooded, etc.).

earthquakes- the most significant geological element in its consequences. Every year, about 10 thousand people die from them in the world, and material damage, according to far from complete data, reaches 400 million dollars.

Earthquakes are generated by shock seismic waves and elastic vibrations of the earth's crust. In addition to natural earthquakes, there are and can be destructive earthquakes caused by human activity - flooding of deep reservoirs, oil production, injection of industrial wastewater into the bowels, creation of deep quarries, etc.

The destructive power of earthquakes is characterized in conditional intensity points. In Russia, a 12-point intensity scale has been adopted to describe the result of an earthquake.

The most catastrophic earthquake in the Chinese province of Shaanxi (1556) with the death toll of 830 thousand people is considered.

Other widespread geological hazards of exogenous origin include landslides, rockfalls, mudflows, and coastal abrasion.

Despite the undoubted achievements of science and technology, the vulnerability of modern society to natural disasters is constantly increasing. The number of victims of unfavorable and dangerous natural phenomena annually increases by approximately 6%. This is due to the rapid growth of the population and the high concentration of the population in cities; environmental degradation causing dangerous natural processes.

Floods, tropical storms, droughts and earthquakes cause the greatest economic damage in the world.