What are the prospects for development and deployment of the world oil industry. Oil industry of the Russian Federation: prospects, features of development and main problems

Plan

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...1

1. The oil industry and its importance in the country's economy…………..3

2. The main oil and gas provinces of Russia. Features of the development and location of the oil refining industry…………………….4

3. Russian oil pipeline system………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Modern problems and main directions of further development and location of the oil industry in Russia…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Environmental problems associated with the extraction, transportation and processing of oil……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

List of used literature………………………………………………...12

Introduction

The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, the production of energy (electricity and heat), the distribution and transport of energy and fuel.

Oil industry- a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, pipeline transportation of oil.

Purpose of oil exploration- identification, geological and economic assessment and preparation for the work of industrial deposits. Oil exploration is carried out with the help of geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling operations. The process of geological exploration is divided into two stages: prospecting and exploration. The first includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work, preparation of areas for deep exploratory drilling and search for deposits. The second is completed by preparing the field for development.

Oil has been known for a long time. Archaeologists have established that it was mined and used as early as 5-6 thousand years BC. The most ancient crafts are known on the banks of the Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. It is believed that the modern term "oil" comes from the word "nafata", which in the language of the peoples of Asia Minor means to seep. Oil is mentioned in many ancient manuscripts and books. In particular, the Bible already speaks of resin springs in the vicinity of the Dead Sea.

No problem, perhaps, worries humanity today as much as fuel. Fuel - the basis of energy, industry, agriculture, transport. Human life is unthinkable without fuel.

Developing, humanity begins to use all new types of resources (atomic and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However the main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy fuel resources play today. This clearly reflects the "receipt part" of the fuel and energy balance.

1. The oil industry and its importance in the country's economy

The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the cost industrial products Russia. It uses 10% of the products of the machine-building complex, 12% of the products of metallurgy, consumes 2/3 of the pipes in the country, provides more than half of the export of the Russian Federation and a significant amount of raw materials for the chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all cargo by rail, half of maritime transport and all transportation by pipelines.

The fuel and energy complex has a large regional function. The well-being of all Russian citizens is directly related to it, such problems as unemployment and inflation.

The greatest importance in the country's fuel industry have three industries: oil, gas and coal. The fuel and energy sectors provide at least 60% of foreign exchange earnings to Russia, allow you to have a positive foreign trade balance, maintain the ruble exchange rate. Revenues to the country's budget from excises on oil and oil products are high. Velika the role of oil in politics. Regulation of oil supplies to neighboring countries is, in fact, an important argument in the dialogue with the new states.

Thus, oil is the wealth of Russia. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all industries National economy is of great importance for the Russian economy. Demand for oil always outstrips supply, therefore, practically all developed countries of the world are interested in the successful development of our oil industry.

For the economy of any country, oil is one of the most important products; it serves not only as a raw material for liquid motor fuel, but also as a source of a large number of valuable chemical products. Russia has significant oil resources - approximately 13% of all world oil reserves. Their estimated cost is more than 4.5 trillion. USD.

Russia ranks second in the world in terms of oil exports. Together with other leading oil suppliers, it is trying to solve the problem of how to deal with the decline in production.

Just like Venezuela and Mexico, Russia is highly dependent on oil - it provides the government with more than two-thirds of the income and accounts for 30% of the gross domestic product. Christian Science Monitor(full test on the site Inopressa.ru).

In the conditions of the market formation, large enterprises, which for the most part have retained the status of state associations, produce almost 95% of Russian oil. They are transformed into joint-stock companies or are included as subsidiaries into joint-stock companies with the state retaining a controlling stake. Currently, such oil joint-stock companies as LUKoil, Yukos, Surgutneftegaz, etc. are engaged in oil production.

2. The main oil and gas provinces of Russia. Features of the development and location of the oil refining industry

The oil refining industry is concentrated mainly within five oil and gas provinces of Russia: West Siberian (which accounts for about 70% of all oil production in Russia), Volga-Urals (about 25%), Timan-Pechersk (more than 6%), North- Caucasian, Far East.

The main oil refining region is Western Siberia, where the largest oil industry base in the country has been created on the territory of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, which is allocated for general background scale and efficiency. Here, the largest territorial production complex in the country is being created on the basis of unique oil and gas fields.

Promising oil production areas in Russia are the shelves of the Barents and Okhotsk Seas. There are signs of oil potential in the vast territory of the North, Eastern Siberia, Far East.

