1st Olympic Games. Olympic games lecture

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http:// www. all best. en/

NOU VPO "Russian New University"

"Tax Institute"

Department of "Physical culture"

on the topic: « Storyorigin and development of the Olympic Games»

Students 1 course

distance learning

Shustova Evgenia Alexandrovna

Direction: "Management"

profile: organization management

Scientific adviser:

Rudenko Roman Igorevich

Moscow, 2015

Introduction
1. History of the Olympic Games
1.1 Olympia - the center of the Olympic Games
1.2 Olympic renaissance
1.3 And again in Greece!
1.4 Russia Olympic
1.5 Popularity of the modern Olympic Movement
1.6 The beginning of the formation of the Olympic complex of the city
1.7 A new stage in the development of the Olympic Movement
1.8 Olympic Games on the Asian continent
1.9 XXII Olympic Games
1.10 Games in honor of the 100th anniversary of the first Olympic Games
2. Winter Olympics
2.1 First Winter Olympics
3. Olympic flame
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

The origin of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece coincided with a time when history was made by myths and legends. According to the works of ancient Greek historians, philosophers and poets that have come down to us, we learn that the Ancient Olympic Games are associated with the name folk hero Hercules, the legendary king Pelops, the Spartan legislator Lycurgus and the Hellenic king Ifit.

There are many legends about the origin of the Olympic Games. So one of them claims that he invented and organized the first games, none other than the famous Hercules, the son of Zeus - the one who performed his twelve legendary feats. In honor of one of the glorious victories of Hercules, the Olympic Games began to be held. Moreover, the legend brought to us one very interesting detail. Hercules with his own feet measured the distance for running - six hundred feet. This is how one of the most common measures of length in ancient Greece arose, it is called "stadium". This is where the word "stadium" came from.

The legend claims that for a long time, athletes have identified the winner only in this type of competition. Hercules also introduced other sports disciplines. For example, pankration is a rather severe sport that combines wrestling and fisticuffs. Hercules himself took part in this competition. And won. Later, victory in wrestling and pankration became known as Heracles. And the winner himself was called the second Hercules.

History has left us not so much reliable information about Ancient Olympia. It is known for certain that the Olympic Games existed along with other sports.

The games helped the Greeks not so much fight well as make good friends - meet regularly, talk, carry out cultural exchange, see that you are not facing an enemy from the hated Sparta, as propaganda claimed, but a friendly guy with an open smile.

How did this legendary, this amazing phenomenon called the Olympic Games come about?

In my essay, I want to trace the history of the emergence and development of the Olympic Games. To reveal the topic, I used popular science, periodical literature and Internet resources.

1. History of the Olympic Games

The first games took place in 776 BC. This year is considered starting date. Even the name of the winner of those games is known. This is Karoibos, an athlete from the city-polis of Elis. But still the most famous hero of the ancient Olympic competitions was Leonidas - from Rhodes. This great athlete won twenty times in running competitions.

Initially, only the inhabitants of the Peloponnese took part in the Olympics. Then representatives of neighboring states - Corinth, Sparta - began to participate in them.

1.1 Olympia - the center of the Olympic Games

Center Olympic world In ancient times, there was the sacred district of Zeus in Olympia - a grove along the Alpheus River at the confluence of the Kladei stream. In this beautiful town of Hellas, traditional all-Greek competitions in honor of the god of thunder were held almost three hundred times. At the foot of the Kronos Hill there is a protected area, the silence of which was broken every four years by the Olympic celebration.

Near the sacred Olympia, the town of the same name subsequently grew up, surrounded by orange and olive groves.

Now Olympia is a typical provincial town, living with tourists who flock to the Olympic ruins from all over the world. Everything is absolutely Olympic in it: from the names of streets and hotels to dishes in taverns and souvenirs in countless shops. It is noteworthy for its museums - archaeological and Olympic.

Olympia owes its surviving glory entirely to the Olympic Games, although they were held there only once every four years and lasted a few days. In the intervals between games, a huge stadium was empty, located nearby, in a hollow near the hill of Kronos.

But during the Olympic Games, life was seething here. Tens of thousands of arriving athletes and guests filled the grandiose sports facilities for those times to capacity. In those distant times, only the winner in certain types of competitions, the Olympionik, was revealed at the Olympics. talking modern language, no one recorded the absolute achievements of athletes. Few people were interested in the perfection of the competition venues. Everyone was more interested in the ritual side of the holiday dedicated to Zeus.

In ancient Greece, only Greeks by origin could become Olympians, and only free people and only men. Competitions were unusually hard, and the winners were awarded an olive branch or a laurel wreath. Immortal glory awaited them, not only in their hometown, but throughout the Greek world. The compatriots paid honors to the winner of the games, which were awarded to the gods, monuments were created in their honor during their lifetime, were composed laudatory odes, feasts were arranged. The Olympic hero entered his native city in a chariot, dressed in purple, crowned with a wreath. He entered not through an ordinary gate, but through a hole in the wall, which was sealed up on the same day so that the Olympic victory would enter the city and never leave it.

In 394 AD e. The Roman emperor Theodosius 1 issued a decree prohibiting the further holding of the Olympic Games. The emperor converted to Christianity and decided to eradicate anti-Christian games glorifying pagan gods. And one and a half thousand years the games were not played. In subsequent centuries, sport lost the democratic significance that was attached to it in ancient Greece and for a long time ceased to play the role of the most accessible means of communication between peoples.

