Appointment opk. Military-industrial complex enterprises expand the production of civilian products
In July 2017, the report of the Expert Council of the Chairman of the Collegium Military Industrial Commission RF titled "Diversification of the defense industry: how to win in civilian markets." The authors of the report are S. D. Rozmirovich, E. V. Manchenko, A. G. Mekhanik, A. V. Liss. Oleg Ivanovich Bochkarev, Deputy Chairman of the Collegium of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation, was involved as experts; Russian economists, representatives of scientific institutions and defense industry enterprises.
The report notes that the State Armament Programs for 2007-2015. and 2011–2020 (SPV-2015 and SAP-2020, respectively) gave impetus to a large-scale modernization of the military-industrial complex (DIC), which was implemented through a number of federal target programs (FTP) and, first of all, the federal target program development of the defense industry for 2011–2020 However, the volume of public procurement under the state defense order (GOZ) will be significantly reduced in the near future.
Russian President Vladimir Putin set the task of bringing the share of civilian products to 30% of the total output of the military-industrial complex (DIC) by 2025, and to 50% by 2030.
According to experts, the situation in the military-industrial complex of modern Russia is fundamentally different from that in the USSR. “On the one hand,” Viktor Rassadin wrote, “the prevalence of military goal-setting over civilian ones led to a limitation in the range of civilian goods. For example, the species diversity of civilian chemical products at the same plants depended primarily on the need for military chemical products, which explained the bias in the structure of mineral fertilizers towards an excess of nitrogen-containing compounds. On the other hand, the level of technological and technical requirements for civilian production was significantly underestimated compared to the military one" (V. N. Rassadin, A. Sanchez-Andres. "Dual-use technologies in the defense industry and prospects for their use." Forecasting problems, 2001 ).
“At present, there is practically no excess military capacity in Russia,” notes Igor Frolov, “for example, aircraft front-line aviation, such as the Su-35 and Su-34, about two dozen units are produced per year, this is less than a regiment, that is, quite a bit. It can be said that at present the defense industry is practically optimal both in terms of composition and scale.
Conversion, according to Frolov, “at present should not be a way to eliminate military production, but a way to preserve it and transform the production and technological apparatus. Another thing is how to make it efficient, and the civilian sector of the economy would also be developed.” And this is one of the main problems of modern conversion.
In the opinion of Vladimir Dovgiy, General Director of JSC Interdepartmental Analytical Center, “the decisions taken by the president can hardly even be called another conversion. This is rather an attempt at a solution with a touch of a slight tinge of conversion within the framework of the state industrial policy, a very serious task of creating the de facto future structure of the Russian economy. The current task of transforming the defense industry is no longer so much the task of unloading the economy from everything that fell on the shoulders of Russia after Soviet Union, as it was in the 1990s, how much the task is to, based on the current state of the defense industry, to maneuver its forces, means, competencies, personnel in such a way as to make the most of the backlog that it has. What is accumulated - not to lose, but what is not useful now for the production of military equipment, to find better ways to use it. You just need to pay attention to building up the experience of defense industry enterprises - not so much in technology, not so much in equipment, not so much in scientific and technical groundwork, but to build up competencies very quickly and seriously, work in the market logic: there is an open market where you need to act market".
The Russian defense industry has the most important feature, which distinguishes it from the defense industry of other countries, which consists in the fact that our complex since the late 1920s. built as a purely military. And at many factories we produce defense products from 70 to 90%, and at some - 97-98%. And this makes it difficult to conduct such economic and technological maneuvers.
At most foreign defense companies, more than half of the output is civilian products. Therefore, it is much easier for them to increase the output of civilian goods when the military order is reduced, and this happens cyclically. “At the same time,” notes Igor Frolov, “costs within the framework of a single complex can be transferred from civilian production to military production and vice versa. As a rule, they try to transfer costs to civilian products, because the state constantly sets the task, as part of the increase in military spending, to make the rise in prices for military products lower than real inflation. But this is possible in one-time contracts, but it is impossible even in the medium term for the entire range of products. In reality, this leads to periodic jumps in the increase in contract prices, which causes dissatisfaction with both the RF Ministry of Defense and the RF Military-Industrial Commission.”
All this created and continues to create serious difficulties in the transition of Russian defense industry enterprises to the production of civilian products.
First, when establishing the production of civilian products by defense industry enterprises, the question of technical re-equipment inevitably arises (which, due to the narrow specialization of production facilities used in the manufacture of military products, may turn out to be either unprofitable or even impossible).
Secondly, there may not be appropriate specialists at defense enterprises - both in the engineering and design corps and in the marketing and management corps, which inevitably raises the question of retraining workers and engineering and technical workers, etc.
Thirdly, for the production of civilian products, it is necessary technical documentation, which is sold in the form of patents and licenses, their purchase is a costly investment that is not available to every enterprise.
Fourth, the military and civilian sectors have developed two distinct technical and business cultures, the convergence of which is a separate challenge.
