The largest exporters and importers of oil. Oil exporters Main oil exporters developed countries

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A third of the states on the planet have proven oil reserves suitable for production and processing on an industrial scale, but not all of them trade raw materials on the foreign market. A decisive role in this sphere of the world economy is played by only a dozen countries. The leading players in the oil market are the largest consumer economies and a few producing states.

The oil-producing powers annually extract more than one billion barrels of raw materials from the bowels of the earth. For decades, the generally accepted reference unit for measuring liquid hydrocarbons has been the conventional barrel - the American barrel, which is equal to 159 liters. The total global reserves, according to various estimates of experts, range from 240 to 290 billion tons.

Supplier countries are divided into several groups by specialists:

• member states of OPEC;
• countries of the North Sea;
• North American manufacturers;
• other major exporters.

The largest segment of world trade is occupied by OPEC. On the territory of the twelve member states of the cartel lies 76% of the explored volumes of this non-renewable resource. Members of the international organization daily extract 45% of the world's light oil from the bowels. Analysts from the IEA - the International Energy Agency - believe that in the coming years, dependence on OPEC countries will only grow due to the reduction in reserves of independent exporters. The states of the Middle East supply oil to buyers in the Asia-Pacific region, North America and Western Europe. https://www.site/

At the same time, both suppliers and buyers are striving to diversify the logistics component of trade transactions. The supply volumes of traditional producers are approaching their upper limit, so some large buyers, primarily China, are increasingly turning their attention towards the so-called rogue countries: for example, Sudan and Gabon. China's disregard for international norms does not always meet with understanding in the international community, however, it is largely justified in order to ensure economic security.

Rating of leading oil exporters

The absolute leaders in oil exports are the champions in the extraction of raw materials from the subsoil: Saudi Arabia and the Russian Federation. The list of the largest sellers of oil for the last decade is as follows:

1. Saudi Arabia consistently ranked at the top with the largest proven reserves and daily exports of 8.86 million barrels, almost 1.4 million tons. The country has about 80 extensive fields, with Japan and the United States being the largest consumers.
2. Russia supplies 7.6 million barrels. per day. The country has more than 6.6 billion tons of proven reserves of black gold, which is 5% of the world's reserves. The main buyers are neighboring countries and the EU. Given the development of promising fields in Sakhalin, an increase in exports to Far Eastern buyers is expected.
3. UAE exports 2.6 million barrels. The Middle East state has 10% of oil reserves, the main trading partners are the Asia-Pacific countries.
4. Kuwait– 2.5 million barrels A small state has a tenth of the world's reserves. At the current rate of production, the resources will last at least a century.
5. Iraq- 2.2 - 2.4 million barrels It is in second place in terms of available reserves of raw materials, explored deposits of more than 15 billion tons. Experts say that there is twice as much oil in the bowels.
6. Nigeria- 2.3 million barrels The African state has consistently ranked sixth for many years. Explored reserves make up 35% of the total volume of deposits found on the black continent. The favorable geographical position allows us to transport raw materials both to North America and to the countries of the Far East region.
7. Qatar- 1.8 - 2 million barrels. Export earnings per capita are the highest, making this country the richest in the world. The volumes of explored reserves exceed 3 billion tons.
8. Iran- more than 1.7 million barrels The volume of reserves is 12 billion tons, which is 9% of the planet's wealth. About 4 million barrels are extracted daily in the country. After the lifting of sanctions, supplies to the foreign market will increase. Despite the decline in prices, Iran intends to export at least 2 million barrels. The main buyers are China, South Korea and Japan. offbank.ru
9. Venezuela- 1.72 million barrels The United States is the largest trading partner.
10. Norway- more than 1.6 million barrels The Scandinavian country has the largest reserves among the EU countries - one and a half billion tons.

• Mexico, Kazakhstan, Libya, Algeria, Canada, Angola are major exporters with daily sales exceeding 1 million barrels per day. Less than a million a day are exported by Britain, Colombia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Sudan. In total, more than three dozen states appear among the sellers.