1.2 Olympic renaissance

With the advent of the Renaissance, which restored interest in the art of Ancient Greece, they remembered the Olympic Games. At the beginning of the 19th century The sport gained universal recognition in Europe, and there was a desire to organize something similar to the Olympic Games. Local games organized in Greece in 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1879 left a mark on history. Although they did not give tangible practical results in the development of the international Olympic movement, but served as an impetus for the formation of the modern Olympic Games.

Appearance modern species transport, paved the way for the revival of the Olympic Games on an international scale. That is why the call of Pierre de Coubertin: "We need to make sport international, we need to revive the Olympic Games!", found a proper response in many countries.

On June 23, 1894, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was created at the Congress in Paris, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens different countries. General Secretary became Pierre de Coubertin. Congress decided: in two years the first Olympic Games will be held! And it was a great victory for world sports, a great feat of Pierre de Coubertin.

1.3 And again in Greece!

By decision of the IOC (International Olympic Committee), the games of the first Olympiad were held in April 1896 in the capital of Greece, Athens, at the Panathini Stadium.

At the beginning of the preparations for the Games in Athens, the difficulties associated with the economic weakness of Greece were revealed. Prime Minister Trikonis immediately told Coubertin that Athens was not in a position to carry out such a major international event, associated with large expenditures of funds and volumes of work for the reconstruction of the city and sports facilities. Only the support of the population helped to overcome this obstacle. Prominent Greek public figures formed an Organizing Committee and raised funds. The game preparation fund received private contributions, which formed large sums. Were released stamps in honor of the Olympic Games. The income from their implementation went to the fund for the preparation of the Olympic Games.

The energy of Coubertin and the enthusiasm of the Greeks overcame many obstacles and made it possible to carry out the planned program of the first games of our time.

Competitions were held on athletics, gymnastics, swimming, weight lifting, wrestling, shooting, fencing, cycling and tennis. Since then, the Olympic Games have become the main international sporting event.

The unpreparedness of Greece for serious events of this magnitude affected, first of all, the sports results of the competition, which were low even according to the estimates of that time. There was only one reason for this - the lack of properly equipped facilities. The sports arena did not withstand any criticism. Too narrow, with a slope to one edge, it turned out to be ill-suited for athletics competitions. The soft cinder track to the finish line had an increase, and the turns were too steep. Swimmers competed on the high seas, where the start and finish lines were marked with ropes stretched between the floats.

In such conditions, one could not even dream of high achievements. It became clear that athletes cannot achieve high results in the primitive arena of the stadium. In addition, the unprecedented influx of tourists who rushed to Athens revealed the need to adapt the city economy to receive and serve them.

However, the audience enthusiastically accepted the colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the revived sports festival, awarding the winners of the competitions. The interest in the competition was so great that 80 thousand spectators could fit in the marble stands of the Panathini Stadium, designed for 70,000 seats. The success of the revival of the Olympic Games was confirmed by the public and the press of many countries, who welcomed the initiative.

Currently, the Marble Stadium in Athens is not used for competitions, remaining a monument to the first games.

When deciding on the next games of 1900, 19004 in Paris and St. Louis, the IOC proceeded from the fact that world exhibitions were held in these cities at the same time. The calculation was simple - selected cities in France and the United States already had the minimum necessary sports facilities, and preparations for world exhibitions provided conditions for servicing tourists and participants in the games. These games left an inconspicuous mark in the history of the Olympic movement.

The organizers of the IV Olympiad in London (1908) took into account the mistakes of their predecessors. In the British capital, the White-city stadium with a grandstand for 100,000 seats was built in a short time. A hundred-meter swimming pool, an arena for wrestling competitions and an artificial ice rink were also placed on its territory.

The Olympic Games in London marked the beginning of the construction of special sports complexes for their holding. The correctness of this decision was confirmed by the high results shown by the competing athletes at the White-city stadium, and the great interest in the games shown by sports fans and the press in many countries. During the construction of "White-city" architects for the first time arose the question of creating a complex of sports facilities in one area.

1.4 Russia Olympic

Our Motherland stood at the origins of the Olympic movement, and General A.D. Butovsky was even elected one of the members of the IOC. But nevertheless, Russia was clearly lagging behind in Olympic development; 1896, 1900, 1904 - The Games of these three Olympiads were held without our participation.

A small group of Russians - 8 athletes went to the Games in London (IY Olympic Games).

Wrestlers Nikolay Orlov and Alexander Petrov quite sensationally won silver medals in their weight categories. Figure skater Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin becomes Olympic champion in figure skating.

1.5 Popularity of the modern Olympic Movement

The popularity of the modern Olympic movement was reinforced by the Games of the V Olympiad in Stockholm (1912). Their clear organization, and most importantly, a specially built royal stadium brought the games a well-deserved success. The small size of the stadium, a wooden canopy over the stands created good visibility and acoustics. The stadium was equipped with circular walkways and tunnels. All subsequent games left an indelible mark on the history of the Olympic movement not only in the form of high sports achievements, but also in the form of unique works of architecture, equipped with progressive technical devices that contribute to the high achievements of athletes, improving the structure of the cities - the capitals of the Olympic Games.

According to the decision of the IOC, adopted on May 27, 1912, the VI Olympic Games were scheduled to be held in 1916 in Berlin. Due to the outbreak of World War I, the games were cancelled.

The Olympic cycle was disrupted only three times in 1916 due to the First World War, in 1940 and 1944 due to the Second World War.

The Games of the VII Olympiad of 1920 were held in the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Olympic Stadium was designed as an urban building. Here, for the first time, sports fans watched hockey matches held on artificial ice. For the competition of cyclists, a large velodrome "Garden-city" was equipped. A section of the Vilbreck canal was transformed into a water stadium for rowing competitions. The football tournament was held at the Beerschot Stadium. At the Olympic Stadium, during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, a white flag with five interlaced rings was raised, symbolizing the unity of athletes from all continents, and the Olympic oath was recited.

