Bicolor leather. Bicolor leatherback (Vespertilio murinus) Species status within the country and adjacent regions

From the Smooth-nosed family. Outwardly, this animal is not very attractive, but has interesting structure and behavioral features characteristic only for this species. That is why it is of interest to many animal lovers.

Spreading

Two tone leather distributed in the center and west of Europe, in Asia, inhabits the territory of Ukraine. Prefers to settle in forests, in the steppes and mountains. Sometimes found in metropolitan areas. This species is protected in sanctuaries and reserves. different countries world, because the threats of its disappearance are great. This situation was caused global changes climatic conditions, insecticides, as well as the negative of people in relation to all types of bats.

Accurate data on the number of kozhanovs has not been recorded. They are rather fragmentary. Two tone leather summer time inhabits tree hollows, attics, spaces under eaves, rock cracks, etc. Sometimes these mice share their shelter with other bats. They are found in England and in France, Norway and central Russia, in Iran and China, in the Himalayas. In many regions, the two-tone leather is considered a vulnerable species. The Red Book, for example, was replenished with these animals a few years ago.

The species has not been sufficiently studied, but there is an assumption that the two-colored kozhan flies south for wintering. Two wintering places of these animals were found in the Perm region and caves of Bashkiria. There is information about wintering in the caves of the Sverdlovsk region.

Appearance

The two-tone kozhan does not exceed six and a half centimeters in length, and its wingspan reaches thirty-three centimeters. The weight of the animal ranges from twelve to twenty-four grams. This mouse on the back has dark brown fur interspersed with red hairs. On the abdomen, it has a grayish tint.

The wings are noticeably narrowed, the ears are wide and round. Life expectancy is five to twelve years. The hands are equipped with flying membranes, which are attached at the base of the fingers. Supraocular lobes strongly developed.

Two-tone leather: behavioral features

This animal flies out to hunt half an hour after sunset, but more often with the onset of deep twilight. All night long he hunts, flying at a height of about thirty meters above the edges and clearings, along mountain gorges, among trees, over steppes and even over water. The flight is very fast, reminiscent of the flight of vespers.

Bicolor leather hunts using ultrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 25 kHz. When the weather is very cold or windy, the kozhan may miss hunting. In areas where kozhan is widely distributed, it regulates the population of some insects.

Since these bats are quite rare, little information has been collected from researchers. At the time of the birth of the cubs, the females form small colonies, in rare cases, large clusters, which include more than fifty individuals. Groups of males can reach two hundred and fifty animals, but more often they prefer loneliness.

Quite often kozhan migrate, flying quite long distances (about one and a half thousand kilometers). From October to March, the two-tone kozhan hibernates. These mice hibernate, as a rule, alone and tolerate temperatures down to -2.6 ° C. In my own way economic importance leathers are recognized as useful animals - they destroy many harmful insects.

Save mode

AT last years there is a decrease in the number of these animals. The reason for this is a complex of anthropogenic factors: the limitation of places for settlement in modern buildings, the modernization of old buildings, the sealing of attics, the destruction a large number individuals with the use of pesticides used for pest control and conservation of wood.

area

From England to Pacific Ocean and from parallel 60° to the south to the line Black Sea - Caucasus - Himalayas - Turkmenistan - Iran - Mongolia - Ussuri - Japan.

Features of morphology

The bat is medium in size (forearm length 39.6–48.2 mm). The ears are relatively short, their width is greater than the length. The wing is rather narrow. The fur is short, thick. On the back, the hair is dark brown, their tips are silvery white. The white-cream or gray color of the belly contrasts with the color of the back.

Features of biology

Shelters - hollow trees, cavities in buildings, rock cracks, rarely caves. Does not form large clusters. Widmigrant. In the Crimea, probably, in addition to the local ones, animals from more northern regions winter. Currently, it is one of the rarest species in the Crimea. Flies out to hunt late in the evening and all night. Found in forests as well as open places. It feeds on flying insects (information about this species from the Crimea is rare). It breeds once a year. There are 40–50 females in brood colonies, each of which gives birth to 1–2 cubs in June. Often winters in high-rise buildings.

