Minor styles of the modern Russian literary language. Viii.2
When building the foundations of stylistics in Russian linguistics, developing the main directions and tasks, the outstanding Russian linguist V.V. Vinogradov relied on the main provisions of the stylistic theory of Ch. Bally and the idea of the functionality of language categories of representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle, as well as on the traditions of Russian linguistic science. He wrote, in particular, "that the internal differentiation of linguistic styles may not be based on the difference in the functions of the language (communication, message and influence) or on the allocation of certain varieties of the communicative function. It can be carried out on the basis of structural or constructive oppositions and relationships between particular systems of expression within a single structure of the language (for example, the synonymy of paradigmatic forms, synonymy in the circle of forms of phrases and sentences, synonymy of words and phrases, etc.) After all, the word functional contains a double meaning. It can also indicate the connection of styles with different functions of the language, and on the functional differentiation of the spheres of use of these styles "(Vinogradov V.V. Problems of Russian Stylistics, 1981, p. 22).
The functional and style system of the modern Russian literary language is multidimensional, that is, its functional varieties are distinguished for various reasons. For example, scientific, official business, journalistic styles are distinguished by focusing on the relevant areas of human activity (science, legislation and office work, politics) that they serve. In addition, the functional varieties that make up the functional-style system are not the same in their significance in speech communication and in their coverage of language material.
In the modern Russian literary language, there are two main varieties - written and oral. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "oral" and "colloquial", "written" and "bookish". Thus, the concepts of "oral" and "written" are broader, since they can include a larger number of texts. For example, the text of a book speech can be oral - a report, a solemn speech, an official information statement, and any colloquial text, including everyday vernacular, can exist on paper, for example, a note or a letter. Consequently, the terms "bookish" and "colloquial" characterize any text in terms of linguistic features that are adequate to a particular situation of communication; and the terms "oral" and "written" characterize the form of existence of the text - spoken or written. The most accurate differentiation of functional varieties of texts is presented in Table No. 1 of the Appendix.
The general basis for the selection of functional-style varieties is a set of parameters that appear in various combinations for each functional style. We list the main ones: the social task of verbal communication (the function of communicating information, the function of evaluating information, the function of influencing, forming a certain point of view on what is being reported); the situation of verbal communication (official, informal); the nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal); form of communication (oral or written language).
In modern functional stylistics, the direction developed by the Czech scientist V. Mathesius, as well as other representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle - V. Skalichka and B. Gavranek, is considered a priority. This direction is based on the division of styles depending on the sphere of communication they serve. Thoughts of V.V. Vinogradov about stylistic differentiation are developed more often in other sections of linguistics. The number of styles identified by various researchers ranges from 4 to 8. V.V. Vinogradov, for example, distinguishes the following styles: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, official-documentary, scientific, journalistic and fiction (Vinogradov, 1981, p. 29). In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish five main functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic, which can be divided into sub-styles. Scientific, official business and journalistic functional styles are bookish, serving certain areas of communication. Artistic and colloquial are not styles in the proper sense of the word, they are rather functional varieties of language that serve the spheres of everyday communication and aesthetic.
Usually, from the point of view of the communicative intention of the speaker, texts are distinguished in which the function of the message dominates the function of influence, and texts in which the function of influence dominates the function of the message; these are texts of an objective informative nature (scientific and official business) and texts of a subjective informative nature (publicism, everyday life). Some also note texts where both functions are in equilibrium, these are separate genres of journalism, primarily informational, separate genres of official business texts - instructions, as well as literary texts of various genres.
Thus, there is much in common between the book styles - scientific and official business - since they are equally aimed at the most objectified message. The differences between them are, first of all, for the purposes of communication, in the situation of communication, and in psycholinguistic parameters - ways of presenting content. Between scientific and journalistic texts, one can also note the general and the different, since certain genres of the scientific style - an article, annotation, a review - are very similar to some genres of journalism - an information article, an essay, the proximity of these genres is due, first of all, to pragmatic factors that bring conditions closer situations of communication of this or that text. Apparently, for this reason, disputes about the status of popular science literature, which some researchers attribute to scientific literature, while others - to journalism.
Consider, for example, several texts:
1) Article 48
1. The origin of the child from the mother (maternity) is established by the civil registry office on the basis of documents confirming the birth of the child by the mother in a medical institution, and in the case of the birth of a child outside a medical institution, on the basis of medical documents, testimonies or other evidence.
2. If a child was born from persons who are married to each other, as well as within three hundred days from the moment of dissolution of marriage, its recognition as invalid or from the moment of death of the spouse of the mother of the child, the spouse (former spouse) of the mother is recognized as the father of the child, unless otherwise proven (Article 52 of this Code). The paternity of the spouse of the mother of the child is certified by a record of their marriage.
3. If the child's mother declares that the father of the child is not her spouse (former spouse), paternity in respect of the child is established in accordance with the rules provided for in paragraph 4 of this article or article 49 of this Code.
4. The paternity of a person who is not married to the mother of a child shall be established by submitting a joint application to the civil registry office by the father and mother of the child; in the event of the death of the mother, her recognition as incapacitated, the impossibility of establishing the location of the mother or in the event of deprivation of her parental rights - at the request of the father of the child with the consent of the guardianship and guardianship authority, in the absence of such consent - by decision of the court ... (Family Code of the Russian Federation) , With. 22).
2) SCIENCE, the sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality. In the course of historical development, science becomes the productive force of society and the most important social institution. The concept of "science" includes both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and the result of this activity - the sum of the scientific knowledge obtained so far, which together form a scientific picture of the world. The term "science" is also used to refer to certain branches of scientific knowledge. The immediate goals of science are the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality that make up the subject of its study on the basis of the laws it discovers, that is, in a broad sense, a theoretical reflection of reality. Being integral to the practical way of mastering the world, science as the production of knowledge is a very specific form of activity. If in material production knowledge is used as a means of increasing labor productivity, then in science they are obtained in the form of a theoretical description, scheme, technological process, summary of experimental data, formulas of some kind. drug, etc. - forms the main and immediate goal. Unlike types of activity, the result of which, in principle, is known in advance, scientific activity gives an increment of new knowledge, that is, its result is fundamentally unconventional. That is why science acts as a force that constantly revolutionizes other activities. From the aesthetic (artistic) way of mastering reality, the bearer of which is art, that is, its figurative reflection, science is distinguished by the desire for logical, maximally generalized objective knowledge. Often art is characterized as "thinking in images", and science - as "thinking in concepts", with the aim of emphasizing that the former develops predominantly the sensory-imaginative side. creativity man, and science - mainly intellectual-conceptual. However, these differences do not mean an impenetrable line between science and art, which are united by a creative and cognitive attitude to reality (FES, 1983, pp. 403-404).
3) For the first time I saw him more than 10 years ago - from an airplane, from an airplane landing at Wat Tai, the airport of the Lao capital. It was August, almost in the middle of the wet season, when the river was so full and wide that it was hard to tell where the riverbed ended and the water-covered rice fields began. In the light of the setting sun, the water shone red - it seemed to me then that it was a reflection of the sunset. Since then I have seen the Mekong in Laos and Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, from above and from the shore; I crossed it in boats, on ferries and on bridges, and walked on it in riverboats. I learned that the reddish tint of its water is not a play of sunset colors, but the natural color of the river in its widest part: the continental layer here consists of red clay, and this clay deprives the water of transparency.