In 1924, the thirtieth anniversary of the Olympic movement was celebrated. Honor organization Games VIII Olympiad was given to Paris. This time, Paris was carefully preparing for the Olympic Games. To this end, an architectural competition was announced for the best design of the Olympic Stadium. The winner of the competition, M. Fort-Dujaric, developed a project for a modern stadium with stands for 100,000 seats, a complex of sports facilities for competitions in various sports and an Olympic village for 2,000 athletes. Although it was not possible to implement the project, it served as an incentive for the creation of similar complexes in the future. On the outskirts of Paris, the Colombe Stadium was built with stands for 40,000 seats, meeting the requirements of that time, but not distinguished by its particular beauty and convenience for spectators. Swimmers competed in the "Turret" pool. The games were a great success. High sports results were shown. More than 600 thousand spectators attended the competitions.

The Games of the IX Olympiad (1928) were held in Amsterdam, a major economic and cultural center of the Netherlands. Within the city limits, a stadium was built for the games, which adjoined the city park. Auxiliary rooms are equipped in the under-tribune space. The stadium for 40 thousand seats was distinguished by a tower above the stands, imitating a windmill.

The Olympic complex also included a swimming pool, a tennis court, halls for boxing, wrestling, fencing, and training grounds. Near the stadium - a canal, a yacht harbor, a hotel. In subsequent years, the stadium was rebuilt. Its capacity has increased to 60,000 seats.

1.6 The beginning of the formation of the Olympic complex of the city

The Games of the X Olympiad in the American city of Los Angeles (1932) marked the beginning of the formation of the city's Olympic complex, which included a stadium, a swimming pool, and the Olympic Village. The Coliseum Stadium (1923), built in the antique style, was reconstructed for the Olympics, its stands began to accommodate over 100,000 spectators. For that time, the stadium was the highest achievement of sports architecture. The Olympic torch burned above the central arch of the stadium. Having outlined a large program of games, the organizers were faced with the need to disperse the venues for competitions in various sports. So, rowers competed on a specially built canal in Long Beach, cyclists competed in the city of Pasadena, where a temporary cycle track was built, which was dismantled after the Games. Equestrian competitions were held outside the city.

For the first time, an Olympic village was built for the resettlement of athletes. It consisted of 700 prefabricated houses located in it. community center. The organization of the village provided favorable conditions for close contacts and mutual understanding between athletes from different countries.

However, the remoteness of the Games venue European countries and insufficient development of transport links had a negative impact on the number of participants.

In 1932, it was decided to hold the Games of the XI Olympiad (1936) in Berlin. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. They began to use the preparations for the Olympics for their propaganda purposes. For the Games in Berlin, a complex was erected, which was distinguished by excessive splendor. The project of the architect Werner March was awarded a gold medal at the Games. The main arena of the stadium could accommodate 100,000 spectators. Another 150,000 watched the competitions held in the swimming pool, gym and stadium designed for hockey.

The Games of the XIY Olympiad, held in 1948 in London, showed with their own eyes how great is the desire of people for peace and mutual cooperation. Organized under the conditions of a brutal post-war austerity regime, they nevertheless attracted a record number of participating countries for that time (59) and many tourists.

No new sports facilities were built for the games. The old Olympic stadium, built for the 1908 games, was unusable due to a poor running track. The main sports facility of the Olympiad was the Imperial Stadium in Wembley with 60,000 seats. For the first time in London, swimming competitions were held in an indoor pool.

At Wembley Stadium, the solemn opening ceremony of the post-war games was greeted with enthusiasm. At that time, of course, they did not have to expect either high sports results, or splendor of design, or special worries about increased comfort for sports fans who came to England. But the very fact of world holiday physical culture shortly after the end of World War II became a confirmation of the life of the Olympic movement.

The Games of the XV Olympiad in 1952 in Helsinki turned out to be even more representative. It was there, among 69 national teams, that athletes from the Soviet Union entered the Olympic arena for the first time. Debutants, contrary to forecasts, have achieved amazing success. In the unofficial standings, they shared the first and second places on points with the generally recognized favorites - the US athletes.

The high sports results achieved by athletes at the Olympics-52 were largely the result of optimal competition conditions created on facilities specially built for the games.

The stadium includes a running track (400 m), a football field, athletics sectors. The main tribune is covered with a canopy. Ancillary facilities are located below it.

1.7 A new stage in the development of the Olympic Movement

1956 marked a new stage in the development of the Olympic movement. The Games of the XVI Olympiad were first held on Australian continent in Melbourne. The remoteness of the new Olympic capital from the vast majority developed countries, peculiar climatic conditions created certain difficulties for the participants and guests of the games who arrived on the "green continent". But the organizers have made a lot of effort to overcome these obstacles. High sports achivments, shown by the envoys of different countries, became the best assessment of the activities of the organizing committee.

Preparations for the games of the XVI Olympiad became an outstanding event for the architects of Australia and largely determined the nature of further development architecture on the continent.

The Games of the XVII Olympiad in 1960 in Rome can rightly be considered the beginning of a new direction in organizing the preparation of subsequent Olympiads. For the first time, an attempt was made to cover the entire range of issues to be resolved by the organizing committee. Along with the preparation and construction of sports complexes and individual facilities, much attention was paid to improving the infrastructure of the Olympic capital - Rome. By ancient city new modern highways were laid, a number of old buildings and structures were demolished. Symbolizing the connection of the current games with the Ancient Greeks, some ancient monuments the architecture of Rome was converted to host competitions in certain types sports. A simple enumeration of the Olympic facilities that were used to host competitions and accommodate participants in the games gives some idea of the scale of preparation.