Threat factors

Shelter destruction. The reasons for the decline in numbers lie, apparently, in the death of a few colonies due to human anxiety.

Protection measures

The species is listed in Appendix II of the Berne Convention, Appendix II of the Bonn Convention and Appendix I of the EUROBATS agreement. No special security measures have been taken in Crimea. It is expedient to protect habitats, and a more detailed study of the biology of the species is also necessary.

Sources of information

Abelentsev et al., 1956; Dulitsky, 2001; ChKU, 2009.

Compiled by: Dulitsky A.I. A photo: Svetlink J.

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area

Bicolor leather is found in Central and Western Europe and in Asia. Her natural environment habitats - mountains, steppes and forests, but in Western Europe, they are mainly found in major cities. The species is protected as it is endangered due to insecticides and changes in their habitat.

Description

The body length of the two-tone kozhan can reach 6.4 cm, the wingspan is from 27 to 33 cm, and the weight is usually 12 to 23 grams. Its name comes from the coloration of its fur, which combines two colors. Its back is colored from red to dark brown, and the ventral side is white or gray. Ears, wings and face are black or dark brown. The wings are narrow, the ears are short, wide and rounded.

The longest known lifespan was twelve years.

Behavior

These the bats hunt prey, such as mosquitoes, caddisflies, and moths, using ultrasound at a frequency of about 25-27 kHz. They hunt after dusk at a height of 10-20 meters in open spaces above streams and rivers, over forest or in the light of street lamps. AT cold weather these bats can skip hunting.

There is not much information about the two-tone leather and its behavior, as they are quite rare. Females live in small groups of about 50 animals, sometimes up to several hundred adult females. In Western Europe, male groups consist of about 250 animals and are collected only during spring and early summer. These bats are migratory; cases of flights over distances up to 900 km are known. The farthest migration was recorded in 1989 and amounted to 1440 km.

Bats hibernate between October and March. They hibernate alone and can tolerate temperatures as low as -2.6°C.

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An excerpt characterizing the Bicolor leather

Pierre did not stay to dine, but immediately left the room and left. He went to look for Anatole Kuragin in the city, at the thought of which now all his blood rushed to his heart and he experienced difficulty in taking a breath. On the mountains, among the gypsies, at the Comoneno - he was not there. Pierre went to the club.
Everything in the club went on in its usual order: the guests who had gathered for dinner sat in groups and greeted Pierre and talked about the city news. The footman, having greeted him, reported to him, knowing his acquaintance and habits, that a place had been left for him in a small dining room, that Prince Mikhail Zakharych was in the library, and Pavel Timofeich had not yet arrived. One of Pierre's acquaintances, between a conversation about the weather, asked him if he had heard about the kidnapping of Rostova by Kuragin, which they were talking about in the city, was it true? Pierre, laughing, said that this was nonsense, because now he was only from the Rostovs. He asked everyone about Anatole; he was told by one that he had not yet come, the other that he would dine to-day. It was strange for Pierre to look at this calm, indifferent crowd of people who did not know what was going on in his soul. He walked around the hall, waited until everyone had gathered, and without waiting for Anatole, he did not dine and went home.
Anatole, whom he was looking for, dined with Dolokhov that day and consulted with him about how to fix the spoiled case. It seemed to him necessary to see Rostova. In the evening he went to his sister's to talk with her about the means of arranging this meeting. When Pierre, having traveled all over Moscow in vain, returned home, the valet reported to him that Prince Anatol Vasilyich was with the countess. The drawing room of the Countess was full of guests.
Pierre did not greet his wife, whom he did not see after his arrival (she was more than ever hated by him at that moment), entered the living room and, seeing Anatole, went up to him.
“Ah, Pierre,” said the countess, going up to her husband. “You don’t know what position our Anatole is in ...” She stopped, seeing in her husband’s head lowered, in his shining eyes, in his resolute gait, that terrible expression of fury and strength, which she knew and experienced after the duel with Dolokhov.
“Where you are, there is debauchery, evil,” Pierre said to his wife. “Anatole, let’s go, I need to talk to you,” he said in French.