The world-famous name of the river is a historical misunderstanding. In fact, its name consisted of a dozen words and began with the definition "Holy Moon River". But the French, who explored in XI10th century the Mekong basin, most often heard from the local population "menam" and "khong", which in related Thai and Lao languages mean the same thing: "river", "channel", "reservoir". The combination of these words was fixed on European maps. (E. Belenky. The river, the course of which was laid by snakes / / Geo. - No. 8. - 2000. - p. 22).
4) At the hour of a hot spring sunset, two citizens appeared on the Patriarch's Ponds. The first of them - about forty years old, dressed in a gray summer pair - was vertically challenged, dark-haired, well-fed, bald, carried his decent hat with a pie in his hand, and his neatly shaven face was decorated with supernatural-sized glasses in black horn-rimmed. The other, a broad-shouldered, reddish, shaggy young man with a checkered cap folded at the back of his head, was wearing a cowboy shirt, chewed white trousers, and black slippers. The first was none other than Mikhail Aleksandrovich Berlioz, editor of a thick art magazine and chairman of the board of one of the largest Moscow literary associations, abbreviated as Massolit, and his young companion, the poet Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev, who wrote under the pseudonym Bezdomny.
Once in the shade of the slightly green lindens, the writers first rushed to the colorfully painted booth with the inscription "Beer and Water". Yes, the first strangeness of this terrible May evening should be noted. Not only at the booth, but in the entire alley parallel to Malaya Bronnaya Street, there was not a single person. At this hour, when, it seemed, there was no strength to breathe, when the sun, having heated Moscow, was falling in a dry fog somewhere beyond the Garden Ring, no one came under the lindens, no one sat on the bench, the alley was empty.
(M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita).
5) “Isn’t there a fresher langetics, dear?” Or softer entrecote?
- You, you see, the grandmother made a mistake with the address, - the saleswoman answers her, - you don’t need to go to cooking, but to the head doctor ... Don’t you see what’s on the counter?
Avdotyushka was offended.
- Thank you, he says, for the advice.
And in another "kilinaria". Comes in - there is! I broke the kidneys of some hat.
These kidneys, as in an anatomist, soaked lonely on a dish, and the hat studied and sniffed them. He takes off his glasses, then he puts them on. Avdotyushka quickly went to the cash register and beat him off.
- Why, - the intellectual shouts, - I am the first.
- You sniffed, and mother repulsed, - says the sales worker.
- What about others?
- But there are no others ... Here, buy a delicacy, it rarely happens.
An intellectual looked - something incomprehensible. I read the label: "Caviar on an egg." I looked closely, really, not fresh, but a hard-boiled egg, cut in half. And on the hydrogen sulfide yolk there is black sparrow dung.
(F. Gorenstein. With a wallet / V. Erofeev. Russian Flowers of Evil: An Anthology. - M., 1997. - P. 244).
Before us are five texts belonging to various functional varieties of the Russian language. The first text represents the official business style, the second is scientific, the third is publicistic, the fourth is an example of artistic speech, and finally, the fifth text, although it is also artistic, clearly illustrates the features of colloquial speech. It is not difficult to note that all texts are different in language, composition, syntax, and each of them is appropriate only in a certain situation.
Formal business style serves the field of written official business relations. In accordance with their nature, it is customary to distinguish three sub-styles in it: clerical and business, legal, and diplomatic. This style functions in rigid forms of documents of various genres, generalizing typical situations of official business communication. Along with certain language norms, it also has genre norms that regulate the implementation of the document structure.
The nature of the business relationship determines the high level standardization (establishment of uniform norms and requirements) and unification (bringing to uniformity) language means. Often business documents are a certain sequence of language clichés and expressions, where only certain lines are to be filled in, for example, the text of a contract, agreements, statements, and others. The business style is characterized by the clarity of the functions of each message in accordance with the business situation. Features of business texts are related to the requirements for them: accuracy (unambiguity) of wording; consistency, consistency, reasoning, consistency and brevity of presentation.
The official business style is characterized by:
In the field of stylistics - the stylistic uniformity of the text, the tendency to use neutral elements and stamps;
In the field of vocabulary - the rejection of the use of obsolete and expressive units, replacing them with neutral ones, as well as the use of specific lexemes characteristic of this style ( due, subject) and phraseological units;
In the field of morphology - the replacement of verbs by verbal nouns of action, the high frequency of forms of the genitive case of nouns, the tendency to not use personal and demonstrative pronouns, since they are not unambiguous;
In the field of syntax - the complexity of constructions, complex sentences with the meaning of cause, effect, condition, concession, the use of complex prepositions, characteristic of written speech: contrary to the fact that ..., on the basis that ... .
High level The standardization of speech makes the official business style in the minds of speakers a model of standard speech, therefore this style is the main source of the spread of unjustified use of speech cliches in spoken and written speech.
scientific style- functional style of speech, which aims to describe an object, phenomenon, knowledge system; scientific text, therefore, can be the basis for the creation of another scientific text, stimulate cognitive activity of some. subject. A scientific text is a description of the result of a scientific study with its inherent features. The rational program of the scientific style of speech, of course, prevails over the evaluative one, this is one of the main reasons for the desire of the author of a scientific text to eliminate himself.
Trying to characterize the scientific style of speech, scientists often proceed from various parameters, such as speech quality, syntactic and morphological characteristics, pragmatic features, technical and stylistic techniques. So, speaking about the quality of speech, various authors pay attention to the following properties of the scientific style: clarity, consistency, conciseness of presentation, accuracy and objectivity, standardity and ugliness. So, M.P. Senkevich characterizes the main, in her opinion, properties of the scientific style in this way: "Completeness, accuracy, objectivity of the statement and a strict logical sequence of presentation, the use of intellectual elements of the language" (Sinkevich M.P. Stylistics scientific speech and literary editing of scientific works. - M., 1976. - S. 144). From the standpoint of analyzing typical situations of scientific speech communication, these qualities are closely related to its main goal setting - a clear, unambiguous and consistent presentation of semantic content to the reader. The author of a scientific text strives for its adequate perception by the reader, that is, the semantic (primary) and connotative (secondary) types of information after it has been encoded by the author, transmitted in the form of some kind of information. text, decrypted by the addressee must remain unchanged. To achieve this goal in the scientific style, a number of special means and techniques have developed, which are expressed in the following: division of the text - its clear compositional organization; communicative clarity, realized with the help of enhanced accentuation; explicitness, unambiguous expression of logical connections; generalization as a way of focusing attention on the action, and not on the actor, on the object, and not on the subject or its relation to the object; activation of the reader's attention, limitedly realized with the help of the author's subjective assessments expressed by specific means; the uniqueness of the expression, eliminating all possible variant interpretations of the semantic content; emphasized unemotional expression.