Topped the list of the main Olympic stadium "Stadium Olimpico" with a capacity of 100,000 spectators. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the games, as well as athletics and equestrian competitions.

One of the most noteworthy objects was recognized as the "Velodromo Olimpico", on the track, which cyclists competed. This facility is still considered one of the best velodromes in the world today.

After the Olympics in Rome, experts began to attach great importance to the possibility of using facilities in the post-Olympic period.

The Games of the Roman Olympiad are also notable for the fact that television programs were broadcast from them to some European countries. Although the transmissions went over radio relay and cable lines, but this was already a sign of the scientific and technological revolution entering the sports arenas.

olympic game sport

1.8 Olympic Games on the Asian continent

During the preparation of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad in Tokyo (1964), $ 2,668 million was spent, including $ 460 million to provide the material and technical base of the games, the rest of the funds went to organizational purposes and to the development of the city's infrastructure.

The organizers of the first Olympic Games on the Asian continent have prepared more than 110 different facilities for competitions and training of athletes. The huge capital of Japan has changed. There are new metro lines and a monorail city Railway. Dilapidated buildings were demolished and streets widened. To solve the transport problem of the city, high-speed highways were laid through it. Street junctions were built by building overpasses and bridges. The hotel industry of the Japanese capital has significantly replenished. The indoor facilities - gyms in Yoyogi Park - became the true center of the Tokyo Olympics. Their architectural appearance was borrowed from nature.

Olympic construction largely predetermined the future direction of urban development in Japan.

A characteristic feature of the Tokyo Games was the absolute entry of electronics into the Olympic arenas. Its use in sports refereeing has greatly increased its accuracy and efficiency. A new stage in the development of funds mass media opened television transmissions through space, which crossed the borders of the continents and attached an unimaginable number of viewers to what was happening in the Olympic arenas. The opportunity to see the Olympic Games to any person on earth immeasurably increased the popularity of the Olympic movement.

In 1968, the Olympic Games were held for the first time on the territory of Latin America. The city of Mexico honorably fulfilled the honorary duty of the host of the Games of the XIX Olympiad. This was largely facilitated by the growing flow of tourists from different countries, which has a beneficial effect on the Mexican economy, on the expansion of international contacts, contributing to the expansion of national culture.

The organizers of the games of the XX Olympiad in Munich (1972) took into account the experience of Rome, Tokyo and Mexico City and did everything possible to surpass the achievements of their predecessors. First of all, the infrastructure of the capital of the Olympiad - 72 was improved. The grandiose Olympic complex of sports facilities "Oberwiesenfeld" was rebuilt. It included: a stadium of original design, a universal sports palace, an indoor cycle track and a swimming pool. In addition, a shooting complex, a rowing canal, a hippodrome and a number of other sports facilities were built. The organizers of the Games declared Munich the Olympic center of short distances and green landscapes.

Taking into account the unusual influx of tourists, the organizers reconstructed the city center, built metro lines, laid new access roads to the city, and increased the hotel stock 10 times. To accommodate the athletes, huge buildings of the Olympic village were erected, in which 10-15 thousand temporary residents could settle.

1.9 XXII Olympic Games

The Moscow Games are significant event in the history of the world, and most importantly - our, domestic sports, that it is impossible not to say too much about it.

From July 19 to August 3, 1980, the XXII Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow at the Grand Sports Arena of the Lenin Central Stadium. These were the first Games in the history of the Olympic movement, held on the territory of Eastern Europe, and the first - in socialist country. I must say that part of the competitions of this Olympics were held in other cities of the USSR - for example, sailing regattas started in Talin, several football tournaments - in Kyiv. Within 15 days top athletes world competed in Moscow, Kyiv, Leningrad, Minsk and Talin. In general, the organizers approached the preparation of the Games very responsibly, and all competitions were held at a high level. For the first time in the history of the Olympics, six large sports centers were built specifically for the Games: the Olimpiysky sports complex on Prospekt Mira, the equestrian center in Bitsa, the universal sports hall in Izmailovo, the cycle track in Krylatskoye, the Druzhba gym in Luzhniki, the football and athletics arena in CSKA and the Olympic Village.

Athletes from 80 countries participated in the Moscow Games - a total of 5283 participants, including 1134 women. 203 sets of awards were drawn. 5651 journalists worked in Moscow. The games were watched by about two billion people.

Athletes from 36 countries became winners of the XXII Summer Olympic Games. During the competition, 36 world and 74 Olympic records were set. In the unofficial team standings, the first place went to the hosts of the Olympics - Soviet athletes - they won 195 medals, of which 80 were gold. The second place belongs to the GDR team, which has 126 awards (47 gold), and the third place belongs to the Bulgarian team (41 medals, 8 gold).

The absolute champion in medals was our gymnast Alexander Dityatin, who won 3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals.

Swimmer Vladimir Salnikov won 3 gold medals, and at a distance of 1500 meters he set an outstanding world achievement.

Beautiful and memorable were the victories of the Ethiopian stayer Mirus Ifter, who won Olympic gold in the 5000 and 10000 meters.

Everyone who saw the Moscow Games will remember them forever. They brought a lot of joy, a lot of real happiness to millions of sports fans.

The bear cub Misha, the hero of Russian folk tales, became the mascot of the 1980 Summer Games.

At the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games, L. Leshchenko, T. Antsiferova with the ensemble "Flame" entered the field. To the song "Goodbye, Moscow" by A. Pakhmutova and N. Dobronravov, which became the anthem of the Olympics-80, a huge brown Misha, who was in the center of the stadium, on countless balloons flew up into the sky. Seeing off the mascot of the Moscow Olympic Games, the whole stadium stood up. Some even had tears running down their faces.