3. Russian oil pipeline system

The promotion of oil production to the eastern regions of the country and to the north of the European part attaches particular importance to the problem of expanding the network and increasing the capacity of pipeline transport.

An extensive system of oil pipelines has been created in the Russian Federation, transporting oil to other regions of the country, the CIS countries and Western Europe. It ensures the supply of more than 95% of all oil produced with an average pumping distance of 2300 km. The largest ones: Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Samara; Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson - Odessa; Surgut - Novopolotsk; Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent; Aleksandrovskoe - Anzhero-Sudzhensk; Tuimazy - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk; Almetievsk - Samara - Bryansk - Mozyr - Poland, Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia; Almetievsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow with a branch from Nizhny Novgorod to Yaroslavl - Kirishi, etc.

In the coming years on the territory of Russia (the Volga region and North Caucasus) a pipeline will be laid to transport oil from the Tengiz field (Kazakhstan) to Novorossiysk. Its construction is carried out by the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) with the participation of Kazakhstan, Oman and Russia.

4. Modern problems and main directions for the further development and location of the oil industry in Russia

The location of the oil industry is influenced by many factors, but the main one is raw materials. The raw material factor is characterized by a number of indicators that determine the priority of involving the field into operation, and also determine the factors of the particular location of oil refineries.

The oil refining industry produces petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oils) that are directly used by consumers. Technological progress in the transportation of oil has led to the separation of the oil refining industry from the oil industry. Oil refining is more often concentrated in areas of mass consumption of petroleum products.

The approach of the oil refining industry to the places of consumption of petroleum products has a number of advantages associated with its transportation and storage.

The placement of oil refining is becoming ubiquitous. At the same time, the economic factor becomes limiting.

At present, part of the oil products is used by the chemical industry, therefore, in the construction of oil refineries, cooperation and combination with chemical enterprises are taken into account. The choice of the area and area for the construction of oil refineries is also influenced by the availability of sources of fuel, energy and water.

Oil refineries have been built in the central regions (Moscow, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Kirishi), in the Volga region (Saratov, Syzran, Samara, Volgograd), in the Urals (Perm, Orsk), in Siberia (Omsk, Angarsk, Achinsk) in the Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk), in the North Caucasus (Grozny, Krasnodar, Tuapse).

Prospects for the development of the oil industry in Russia depend to a large extent on the state of its resource base. Russia has large untapped oil resources, which are only slightly larger than proven reserves. The results of the analysis of the qualitative structure of unexplored oil resources in Russia indicate that they are not identical to the explored reserves. It is expected that the discovery of new large deposits is possible mainly in regions with low exploration - on the shelves northern seas, in Eastern Siberia.

Currently, a proposal is being developed to adopt in the legislation a number of measures aimed at economic stimulation of the use of new effective methods of enhanced oil recovery. These measures make it possible to improve funding for research and development work to create new technologies and technical means, to more actively develop the material and technical base of institutions involved in the development of new methods, and most importantly, to more dynamically increase the production of oil and deposits with hard-to-recover reserves.

One of the main problems in the oil industry is high degree of development of easily accessible deposits(about 45%). The solution to this problem is to attract modern technologies, which will increase the level of oil recovery. Increased oil recovery (at a constant level of production) will lead to an increase in the life of the fields.

In the future, it is envisaged to transport all oil through pipelines, meaning the creation of regional systems of main oil product pipelines and a distribution network to oil depots and gas stations. But these plans belong to a rather distant future. Now, in terms of cargo turnover, pipeline transport is in first place. The length of oil pipelines is 66,000 km (for comparison, in the USA - 325,000 km). Due to the fact that oil production is concentrated far from the places of processing and consumption, it would seem that much attention should be paid to the condition of oil pipelines, but not a month goes by without us hearing about another accident and the subsequent environmental catastrophe (however, so far local scale). But when you see the numbers, it's easy to understand why accidents happen.

Duration of operation of the Russian oil pipeline system

Causes of Failures at Russian Trunk Oil Pipelines

5. Environmental problems associated with the extraction, transportation and processing of oil

Oil and oil products are the most common

pollutants in the environment. The main sources of oil pollution are: routine maintenance during normal transportation of oil, accidents during the transportation and production of oil, industrial and domestic effluents.