The task of diversifying the defense industry does not have a straightforward solution, which boils down to instructing each defense industry enterprise to organize the production of civilian products at its own facilities and bring it to a specified share. As the practice of implementing conversion programs shows, this path leads to low efficiency of the created industries and weak competitiveness of manufactured civilian products.
Differentiated approach to defense industry enterprises
To activate the role of the defense industry in these areas, a differentiated approach to organizations operating in this sector is required. According to Viktor Ivanter, all defense industry enterprises in relation to conversion can and should be divided into three conditional groups.
1. Enterprises that fundamentally do not fit into the markets for civilian products (nuclear weapons complex, missile systems, special ammunition).
2. Enterprises that are easy to diversify and are already operating in civilian markets. First of all, these are enterprises that traditionally have a share of more than 25% of manufactured high-tech civilian and dual-use products, they have created divisions specializing in organizing production and promoting such products, for example:
- United Aircraft Corporation, UAC (civil aviation aircraft);
- United Engine Corporation, UEC (gas turbine power plants and gas pumping units, engines for civil aircraft and helicopters);
- United Shipbuilding Corporation, USC, (civil sea and river vessels, icebreakers, equipment for shelf development);
- Russian Helicopters (civilian helicopters);
- Almaz-Antey Concern (control systems air traffic, telecommunications equipment);
- "Concern "Shvabe"" (medical equipment, devices for scientific research, energy-saving lighting technology).
The enterprises of this group, of course, are able to independently increase the production of high-tech civilian products.
3. Enterprises, which traditionally have a small share of civilian products, do not exceed 10% in the total volume of production and sales.
It is possible to diversify at these enterprises, but at great cost and with serious reorganization. And such enterprises in the defense industry are the majority. “In fact, the government of the Russian Federation,” explains Igor Frolov, “suggests that defense enterprises should develop any kind of civilian production using the accumulated working capital past years, including from export contracts, as well as exempt production capacity. At the same time, the state should co-finance the projects. But this is a dead end. This already happened in the 1980s and 1990s, and the defense industry, of course, perceives this scenario negatively.”
For enterprises that form the third group, it is very problematic to independently enter the market of high-tech civilian products.
Difficulties accompanying the entry of the military-industrial complex into the market of civilian products
The generalized results of the analysis of the experience (mostly negative) of activities in the field of production and sale of civilian (non-core) products of that group of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, in which the share of military products reaches 90% or more (that is, enterprises of the third group), show the following.
1. There are severe difficulties in positioning and promoting civilian products, in particular due to the unknown manufacturers and the lack of brands.
2. Significant capital investments and expenditures of resources are required to overcome barriers to entry into markets with new products.
3. Limited opportunities do not allow to operate even at the regional level, and even more so does not allow realizing the market potential of the all-Russian scale, which a significant part of innovative civil products may have if they are developed in production.
4. There is a need to constantly improve the technical appearance and design of products, reduce costs (labor intensity and overhead costs), establish an effective service in the face of dynamic displacement of obsolete products from the markets and difficulties in re-entering the markets.
5. Work is carried out in conditions high competition with domestic and foreign specialized manufacturers of similar products. At the same time, defense industry enterprises are not able to respond as quickly to changes in market demands and price scales as competitors do.
6. The production and sale of a number of products is chronically unprofitable due to the discrepancy between the existing production system and the level of real effective demand.
7. There are facts of unproductive competition between enterprises within the integrated structures of the defense industry in an attempt to become "finalists", to master and produce identical civilian products or products of the same product line.
8. The structure of scientific and technical and industrial complexes, involved in the production of civilian non-core products at enterprises, develops according to the residual principle in relation to the state defense order, which determines the containment of production volumes of products in demand on the market.
9. The lack of human, financial, informational and other resources for the non-stop conducting of promising non-core civilian developments has an extremely negative effect on the timing of the readiness of products to enter the market, their functional and quality indicators.
10. There is no clarity in setting priorities while simultaneously developing a range of areas of non-core civilian products at enterprises, and there is also no concentration of financial flows for their implementation, in some cases real market needs are actually ignored, etc.
The above circumstances indicate that against the background of dynamic progressive processes in core activities and a steady growth in non-core output, negative trends have gained strength in a significant proportion of defense industry enterprises, characterizing the threat of a systemic crisis.
The causes of the crisis phenomena are due to the following circumstances
For the majority of business leaders, due to prevailing stereotypes, the processes of development, production and sale of non-core civilian innovative products that require large-scale investments are still secondary. The production of non-core civilian products for general industrial purposes is organized and carried out against the backdrop of the main core activities. Compared to profitable military orders in the core area, income from the sale of non-core products is small and, therefore, not very attractive, especially given the fact that it takes significantly more resources to develop these businesses and position them in new markets in a strong external competition.
As a rule, a non-core civilian product being mastered is maximally adapted to the organization and production technologies existing at the enterprise, the change of which is considered unacceptable. Secondary importance undermines the competitiveness and commercial efficiency of the non-core civilian production that is being created. This is one of the most important managerial problems of a strategic nature, which predetermines the emergence of a systemic crisis.