On the lexical level, this is the use of terms, abstract vocabulary, the use of polysemantic lexical units in a semantically sufficient environment for correct perception, the absence of emotionally colored and expressive vocabulary;
At the syntactic level, full constructions are preferred, while elliptical ones perform special functions; introductory constructions are widely used both for the implementation of interphrase links and for expressing the author's point of view; the proportion of complex sentences increases, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, passive constructions are very common;
At the morphological-syntactic level, one can single out the absence of a specific time plan, the special nature of predicates that do not express a specific action, a large number of words in the singular form in the plural meaning, indicating the generalization of the subject, phenomenon; formation of forms is possible plural from lexemes singularia tantum and under.
Journalistic style is a historically developed functional variety of the literary language, serving a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports and others. The journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentaries, and some types of oratory (for example, in political eloquence).
The use of linguistic means is largely determined by their social and evaluative qualities and capabilities in terms of effective and purposeful impact on the mass audience, this is what determines the evaluative and polemical character of this style. The social appraisal of linguistic means distinguishes the journalistic style from all other styles of the literary language, the invocative nature determines the incentive nature of journalism.
The functional purpose of the words and expressions used by the journalistic style is not the same: among them one can single out neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary and phraseology. One of the properties of a journalistic text is dialogization; the author of a journalistic text addresses the reader or listener with his thoughts, feelings, assessments, therefore, the author's "I" always appears in his presentation.
In journalism, they are used as standard, clichéd means of language ( to matter, to cause harm, negative consequences), as well as expressive, expressive, emotionally influencing the audience by means of the language; emotionality and expressiveness is created through tropes and stylistic figures. For expressive purposes, not only language proper, but also compositional logical and stylistic forms and techniques are used: catchy headings, the nature of the alternation of the narrative, descriptions and reasoning, introductory episodes, citation, the introduction of different types of someone else's speech. The constant desire for novelty of expression, aimed at attracting an audience, is manifested in the attraction of words and expressions from various layers of the language, the creation of newspaper metaphors. So, modern newspaper journalism is characterized by the combination of high book vocabulary ( accomplishment, aspiration, self-sacrifice, implement, create, fatherland) with colloquial, reduced ( hype, window dressing, buzz, disassembly, wet).
AT journalistic style socio-political vocabulary is widely used ( society, society, democratization), borrowed vocabulary ( corruption, conversion, monitoring), semantically reinterpreted words ( perestroika, model, periphery), including scientific terms and professionalisms ( clamp, agony, finish). Since journalism reflects the social diversity of modern Russian speech, it is permissible to use elements of other styles in it. The syntax of the journalistic style is characterized by elliptical constructions (with omitted members), nominative sentences, segmented constructions, since the syntax of journalism reflects a tendency towards colloquialism.
In real communication, mixing is often carried out, the imposition of one style on another, especially in oral speech, which is characterized by non-strict normalization, which, however, is also functionally conditioned: an oral statement is instantaneous, it cannot be returned to, it cannot be analyzed again, therefore the speaker is forced to formulate his thought more intelligibly, to use all means of influencing the listener, not only verbal, but and intonation, paralinguistic, in some cases - figurative and expressive. Many scientists do not deny the undoubted presence of a two-way connection between functional styles and individual author's styles. In the scientific sphere of communication, as in any other, all functional and stylistic varieties of speech can appear: bookish - official business and actually scientific, colloquial - journalism and actually colloquial. It is quite obvious that the official business style in the scientific field can act only in normative situations; formalized scientific reports, patent texts can be cited as an example; journalistic texts are usually found in non-standardized speech situations (scientific controversy, advertising article, some types of reviews, popular science article).
Along with the concept of functional style, the concept of the functional-style system of the language is singled out, which can combine a number of styles. So, one of the functional and stylistic systems is book speech, which includes journalistic style, scientific style, official business style, the language of fiction, oral public speech, the language of radio, cinema and television.
Sometimes the language of fiction is considered a special functional variety, along with official business, scientific, journalistic styles, but this is not true. The language of science or business documentation and the language of artistic prose and poetry cannot be considered as phenomena of the same order. A literary text does not have a specific lexical set and grammatical tools that usually distinguish one variety from another. The peculiarity of the language of fiction is not that it uses some specific language means that are unique to it. Language of fiction- a functional type of speech, which is an open system and is not limited in the use of any language features. The author of a literary text boldly uses all the resources of the language, and the only measure of the legitimacy of such use is only artistic expediency. Not only those lexical and grammatical features that are typical for business, journalistic and scientific speech, but also the features of non-literary speech - dialectal, colloquial, jargon - can be accepted by a literary text and organically assimilated by it.
On the other hand, the language of fiction is more sensitive to the literary norm, it takes into account a large number of prohibitions (the meaning of the gender of inanimate nouns, subtle semantic and stylistic shades, and much more). For example, in ordinary speech the words horse and horse-synonyms, but in a poetic context they are irreplaceable: Where are you galloping, proud horse, and where will you lower your hooves?; in a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov " A golden cloud spent the night On the chest of a giant cliff…” noun gender cloud and rock contextually significant, serves as the basis not only for the personification, but also for the creation of the artistic image of the poem, and if we replace them with synonyms, for example, cloud and mountain we get a completely different poetic work. The linguistic fabric in a literary text is created according to more strict laws, which require taking into account the smallest stylistic and expressive properties of the word, its associative connections, the ability to divide into constituent morphemes, to have an internal form.
A work of art may include such words and grammatical forms that are outside the literary language and are rejected in non-artistic speech. So, a number of writers (N. Leskov, M. Sholokhov, A. Platonov and others) widely use dialectisms in their works, as well as rather rude turns of speech characteristic of colloquial speech. However, replacing these words with literary equivalents would deprive their texts of the power and expressiveness that these texts breathe.
Artistic speech allows any deviations from the norms of the literary language, if these deviations are aesthetically justified. There are infinitely many artistic motives that allow the introduction of non-literary language material into a literary text: these are the recreation of the atmosphere, the creation of the necessary color, the “reduction” of the narrative object, irony, the means of designating the image of the author, and many others. Any deviations from the norm in a literary text occur against the background of the norm, require the reader to have a certain “sense of the norm”, thanks to which he can assess how artistically significant and expressive the deviation from the norm is in a particular context. The “openness” of a literary text brings up not disregard for the norm, but the ability to appreciate it; without a keen sense of general literary norms, there is no full-fledged perception of expressive, intense, figurative texts.
The "mixing" of styles in fiction is due to the author's intention and content of the work, that is, stylistically marked. Elements of other styles in a work of art are used in an aesthetic function.
M.N. Kozhina notes: “The removal of artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we take artistic speech out of the number of functional styles, but consider that the literary language acts in a variety of functions - and this cannot be denied - then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such, getting into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language ”(Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1993. - S. 79-80).
The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.
The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. Artistic speech has its own laws of perception of the word, the meaning of which is largely determined by the author’s target setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, it is in the context this work can acquire artistic ambiguity, not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is evaluated by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.
Research M.M. Bakhtin (Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1986) showed that a work of art is inherently dialogical: it contains the voices of the author and characters, which are unusually difficult to correlate with each other. Therefore, it becomes fundamentally important to consider how the speech of the characters is depicted and how the interaction with the speech of the narrator takes place. The stylistic use of elements of colloquial, official business and scientific styles in the text is directly dependent on the opposition of the characters' speech to the author's. Thus, a special language structure is created, sometimes including entire fragments of various functional styles. In the structure of a work of art, the author's speech is usually distinguished, direct, non-authorial and non-self-direct.