Dimensions two-tone (two-tone) leather medium. Body length 54 - 64 mm. Body weight from 8 to 20 g. Body length 54-64 mm, forearm length 41-48 mm. The condylobasal length of the skull is 13.9–16.2 ​​mm; the length of the upper row of teeth is 5.0–6.1 mm. Females usually have two pairs of nipples. The color of the fur is dark with a silvery coating. The throat is white.

Spreading. From England and France to the Pacific coast. The northern border of distribution passes through Norway, the Central regions of the RSFSR, southern Siberia, the southern - through central Italy, along the Black Sea coast, Iran, Kashgaria, the Himalayas, Northeast China. Settles in the USSR European part to the north to the Kalinin and Moscow regions, the Caucasus, the South Urals, Kazakhstan, the Central Asian republics and southern Siberia to the north, approximately to the line Novosibirsk-mouth of the river. Cupid. Within a vast range, the bicolor leather is distributed unevenly.

Biology. It is found both in forests and in open spaces; in the mountains rises up to 3000 m above sea level. m. Summer shelters are diverse: hollow trees, attics, voids behind wall sheathing and under eaves, cracks in rocks, etc.

Two-tone leathers often live in common shelters with other species. bats. During pregnancy and rearing of young, females settle in colonies of up to 40-50 individuals. Males during this period are kept in small groups or singly. In June, females give birth to 2, less often 1 cub; the latter in the first 8-10 days of life are well distinguished from the naked cubs of other species by the dark color of the ears, tip of the muzzle and limbs. After the transition of the young to independent life, the brood colonies begin to disintegrate and a strict separation of the sexes is no longer observed.

The flight of the skin is fast and agile, they hunt all night, until dawn. Willingly feed among woody vegetation. Feeds on night butterflies, mosquitoes, beetles. It flies out to feed after sunset and feeds all night. Most of population flies for wintering to the south outside of Russia. Wintering areas are not known. Wintering in the area of ​​kozhana gather in caves. Life span over 5 years.

Wintering places two-tone leather are unknown; single wintering individuals were noted in the caves of Kyrgyzstan and, according to unverified data, Southern Urals. The bulk of the animals inhabiting the European part of the USSR apparently make long-distance seasonal migrations. Migrating animals are regularly noted in August-September in Ukraine. Two-colored kozhan, ringed in western Belarus, was caught in autumn in Romania, more than 1000 km from the place of ringing.

Special protection measures have not been developed. Together with other species of animals, it is protected in the reserves and reserves of the region.

Literature. Mammals of the fauna of the USSR. Part 1. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963

Status. Common and widespread.

Spreading. Inhabits the temperate and subtropical zones of Eurasia, from Europe through the Front and Central Asia, Southern Siberia and Mongolia to Far East and Northeast China. The area in Russia has large area: it covers the south and southeast of the European part, South Siberia, Primorye.

The geography of collections stored in the funds of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of the Penza State Pedagogical University(Ilyin et al., 1998 a) and the Zoological Museum of Saratov state university(Zavialov et al., 2002 a) is quite extensive. So, the meetings of animals in the village are reliably confirmed. Dyakovka, Krasnokutsky district and the village. Oktyabrsky, Dergachevsky district (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990), pos. Bazaar Karabulak, in the cities of Volsk and Saratov. In addition, it is known from numerous finds dating back to the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries, in the village. Pads of the Balashovsky region (Silantyev, 1894), p. Duralovka of the Petrovsky district (Bianki, 1922), the city of Pugachev and the Pugachevsky district (Ognev, 1925; Bazhanov, 1930). It is quite obvious that the kozhan inhabits almost the entire territory of the region, however, it avoids the highly arid regions of the Volga region, where only migratory animals can be found. At the same time, its occurrences are most common not only in the Volga valley and the mouth of the right and left tributaries, but also in the basin of the Khopra and Medveditsa rivers in the west of the region.