The consequence of secondary importance is the corresponding attitude to the resource provision of non-core areas, carried out according to the residual principle. As a result, this direction is much more acute than others, experiencing, for example, a shortage of managers, a lack of qualified workers, design specialties, etc.
Often there are no objective autonomous assessments of the effectiveness of non-core activities (businesses), which leads to non-transparency of costs, the impossibility of managing them, the formation of additional cost centers in the enterprises and integrated structures of the defense industry as a whole and, ultimately, to the uncompetitive price of the bulk of products, etc. . d.
Non-core civilian production at enterprises is characterized by two extremes - two polar organizational and economic models. The first model assumes the automatic transfer of the cost structure (including significant semi-fixed costs and overheads) of core production to non-core. The result is a non-competitive price of civilian products.
The second model, on the contrary, for the sake of maintaining the competitiveness of products, allows the transfer of costs of non-core products to specialized defense products.
Both of these models are unacceptable for the inflow of non-state investments into innovation activities and the development of the production of high-tech civilian products at defense industry enterprises.
The second organizational and economic model in last years gave rise to another problem, which is to maintain problematic and crisis production of non-core civilian products through successful defense, as well as through investment federal budget. This problem is based on the thesis of the unconditional preservation and expansion of the existing scientific and production potential of an enterprise without a proper assessment of economic feasibility. It is believed that the solution to the problem lies in subsidizing the activities of problem industries by redistributing income from profitable contracts within the enterprise. In this regard, the only reasonable alternative is to nominate as a strategic line of support only successful high-tech non-core areas, the growth of which will allow organizing new jobs and types of production.
The enterprises themselves, overwhelmingly concentrated on the production of military products, as shown by almost 20 years of experience, objectively do not have the ability to independently overcome the systemic crisis due to its sectoral structural nature.
It is necessary to improve the regulatory regulation in terms of technology transfer and commercialization of the results of intellectual activity (RIA) created in defense industry organizations. Moreover, it is necessary to remove unnecessary barriers not only in connection with the use of technologies created in the defense industry for the purpose of manufacturing military-technical products. Many difficulties still arise for the use in the military-industrial complex of technologies and products developed and used in the civilian sectors.
At the same time, failure to take measures to eliminate the listed problems (inertial scenario) will most likely lead to the following consequences.
At the enterprises of the military-industrial complex group, in which the share of military products reaches 90% or more, there will be a gradual loss of economic feasibility of mastering the production of high-tech non-core civilian products. This is despite the fact that large foreign military-industrial companies, often operating in more favorable financial and economic conditions, consider it too risky to be engaged in any one direction and purposefully diversify their business in the field of civilian products.
Due to the decrease in the state defense order, in the absence of compensation due to the growth in the production of high-tech non-core civilian products, the inevitable freezing of the technological level of production in such conditions and the gradual obsolescence and depreciation of fixed production assets, including those created in recent years with a decisive share of FTP funds, will begin. Great personnel losses will begin - both in quantitative terms and in terms of possession of modern design and production skills. degradation processes will give rise to social problems, especially acutely experienced at the city-forming enterprises.
Such a scenario is unacceptable for defense industry enterprises.
By the end of the year, the Ministry of Industry and Trade will receive proposals for the diversification of enterprises producing ammunition, special equipment and materials for the defense industry. After 2020, the volume of state defense orders in Russia will be reduced. In December 2013, in a message to the Federal Assembly, the country's president instructed the military-industrial complex to think about how the defense enterprises would be loaded after this. A study commissioned by the department will be needed to assess the possibility of entering factories into new markets.
In December of this year, the Ministry of Industry and Trade will receive the results of an analysis of economic indicators, competitive advantages and the dynamics of development of enterprises in the military-industrial complex. Izvestia was told about plans to reorient military production for civilian needs in the department of industry, conventional weapons and special chemistry of the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
With a reduction in the state defense order after 2020, military-technical cooperation with foreign countries, repair and modernization of weapons and military equipment, and the production of civilian products using dual-use technologies and materials will be promising for enterprises. We can talk about the production of devices, equipment and technology for medicine, Agriculture, research activities, - said the interlocutor in the department.
In particular, the Federal State Enterprise Raduga State Laser Range (ZATO Raduzhny, Vladimir Region) is launching the production of laser systems for medicine.
We are talking about laser-optical and optoelectronic systems. A laser cluster is being created at Raduga, this direction is also being developed in the Ekaterinburg Shvabe holding, the Ministry of Industry and Trade explained.
Raduga confirmed the information, explaining that the technopark being created will be based on the principles of public-private partnership.
Other areas of civil activity of defense plants are the production of hunting and sports weapons. According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the share of civilian products will be increased at the Tula Arms Plant, the Kalashnikov Concern, the Molot Plant and the Central Design Research Bureau of Sports and Hunting Weapons.
The shooting industry is focused on expanding the range of civilian hunting and sporting weapons. Now the ratio of imported and domestic weapons is Russian market about 70x30, and this needs to be changed. The capabilities of defense industry enterprises can also help in the machine tool industry - everything related to precision metalworking, tool production, the Ministry of Industry and Trade added.