In direct speech, the conversational style is most actively manifested. The author's speech, reflecting the reality external to the author, is built with a predominance of book and written elements. In non-proprietary-author's and non-properly-direct speech, the actual author's speech and the speech of the characters are combined in various proportions.
In other functional styles, the aesthetic function does not have such a large share, does not develop the qualitative originality that is typical for it in the system of a work of art. The communicative function of the style of fiction is manifested in the fact that information about the art world works merges with information about the world of reality. The aesthetic function closely interacts with the communicative one, and this interaction leads to the fact that in the language of a work of art the word not only conveys some content, meaning, but also emotionally affects the reader, causing him certain thoughts, ideas, it makes the reader an empathy and to some extent an accomplice of the events described.
The dynamics inherent in artistic speech, in contrast to the statics of scientific and official business speech, is manifested in the high frequency of the use of verbs. It is known that their frequency is almost two times higher than in scientific, and three times higher than in official business texts.
The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert that all existing language means can potentially be included in artistic speech.
Colloquial variety, or colloquial style, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.
The main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal letters, notes, diaries, replicas of characters in plays). Oral and colloquial speech should not be identified, since part of oral speech can be attributed to various book styles: scientific discussion, public lecture, business negotiations etc.
The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease , which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character, immediacy and unpreparedness communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the speaker and the listener determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.
A conversational monologue is a form of a casual story about some events, about something seen, read or heard, and is addressed to a specific listener with whom the speaker must establish contact.
A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotypical use of language tools, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakness syntactic links between parts of the utterance or their lack of formality, sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of language units with a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.
Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, fixed in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book ones, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake. This allowed the researchers to assert that modern colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are rather peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical situations, ready-made constructions, stable turns, various kinds of speech clichés are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and contribute to the strengthening of the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the hallmark of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of the norms.
Thus, in a colloquial style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repetitive situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subjected to various mixtures. These two circumstances determine the specifics of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by more a high degree mandatory in comparison with the norms of other styles, where synonymy is not excluded, free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means. On the other hand, general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the colloquial style can be subjected to various displacements to a greater extent than in other styles.
In colloquial style, in comparison with scientific and official-business, the share of neutral vocabulary is much higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to this particular style, for example, cut off- "answer sharply" fly- “move quickly”, “break, deteriorate” ( the engine flew, flies at full speed); household vocabulary is widely used. The use of words with a specific meaning is common in colloquial speech, the use of terms and foreign words that have not yet become common is uncharacteristic. A characteristic feature of the colloquial variety is the richness of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology; a special kind of colloquial phraseology is made up of standard expressions, the usual formulas of speech etiquette: How are you?, I'm sorry! and under.
The use of non-literary vocabulary (slang, vulgarism, rude and abusive words and expressions) is not a normative phenomenon of colloquial style, but rather the same violation of its norms as the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives speech an artificial, strained character.
Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. So, in colloquial speech, certain word-building models with subjective evaluation suffixes, prefixes are very productive: little hand, house, furious, bouncer, imagined, running around, kind, whispering, fashionable, pushing, throwing away and under.
In the field of morphology, one can note grammatical forms that function predominantly in a colloquial style, for example, the -a forms in the nominative plural ( bunker, searchlight, inspector), forms in –y in the genitive and prepositional singular ( a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation), null-terminated forms in the genitive plural ( five grams, a kilogram of tomato).
One of the characteristic features of the colloquial style is the widespread use of pronouns, which not only replace nouns and adjectives, but are also used without relying on context. In colloquial style, verbs predominate over nouns, personal forms of the verb are especially active in the text, participles are used extremely rarely, the only exception is the short form of passive participles of the past tense.
The immediacy and unpreparedness of the utterance, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the colloquial style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the language system, the incomplete structure of the expression of meaning by linguistic means is manifested. The incompleteness of structures, ellipticity is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of the literary language. Since the conversational style is usually implemented in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the situation or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted in speech. A.M. Peshkovsky, describing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; when we meet a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; when we hear boring music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, we say: “Boiled, don’t worry!”, seeing that the pen of the interlocutor does not write, we say: “And you with a pencil!” etc." (Peshkovsky A.M. Objective and normative point of view on the language / / Peshkovsky A.M. Selected works. - M., 1959. - P. 58).
In colloquial syntax, simple sentences predominate, and they often lack a verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic consistency ( I'm going to the shop; I would like something hot; In the evening at home.); in others, the missing verb is suggested by the situation.
Of the complex sentences in this style, compound and non-union sentences are the most active; they often have a pronounced colloquial coloring and are not used in book speech ( Thank you friend - did not disappoint; so many people - nothing to see). The emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech is due to the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences. Intonation, closely related to the tempo of speech, melody, voice timbre, pauses, logical stresses, in a colloquial style carries a huge semantic load, giving speech, naturalness, emotionality, liveliness and expressiveness. It makes up for what is left unsaid, enhances expressiveness. The order of words in colloquial speech, not being the main means of expressing semantic shades, has a high variability: often the most important element in the semantic sense is put forward in the first place.
People communicate through language. It is a method of expressing and shaping feelings and thoughts. Language is a means of assimilating new information and knowledge, a tool for effectively influencing feelings and mind. To implement these functions, a native speaker needs to have a good command of it. A person, in other words, must be developed. As a means of expressing thoughts and feelings, a voice message or printed text can act. Literary language styles can interact with each other. So, in some publications, instruments of different genres can be used. Next, we will analyze what styles of the literary language exist and why they are needed.
Terminology
The word "style" has ancient Greek roots. In those days, they wrote on waxed tablets with a stylet needle. Stylistics is a certain section of vocabulary. Within its framework, the study of the features of the use of means of expressing thoughts and feelings is carried out, depending on the situation, goals and content of statements, conditions and spheres of communication. The section directly explores the styles of the literary language, introduces them at all levels. The discipline studies the organization of correct, expressive, logical and accurate speech. The lesson "Styles of the literary language at school" teaches the expedient and conscious application of lexical laws and means.
Directions
Linguistic stylistics studies language and speech. The first direction introduces the structure of vocabulary. Linguistic, grammatical and phraseological means are also studied. The second direction, first of all, explores various types of speech, as well as their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. Stylistics should basically have a consistently functional character. With its help, the connection of various speech types with the purpose, the subject of the statement, the addressee, the conditions of communication, the author's attitude directly to the subject should be revealed.
Basic concepts
The most important categories of the discipline include the styles of the literary language. They are applied in various spheres of public life. Style is a kind of literary language through which the expression of thoughts and feelings is carried out in the process of communication. Each of them is characterized not only by a peculiar set of means, but also by their unique combination. There are different functional styles of the modern literary language. There are five of them in total. More "closed" is the formal business style of the literary language. The most common in everyday life is colloquial. There is also a scientific style of literary language. It belongs to the written-book speech type. A special place is occupied by the language. This is due to the variety of means used in creating images to influence the feelings and minds of readers. The concept of scientific style is considered quite broad. It combines various types of publications in their form, diverse in content and purpose. The journalistic style of the literary language is considered a communicative book means of transmitting information. Next, we will consider each of them in more detail.
oral form
All its distinctive features can be entirely attributed to the conversational style. However, this concept should not be confused with the definition of "oral speech". The latter is considered a wider phenomenon. Conversational style is realized mainly in oral speech. However, other genres can also be present in it. These, for example, include a report, a lecture, a report, and so on.