The greatest losses of oil are associated with its transportation from the regions

mining. Emergencies, discharge overboard by tankers of washing and

ballast water - all this causes the presence of permanent fields

pollution along sea routes. But oil leaks can also occur on the surface, as a result, oil pollution covers all areas.

human life.

Pollution affects not only the environment around us, but also our

health. With such a rapid "destructive" pace, soon everything around us will be unusable: dirty water will be the strongest poison, the air will be saturated with heavy metals, and vegetables and in general all vegetation will disappear due to the destruction of the soil structure. It is this future that awaits us according to the forecasts of scientists in about a century, but then it will be too late to do anything.

Construction of treatment facilities, tightened control over

transportation and extraction of oil, engines powered by extracting hydrogen from water - this is just the beginning of the list of what can be applied to clean up the environment. These inventions are available and can play decisive role world and Russian ecology.

Conclusion

Humanity is currently in the hydrocarbon era. The oil industry is central to the global economy. In our country, this dependence is especially high. Unfortunately, the Russian oil industry is now in a state of deep crisis. Many of her problems were listed. What are the prospects for the development of the industry? If the predatory exploitation of fields continues, coupled with large losses during transportation and irrational oil refining, then the future of the oil industry looks very bleak. Even today, the decline in production rates is on average 12-15% per year, which is fraught with a complete collapse of the strategically important industry for the country. Further extensive development of the oil industry is no longer possible.

For these and others reasons Russia needs to reform the oil industry.

There would be interest in acquiring oil refining equipment. Not only the oil industry, but also machine-building enterprises, petrochemical, chemical, metallurgical and other industries would receive an incentive for development.

Thus, the situation in the oil industry is rather complicated, but there is a way out - reforming the industry. After that, of course, it will not become a "locomotive" that will pull the entire economy, but it will be able to make a very significant contribution to the revival of Russia.

In the pursuit of oil, man mercilessly crowds nature: he cuts down forests, seizes pastures and arable land, pollutes environment. “Before, nature threatened man,” writes J.-I. Cousteau, “and now man threatens nature.” These words of the famous French natural scientist determine the current balance of forces in the organic world. By his unreasonable activity, man can put nature on the brink of biological catastrophe, which will resonate, first of all, on himself.The words of the French poet F. R. de Chateaubriand are justified: "Forests precede man, deserts follow him." Already now, in the words of J. Marsh, “The earth is close to becoming unsuitable for its best inhabitants.” By “the best inhabitants,” the American scientist meant people.

Quite often, environmental pollution is carried out involuntarily, without a specific intention. Great harm to nature is caused, for example, from the loss of petroleum products during their transportation. Until recently, it was considered acceptable that up to 5% of the produced oil is naturally lost during its storage and transportation. This means that, on average, up to 150 million tons of oil enters the environment per year, not counting various accidents with tankers or oil pipelines. All this could not but have a negative impact on nature.

Man's attraction to nature is growing. Every year in our country about 30 million people have a rest in the bosom of nature, and by 2009, according to scientists, already 100 million people will seek to spend their holidays in the picturesque expanses of our Motherland. However, our love for nature should not be consumerist. The word "love" should be identified with the word "protect".

Our home - the planet Earth - is just a small blue boat flying in a harsh and unfriendly space. Yu.A. Gagarin wrote in his diary: “Having circled the Earth in a satellite ship, I saw how beautiful our planet is - People, we will preserve and increase this beauty, and not destroy it!” The fate of living and inanimate depends on each of us nature.The problem of environmental protection should become a state problem in every country.Rational use of the resources of the biosphere, the mineral resources of the Earth, respect for nature is the only possible way to save the living environment and humanity itself.

Bibliography

1. Kalinin A. Economic problems of oil refining // Economist. - 2006. - No. 5.

2. Kimelman S., Andryushin S. The problem of oil and gas orientation of the Russian economy // Questions of Economics. - 2006. - No. 4.

3. Romanikhin N.V. Oil and gas projects PSA (production sharing agreement): a chance for the development of the Russian industry //ECO. - 2000. - No. 4.

4. Toskunina V. The problem of the oil-producing region //Economist. - 2005. - No. 6.

5. Economical geography Russia: A textbook for university students studying economics and management (080100) / ed. T.G. Morozova. - 3rd ed. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2007.