The Perm Gunpowder Plant is going to radically change the proportions of civil and defense.
In 2003, the ratio of military and civilian products was 50x50, in 2012 it shifted to 80x20, - said Vladimir Alikin, adviser to the general director of the enterprise. - We plan to return to the ratio of 50x50 by 2020, and in another five years to achieve 40x60. We will be engaged in biotechnologies of water treatment.
According to the company's estimates, government orders will grow by 8% per year until 2020, after which a sharp decline is expected. Therefore, the plant plans to return to the technologies for the production of reagents for water treatment and oil production intensification, which were mastered in the 1990s jointly with German investors.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade explained that the re-profiling of enterprises will fall on the shoulders of the plants themselves. The state will invest only in the production of weapons.
Not all enterprises are ready to make the transition to "citizenship". Thus, the Saransk Mechanical Plant, which has mastered the production of children's bicycles "Humpbacked Horse", states that the market is occupied by Chinese products.
We now produce about 30% of civilian products. A direct-flow valve has been mastered from the industrial one, and there are plans to release a diaphragm separator for measuring pressure in pipelines. The Ministry of Industry and Trade demands to increase the "citizen", but the market for the same bicycles is occupied by Chinese ones - they are cheaper, and there are more of them, - they complain at the enterprise.
According to the estimates of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, now the ratio of the output of civilian and defense products at military enterprises is on average 25 to 75. In 2014, the volume of defense orders will amount to more than 92 billion rubles, 12 billion more than last year - these figures were announced by the director of the department of industry of conventional ammunition Ministry of Industry and Trade Konstantin Tarabrin at a meeting in mid-April.
According to Vladimir Gutenev, First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Industry, aircraft and engine-building enterprises will be most in demand in the “citizen”, while it will be much more difficult for manufacturers of ammunition and special chemicals.
I have serious fears that we will face a personnel problem - the technology is there, but the increase in personnel in short term it is difficult to provide, - the deputy added. - You can focus on public-private partnerships, but the profitability in the defense industry is 5–6%, this will not work private business.
Igor Korotchenko, director of the Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade, noted that large holdings show the most dynamic growth in civilian products. Small businesses are more vulnerable to market conditions, the expert admits.
All over the world, the defense industry is diversifying its business. 50% of civil orders ensure the stability of the company. We have a growing share of civilian products in vertically integrated holdings - Almaz-Antey, UEC, UAC. Small structures also try to diversify. Those who fail to do this will be thrown out of the market by more successful and innovatively developed companies, - Igor Korotchenko emphasized.
“The funds that we allocate for the rearmament of the army and navy, for the modernization of the military-industrial complex, as you know, are unprecedented,” Russian President Vladimir Putin said in his message to the Federal Assembly on December 12, 2012. - In the next decade, the defense industry enterprises of the country will be fully loaded with orders. They will be able to upgrade their production base, create high-quality jobs... Already now we have to think about how the defense industry enterprises will be loaded after the state defense order is completed, after 2020. These enterprises should not be allowed to be oversized and unclaimed.”
Zhurenkov Denis Alexandrovich, Trushkova Elena Alexandrovna
The Board of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation decided to develop a strategy for the diversification of the defense industry until 2030. The first draft should be ready in October.
The strategy should reflect the goals, objectives, mechanisms, main stages and directions of defense industry diversification.
5 months for development
The decision was made following the results of the military-industrial conference "Diversification of the production of high-tech civilian products by defense industry organizations" in Perm on March 6, 2018.
By October 1, 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia - jointly by the state corporations Rosatom, Roscosmos and Rostec - must develop a draft Strategy for the diversification of defense industry organizations until 2030.
In addition to the goals, objectives, mechanisms and directions of diversification, the Strategy should define the role and place of government bodies, development institutions, defense industry organizations and private business.
At this conference, a number of decisions were made, which, most likely, will also be reflected in the Strategy-2030 on a systematic basis.
1. Together with the fuel and energy complex, banks, infrastructure corporations and telecom operators, it is necessary to submit proposals to the Government of the Russian Federation on possible mechanisms for the formation of subsidiaries or joint ventures created by defense industry organizations for the production of PGN and PDN. With the attraction of financial resources from the parent companies to their authorized capital. According to the plan, these same companies should become customers and main consumers of these products.
2. The idea of holding an all-Russian competition “Make in Russia and buy Russian” was supported. It is also necessary to develop proposals for the status of the national award given to the winners of the competition for success in solving the problems of diversifying the defense industry.
3. It is necessary to analyze the effectiveness of existing state support measures for domestic manufacturers of high-tech civilian products.
4. Already before July 1, it is necessary to submit proposals to the Government of the Russian Federation on amendments to the legislation, enabling domestic manufacturers of high-tech civilian products to conclude long-term contracts for the implementation of R&D, mass production and service maintenance.
5. Together with the companies of the fuel and energy complex, a decision was made to create industrial testing grounds that provide pilot commercial operation of the relevant defense industry products.