Rating of the largest buyers of oil

The list of the largest buyers of crude oil has remained stable over the years. However, due to the intensification of shale oil production in the United States and the growth of the Chinese economy in the coming years, the leader may change. The volumes of daily purchases are as follows:

1. USA buy 7.2 million barrels daily. A third of imported oil is of Arab origin. Imports are gradually decreasing due to the reopening of their own deposits. At the end of 2015, in some periods, net imports decreased to 5.9 million barrels. in a day.
2. PRC imports 5.6 million barrels. In terms of GDP, it is the largest economy in the world. In an effort to ensure the stability of supplies, state-owned companies are investing heavily in the oil industries in Iraq, Sudan and Angola. Geographical neighbor Russia also expects to increase the share of deliveries to the Chinese market.
3. Japan. The Japanese economy needs 4.5 million barrels of oil daily. oil. The dependence of the local oil refining industry on external purchases is 97%, in the near future it will be 100%. The main supplier is Saudi Arabia.
4. India imports per day 2.5 million barrels. The dependence of the economy on imports is 75%. Experts predict that in the next decade, purchases on the foreign market will increase by 3-5% per year. In terms of purchases of "black gold" in the short term, India may overtake Japan.
5. South Korea– 2.3 million barrels The main suppliers are Saudi Arabia and Iran. In 2015, for the first time, purchases were made in Mexico.
6. Germany– 2.3 million barrels
7. France– 1.7 million barrels
8. Spain– 1.3 million barrels
9. Singapore– 1.22 million barrels
10. Italy– 1.21 million barrels

• More than half a million barrels per day are purchased by the Netherlands, Turkey, Indonesia, Thailand and Taiwan. //www.site/

According to IEA estimates, in 2016 the demand for liquid hydrocarbons will increase by 1.5%. Next year, growth will be 1.7%. In the long term, demand will also grow steadily, and not only due to an increase in the number of vehicles using internal combustion engines. Modern technologies require more and more synthetic materials, the derivative of which is oil.

OPEC, Russia and other producers are in the midst of a concerted effort to forcibly rebalance the oil market, with prices climbing to their two-and-a-half-year highs in recent weeks.

However, with continued strong oil exports dampening market sentiment, CNBC is looking at the top 10 oil exporters in the world.

Oil production and its ancillary activities account for approximately 45 percent of Angola's gross domestic product (GDP) and about 95 percent of its exports.

Since joining OPEC in 2007, Angola has become the sixth largest oil exporter in the Cartel.

9. Nigeria

Nigeria, the most populous country within OPEC, is the largest exporter and producer of oil in Africa.

8. Venezuela

In 2016, Venezuela, a founding member of the 14-member cartel, exported about 1.9 million barrels per day in 2016, according to OPEC.

Although the South American country boasts the largest oil reserves in the world, it is currently in the midst of a full blown crisis. The ongoing turmoil was fueled by years of economic inactivity, further compounded by a three-year drop in oil prices. Venezuela has endured food shortages, high inflation and violent street clashes as President Nicolas Maduro prioritizes repaying international loans.

Oil revenues account for approximately 95 percent of the country's export earnings.

President Donald Trump has threatened to end the international nuclear treaty with Iran, and if the US Congress agrees, Tehran could face new sanctions that would affect the ability of international companies to do business in the oil-rich country.

OPEC estimates that Kuwait exported more than 2.1 million barrels per day in 2016.

The oil and gas sector of the OPEC member country accounts for about 60 percent of the country's GDP, as well as 95 percent of export earnings.

5. United Arab Emirates

According to OPEC data, the United Arab Emirates exported almost 2.5 million barrels per day in 2016.

Approximately 40 percent of the country's GDP is directly dependent on oil and gas production. The country, which consists of seven emirates along the Arabian Peninsula, joined OPEC in 1967.

Canada exports just over 3.2 million barrels per day, according to the most recent figures published by the World Factbook.

The non-OPEC country exported nearly as much as Africa's top two exporters. Canada ranks third in the world in terms of oil reserves.

OPEC and Russian officials have urged some of the world's top oil producers, both inside and outside the cartel, to form a consensus and support a supply cut mechanism by the end of 2018.

And while Iraq is OPEC's second-largest oil producer and exporter, Baghdad has yet to cut production to levels it agreed to last winter.

Iraq exported 3.8 million bpd in 2016, according to data released by OPEC.

2. Russia

Moscow and OPEC are aiming to cut oil production to clear the global supply glut since January. The goal is to reduce global oil reserves and drain the surplus that has driven prices down over the past three years.

1. Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is the world's leading exporter and second largest oil producer. The OPEC leader exported 7.5 million bpd in 2016, according to data published on the cartel's website.

The Kingdom's successor to the throne ordered the arrest of powerful royal princes and businessmen in early November, which officials called anti-corruption.

Some see the extraordinary purge as an attempt by Mohammed bin Salman to consolidate his power by eliminating potential rivals. And that could mean political uncertainty, tension and possibly unrest that has never been seen before in the history of the largest oil producer, OPEC.

The abbreviation OPEC stands for "Association of Petroleum Exporting Countries". The main goal of the organization was to regulate the prices of black gold on the world market. The need for such an organization was obvious.

In the middle of the 20th century, oil prices began to fall due to a glut of the market. The Middle East sold the most oil. It was there that the richest deposits of black gold were discovered.

In order to pursue a policy to keep oil prices on a global scale, it was necessary to force the oil-producing countries to reduce the rate of its production. This was the only way to remove excess hydrocarbons from the world market and raise prices. To solve this problem, OPEC was created.

List of countries that are members of OPEC

Today, 14 countries participate in the work of the organization. Twice a year, consultations between representatives of the organization are held at the OPEC headquarters in Vienna. At such meetings, decisions are made to increase or decrease the oil production quotas of individual countries or the entire OPEC.

Venezuela is considered the founder of OPEC, although this country is not a leader in oil production. The palm in terms of volume belongs to Saudi Arabia, followed by Iran and Iraq.

All in all, OPEC controls about half of the world's black gold exports. In almost all member countries of the organization, the oil industry is the leading one in the economy. Therefore, the decline in world oil prices deals a strong blow to the income of OPEC members.

List of African countries that are members of OPEC

Of the 54 African states, only 6 are members of OPEC:

• Gabon;
• Equatorial Guinea;
• Angola;
• Libya;
• Nigeria;
• Algeria.

Most of the "African" members of OPEC joined the organization in 1960-1970. At that time, many African states liberated themselves from the colonial domination of European countries and gained independence. The economy of these countries was focused mainly on the extraction of minerals and their subsequent export abroad.

African countries are characterized by a high population, but also a high percentage of poverty. To cover the costs of social programs, the governments of these countries are forced to extract a lot of crude oil.

In order to withstand competition from European and American oil-producing transnational corporations, African countries joined OPEC.

Asian countries that are members of OPEC

Political instability in the Middle East predetermined the entry of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The Asian member countries of the organization are characterized by low population density and huge foreign investment.

Oil revenues are so huge that Iran and Iraq paid for their military expenses in the 1980s by selling oil. Moreover, these countries fought against each other.

Today, political instability in the Middle East threatens not only the region itself, but also threatens world oil prices. There is a civil war going on in Iraq and Libya. The lifting of sanctions against Iran threatens to increase oil production in this country, despite the obvious excess of the OPEC quota for oil production.

Latin American countries that are members of OPEC

Only two Latin American countries are members of OPEC - Venezuela and Ecuador. Despite the fact that Venezuela is the initiator of the founding of OPEC, the state itself is politically unstable.

Recently (in 2017), a wave of anti-government protests swept through Venezuela related to the ill-conceived economic policy of the government. In recent years, the national debt of the country has increased significantly. For some time the country kept afloat due to high oil prices. But as prices plummeted, so did the Venezuelan economy.

Non-OPEC Oil Exporting Countries

Recently, OPEC has lost the levers of pressure on its members. This situation is largely due to the fact that several oil-importing countries that are not members of OPEC have appeared on the world market.

First of all it is:

• Russia;
• China;

Despite the fact that Russia is not a member of OPEC, it is a permanent observer in the organization. The increase in oil production by non-OPEC countries leads to a decrease in the cost of oil on the world market.

However, OPEC cannot influence them, since even the members of the organization do not always comply with the agreements and exceed the allowable quotas.

Many companies and specialist representatives from OPEC countries come to the rather large Neftegaz exhibition held in Moscow.

The world's proven oil reserves (as of 2015) amount to 1,657.4 billion barrels. The largest oil reserves - 18.0% of all world reserves - are located on the territory of Venezuela. Proved oil reserves in this country amount to 298.4 billion barrels. Saudi Arabia has the second largest oil reserves in the world. The volume of its proven reserves is about 268.3 billion barrels of oil (16.2% of the world). Proven oil reserves in Russia amount to approximately 4.8% of the world's - about 80.0 billion barrels, in the US - 36.52 billion barrels (2.2% of the world).