Main features
The colloquial style is characterized by ease of presentation, its expressiveness, concreteness. At the same time, the author expresses a subjective attitude to the exposition. Conversational style is characterized by the direct influence of various extralinguistic elements.
Lexical groups
There are only two of them. The first includes colloquial They, in turn, also form subgroups and categories. So, they distinguish colloquial everyday and literary vocabulary. The first is adjoined by vernacular. This subgroup consists of two categories. The first includes vernaculars that are on the border of literary use. It is inherently non-rude, domestic, somewhat familiar. For example, they often say instead of potatoes - potatoes, instead of being guilty - to be fined, and so on. The second category includes rough, non-literary vocabulary. For example, instead of trying to achieve - to drive up, instead of walking around doing nothing - to hang around, loiter. Vulgarisms, as well as swear words, can also be attributed to this category. For example, toadies, to die, to die, and others. Such elements are used, as a rule, in the image of negative life phenomena. The second subgroup includes such categories as professionalisms (names of animal species; for example, a brown bear - fescue, vulture, ant, and others), dialectisms (stubble - stubble, squirrel - veksha, etc.), slang words (nature - plein air , pleasure - plezir, etc.), slang vocabulary (young - new salaga, betray - split, etc.). A fairly large number of jargon appeared in the speech of the ruling class even before the revolution. Some of them have been preserved from the slang vocabulary and has a connection with the age community of certain generations. For example, among young people such words as "pair" (deuce), "cheat sheet" and others are popular. It should be noted that the described discharges are characterized by a narrow distribution area.
Common words
This is the main layer of conversational style. It includes two categories of words. These are, in particular, colloquial and, in fact, colloquial. These categories are quite close to each other - the line between them is very mobile, unsteady and often barely perceptible. This is also indicated by the presence of different marks in different dictionaries. So, for example, such words as "really", "squatting" in the Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov's edition are colloquial, and in the edition of the Modern Literary Russian Language they are colloquial. Some elements are double marked. This is due to the fact that a large number of common dialectisms go into the category of colloquial words.
Characterization and syntax
The conversational style is dominated by words with emotional and expressive features. They can be affectionate, contemptuous, diminutive, abusive, ironic and others. As for the syntax, it is characterized by incompleteness, omissions, a large number of incomplete sentences, and numerous repetitions. Exclamations, questions, including rhetorical ones, are used as a summing up or one of the forms of emotional assertion. Inversion is also used for different parts of speech. This is especially true for adjectives that act as definitions in nominal phrases.
Clarity and accuracy of presentation
The styles of the modern Russian literary language are distinguished by the variety of means used within them. Some of the features of one form of presentation can be found in some of the others. However, not all styles of the literary language interact with each other. Some media are not applicable in one category or another. As mentioned above, the official business style is considered the most closed of all. It combines various kinds of documents. This includes both business correspondence and official state acts. In the sources you can find certain differences in language. They depend on the purpose of the documents themselves. However, despite their presence, this style as a whole is characterized by many specific features. These, in particular, should include accuracy, clarity, imperativeness, objectivity and completeness of the statement, specificity and clarity of the wording. All these properties are due to the main purpose of documents - to ensure the flow of information about indisputable facts. Laconism and logical presentation are also characteristic of the official business style, as well as special forms, according to which the material is located.
Heterogeneity of documents
Without a specific standard form, some papers lose their legal value. This group can, for example, include a passport. Others print like a template. Such papers include, for example, forms. But still others may not have standard stable forms. This group includes reports, business correspondence, protocols, and so on.
Features of documentary presentation
At the lexical level, in particular, there are peculiar words and phraseology that other styles of the literary language do not have. These include the following: lives, person (person), is provided (given), occupies an area (lives) and others. Emotional coloring is also uncharacteristic for documents. They do not contain elements that are rich in other styles of the literary language. For example, they do not occur. Language standards are widespread in this genre. They often use denominative prepositions: at the expense of, for the purposes of, in the region, from the side, and others with verbal nouns. Other verbal stencils are also used, which are quite appropriate in some varieties of style. This genre is characterized by the use of both "high" vocabulary and elements in a figurative, and not in a direct sense. For example, power, now, departed and others. They give the speech significance and solemnity. In a number of international documents, complimentary vocabulary is used. For example, such appeals are popular: madam, Your Excellency, Their Highness and others.
The second, relatively closed genre of presentation
In this case, we are talking about the scientific style. It includes articles in narrowly focused journals, monographs, reference and encyclopedic, industrial and technical educational publications, abstracts, annotations, and others. The main ones should primarily include logic, abstract generalization, accuracy and objectivity. The presentation of information is not designed in this case for the sensory perception of the reader. However, emotional elements can be used in the scientific style. They enhance the persuasiveness of the presentation in prose, as they contrast sharply with the dry nature of the narrative.
Scientific style of the Russian literary language: general characteristics and tasks
This genre is characterized by saturation with factual material, conciseness and accuracy of presentation. Descriptions of the phenomena of reality, their study and interpretation serve as the content. The scientific style of the literary language is used in the proof of certain hypotheses and provisions, their argumentation. In this genre, there is a presentation of various research problems. In this regard, scientific work for the most part contains a chain of reasoning and evidence.
Communicative book genre
It's about publicity. This genre is very heterogeneous. It contains elements that other styles of the modern Russian literary language have. Among the main features of the genre, it is worth noting logicality, factuality, concreteness, informative richness and motivation of presentation, expressiveness and conciseness, emotionality.
The main functions of the communicative genre
Publicistic style serves the ideological and political spheres. The genre aims to promptly, accurately and easily inform people about the most important events that took place abroad and within the fatherland, to influence the reader and evoke in him one or another attitude to the depicted. In other words, journalism is a means of mass propaganda and information. Factographic, logical and informative function of the genre contribute to the widespread use of sentences in it that report something (a fact or an event). Motivation, expressiveness, emotionality determine the use of syntactic and lexical-phraseological means. This genre is implemented on television, in print, radio, and political speeches. Newspaper-journalistic styles of presentation are multifaceted. Some of them are pure form of the genre. These include, for example, a review, a note, a report. Others may border on fictional storytelling. Pamphlet, essay. Still others have features of official business literature. This form of presentation is typical for an editorial.
The main principles of communicative presentation
The genre is characterized by the use of socio-evaluative. Newspaper journalism implements an organic complex of figurative and logical principles, generalization of evidence, reasoning and figurative concretization. In this regard, in the newspaper one can observe a combination of informativeness, obligatory emotionality and logic, evaluativeness. It also shows the unity of a number of opposing tendencies. This, in particular, is the focus on speech standardization and the use of clichés, on the one hand, and the revitalization of the narrative, the desire for expression, on the other.