6. Online help system

Development and location of the oil industry

Russia has huge oil resources. The main oil regions are Western Siberia, the Volga-Urals, the North Caucasus, and the European North. Particularly promising are the continental shelves in the European North and the Far East.

The main production area is Western Siberia - 2/3 of oil production. The main fields are: Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, etc., here the largest program-target TPK in the Russian Federation is being formed on the basis of unique oil and gas reserves.

In the Volga-Ural region, the most significant oil resources are in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.

The European North is the Komi Republic.

North Caucasus - in Chechnya and Dagestan.

About 2/3 of oil is produced by the most efficient flowing method.

To date, the exploration of European regions and Western Siberia reaches 65-70%, Eastern Siberia and the Far East only by 6-8%, sea shelves by 1%. But it is these hard-to-reach regions that account for 46% of prospective and 50% of forecast reserves. 11 Regional economy: Tutorial/ ed. T.G. Morozova, - M: UNITI, 1995, p. 74.

Development and location of the gas industry

The gas industry is the youngest industry in the fuel and energy complex. It is also the most efficient. The main deposits are located in Western Siberia, where three large gas-bearing regions are distinguished: Tazovsko-Purneiskaya (field: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Tazovskoye, Medvezhye); Berezovskaya (Pakhromskoye, Igrimskoye, Punginskoye); Vasyuganskaya (Luchepetskoye, Ust-Silginskoye). In the Volga-Ural province, gas resources are available in the Orenburg, Saratov, Astrakhan regions, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. In Timan-Pechersk - the Vuktylskoye deposit in the Komi Republic. On the basis of gas resources, TPKs are being formed in Western Siberia, the Timan-Pechersk province, the Orenburg and Astrakhan regions. The efficiency of the gas is high compared to other fuels. And the construction of gas pipelines, even over long distances, pays off faster.

Factors determining the location of the oil and gas industry - quantitative and territorial location of reserves; quality composition; transportation conditions; volume and structure of consumption of oil products; mining and processing costs; the level of development of technology for extraction and processing 22 Ibid., p. 75..

Factors and features of the location of the electric power industry. Problems and prospects for its development

In 1995, the Russian electric power industry employed 750 thousand people, or 4.7% of total strength employed in industry (1970 - 1.8, 1980 - 2.1%). This is the only branch of industry in which the number of employees has been continuously increasing, including over the past 5 years.

Location factors for the electric power industry: location of consumers; placement of fuel and energy resources; technological progress in the transmission and production of electricity.

The main principles of development are: the creation of energy systems that form a single network of the country, the concentration of production on the basis of cheap fuel and hydro resources; combined heat and power generation; consideration of environmental requirements; development of nuclear power plants in areas with a tense fuel and energy balance; integrated development of hydropower resources.

There are power plants: thermal, nuclear, hydroelectric; non-traditional sources (wind, tidal - Kislogubskaya on Kola Peninsula; geothermal - Pauzhskaya in Kamchatka).

Problems of the electric power industry: depreciation of fixed assets, insufficient funding, negative attitude towards nuclear power plants, environmental problems.

Prospects: the creation of a unified energy system, the creation of a nuclear power plant in the European part, the construction of a thermal power plant using cheap coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin, the widespread use of non-traditional and local fuel sources, the development and construction of a thermal power plant using natural gas. 11 Voronin V.V. Economic geography of the Russian Federation in 2 parts, part 1, Samara, SGEA, 1997, p. 179.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.

Chita State University.

Institute of economics and management.

Department of World Economy.

Course work

By discipline Economic and Social Geography

Development and placement of the oil and oil refining industry.

Head: Vasilchenko V.V., Completed by: Epova Ekaterina,

candidate of geographical sciences, 1st year student of financial and

Associate Professor of the Department of Information Faculty.

"World economy". Specialty BU-07-2.

Plan.

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................3

Chapter 1: Territorial distribution of oil resources ………………………...5

1.1. Oil-producing regions……………………………………………………………….7

1.2. Oil pipelines and oil pipelines……………………………………………………………………………11

Chapter 2: Economic and geographical characteristics of the oil refining

industry………………………………………………………………...14

Chapter 3: Problems and prospects for the development of the oil complex of Russia………….17

3.1. Environmental problems of the industry…………………………………………………....19

Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................22

Application: map "Regions of the oil and oil refining industry".

Literature .

Introduction.

The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws.

What does oil mean today for the national economy of the country?