Oil reserves in the countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels

Production and consumption of oil by country

The world leader in oil production is Russia - 10.11 million barrels per day, followed by Saudi Arabia - 9.735 million barrels per day. The world leader in oil consumption is the United States - 19.0 million barrels per day, China is in second place - 10.12 million barrels per day.

Oil production by countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels per day

data http://www.globalfirepower.com/

Oil consumption by countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels per day

data http://www.globalfirepower.com/

Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA) expect global oil demand to grow by 1.4 million barrels per day in 2016 to 96.1 million barrels per day. In 2017, according to forecasts, global demand will reach 97.4 million barrels per day.

World oil exports and imports

The leaders in oil imports are currently the United States - 7.4 million barrels per day and China - about 6.7 million barrels per day. Export leaders are Saudi Arabia - 7.2 million barrels per day and Russia - 4.9 million barrels per day.

Export volume by countries of the world in 2015

OPEC data

Import volume by countries of the world in 2015

OPEC data

How many years will oil reserves last?

Oil is a non-renewable resource. Proved oil reserves (for 2015) are approximately 224 billion tons (1657.4 billion barrels), estimated - 40-200 billion tons (300-1500 billion barrels).

By the beginning of 1973, the world's proven oil reserves were estimated at 77 billion tons (570 billion barrels). Thus, proven reserves have been growing in the past (oil consumption is also growing - over the past 40 years it has grown from 20.0 to 32.4 billion barrels per year). However, since 1984, the annual volume of world oil production has exceeded the volume of explored oil reserves.

World oil production in 2015 was about 4.4 billion tons per year, or 32.7 billion barrels per year. Thus, at the current rate of consumption, proven oil reserves will last for about 50 years, and estimated reserves for another 10-50 years.

US oil market

As of 2015, the US imported approximately 39% of its total oil consumption and produced 61% of its own. The main oil exporting countries to the US are Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Mexico, Nigeria, Iraq, Norway, Angola and the UK. Approximately 30% of US oil imports and 15% of total US oil consumption is of Arab origin.

According to experts, the strategic oil reserves in the United States currently amount to more than 695 million barrels, and commercial oil reserves - about 520 million barrels. For comparison, in Japan, the strategic oil reserves are about 300 million barrels, and in Germany - about 200 million barrels.

US unconventional oil production increased approximately five-fold between 2008 and 2012, reaching almost 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 2012. By the beginning of 2016, the 7 largest shale oil basins were already producing about 5.0 million barrels daily. The average share of shale oil, or as it is often called, light oil from tight reservoirs, in total oil production in 2016 was 36% (compared to 16% in 2012).

U.S. conventional crude oil production (including condensate) was 8.6 mb/d in 2015, down 1.0 mb/d from 2012. The total volume of oil production in the USA, including shale, in 2015 amounted to more than 13.5 million barrels per day. Much of the growth in recent years has been driven by increased oil production in North Dakota, Texas and New Mexico, where hydraulic fracturing (HF) and horizontal drilling technologies have been used to produce oil from shale formations.

In percentage terms (up 16.2% over the previous year), 2014 was the best year in more than six decades. The annual increase in oil production regularly exceeded 15% in the first half of the 20th century, but these changes were smaller in absolute terms because production levels were much lower than they are now. US oil production has grown in each of the previous six years. This trend followed the period from 1985 to 2008, in which oil production fell every year (except for one year). In 2015, growth in US oil production stalled due to a sharp drop in oil prices in the second half of 2014.

According to the latest IEA estimates, conventional oil production in the United States in 2016 will be 8.61 million barrels per day, in 2017 - 8.2 million barrels per day. US oil demand in 2016 will average 19.6 million barrels per day. The average oil price forecast for 2016 has been raised to $43.57 per barrel, and for 2017 to $52.15 per barrel.

In September last year, the OPEC organization celebrated its anniversary. It was established in 1960. Today, the OPEC countries occupy a leading position in the field of economic development.

OPEC in translation from English "OPEC" - "Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries". This is an international organization created to control the volume of sales of crude oil and the setting of its price.