Number. The bicolor kozhan accounts for 8.0% of all finds of bats recorded in the region. According to the number of harvested or counted individuals, the proportion of the species is 2.2%.

Short description. Body length 55-64 mm, forearms 40-8 mm, weight 8-20 g. Fur is thick, hair is distinctly two-tone: on the back - from dark to reddish-brown with almost white tips, creating a "frosty" ripple, on the belly - gray-whitish with brownish bases, contrasting sharply with the color of the back. Behind the ears and on the throat areas of yellowish wool.

Habitat. It occurs in a variety of landscapes, including anthropogenic ones. There is a certain connection with water bodies of various types and woodlands with extensive clearings and edges. In treeless areas, encounters are more rare, although in this case, the proximity of any reservoir is obviously the determining factor in the organization of the settlement. With regard to shelters, the species is quite plastic, but always prefers human buildings; brood colonies in natural hiding places are not known in the region. Does not avoid urban areas, such as the city of Saratov.

Features of biology. The joint stay of adult females and males of kozhan in the same shelter during the birth of offspring in the Saratov region is not known. Males during this period lead, as a rule, a solitary lifestyle and hide in natural and artificial shelters, however, in adjacent areas, there are examples of several dozen males living together in one settlement. Females usually form single-species brood colonies, the number of adult animals in which varies from 5 to 35 individuals. In the south of the Trans-Volga region and in other semiarid steppe regions, it is possible to meet larger settlements, reaching 100 or more adult animals, as, for example, was recorded on the river. Yeruslan in Volgograd region(Stroganova, 1954). After the collapse of the brood colonies in the second half of summer, some of the animals move to natural shelters (in cracks, behind the lagging tree bark, hollows) or unite in small same-sex moulting groups.

Females that appear in the reproductive areas in the second decade of May already pregnant, bring one or two (rarely three) cubs in the second decade of June. The timing of the appearance of offspring, as well as in other species of bats in the region, is significantly affected by weather season. After the young animals acquire the skills of independent living, the disintegration of the brood colonies begins. We are not aware of examples of the formation of harem groups and mating in places where offspring are bred. Most individuals leave the territory Saratov region already at the end of August, and only a few individuals remain until the beginning of the second decade of September. The maximum known flight distance is 1440 km (Masing et al., 1999).

An assumption is made (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990) about the possibility of wintering of some individuals near their breeding sites, however, specific data from the valley of the river. Volga this opinion has not yet been confirmed. In the central part of Saratov, on November 22, 2002, a female bicolored kozhan was found on a landing near the attic of a stone two-story building (Zavyalov et al., 2002b). Apparently, the animal hibernated alone, since a thorough examination of the place where it was found did not reveal other animals. Kozhan was active and well-fed, there were no signs of illness. The presence of reliable cases of wintering of the two-colored kozhan is significantly north of the city of Saratov - in Penza region(Ilyin et al., 2006), in Moscow (Morozov, 1998) and near St. Petersburg (Strelkov, 2001) - suggests that the winter finding of an individual of this species in the Lower Volga region is not accidental. We share the opinion of P.P. Strelkov (2001) that this species tends to form sedentary populations within urban areas. It obtains food by flying between the rare trees of city parks (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990). It feeds mainly on Lepidoptera from the families of True moths, True moths, True leafworms, as well as mass species of Diptera from the Chironomids and Culicids families. The maximum known life span is 12 years (Schober and Grimmberger, 1998).