These are: raw materials for petrochemicals in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products from them, artificial fabrics; a source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials (bitumen, tar, asphalt); raw material for obtaining a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate its growth.

Oil is our national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy.

Currently, the oil industry of the Russian Federation ranks 3rd in the world. In terms of oil reserves in 2006, our country is in 7th place in the world. In terms of production, we are second only to Saudi Arabia and USA.

The oil complex of Russia includes 148 thousand oil wells, 48.3 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 28 oil refineries with a total capacity of more than 300 million tons of oil per year, as well as a large number of other production facilities.

About 900,000 workers are employed at the enterprises of the oil industry and its service industries, including about 20,000 people in the field of science and scientific services.

Per recent decades fundamental changes took place in the structure of the fuel industry associated with a decrease in the share of the coal industry and the growth of industries for the extraction and processing of oil and gas. If in 1940 they accounted for 20.5%, then in 2004 - 75.3% of the total production of mineral fuel. Now comes to the fore natural gas and open pit coal. The consumption of oil for energy purposes will be reduced, on the contrary, its use as a chemical raw material will expand. Currently, oil and gas account for 74% of the fuel and energy balance in the structure, while the share of oil is declining, while the share of gas is growing and amounts to approximately 41%. The share of coal is 20%, the remaining 6% is electricity.

The largest Russian oil companies - TNK, Lukoil, Yukos, Rosneft and Surgutneftegaz - have oil reserves of almost 13 billion tons. large companies– Lukoil and Yukos produce about 40% of oil.
Crude oil and oil products account for approximately 40% of Russia's total exports, and oil is a significant source of budget revenues. Russian Federation acts as one of the leading operators in the international oil business, being the largest net oil exporter after Saudi Arabia. In 2000, Russia exported approximately 145 million tons of crude oil and 50 million tons of petroleum products. Since 2000, the export of oil and oil products began to grow, and since 1996 it has actually doubled. According to the Russian Ministry of Energy forecasts, crude oil exports will increase to almost 300 million tons in 2010.

Chapter 1.

Territorial distribution of oil resources.

Before the revolution, almost all oil production in our country was concentrated in the Caucasus, where 97% of oil was produced. In the 1930s, new oil fields were discovered - in the Volga region and in the Urals, but up to the Great Patriotic War The main oil-producing region was the Caucasus. In the 1940s-1950s. oil production in the Caucasus has decreased due to the depletion of deposits (its production there is currently of local importance, in Russia this is the region of the North Caucasus). Oil production in the Volga-Ural region, on the contrary, increased greatly, as a result of which this region moved into first place in the oil industry of the USSR. Until recently, it was the most important area in terms of explored oil reserves. Such well-known deposits as Romashkinskoye, Bavlinskoye, Arlanskoye, Tuimazinskoye, Ishimbaevskoye, Mukhanovskoye, Kitel-Cherkasskoye, Buguruslanskoye, Korobkovskoye were discovered here. Oil production in this area is inexpensive, but the oil of Bashkiria contains a lot of sulfur (up to 3%), paraffin and resins, which complicates its processing and reduces product quality. Perm and Orenburg are adjacent to them in the north and south.

In 1960 the first oil field was discovered in Western Siberia, and since the beginning of the 60s, about 300 oil and gas fields located in the vast territory of Western Siberia, from the Urals to the Yenisei. The Shaim, Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk oil-bearing regions were outlined, where such deposits as Samotlor, Ust-Balykskoye, Fedorovskoye, Megionskoye, Sosnitsko-Sovetskoye, Aleksandrovskoye and others are located. industrial production oil. In subsequent years, the oil industry in Western Siberia grew very rapidly. rapidly and in 1974 it was ahead of all other regions of the USSR in oil production. Oil from Western Siberia is different good quality, high economic efficiency of extraction. At present, Western Siberia is the main oil-producing region of the country.

Ukhtinsky is located in the northeast of the European part of Russia. oil region(deposits Tibugskoe and Vaivash). It provides oil to the north of the European part of the country. Not far from it, at the confluence of the Usa River into the Pechora, a group of oil fields (Timano - Pechersk oil and gas province) is being developed. Part of the oil produced here is delivered by pipeline to Yaroslavl.

In addition to the main oil-producing regions, oil is produced in the north of Sakhalin Island (Okha field). From Sakhalin, oil is transported via oil pipelines to the mainland at Komsomolsk-on-Amur. AT Kaliningrad region there is an oil field of local importance.