The Games of the XXIII Olympiad were held in Los Angeles, California, USA from July 28 to August 12, 1984. Los Angeles hosted the Olympic Games for the second time since 1932. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum remains the only stadium to host the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics twice (on other occasions, when a city re-hosted the Olympics, other stadiums were used).

In the XXV Summer Olympic Games in 1992, held in Barcelona (Spain), 169 states participated. The Barcelona Games were notable for their impeccable organization, very interesting and rich cultural program. On Spanish soil, the Olympians of the former USSR competed together for the last time.

1.10 Games in honor of the 100th anniversary of the first Olympic Games

The XXVI Summer Olympic Games were held in Atlanta (Georgia, USA) from July 19 to August 4, 1996. The Games Capital elections were held on September 18, 1990 in Tokyo at the 96th session of the IOC. The undisputed favorites of the election race were Athens. It was believed that the Games were to be held in the Greek capital in honor of the 100th anniversary of the first Olympic Games. This was the main focus of the bid committee of the Greek capital. Atlanta was originally the underdog of the race. However, assurances from Atlanta's bid committee that the city was more prepared for the Games convinced the IOC to hand over the right to host the games to the American city.

For the first time since 1912, a Russian team took part in the Summer Olympics. For sixteen days, envoys from 197 countries of the world contested the awards of the anniversary Olympics, but only 69 climbed to the podium.

This time the hosts turned out to be the strongest, outstripping the teams of Russia, Germany, and China in the unofficial team standings. The result of the Russian team is 63 medals, of which 26 are gold, 21 are silver and 16 are bronze. Atlanta set a record in terms of spectator attendance - over six million spectators visited its stadiums.

The XXVIII Summer Olympic Games were held in the capital of Greece, Athens, from 13 to 29 August 2004.

The 2012 Olympic Games (XXX Summer Olympic Games) are the thirtieth Summer Olympic Games. They were held in London, the capital of Great Britain, from July 27 to August 12, 2012. Note that London became the first city to host the Games for the third time (before that they were held there, in 1908 and 1948). The XXXI Summer Olympic Games will be held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This will be the first Olympic Games to be held in South America.

2. Winter Olympics

Actually winter views sports were first presented at the Olympics long not only before the first Winter Games, but also before the very idea of holding them. Thus, with the creation in 1894 of the International Olympic Committee, among other sports, it was proposed to include skating in the future Olympic program. However, there were no "ice" disciplines in the first three Olympics. They first appeared at the 1908 Games in London: the skaters competed in 4 types of programs. In the performance of compulsory figures among men, the strongest was Swede Ulrich Salkhov, in free skating - Russian Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin. The women's competition was won by Madge Sayers (Great Britain), and in pair skating by the GermansAnna HübleriHeinrich Burger .

Since 1924, in addition to the Summer Olympic Games, winter - world competitions in winter sports began to be held. They are also held under the auspices of the IOC. Initially, the Winter and Summer Games were held in the same year, but since 1994 they have been held at two-year intervals. To date, the program of the Winter Olympic Games has significantly expanded, the number of participants has increased, among which there are many athletes from southern countries.

2.1 First Winter Olympics

In 1924, Chamonix, France, hosted the 1st Winter Olympic Games. 293 athletes (including 13 women) from 16 countries arrived at the competition. The best athletes took part northern countries- Norway, Finland, Sweden. Medals were played in 14 types of competitions in 5 sports. The program included bobsleigh, skiing (racing, ski jumping, biathlon), speed skating, figure skating ice skating, hockey. Women competed only in figure skating. First gold medal went to an athlete from the United States, Juthrow, who, in a bitter struggle with the Norwegian Olsen, managed to win in speed skating at a 500-meter distance. However, all other medals (14 out of 15 played in this sport) went to the representatives of Finland and Norway. The hero of the competition was the Finnish runner Thunberg, who managed to achieve convincing victories with Olympic records at distances of 1500 and 5000 m, as well as in the all-around

3. Olympic flame

Among the Olympic rituals, the ceremony of lighting a fire in Olympia and delivering it to the main arena of the games is especially emotional. This is one of the traditions of the modern Olympic movement. Millions of people can watch the exciting journey of fire through countries, and sometimes even continents, with the help of television.

The Olympic flame first flared up at the Amsterdam Stadium on the first day of the 1928 Games. This is an indisputable fact. However, until recently, most researchers in the field Olympic history do not find confirmation that this fire was delivered, as tradition dictates, by relay from Olympia.

The beginning of the torch relay races, which brought fire from Olympia to the city of the Summer Olympics, was laid in 1936. Since then, the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games have been enriched by the exciting spectacle of lighting the fire from the torch carried by the relay in the main Olympic stadium. The Torchbearer Run has been the solemn prologue of the Games for more than four decades. On June 20, 1936, a fire was lit in Olympia, which then made a 3075 km journey along the road of Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany. And in 1948, the torch made its first sea voyage.

Conclusion

Since ancient times, the Olympic Games have been the main sporting event of all times and peoples. In the days of the Olympiads, harmony and reconciliation reigned throughout the earth. Wars stopped and all strong and worthy people competed in a fair fight for the title of the best.

Over the centuries, the Olympic movement has overcome many obstacles, oblivion and alienation. But, despite everything, the Olympic Games are alive to this day. Of course, this is no longer the competition in which naked young men took part and the winner of which entered the city through a breach in the wall. Today, the Olympic Games are one of the biggest events in the world. Games are equipped with last word technology - the results are monitored by computers and television cameras, the time is determined to the nearest thousandth of a second.