6. Roskosmos must submit proposals for the implementation of the "Space Medicine" and "Space Energy" projects to the board of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, and Rosatom, together with the Ministry of Health of Russia, on the project "Radiation Medicine". The project of nuclear scientists should provide for the creation of mobile (mobile) complexes that provide medical services to the population in hard-to-reach regions of Russia.
7. The Rostec State Corporation must submit proposals to the board of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation on opening regional representative offices and branches of NPO Conversion LLC. The activities of NPO "Conversion" are designed to systematize the process of creating and bringing to the market new samples of high-tech products and preparing capacities for their production. Virtually all R&D support instruments in sectoral state programs and system-wide import substitution mechanisms work to solve this problem.
Diversification infrastructure
The accelerated development of the Diversification Strategy-2030 is associated with already declining federal budget spending. The share of expenditures under the National Defense section was 3.1% in 2017, 2.8% is planned in 2018, 2.7% in 2019 and 2.5% in 2020. By the way, at the end of 2017, GDP at current prices amounted to 92 trillion rubles.
The share of high-tech civilian and dual-use products (hereinafter referred to as CPG and PDN) in the total volume of defense industry products: 17% by 2020, 30% by 2025 and 50% by 2030 was established by order of the President of Russia dated December 5, 2016 No. Pr- 2346. According to preliminary estimates, the 2020 target has already been reached, at 17.2%.
In pursuance of the lists of instructions of the President of the Russian Federation dated September 23, 2016 No. Pr-1845, dated December 5, 2016 No. Pr-2346 (subparagraph "g" of paragraph 1), on measures to use the potential of the defense industry for the production of PGN and PDN by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia together with interested federal executive authorities and development institutions, a system of financial support tools for projects to diversify the production of defense industry organizations and promote such products to domestic and foreign markets is being formed. The key tools created include:
1) on the basis of the state information system of industry (hereinafter referred to as GISP), interactive catalogs of high-tech products, an electronic trading platform, a service for collecting data on projects of defense industry organizations have been created;
2) a catalog of civilian products of defense industry enterprises was formed, as of April 25, 2018, 6,811 positions of products of enterprises in various industries were included in the catalog. Of these: 2,609 positions of high-tech PGN and PDN produced by defense industry organizations (“radio-electronic equipment” - 655, “medical equipment” - 452).
3) on a systematic basis, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia holds congress and exhibition events aimed at promoting on the domestic and foreign markets PGN and PDN produced by defense industry enterprises;
4) a number of organizations responsible for the diversification process have been identified:
a commercial organization specializing in promoting PGN and PDN on the domestic and foreign markets - NPO Conversion LLC (a joint venture of the Rostec State Corporation and Vnesheconombank) was established. In addition to linking supply and demand, the activities of NPO Conversion are focused on introducing project management principles in defense industry organizations, opening competence centers and comprehensive analytical support for defense organizations;
By order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated February 2, 2017 No. 293, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Central Research Institute" Center "was determined by the organization that performs the functions of a center of competence for information and analytical support for solving the problems of diversification and development of the production of high-tech PGN and PDN by defense industry organizations - the Center for Diversification of Defense Industry Organizations.
To create optimal conditions for diversification, the State Corporation Roscosmos, as part of JSC United Rocket and Space Corporation, created the Diversification Center - a single coordinator for the creation and promotion of non-core high-tech civilian products to the domestic and foreign markets.
5) The Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, together with the Rostec State Corporation, the ANO Corporate Network Academy, the Industrial Development Fund, the National Intellectual Development Fund (Innopraktika) the format of a competition among technological entrepreneurs in the defense industry. The competition is aimed at developing the competencies of defense industry organizations to promote and increase demand for high-tech civilian products.
Read the full version of the article in the printed issue of the magazine.
Civilian products of one of the Ural defense enterprises will appear on the streets of cities. Photo from www.zik-ekb.ru
They explain to the directors of defense enterprises of the Russian Federation that the golden budget rain has already ended for them. And now the defense industry needs to start producing civilian products. Meanwhile, officials acknowledged yesterday that enterprises of the military-industrial complex (DIC) are not ready to produce high-quality products and integrated solutions for civilian industries. Not everyone in the defense industry can count money and offer competitive goods.
To diversify production and switch to the production of civilian products, enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia will have to change their business model and management model, Oleg Bochkarev, deputy chairman of the collegium of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation, said yesterday at the Technoprom-2017 forum in Novosibirsk.
He acknowledged that the main problem of the defense industry is high overhead costs. “This is a payment for the creation of weapons and military equipment. We have to pay such a high price, but this will not work in civilian life,” he said.
In the same place, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin proposed launching a process of rapprochement between the standards of the defense and civil industries. He noted that the defense industry remains a “state within a state”, and this trend is supported by a number of barriers, including pricing, contract financing models, control and licensing procedures, as well as the psychology of participants in this market. “We need to bring the parameters of the corporate environment in the defense and civil sectors closer,” Rogozin said. In his opinion, the diversification of the defense industry should involve not only the movement of military suppliers to civilian markets, but also a counter movement: the organization of the production of military products at civilian non-state enterprises.