Syntactic level
The journalistic style is characterized by simplicity of construction, orderliness of the form of narration, a fairly frequent inversion of sentence elements that act as the logical center of phrases. The components of poetic synthesis are also applicable here: epiphora, anaphora, rhetorical questions, and so on. This is especially evident in the agitation and propaganda publications. In the journalistic style, elements of colloquial syntax are also used. An editorial is considered quite specific in form. In such a narrative, there is material that is the most important in the political and ideological sense, and problems of international and national importance are also posed. Differs in variety and essay. This genre is considered to be borderline between fiction and communicative literature. The essay quite noticeably feels the presence of the author's "I", a pamphlet, a feuilleton, which are based on a satirical attitude to reality and a direct assessment of negative factors. This explains the use of emotional and expressive means. The genre uses different elements that have other styles of the Russian literary language. If characterized in general, we can say that the publications are characterized by passion, the use of components with semantic meaning, expressive-modal parts, convergence of the book and This, in turn, leads to a variety, stylistic looseness of the means of expression.
Artistic style: general characteristics
This concept is highly ambiguous. It has a complex style and language of the writer. The latter should be understood as those language units with which the text is filled. The styles of the literary language that the author uses in constructing the narrative make it possible to reflect his thoughts in various forms. Among the features of the genre, one should single out the unity of aesthetic and communicative functions. This is due to the dual task that fiction performs. In particular, through it not only the story is told, but also the impact on the reader is carried out. The diversity of means also belongs to the features of the genre. Elements that have other styles of the modern literary language can also be used. Trails and other visual and expressive means are also widely used here. In addition, there is also the image of the author. The narrative reflects his individuality, worldview, perception, aesthetic and ideological views.
Distinctive features of presentation
Artistic speech is characterized by figurativeness, ambiguity of the word, semantic capacity, emotionality. The genre techniques and means used are subject to the disclosure of a certain ideological concept of the work. They, in turn, determine the expediency and validity of the elements used by the author. When analyzing the presentation, one should reveal the features of verbal forms expressing the ideological content. The genre under consideration is considered more diverse and broad than some other styles of the Russian literary language. He is not simple complex techniques, but is the most important property of figurative poetic thinking. Of all the elements that the main styles of the literary language have, the author chooses those that are necessary for him to reveal the chosen topic.
Imagery of the genre
It is formed in the genre not only through the use of figurative meanings of words and specific lexical and syntactic devices. Stylistically neutral means can also play an important role. Poetic power and imagery often lie in special phrases and stressed key parts. In them, simple elements acquire great power. Various works of Chekhov and Pushkin can serve as an example. In them, the most ordinary words form a strong image. Grammar forms, as well as syntactic devices, can also have great expressiveness. Thus, two types of means are used to form imagery. First of all, these are the methods of the language itself. These include figures and tropes, phraseological, semantic and lexical poeticisms. Secondly, these are elements that are generally considered neutral in the language, but in the structure of the narrative they become figurative. The individual style of presentation as a whole is determined by the lexical composition and subject matter.
Issues for discussion:
1. The stylistic system of the modern Russian language.
2. General characteristics of functional styles (scientific style, formal business style, journalistic style, artistic style, colloquial style).
3. Functional and semantic types of text: description, narration, reasoning.
4. Expressive styles: solemn, official, familiar, intimately affectionate, ironic, satirical.
5. Types of stylistic coloring.
Stylistics- a branch of linguistics that studies various styles.
Style- manner of writing, method of presentation, a set of techniques for using language means.
Functional language style- a kind of unified literary language, which is usually used in a certain area of public life. Functional styles are divided into bookstores(scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic) and colloquial.
Expressive styles are classified depending on the expression contained in the language elements, for them the most important is the impact function. The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary.
Practical part
Exercise 1. Learn styles by their characteristics.
1. Logically (consistently and reasonably), accurately (excluding approximations), impartially transmitted information to communicate knowledge.
2. Officially, according to the generally accepted standard, exactly (excluding ambiguity), something is stated in the form of a document.
3. Directly and invitingly, with the aim of influencing the listener (reader), the civil position of the author is expressed in connection with something.
4. A personal attitude to something is freely expressed or something is reported in the process of people's communication.
5. Indirectly, through a system of artistic images, something is narrated in order to influence the author's poetic thought on the reader.
Task 2. What styles do these genres of speech belong to?
Theses, protocol, abstract, novel, remark, essay, reportage, story, report, poem, statement, open letter, abstract, agenda, story, cover letter, law, slogan, fable, indictment, dialogue, questionnaire, leaflet, note , announcement, decree, contract, description, resolution, ode, short story, dissertation, monograph, phrase.
Task 3. Distribute the given words into the following groups: a) book vocabulary; b) neutral vocabulary; c) colloquial vocabulary.
Cancel, anonymous, antenna, appeal, orange, aplomb, arbitration, ariadnina thread, arkharovets, archive, allocate, certificate, go around, affix, airport, baba yaga, dunce, junk, bashi-bazouk, biography, nearby, bureaucrat, on time, waterfall , clerical, homeowner, register, inventory, procure, contractor, coordinate, liquidate, domicile, hash, young man, bridge, notary, put on display, hold your tongue, take off running, divorce, gun, station, litigation, creative, thesis , namesake, this year, notify, bewitching, youth.
Among the book words, highlight the official business vocabulary.
Task 4. What additional information do the expressively colored words carry?
a) can express emotions and appreciation;
b) none;
c) carry information about the professional and social environment of use;
d) talk about a territorial restriction in use.
Task 5. How do the words differ: face - face - muzzle?
a) the time of use;
c) extralinguistic indicators;
d) expressive-stylistic coloring.
Task 6. For which styles are the given language means characteristic?
Words and word combinations:
Terms, clericalisms, historicisms, socio-political vocabulary, phraseological units, colloquial, archaisms, professionalisms, abstract, colloquial, bookish, words in basic conceptual meanings, dialectisms, jargonisms, occasionalisms, cliches, neologisms, borrowings, diminutives, stylistically colored, words in figurative meanings.
Offers:
Motivating, exclamatory, with direct speech, with appeal, interrogative, with homogeneous members, with introductory words, nominative (nominal), incomplete, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, sentence words, replicas, with isolated members of the sentence, compound, compound, complex, unionless, complex sentences with different types of connection (CCS), quotes.
Task 7. Find in the explanatory dictionary and write down 5 polysemantic words, by the example of which you can make sure that different meanings of the same word can have different stylistic coloring. Name the dictionary you used.
Task 8. Define a style and, if possible, justify your definition.
1. Forgery of state treasury notes is punishable by law. 2. The author of the article analyzes a number of important issues. 3. And yet we were very lucky, me and Shmakov Petr. 4. The device accurately determined the coordinates of our location. 5. This joker was also known for his reckless prowess. 6. The glory of Russian soldiers who fell in the battles for freedom will not fade for centuries. 7. The sky was visible outside the window as a solid and hazy abyss. 8. Measures to secure a claim must be commensurate with the requirement stated by the plaintiff.
Task 9. Determine sense type text in the examples below.