Thanks to the media, there is not a single person left in the civilized world who does not know what the Olympics is or who has not seen the competition on TV.

Per last years The Olympic movement has gained enormous proportions, and the capitals of the games for the duration of the games become the capitals of the world. Sports plays everything big role in people's lives!

Bibliography

1. Korobeinikov N.K. etc. Physical education. M.: Higher. school, 1993. - 384 p.

2. V.L. Steinbach Great Olympic Encyclopedia in 2 volumes, Olympia Press, 2006/2007, 1749p.

3 Physical education of students and pupils. / Ed. N.Ya. Petrova and others - Minsk: Polymya, 1988. - 256 p.

4.Olympic games of our time. Ed. B.I. Zagorsky. - M.: Higher. school, 2000

5. Yu. Shanin "From the Hellenes to the present day." Moscow, 1975

6.B.Bazunov "Olympic torch relay". Moscow 1990

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Revival of the Olympic Games

The first modern Olympic Games were organized in 1896. The reason for the revival was the defeat of the French troops in the Franco-Prussian War (1970-1871). The founder of the Olympic Games, Coubertin, believed that the French lost the war because of weak physical training. He strove for international understanding and spoke out that young people should fight in sports competitions, and not on the battlefields. He expressed his thoughts at the congress in 1894, which was held at the Sorbonne. The decision to hold the first games was made on the last day of the congress meeting. It was decided to hold them in Athens, paying tribute to Greece as the country in which sports competitions were born. To organize and conduct such sports competitions, the International Olympic Committee was organized. It was headed by Demetrus Vikelas, who served as president until the end of the first Olympic Games, in 1896. Baron de Coubertin became Secretary General of the IOC.

The first games were attended by 14 countries, which represented 241 athletes. Despite this, the games have become the biggest sporting event. Official Greece put forward a proposal that such competitions should be held forever. However, the Olympic Committee considered it necessary to introduce rotation between different countries. This was done so that the competition was held every four years in another country.

At the Olympics in France in 1900, a women's team from Russia took part for the first time

Modern Olympic Games

The basic rules and regulations for the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter. The International Sports Congress approved its foundations in 1894. According to this document, sports competitions bring together athletes from different countries in fair, equal competitions. The IOC has the right to include in the program of the Games demonstration competitions in one or two sports that have not been recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

In the first year of the four-year cycle, the Summer Olympic Games are held. (“Olympic Games” means a four-year cycle) They have been leading their history since 1896. The venue is determined by the IOC. The right to host the Games is granted to the city, not to the country. The determination takes place seven years before the time of the Games.

The choice goes among the cities that have applied. Competitions last from 16 to 18 days. The symbol of the competition is five rings, which are fastened together. They symbolize the unification of the five parts of the world. The sports movement has its own flag and emblem.

Sports featured at the Summer Games

1900 rowing
1904 - boxing
1936 - basketball, handball
1964 - volleyball
1988 - freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling
1992 - badminton
2004 - water polo
2008 - cycling

The Summer Games also include: kayaking and canoeing, sports and gymnastics, judo, equestrianism, track and field athletics, tennis and table tennis, sailing, swimming and synchronized swimming, diving, modern pentathlon, shooting and clay shooting, archery, triathlon, taekwondo, fencing, football and hockey on the grass.

Years and venues of the Games

The Summer Olympic Games have been held since 1896, when the Games were held in Athens, in which 14 countries participated. In 1916, 1940 and 1944 the Games were canceled due to World Wars.
1948 - , (59 participating countries)
1952 - , Helsinki (69 countries)
1956 - (Melbourne), Sweden (Stockholm) (67 countries)
1960 - , Rome (83 countries)
1964 - , Tokyo (93 countries)
1968 - Mexico City (112 countries)
1972 - Germany, Munich (121 countries)
1976 - , Montreal (92 countries)
1980 - , (80 countries)
1984 - , Los Angeles (140 countries)
1988 - Republic of Korea, Seoul (159 countries)
1992 - , (169 countries)
1996 - USA, Atlanta (197 countries)
2000 - , Sydney (199 countries)
2004 - Athens (201 countries)
2008 - China, Beijing (204 countries)
2012 - UK, London (204 countries)

The next games are scheduled in Rio de Janeiro, in 2016, 203 countries are expected to participate.

Search Engine Popularity of the Summer Olympics

As we can see from the data of the Yandex search engine, the query "Summer Olympic Games" is popular in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet of the Yandex search engine:
- 18,250 requests per search engine Yandex for a month,
- 57 mentions of "Summer Olympic Games" in and on the sites of news agencies Yandex.News.

Together with the query "Summer Olympic Games", Yandex users are looking for:
summer olympic games - 12421 search queries per month in Yandex
summer olympic games 2012 - 1451
kinds of summer olympic games - 793
olympic games sports summer games - 728 search queries per month in Yandex
summer olympic games 1980 - 513
summer olympic games abstract - 494 search queries per month in Yandex
summer + and winter olympic games - 472
summer olympic games 2016 - 461 search queries per month in Yandex
Summer Olympic Games program - 435
first summer olympic games - 404
summer olympic games download game - 375 search queries per month in Yandex
Summer Olympic medals - 354
summer olympic games london - 333
1980 summer olympic games - 285 search queries per month in Yandex
2016 summer olympic games - 273
summer olympic games 2004 - 243
summer olympic games 2008 - 241 search queries per month in Yandex
mascots of the summer olympic games - 232
where the summer olympic games will be held - 219
where the Summer Olympic Games were held - 218 search queries per month in Yandex
summer olympic games + in moscow - 215
game summer olympic games torrent - 207
summer olympic games 2012 - 207 search queries per month in Yandex

The failed Olympic Games are marked in red.