The concern about the state of affairs in the industry is understandable: from 2020, a significant reduction in budget financing of the state order for armaments is expected. This was unambiguously warned by President Vladimir Putin last fall at a meeting in Tula. “By 2020, in accordance with our plans, the large-scale rearmament of the army and navy will be completed, the peak of supplies within State program development of weapons will be passed, - then Vladimir Putin said. “We will continue to improve our army and navy, but there will be no such volume of orders for the defense industry.”
At the same time, he proposed to pay attention to the development of the production of civilian products at defense enterprises. The President believed that the defense industry had the potential to solve these problems: “they have a strong production, technological and personnel base, they have good scientific and technical groundwork,” he said. At the same time, the president asked not to repeat the negative experience of the Soviet conversion, when the military giants produced frying pans, but to focus on the needs of modern medicine, energy, aircraft and shipbuilding, space, information technologies. In December 2016, during an address to the Federal Assembly, Vladimir Putin called for an increase in the share of civilian products in military-industrial complex up to 50% by 2030.
It is known that the State Armaments Program for the period 2011-2020 envisaged financing the re-equipment of the armed forces in the amount of about 20 trillion rubles, and another 3 trillion rubles. should be spent on the technical re-equipment of the defense industry. In 2017, more than 1.4 trillion rubles were allocated for the implementation of the state defense order.
The rain of money may have prevented the defense industry from realizing the impending new reality for now, and restructuring is proceeding slowly.
Deputy Chairman of Vnesheconombank Petr Zolotarev said yesterday that the defense industry has submitted 95 projects to the bank for a total of 86 billion rubles. “Less than 10 of them are standing,” Zolotarev said and demanded that defense industry enterprises improve the quality of the development of diversification projects and the production of civilian products. “The quality and quantity of projects, the level of readiness of these projects leaves much to be desired,” Zolotarev said.
There are quite a few enterprises in the country that are ready to abandon expensive imported equipment in favor of those produced at conversion facilities. For example, Gazprom told the government that it was ready to buy about 250 products worth 1 trillion rubles from defense industry enterprises. to replace imports. But he put forward a condition: the products must be absolutely competitive, high-quality, reliable, and the price should not be higher than that of foreign analogues.
1 trillion rub. Oleg Bochkarev believes that this would be more than enough to load capacities, but for this, enterprises must provide high-quality products and integrated solutions. “So far, the defense industry is not ready for this,” Bochkarev stated.
To remedy the situation, he called for the involvement of specialists from the civilian market in order to master marketing, service support and the ability to work in the market. And Zolotarev proposes to separate civilian production from defense industry enterprises and concentrate them in technology parks, the creation of which is financed by Vnesheconombank.
In turn, Dmitry Rogozin invited companies to send their proposals to the board of the Military-Industrial Commission, which, according to him, will lead enterprises either to consumers of products or to subcontractors with whom cooperation can be organized.
“Defense industry enterprises are far from always concerned with such things as the demand for products, their convenience and attractiveness, and their profitability. But our defense industry has great potential for development and is able to change in the right direction with a new approach to management,” the first vice president told NG Russian Union engineers Ivan Andrievsky. – A strong plus of OPK products is their reliability and relative durability. And the weaknesses are the high price, the lack of attractive service and design. Although with the right marketing approach, even design flaws can be turned into a market advantage: there are many who want to use something that has a truly military spirit. According to the expert, the new business model should teach to understand the laws of the market functioning. “Our defense industry enterprises are managed by engineers. Competent marketers and private investors should appear next to them. Good example is the Kalashnikov Concern, which increased the share of private investment to 75%, developed an attractive corporate identity, and works for the buyer.”
"We believe that effective tool diversification are cluster structures, when a belt of small and medium-sized enterprises is built around defense industry enterprises that use production facilities on commercial terms, as well as technologies, licenses, intellectual property, patents of defense industry, and on the basis of these technologies produce products themselves, - said NG » Andrey Shpilenko, Director of the Association of Clusters and Technoparks. - That is, a defense industry enterprise may not interact with the end customer, but act as a technology partner. Due to this cooperation, the period for promoting products to civilian markets is significantly reduced. In addition, this creates growth points for the regional economy, as small and medium-sized businesses receive a stable order from defense enterprises.”
“It is high time for defense industry enterprises to learn how to monetize the results of their scientific and technical developments,” says the head of the Department of Entrepreneurship and Logistics of the Russian University of Economics. Plekhanov Dmitry Zavialov. - It's no secret that one of the success factors of Silicon Valley in the US was military orders and military funding. Under the military order, developments were carried out and inventions were patented, which then fell on the civilian market. That is why the division of technologies into only civilian or only military ones is not appropriate.”
One of the key issues of the forum will be the promotion of civilian products of defense industry enterprises.