There are signs of oil content in the vast territory of the North, Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

The country's oil industry has entered a qualitatively new, more complex stage of development, when it becomes necessary to sharply increase the volume of prospecting and exploration, especially in Eastern Siberia, in the depth zones under the gas fields of Western Siberia, in the shelf zones of the seas, the formation of the necessary production and technical bases. Oil production has begun in the Arctic, on the shelf near about. Kolguev (Peschanoozerskoye field)

1.1. Oil producing regions.

To date, more than 60% of current oil reserves have been involved in development. In 2003 Russia produced 421 million tons of oil. In 2003, Russia had 20 billion tons of explored oil. There are 840 fields under development located in many regions of the country: from the Kaliningrad region in the west to Sakhalin Island in the east, from Kolguev Island in the Barents Sea in the north to the foothills of the Caucasus in the south. The main oil region is the West Siberian region, where more than 60% of current reserves are concentrated and 56% of Russian oil is produced. The second most important region is the Volga-Ural region, where 27% is produced, followed by the Timan-Pechersk oil and gas province - 13%, the North Caucasus - 1.6%, Sakhalin - 0.5%.

West Siberian region . This is the largest oil and gas basin in the world, located within the West Siberian Plain on the territory of the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk and partially Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai Territories, with an area of ​​about 3.5 million km. The oil and gas potential of the basin is associated with Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits. Most of oil deposits are located at a depth of 2000-3000 meters. The oil of the West Siberian oil and gas basin is characterized by a low content of sulfur (up to 1.1%) and paraffin (less than 0.5%), the content of gasoline fractions is high (40-60%), an increased amount of volatile substances.

There are several dozen large deposits in Western Siberia. Among them are such famous ones as Samotlor, Megion, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy. Most of them are located in the Tyumen region - a kind of core of the region.

Tyumen associated petroleum gas is processed at the Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Belozerny, Lokosovsky and Yuzhno-Balyksky gas processing plants. However, they use only about 60% of the most valuable petrochemical raw materials extracted with oil, the rest is burned in flares, which is explained by the lag in the commissioning of gas processing plants, the insufficient pace of construction of gas compressor stations and gas gathering networks in oil fields.

Characteristics of the oil industry

Today, the oil industry of the world is one of the most important components of the world economy, and also provides big influence for the development of other industries. For many states, oil production and refining is the main source of income and an industry that determines the stability of the country's currency and domestic economy.

Definition 1

Extraction, processing, transportation, storage and sale of minerals, i.e. oil and oil products, refer to the branch of the economy, which is defined as the oil industry.

Oil is the only natural resource, during the processing of which you can get a wide variety of important products, such as: fuel, synthetic fabrics, all kinds of coatings, detergents, fuel oil. The composition of the oil industry is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Components of the oil industry. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The main regions where oil is produced include: Russia, the United States of America, Saudi Arabia.

Problems of the oil industry

The main challenges facing the oil industry include:

1. Row undersupply largest countries world oil reserves (USA, UK, Norway, etc.). This problem necessitates an increase in exploration work, the use of alternative fuels, a policy aimed at resource conservation in all areas of activity, and the purchase of oil from other countries.
2. Increase in oil production in developing countries peace. The oil authority of such countries as Iran, Venezuela, Mexico, Indonesia is growing. National companies listed countries are developing quite dynamically, which in the future means an increase in importance in the oil complex of the world.
3. Creation of independent oil refining companies in the USA and Western Europe. The competition between Western and Eastern companies in the petrochemical industry will give impetus not only to improving production technology, increasing the yield of petroleum products, but also to increasing the production of petroorganic synthesis products.
4. Oil shortage in the countries of the Far East, namely, Japan and China.
5. Fluctuations in world oil prices in recent years.
6. Social problems. The main one is the increase in fuel prices. This results in an increase in travel public transport, food prices, etc.
7. Environmental problems. They represent one of the main problems of the oil industry. Often, emergencies occur during the extraction or transportation of oil, thereby causing great harm to the environment. It should also be noted that oil is a non-renewable raw material source, and its extraction leads to an additional increase in the surface temperature of the atmosphere. globe, development greenhouse effect, reducing the ozone layer. Decision environmental problem first of all, there will be a deepening of oil refining, which will affect the rationality of its use and the state of the natural environment.