Summer Olympic Games.

I. 1896 Athens. Greece. The very first Olympic Games, after the revival of the Olympic movement.

II. 1900 Paris. France.

III. 1904 Saint Louis. USA.

Extraordinary games. 1906 Athens. Greece. These games were held to develop the popularity of the Olympic Movement. Although the International Olympic Committee strongly supported them, it does not recognize them as official Olympic Games.

IV. 1908 London. Great Britain.

V. 1912 Stockholm. Sweden.

VI. 1916 Berlin. Germany. The games were canceled due to the First World War.

VII. 1920 Antwerp. Belgium.

VIII. 1924 Paris. France.

IX. 1928 Amsterdam. Netherlands.

X. 1932 Los Angeles. USA.

XI. 1936 Berlin. Germany.

XII. 1940 Helsinki. Finland. The games were canceled due to the Soviet-Finnish War and the outbreak of World War II.

XIII. 1944 London. Great Britain. Games canceled due to World War II.

XIV. 1948 London. Great Britain.

XV. 1952 Helsinki. Finland.

XVI. 1956 Melbourne and Stockholm. Australia and Sweden. The main part of the competitions of the Olympic Games took place in Australia, but the other part, due to the peculiarities of the hot Australian climate, in Sweden.

XVII. 1960 Rome. Italy.

XVIII. 1964 Tokyo. Japan.

XIX. 1968 Mexico City. Mexico.

XX. 1972 Munich. Germany.

XXI. 1976 Montreal. Canada.

XXII. 1980 Moscow. USSR.

XXIII. 1984 Los Angeles. USA.

XXIV. 1988 Seoul. South Korea.

XXV. 1992 Barcelona. Spain.

XXVI. 1996 Atlanta. USA.

XXVII. 2000 Sydney. Australia.

XXVIII. 2004 Athens. Greece.

XXIX. 2008 Beijing. China.

XXX. 2012 London.

XXXI. 2016 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro won the competition among the cities that applied. For the first time, the Olympic Games will be held in South America.

Winter Olympics.

I. 1924 Chamonix. France. First Winter Olympic Games.

II. 1928 St. Moritz. Switzerland.

III. 1932 Lake Placid. USA.

IV. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Germany.

(V). 1940 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Germany. The Olympic Games have been canceled due to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.

(VI). 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo. Italy. The Olympic Games have been canceled due to the continuation of the Second World War.

V. 1948 St. Moritz. Switzerland.

VI. 1952 Oslo. Norway.

VII. 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo. Italy.

VIII. 1960 Squaw Valley. USA.

IX. 1964 Innsbruck. Austria.

X. 1968 Grenoble. France.

XI. 1972 Sapporo. Japan.

XII. 1976 Innsbruck. Austria.

XIII. 1980 Lake Placid. USA.

XIV. 1984 Sarajevo. Yugoslavia.

XV. 1988 Calgary. Canada.

XVI. 1992 Albertville. France. The IOC has decided to move the timing of the Winter Olympics by two years, relative to the Summer Olympics. This was done to definitively separate the Winter Olympic Games from the Summer ones, and to promote the popularization of the Olympic Movement.

XVII. 1994 Lillehammer. Norway.

XVIII. 1998 Nagano. Japan.

XIX. 2002 Salt Lake City. USA.

XX. 2006 Turin. Italy.

XXI. 2010 Vancouver. Canada.

XXII. 2014 Sochi. Russian Federation. Sochi won the competition among the cities that applied to host the Games.

XXIII. 2018 Pyeongchang. South Korea. Pyeongchang won the competition among the cities that applied to host the Games.

Practically in every Olympic Games there are changes in the type of competition. Some sports added, and some removed from the Olympic Games. In addition, demonstration performances in various sports are also held.

First Games

It is not a secret to anyone that the first Olympic Games were held in Greece as early as 776 BC. The small village of Olympia was chosen as the venue for the competition. At that time, competitions were held in only one discipline, which was running at a distance of 189 meters. Interesting feature that distinguished the first Olympic Games in Greece was that only men could take part in them. At the same time, they competed without shoes and any clothes on themselves. Among other things, only one woman, whose name was Demeter, received the right to observe the course of the competition.

History of the Olympics

The first Olympic Games were a great success, so the tradition of holding them has been preserved for another 1168 years. Already at that time it was decided to hold such competitions every four years. A confirmation of their great authority is the fact that during the competition between states that were at war, a temporary peace treaty was always concluded. Each new Olympics has received many changes compared to what the first Olympics were like. First of all, we are talking about adding disciplines. At first it was running at other distances, and then long jumps, fisting, pentathlon, discus throwing, spears, darts and many others were added to it. The winners enjoyed such great respect that they even erected monuments in Greece. There were also difficulties. The most serious of these was the ban on the Games by Emperor Theodosius I in 394 AD. The fact is that he considered this kind of competition pagan entertainment. And after 128 years in Greece, a very strong earthquake, because of which the Games were forgotten for a long time.

rebirth

In the middle of the eighteenth century, the first attempts to revive the Olympics began. They began to come true about a hundred years later thanks to the French scientist Pierre de Coubertin. With the help of his compatriot - archaeologist Ernst Curtius - he, in fact, wrote new rules for such competitions. The first modern Olympic Games began on April 6, 1896 in the Greek capital. Representatives of 13 countries from all over the world took part in them. Russia, due to financial problems, did not send its athletes. Competitions were held in nine disciplines, among which were the following: gymnastics, shooting, athletics, weightlifting, wrestling, fencing, tennis, swimming and cycling. Public interest in the Games was colossal, a vivid confirmation of which is the presence at them, according to official figures, of spectators in the amount of more than 90 thousand people. In 1924, it was decided to divide the Olympics into winter and summer.