1. Spring was still dusty, not washed by showers. The snow was still black in the northern corners shaded by houses. But the sun was shining, gusty breezes were blowing, suddenly swirling in a playful foray and dragging last year's dry leaves with them, which rose up from the dusty lawns in a brown flock with a bird's winged rustle, but fell right there, as soon as the whirlwind blew away, crawled along the asphalt with a scratching noise and froze, crunching under the feet of passers-by, like shells. On the brown-dusty lawns, the same brown-dusty sparrows chirped incessantly, similar to last year's leaves. Everything around was moving, noisy, singing, having fun, and even the houses seemed to come to life, waving clothes drying on clotheslines from their balconies. (G. Semyonov. Waltz).
2. ... He then tried to explain the difference between science and art. He said that the artist (also referring to the Aristotelian meaning) asks questions of reality and answers these questions himself, as best he can. And the scientist, they say, also asks questions of reality, but through complex research and experiments he receives answers from reality itself. So, they say, it is impossible to study reality based on some work of art, because in this case we will study only the artist himself and his soul. At the same time, we can study this reality with the help of science. And that, they say, therefore, art is always subjective, and science is objective. (G. Semyonov. Pleasant habit).
3. He drew well and without difficulty entered the School of Industrial Art by that time, received for free a black, similar to a naval overcoat, from the sides of which he, like all his new friends, ripped off buttons with the emblem of labor reserves, replacing their two rows of gold buttons. (G. Semyonov. The smell of burnt gunpowder).
Task 10. Compose and write down your examples for each type of text: description, narration, reasoning.
Task 11. Determine the style of the texts below. Justify your answer.
1. What does such a phenomenon as a "great" writer mean? "Big" poet? And that means that we can no longer imagine literature without him, without his name.
“We” are not only connoisseurs, literary experts, but we are also readers, those who have no direct relation to literature, those who are “just a reader”, behind whom there are a hundred or two books read and nothing more, but that’s all. equally, he knows firsthand the "great" writer, he has his own opinion about him, there is a conviction that both his children and grandchildren will know this writer.
This is true, but here's the thing: interest in the work of this or that writer, even if we are talking about domestic or world classics, does not remain constant, this interest either decreases or increases again, moreover, for no apparent reason.
And yet these reasons do exist. I don’t know how right I am, but it seems to me that the interest in Tvardovsky’s work and his influence on us lies in his poetic language. (S. Zalygin. About Tvardovsky).
2. Everyone has the right to indicate and determine their nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality.
Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity. (Constitution of the Russian Federation. Article 26).
3. X-ray spectra arising from the bombardment of an X-ray tube by electrons of the anti-cathode are of two types: continuous and linear. Continuous spectra arise when fast electrons decelerate in the anticathode material and are the usual bremsstrahlung of electrons. The shape of these spectra does not depend on the anticathode material.
With increasing voltage on the tube, along with the continuous spectrum, a line spectrum appears. It consists of separate lines and depends on the anticathode material. Each element has its own characteristic line spectrum. Therefore, such spectra are called characteristic. (I.E. Irodov. Quantum physics).
4. The bride is very young, her white and light wedding dress, shining with purity and newness, as if not sewn, not worn, but as naked as the body, is a continuation of the body. She is frightened by the solemn execution that awaits her at the confluence of a huge number of people who have gathered to demand her public torment, she has no face, and her face was pretty and half-savage, in which Slavic languor converged with Asian insolence. (V. Rasputin. A new profession).
5. - Who transports grain from the Solar Plant?
“Duck they carry it,” Prokhor Kalinich evaded answering.
- Who? "Sixty" where?
“The ringing is on,” the foreman pointed to the bushes. - AT rear axles something screwed up. Minum to the forge, maxum to the ertees must be dragged.
- "Forty"?
This one is in the city. Tomatoes, Pyotr Ilyich, are disappearing. The whole wagon rotted. And here, you see, the car will be sold, at least five thousand, half a car at the most money. (A. Usoltsev. Taste of bread).
Task 12. Pick up 5 different texts related to different functional styles. (Specify output data).
scientific style
Theoretical part
Issues for discussion:
1. Scientific style. The main stylistic features of the scientific style.
2. Sub-styles of scientific style, genre varieties.
3. The specifics of the use of elements of different language levels in scientific speech. (Lexical, morphological, syntactic features of the scientific style).
4. Speech norms of scientific and educational fields of activity. The specificity of the genres of the actual scientific style.
scientific style- this is the style of scientific articles, monographs, manuals, etc., which is determined by their content and goals - to explain the facts of the reality around us as accurately and fully as possible, to reveal cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, to provide information and etc.
Scope of operation- the science.
main function- communication of objective information, proof of the truth of scientific results.
Basic form of implementation- Written speech (monologue).
Substyles: actually scientific, educational and scientific, scientific and technical, popular science.
Genres: abstract, lecture, scientific report, review, review, dissertation, abstract, scientific article, dictionary, textbook, manual, etc.
Style features: accuracy (unambiguity, allowing some degree of other interpretation), consistency ( scientific thinking expressed in a chain of evidence), abstractness, generalization (there is no place for individual features), objectivity.
Language features
Words are used mainly in the direct meaning; emotionally expressive vocabulary is used extremely rarely; special words and phraseology are widely used, terms ( crossing point, foot of the mountain); nouns and adjectives prevail over verbs; composition, tracing, borrowing of word-forming elements, substantiation of adjectives and participles are common; complex syntactic constructions are widely used, between which an ordered connection is created, introductory words, and sentences, constructions with generalizing generic names.
Practical part
Exercise 1. Choose from the following words and expressions those that relate to the scientific style. Explain your choice.
Personnel record sheet, application, hasten slowly, allowed to formulate, brainwashing, one can conclude, lead clouds, supply, irritation boils, a number of problems, has already become a habit, the social functioning of a woman, preference for private over public, all to no avail, identity card, unconstitutional, researcher, like a lump in the throat, notary chamber, current account, yellow press, radar, please grant leave, symptom, vigorous start, in the middle of nowhere, firm position, severe crisis, living corpse, phase, low temperatures, cancel order.
Task 2. The genres of scientific style do NOT include:
a) a note;
b) abstract;
c) monograph;
d) abstract;
e) summary;
f) abstract;
g) lecture.
Task 3. Name the genre varieties of the scientific style, in which the author's style of presentation can manifest itself widely.
Task 4. Choose statements that are characteristic of the scientific style of speech.
1. The leading position in this style is occupied by monologue speech.
2. For this style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general.
3. The genres of this style perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity.
4. Polysemantic lexically neutral words in this style are used in only one meaning.
5. characteristic feature This style is a combination of two trends - a trend towards expressiveness and a trend towards a standard.
6. The main area in which this style operates is administrative and legal activity.
7. This style is characterized by professional terminology, the accuracy of the definition of the words and expressions used, the clichéd language means.
8. The main feature of this style is the ease, unpreparedness of speech.
9. This style is characterized by the use of graphic information, strict logic and consistency of presentation, complicated syntax.
10. The main feature of this style is its informativeness and expressiveness.
Task 5. Find in the explanatory dictionary all the meanings of these words and indicate in what meanings these words are used in a scientific style.
Name the dictionary used.