The need to increase the share of high-tech civilian and dual-use products in the production of enterprises of the military-industrial complex (DIC) to a level of at least 50% by 2030 was announced by Russian President Vladimir Putin in his message to the Federal Assembly at the end of 2016. According to the list of instructions for the implementation of the President's message, published on the Kremlin website, by 2020, the share of civilian products in the defense industry should be at least 17%, by 2025 - at least 30%, by 2030 - at least 50%. The President noted that the time has come "to aim the industry at the creation of modern, competitive civilian products for medicine, energy, aviation, shipbuilding, space, and other high-tech industries."
Adaptation to the market
Diversification of the production of the military-industrial complex has become the only way for many Russian military enterprises to survive in the face of an inevitable reduction in the volume of state defense orders. But the current diversification should not repeat the mistakes of the 90s, when all defense enterprises rushed to the production of fairly simple consumer goods. Even the rocket factory was then called a pot factory.
Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke about "smart conversion" more than once.
It should be taken into account that the situation for defense enterprises is becoming more complicated today because Russia will have basically completed the re-equipment of the army and navy by 2020, and this, in turn, will lead to a reduction in the state defense order. Therefore, today the state has created a complete toolkit to support diversification projects. Are there any difficulties? Oh sure.
“Now the main pool of the Ministry of Industry and Trade includes more than 170 projects to diversify the defense industry, planned for implementation in the next four to five years. Only from Rostec, Rosatom and Roskosmos we received more than 110 specific project proposals related to the production of civilian products,” Denis Manturov, Minister of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, said in early November.
However, many heads of defense industry organizations still do not know what to produce, they lack marketers, technologies for the production of civilian products, they lack production personnel and, importantly, they do not have their own money for modernization. It would seem that the problems are unsolvable, especially since defense industry enterprises have never thought about "citizen" before.
In the summer of 2017, the NPO Konversiya (a joint structure of Rostec and Vnesheconombank) was created to help defense industry workers who do not have experience in civilian areas.
Another significant help for the defense industry this year was the new special program of the Industrial Development Fund with the same name - "Conversion". “Its participants get access to cheap and long money. The main parameters of the program are preferential loans from 200 to 750 million rubles for up to five years with an interest rate of 1% in the first three years of the loan and 5% for the remaining period. The target volume of sales of new products is at least 50% of the loan amount per year, starting from the second year of mass production. Only enterprises included in the register of defense industry organizations can participate in the program,” Denis Manturov noted.
But today we can already say that the country has examples of successful organizational transformation and adaptation of an enterprise for the production of civilian products: the Shvabe, Kalashnikov and Radioelectronic Technologies concerns, as well as the Almaz-Antey enterprise.
Besides in Russia today there is also a positive experience of separating the civilian direction into a separate division . For example, the Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company, which manufactures Sukhoi Superjet aircraft and is part of the United Aircraft Corporation.
And here are the first serious results.
"Kalashnikov" will also master dry cargo ships
Arms Concern "Kalashnikov" decided to engage in cargo transportation of grain: for this the company will build eight dry cargo ships and create its own operator - the Volga-Don Shipping Company , as detailed by RIA Novosti.
To implement the idea of "Kalashnikov" with OJSC "Delta-Agro" (agro-industrial company in Volgograd region) create the Volga-Don Shipping Company (VDSK), whose dry cargo ships will carry out up to 160 voyages a year and transport up to 900 thousand tons of grain and crops.
A good moment has been chosen for the construction of new dry-cargo ships: in the region, the average age of ships is 35-40 years, the decommissioning of old ones is faster than the appearance of new ones.
According to experts, there is a shortage of river-sea fleet on the market, so the construction of new river-sea vessels will simplify logistics. The state is pursuing a policy for the development of inland waterways, projects for two hydroelectric facilities are planned to be completed by 2021, which practically coincides with the dates of the Kalashnikov.
At the same time, the Kalashnikov concern does not need the services of NPO Conversion, says Vasily Brovko, Director for Special Assignments of Rostec. “The concern will continue to develop innovative products: electric motorcycles, civilian boats, drones, anti-drones, and so on. But, unfortunately, most enterprises do not have such energy, competencies, and money,” said the top manager of Rostec.
The ratio of military and civilian products today at Kalashnikov is 80/20, but the company expects to increase the share of civilian products to 50% in the next five years and bring EBITDA to 7 billion rubles, the concern's CEO Alexei Krivoruchko told TASS.
The most popular products for export from Kalashnikov are Saiga and Tiger carbines, which are supplied to the CIS countries, Pakistan, and Indonesia. So, the Saiga-12 gun isp.030 was supplied National Administration to combat drug trafficking in Indonesia. And the Belarusian Biathlon School buys BI-7-4 rifles. At the same time, the concern produces about 500-600 biathlon rifles per year, the main deliveries are made to Russian sports schools, although in terms of quality and reliability, the concern claims, they are in no way inferior to the German Anschutz rifles - popular among the world's leading biathletes.
"Almaz-Antey" will be engaged in radio technical support of flights and air navigation services
In December, Almaz-Antey will present advanced technologies for civil use in the field of telecommunications in St. Petersburg. On December 4, 2017, within the framework of the panel session "Development of telecommunication technologies in Arctic zone» representatives of the concern will present solution for organizing digital television broadcasting in hard-to-reach and Arctic regions . Within the framework of the working session, it is planned to exchange views on critical aspects state policy in the field of development of telecommunications in high latitudes.