Failed competitions

It happened that the competitions were not held, despite the fact that they were planned. We are talking about the Berlin Games in 1916, the Olympics in Helsinki in 1940, as well as the London competitions in 1944. The reason for this is one and the same - in world wars. Now all Russians are looking forward to the first Olympic Games to be held in Russia. It will happen in Sochi in 2014.

If so, you might be very interested to know impressive details of the origin of the Olympic races. The history of the Olympic Games is exciting and full of surprises. So, let's dive into the unknown distances of the world Olympiads?

How it all began

The famous Olympic Games in honor of Olympian Zeus originated in ancient Greece and have been held since 776 BC. e. every 4 years in the city of Olympia. Sports competitions were such a tremendous success and great importance for society that at the time of the Olympicohraces stopped wars and established ekekhiriya - a sacred truce.

People came from everywhere to look at the competitions in Olympia: some traveled on foot, some on horseback, and some even sailed by ships to distant lands, just to have at least one eye on the majestic Greek athletes. Entire tent settlements grew up around the city. To watch the athletes, spectators completely filled the hillsides around the Alfei river valley.

After the solemn victory and the award ceremony (presenting a wreath of sacred olive and palm branches), the Olympionist lived in clover. Holidays were held in his honor, hymns were sung, statues were made, in Athens the winner was exempted from taxes and burdensome public duties. And the winner was always left the best place in the theater. In some places, even the children of an Olympian enjoyed special privileges.

Interesting, that women were not allowed to compete in the Olympics under pain of death.

Brave Hellenes competed in running, fisticuffs (which Pythagoras once won), jumping, javelin throwing, and so on. The most dangerous, however, were the chariot races. You will not believe it, but the owner of the horses was considered the winner of the equestrian competition, and not the poor driver who risked his life for the sake of winning.

There are many legends associated with the Olympic Games. One of them says that Zeus himself allegedly organized the first competition in honor of the victory over his father. True or not, but in literature it was Homer who first mentioned the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece in the poem The Iliad.

Archaeological excavations show that in Olympia, 5 rectangular or horseshoe-shaped stadiums with stands for fans were built specifically for the competition.

Unfortunately, nothing is known about the time of the champions at the moment. It was enough to be the first to reach the finish line to get the right to light the sacred fire. But the legends tell us about the Olympians who ran faster than hares, and what is the talent of the Spartan Ladas, who did not leave footprints in the sand while running.

Modern Olympic Games

The modern international sporting events known as the Summer Olympics have been held every four years since 1896. Initiated by the French baron Pierre de Coubertin. He believed that it was precisely insufficient physical fitness that prevented French soldiers from winning the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. The youth should measure their strength on the sports grounds, not on the battlefields, the activist argued.

The first Olympic Games were held in Athens. To organize the competition created International Olympic Committee, whose first president was Demetrius Vikelas of Greece.

Since that time, the World Olympiad has become a good tradition. Against the backdrop of impressive excavations and archaeological finds, the idea of Olympism spread throughout Europe. Increasingly, European states organized their own sports competitions, which were watched by the whole world.

What about winter sports?

To fill a gap in winter sports competitions that were technically impossible to host in the summer, Since January 25, 1924, the Winter Olympic Games have been held. The first were organized in the French city Chamonix. In addition to figure skating and hockey, athletes competed in speed skating, ski jumping, etc.

293 athletes, including 13 women, from 16 countries of the world expressed their desire to compete for the championship in competitions. Ch. Juthrow from the USA (speed skating) became the first Olympic champion of the winter games, but in the end the teams of Finland and Norway turned out to be the leaders of the competition. The races lasted 11 days and ended on February 4th.

Attributes of the Olympic Games

Now a symbol and emblem The Olympic Games have five rings intertwined, which symbolize the unification of the five continents.

Olympic motto, proposed by the Catholic monk Henri Didon: "Faster, higher, stronger."

At the opening ceremony of each Olympiad, they raise flag- white cloth with the emblem (Olympic rings). Burning throughout the Olympiad Olympic the fire, which is brought to the venue each time from Olympia.

Since 1968, each Olympiad has its own.

The 2016 Olympic Games will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where the Ukrainian team will present their champions to the world. By the way, the figure skater became the first Olympic champion of independent Ukraine Oksana Baiul.

The opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games are always a spectacular sight, which once again emphasizes the prestige and planetary importance of these world competitions.

1st Olympic Games. Olympic games lecture

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

1. History of the Olympic Games

1.1 Olympia - the center of the Olympic Games

1.2 Olympic renaissance

1.3 And again in Greece!

1.4 Russia Olympic

1.5 Popularity of the modern Olympic Movement

1.6 The beginning of the formation of the Olympic complex of the city

1.7 A new stage in the development of the Olympic Movement

1.8 Olympic Games on the Asian continent

1.9 XXII Olympic Games

1.10 Games in honor of the 100th anniversary of the first Olympic Games

2. Winter Olympics

2.1 First Winter Olympics

3. Olympic flame

Conclusion

Bibliography

Similar Documents

Revival of the Olympic Games

Modern Olympic Games

Sports featured at the Summer Games

Years and venues of the Games

Search Engine Popularity of the Summer Olympics

Summer Olympic Games.

Winter Olympics.

How it all began

Modern Olympic Games

What about winter sports?

Attributes of the Olympic Games