By the time OPEC was created, there were significant surpluses of black gold in the oil market. The appearance of an excess amount of oil is explained by the rapid development of its vast deposits. The main supplier of oil was the Middle East. In the mid-1950s, the USSR entered the oil market. The production of black gold in our country has doubled.

This has resulted in the emergence of serious competition in the market. Against this backdrop, oil prices fell significantly. This contributed to the creation of the OPEC organization. 55 years ago, this organization pursued the goal of maintaining an adequate level of oil prices.

What are the countries

The states that are part of this organization in 2020 produce only 44% of the world's oil production. But these countries have a huge impact on the black gold market. This is explained by the fact that the states that are part of this organization own 77% of all proven oil reserves in the world.

Saudi Arabia's economy is based on oil exports. Today, this black gold exporting state has 25% of oil reserves. Thanks to the export of black gold, the country receives 90% of its income. The GDP of this largest exporting state is 45 percent.

The second place in gold mining is given. Today, this state, which is a major oil exporter, occupies 5.5% of the world market. No less large exporter should be considered. The extraction of black gold brings the country 90% of the profit.

Until 2011, Libya occupied an enviable place in oil production. Today, the situation in this once richest state can be called not just difficult, but critical.

The history of the creation of OPEC:

The third largest oil reserves are. The southern deposits of this country can produce up to 1.8 million black gold in one day alone.

It can be concluded that most of the OPEC member states are dependent on the profits that their oil industry brings. The only exception to these 12 states is Indonesia. This country also receives income from such industries as:

For other powers that are part of OPEC, the percentage of dependence on the sale of black gold can range from 48 to 97 indicators.

When difficult times come, the states with rich oil reserves have only one way out - to diversify the economy as soon as possible. This happens due to the development of new technologies that contribute to the conservation of resources.

Organization policy

In addition to the goal of unifying and coordinating oil policy, the organization has a no less priority task - to consider the stimulation of economical and regular deliveries of goods by members of those states that are consumers. Another important goal is to obtain a fair return on capital. This is true for those who actively invest in the industry.

The main governing bodies of OPEC include:

1. Conference.
2. Advice.
3. Secretariat.

The conference is the highest body of this organization. The highest position should be considered the position of General Secretary.

Meetings of energy ministers and black gold specialists take place twice a year. The main purpose of the meeting is to assess the state of the international oil market. Another priority task is to develop a clear plan to stabilize the situation. The third purpose of the meeting is to predict the situation.

The forecast of the organization can be judged by the situation on the black gold market last year. Representatives of the member countries of this organization argued that prices would be kept at the rate of 40-50 US dollars per 1 barrel. At the same time, representatives of these states did not rule out that prices could rise up to $60. This could happen only in the event of an intensive growth of the Chinese economy.

Judging by the latest information, there is no desire in the plans of the leadership of this organization to reduce the amount of oil produced. Also, the OPEC organization has no plans to interfere in the activities of international markets. According to the management of the organization, it is necessary to give the international market a chance for independent regulation.

Today, oil prices are close to the critical point. But the situation on the market is such that prices can both rapidly fall and rise.

Attempts to resolve the situation

After the start of another economic crisis that swept the whole world, the OPEC countries decided to meet again. Prior to this, 12 states were meeting when there was a record drop in black gold futures. Then the size of the fall was catastrophic - up to 25 percent.

Judging by the forecast given by the experts of the organization, the crisis will not affect only Qatar. In 2018, the price of Brent crude was about $60 per barrel.

Price policy

Today, the situation for the OPEC members themselves is as follows:

1. Iran is the price by which a deficit-free budget of the state is provided - 87 US dollars (the share in the organization is 8.4%).
2. Iraq - $81 (share in the organization - 13%).
3. Kuwait - $67 (share in the organization - 8.7%).
4. Saudi Arabia - $106 (share in the organization - 32%).
5. UAE - $73 (share in the organization - 9.2%).
6. Venezuela - $125 (share in the organization - 7.8%).

According to some reports, at an informal meeting, Venezuela made a proposal to reduce the current volume of oil production to 5 percent. This information has not yet been confirmed.

The situation within the organization itself can be called critical. The year of black gold that has fallen in price has hit hard on the pockets of the OPEC states. According to some reports, the total income of the participating states may drop to 550 billion US dollars a year. The previous five-year plan showed much higher rates. Then the annual income of these countries is 1 trillion. USD.