As the main manufacturer and system integrator of equipment for the Unified Air Traffic Management System, the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defense Concern will present advanced developments in the field of radio technical flight support and air navigation services at the forum site.
By the way, the Almaz-Antey East Kazakhstan concern has already equipped a new airport in Rostov-on-Don, called Platov, with equipment, as detailed by the Eye of the Planet. Within the framework of this project, JSC Concern VKO Almaz-Antey was the general contractor for the system integration of the entire complex of surveillance, navigation, communication and airport control facilities, as well as the supplier of equipment for equipping the airport with complexes and facilities for monitoring air traffic in the airport area, monitoring and motion control ground facilities and aircraft on the surface of the aerodrome. In addition, the Concern equipped the new facility with communication and meteorological support equipment for civil aviation flights.
Recall that the Almaz-Antey VKO concern is the main manufacturer and system integrator of the air traffic management system of the Russian Federation. The Concern has created conditions for ensuring maximum flight safety and efficient use of airspace during the APEC summit in Vladivostok, the World Summer Universiade in Kazan and Olympic Games in Sochi. In November of this year, the concern took part in the International Aviation and Space Exhibition "Dubai Airshow - 2017", where it presented models of anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) and complexes of various ranges, radar stations (RLS) for monitoring airspace, as well as a full-scale model radar station protection of objects.
All major air traffic control centers in the country, including one of the largest in Europe, the Moscow Center, are equipped mainly with the Concern's equipment. The enterprises that are part of the Concern have supplied and implemented hundreds of radar facilities and systems both in Russia and abroad, and equipped a number of air traffic control centers with surveillance, communication and automation equipment.
Shvabe has developed high-frequency mirrors
The Shvabe holding (part of Rostec. - site) produces optical and laser devices: from sights for hunters to traffic lights and microscopes, telescopes and equipment for observatories. The holding's products are in demand in 95 countries around the world. In addition, Shvabe produces medical equipment, including for newborns. For example, Shvabe incubators save the lives of children in Indonesia.
The main activities of Shvabe are the development and mass production of optical and laser systems and complexes, modern optical materials and technologies, machine tool building, high-tech medical equipment, photodetectors, aerospace monitoring systems and remote sensing of the Earth, instruments for scientific research, energy-saving lighting technology, nanomechanics , as well as other high-tech products. The range of products manufactured by the Holding exceeds 6500 units.
And now the Shvabe holding has developed and manufactured a unique system for adapting high-precision mirrors with a diameter of up to 1100 mm. The novelty is currently successfully used in the production of civil and special products for optoelectronic ground and space-based systems.
prospects
On the prospects for the development of the defense industry in Russia, in June this year, an article was published by RT journalist Alexei Zakvasin, where the author explained in detail and reasonedly how and why the defense industry will adapt to the realities of the market.
In an interview with RT, the head of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Denis Manturov, said that the huge potential for the conversion of the defense industry is concentrated in radio electronics. In 2020, the volume of growth in the output of such products should increase by 3.7 times, and in the aviation segment - by half.
And Minister of Health Veronika Skvortsova believes that the defense industry has great opportunities in the medical device market. As of September 2016, the share of the defense industry in this market was only 1.3%. The head of the Ministry of Health is convinced that defense companies can meet the needs of medicine in domestic equipment.
“According to our calculations, in three years, by 2020, defense industry enterprises could have at least twice - up to 15% of the Russian part of the market, that is, 6% of the entire medical device market. This is the minimum,” Skvortsova said at a meeting chaired by the head of state last year.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade sees the road construction equipment market as another promising direction for defense industry enterprises, in the key segments of which - excavators, bulldozers, loaders - the share of imports now exceeds 85%. Kovrov Electromechanical Plant, for example, has developed a sample of a backhoe loader with remote control. The project was supported by the Industrial Development Fund, and KEMZ sets itself a very ambitious goal - to take up to 10% of the domestic market for this equipment by 2020.
In general, the Ministry of Industry and Trade records an increase in demand for Russian dual-purpose and civilian products, the share of exported defense industry products currently exceeds 12% . Among the most promising macro-regions for cooperation in this direction, the Ministry of Industry and Trade singles out the Middle East and, in particular, Saudi Arabia. “Russian defense industry enterprises are ready to supply competitive products in the fields of power engineering (from pipeline valves to steam boilers), automotive and transport engineering, and the medical industry. One of the most promising directions export deliveries to Saudi Arabia - radio electronics and telecommunications equipment. In these areas, Russian defense enterprises have unique competencies and can offer our partners a whole range of innovative solutions,” Russian Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov told TASS.
It remains to add that the International Export Forum "Made in Russia" has been held since 2012 and has become significant event for the professional community. The event traditionally brings together government officials, market participants, experts and analysts, drawing the attention of the general public to the topic of developing non-commodity exports and finding effective solutions existing problems economy.
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