Importance of the oil industry in the global economy

In terms of economic and political significance, in terms of its scale, oil trade is one of the most important elements of world economic relations. Extraction and refining of oil require large investments, however, on the other hand, they significantly replenish the budget of a country that supplies oil to less industrialized countries.

The need of the world's population for refined products is so great that this type of mineral is constantly mined and used. Further development energy in the world will lead to the fact that the share of oil in the world's fuel balance will be reduced, and oil will increasingly be a source for all kinds of industrial products. Studies by world geologists show that all the oil reserves available today will run out by 2034 if the rate of its production remains at the same level.

There are two main functions of oil: an energy carrier and a chemical raw material. The energy function of oil is extremely important: in road, sea, and air transport, fuel is used that was obtained from oil. It is impossible not to note the importance of oil as a chemical raw material, since it produces such a quantity of products as cannot be produced from any other mineral. At the same time, the development of new industries for the use of refined products does not stop.

Oil can be described as the most important strategic raw material, serving as the basis for the production of fuels and lubricants. Therefore, oil prices affect wide range sectors of the world economy. The movement of oil depends on the price of oil stock markets. This especially affects emerging markets that are focused on oil exports.

Remark 1

The largest oil companies in the world: Rosneft, Lukoil, Gazprom Neft, Saudi Aramco, National Iranian Oil Company, ExxonMobil and PetroChina.

The development of the modern oil industry is influenced by three negative fundamental factors:

1. Reducing global demand for petroleum products by several million barrels per day;
2. Increasing global production of alternative liquid hydrocarbons that do not require processing;
3. High yield and full load refineries before the crisis gave impetus to the initiation of new projects to expand capacity.

Thus, in developed countries factories will close and new projects will be curtailed. In turn, new modern oil refineries will be created in the developing countries of Asia. Especially the cancellation of projects will affect the United States and the countries of the European Union, whose policies are aimed at increasing the use of biofuels in the transport sector and the use of alternative types of engines. The following factors will influence the development of global oil refining in the future:

• Increasing demand for refined products in developing countries
• Increasing the growth rate of commissioning of new capacities in the oil refining process in countries with low costs;
• Processes of mergers and acquisitions of oil refineries
• Concentration on the production of innovative products.

The main problems of the oil industry The Russian Federation revealed the crisis of 2009. According to the results of the beginning of the year, significant reductions occurred among the works aimed at long-term development. First of all, this concerns seismic and exploratory drilling. A number of oil companies have not only reduced their seismic research program, but also canceled contracts. The decline in physical volumes of the seismic market in 2009 is estimated at 20 - 25%. Similar problems arose not only for small companies, but also for large ones, for example, Tatneft. The volume of exploratory drilling was reduced by almost half, it was supported mainly by two companies - Rosneft and Surgutneftegaz. But, with the support of the state, some stabilization of the situation should be expected, improvements should occur at the expense of the state order.

The main region of oil production is still Western Siberia, where the main work is aimed at maintaining production volumes. The situation is similar in the Ural-Volga region, where the decline in production began even before the crisis. It is possible that projects for the development of heavy, high-viscosity oils will most likely be frozen due to high costs.

The processes in Eastern Siberia are going on especially painfully, since the formation of a mining region is just beginning there, a period of capital investments is underway. Drilling there is more expensive than in Western Siberia, the infrastructure is poorly developed. The main hope is for Gazprom, which owns an exploration tender in Yakutia.

The situation in the Timan-Pechora region is determined by the fact that the region has a significant potential for development, has convenient access to export routes. However, the main hydrocarbon reserves are located in hard-to-reach areas, including in the coastal zone or on the shelf. Many deposits require active additional exploration and preparation for work.

The crisis prevented plans for rapid development, oil industry companies faced the problem of lack of funds. They had to significantly reduce capacity and abandon modernization and expansion programs. The main survival factor in the crisis period was the preservation of basic capacities and competencies, diversification of the range of services, as well as the ability to reduce prices to a small extent while maintaining the quality of work and services.

To the main problems modern development relate:

1. Irrational subsoil use ( low level extraction of oil reserves) and the unsatisfactory performance of most oil companies in the reproduction mineral resource base. The reproduction of the mineral resource base does not correspond to the objectives of the development of oil production.

2. Slowdown in growth and falling oil production. In 2006-2008 For the first time in recent years, there has been a trend towards a decrease in oil production levels.

3. Unsatisfactory solution of the problems of utilization and qualified use of associated petroleum gas (APG). The annual volume of APG flaring in Russia is about 20 billion m3. In the period from 2000 to 2008, the annual volume of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere during the combustion of associated natural gas increased by 2.2 times, amounting in 2008 to 12% of the total annual emissions of pollutants in the country.

4. High degree of depreciation of fixed assets of the oil refining industry and low quality of oil products. Most Russian refineries high degree depreciation of fixed assets (up to 80%). As mentioned above, not a single new large modern refinery has been built in Russia over the past 20 years (with the exception of the reconstruction of TAIF-NK OJSC). The refineries use obsolete, energy-intensive and environmentally imperfect technologies, in the technological scheme of oil refining there is a low share of deepening processes (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, coking) and a low level of conversion of petroleum feedstock into more valuable refined products.

5. Low rates of application of new technologies and innovations. The significance of their use is determined by the increase in the share of hard-to-recover reserves (superviscous oils, natural bitumens) in the structure of the mineral resource base of the oil complex, the need to develop offshore fields and deep horizons in mature oil and gas provinces.

On the present stage, even despite the above problems, can ensure the production of satisfactory quality petroleum products, which are still noticeably inferior to the best world standards.

One of the most acute problems at Russian refineries is the rapid renewal and modernization of obsolete equipment, machines and individual processes, bringing them up to the modern world level. New technologies are needed and new technology, replacement of physically and morally obsolete technological processes to technically more advanced and environmentally cleaner non-waste processes of deep and complex processing of petroleum raw materials.

Taking into account key issues domestic oil refining needs to solve the following main tasks:

— a significant deepening of oil refining based on the introduction of low-waste technological processes for the production of high-quality environmentally friendly motor fuels from heavy oil residues as the most effective means of reducing its consumption;

— further improvement and optimization of the quality of petroleum products;

— further increase in the efficiency of technological processes and refineries through the technical re-equipment of production facilities, improvement of technological schemes, development and implementation of high-intensity resource- and energy-saving technologies, active and selective catalysts;

— outstripping development of the production of raw materials and petrochemicals;

– mastering the technology and increasing the volume of processing of gas condensates, natural gases and other alternative sources hydrocarbon raw materials and motor fuels.

It will be implemented on the basis of consolidation of unit capacities, energy-technological combination of processes and complex automation using computers to ensure the required environmental safety of production. These directions are the general line of the technological policy of the oil refining and petrochemical industry in the country.

An important factor in the development of the oil industry development strategy is the transport infrastructure of the Russian oil complex. They include:

— emergence of new oil production centers in the Caspian region and in the east of Russia ( Eastern Siberia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the shelf of Sakhalin Island) with a decrease in production in the traditional areas of production in the European part of the country (Tataria, Bashkiria, the Caucasus);

— expediency of forming new export routes for Russian oil and oil products;

— the need to increase the capacity of oil loading terminals for offshore oil supplies for export;

— the need to have a reserve of oil transportation capacities to ensure the transit of oil through the Russian pipeline system.

The oil industry currently produces 12-14% of industrial output, provides 17-18% of federal budget revenues and more than 35% of foreign exchange earnings. But over the last period there has been a sharp deterioration in the resource base of the Russian Federation. The share of hard-to-recover reserves has increased in the country, which has led to a decrease in production volumes. The main reasons for the deterioration of the state of the resource base are the natural depletion of the mineral resources and a sharp reduction in the volume of investments directed to this area of ​​activity. Deterioration and decline in oil production is predicted in the future. This is due to the fact that most of the wells are in the final stage, and new wells have small volumes of deposits. In this regard, the energy strategy developed by the Russian government is aimed at increasing investment in the oil industry. The main mode of transportation of oil and oil products are trunk pipelines, but their modern age structure unpromising, since more than 50% of the total length of main oil pipelines are over 20 years old. Lack of centralized funding and deficit own funds oil and petroleum products transportation organizations cause a sharp reduction in the rate of development of the system and the volume of work on the technical reconstruction of fixed assets. But it is important that the proposed program for the construction of new pipelines is aimed not only at the formation of export flows of oil and oil products to achieve the strategic goals of Russia, but also the formation and development of the domestic market for oil and oil products.