Task 6. Perform a stylistic analysis of the text according to the plan:
1. Functional style (sub-style, genre).
2. Scope of application.
3. The goal that is set for the reader, listener.
4. Basic style features.
5. Characteristic features of this style.
A. It should be noted that the object with which we have become acquainted, the photon, as a particle, has very peculiar properties. It has no mass (rest), and its only state is the movement with the maximum speed With, which is the same in all reference systems. There is no frame of reference in which it would be at rest. A photon at rest is a concept devoid of physical meaning. Attempts to stop a photon or change the direction of its movement are tantamount to its destruction. Such an expression as “a photon scattered by such and such a particle” is widely used, but only in so far as it does not contradict the consideration of certain phenomena from an energy point of view, and only. (I.E. Irodov. Quantum physics).
B. There are different classifications of sciences. On a large scale, the sciences are divided into natural (sciences about nature), social (sciences about society), humanitarian (knowledge of man) and technical (field of engineering and technology). This classification, like any other, is largely arbitrary, because the life of nature around us, the products of human activity, i.e. artificial environment, are not amenable to rigid differentiation. So, for example, a person is the subject of study of all categories of scientific knowledge, even those related to engineering and technology. (N.G. Bagdasaryan. Culturology).
Task 7. Read the following annotations. How do they differ?
A. The textbook is a complex with the theoretical course "Stylistics of the modern Russian language" by the same author. The manual contains all sections of the relevant course: Lexical stylistics; Phonics; Stylistics of word formation; Stylistics of parts of speech; syntactic style. The exercises will help philology students to study the typology of speech errors, master the stylistic editing of the text, and consolidate theoretical information in the course of stylistics. Tasks are built according to the principle "from simple to complex", which makes it possible to work with the book independently, as well as in distance learning.
B. "The Brothers Karamazov" is one of the few successful attempts in world literature to combine a fascinating thriller novel, as we would put it now, with the depths of philosophical thought.
The philosophy and psychology of "crime and punishment", the dilemma of "socialism and Christianity", the eternal struggle between "God" and "devil" in the souls of people - these are the main ideas of this brilliant work.
Task 8. Write a) a plan, b) the abstract of the article.
A proverb is a short parable; she herself says that "naked speech is not a proverb." This is a judgment, a verdict, a lesson, expressed in plain language and put into circulation, under the stamp of the people. The proverb is blunt, with an application to the case, understood and accepted by everyone. But “one speech is not a proverb”: like any parable, a complete proverb consists of two parts: from a blunt, a picture, a general judgment and from an application, interpretation, teaching; often, however, the second part is omitted, given to the listener's sharpness, and then the proverb is almost indistinguishable from the saying. Here are examples of complete proverbs: “Wait in time - God has something to give”; “Every fish is good, if it went on the hook”, “The devil climbed behind the clouds, but broke off”; “If it is not in you, then do not look in the village”, etc.
With such a concept of a proverb, we must agree that it is not composed, but forced by the force of circumstances, like a cry or an exclamation that involuntarily breaks from the soul, these are whole sayings, knocked down in one lump, in one interjection .. The collection of proverbs is a set of folk experimental wisdom and superstition, these are groans and sighs, weeping and sobs, joy and merriment, grief and consolation in faces; it is the color of the people's mind, the original article; this is the worldly truth of the people, a kind of lawsuit, not judged by anyone. “What doesn’t hurt doesn’t cry”; what did not reach the people, did not concern their life, did not move their mind or heart, and that is not in the proverbs; what has become entangled, good or dashing, in his life, you will find in the proverb. And in order to recognize this and reach conclusions that are therefore true about the life of the people, we need not a flower garden of proverbs, not a selection of what we like, but a complete collection, at least quarter it, as mentioned above, and was not to our liking. "In the red and everyone will love us, but love in the black."
“There is no contribution from the proverb”, “it cannot be appealed”, her sentence is irresistible; all extremes converge, and therefore “There is no judgment against the proverb that there is no court against a fool”; “You can’t get away from the proverb”; “The proverb is being carried on, like a hut sweeping with a broom”; “And there is a proverb in your honor”; but “The stump is not a suburb, but stupid speech is not a proverb,” and “Not every proverb is said with everyone”: “A different proverb is not for Ivan Petrovich.” Who composed it - no one knows; but everyone knows it and everyone obeys. This work and common property, as well as the very joy and sorrow, as the experienced wisdom suffered by a whole generation, expressed by such a verdict. The composed one then becomes a proverb when it is used, accepted and assimilated by everyone.
The division of proverbs into ancient and new, on the general and private,general well and local, on the historical, political, legal etc. is applicable only to a small number, to choose from, and it can only be sensible for a special purpose of development. But even here you won’t end up exaggerating, all folk proverbs have developed in everyday life, and their application is extremely diverse. It is possible to divide non-ranks according to the meaning of the allegory, which we will discuss more below.
Let's call a proverb one that has entered, in the form of a proverb, into our conversation, although it does not contain any parable, allegory, or bluff; For example, the two sayings we were talking about: God do your will and God judge your will: these are not proverbs and sayings, but proverbial speeches, sayings. A true and sharp boundary cannot be drawn here either; in the strict sense, quite a lot of proverbs would pass into this category. (V. Dal. Naputnoye. Proverbs of the Russian people).
Task 9. Write an essay on one of the following topics:
1. Speech etiquette and communication culture.
2. Etiquette and the Internet.
3. The role of etiquette in modern life.
4. The culture of speech is part of the general culture.
5. Style and styling.
6. Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries.
7. Polemical techniques.
8. The art of answering questions.
CONTENTS 1. THE CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF STYLES OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE 2. FEATURES OF BOOK AND TALKING SPEECH LITERATURE 1. THE CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF STYLES OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE Literary language is a form the existence of a national language, which is characterized by such features as normativity, codification, stylistic differentiation, high social prestige among native speakers of a given national language.
The literary language is the main means of serving the communicative needs of society; it is opposed to non-codified subsystems of the national language - territorial dialects, urban vernacular, professional and social jargons. The literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and colloquial. Calling this division of the literary language "the most general and most indisputable", D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: "At all stages of the development of the literary language, even when overcoming one way or another the alienation of the written language, when the halo of just literacy and mastery of a special bookish language is dimmed, the speakers in general never lose the feeling of difference between "how can be said" and "how to write"" . The next step in the division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages - into functional styles.
Style - a set of techniques for using language means to express certain ideas, thoughts in various conditions of speech practice. In the modern Russian book literary language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, religious and preaching. Sometimes the language of fiction is also referred to as functional styles.
The spoken language is not divided so clearly into functional styles, which is quite understandable: the bookish language is consciously cultivated, society as a whole and its various groups and institutions are interested in the functional flexibility of the bookish language (without this, the effective development of such areas of public life as science, lawmaking is impossible). , office work, mass communication, etc.); the spoken language develops spontaneously, without guiding efforts on the part of society.
However, some differences can be observed here, determined by: the scope spoken language; communicative goals of speech; social characteristics of the speaker and listener and psychological relationships between them, as well as some other variables.
The division of the literary language into styles can be represented as the following scheme: Literary language Bookish Colloquial scientific, depending on the scope of official business, depending on communicative journalistic goals, religious and preaching, depending on social 2. FEATURES OF BOOK AND CONVERSATION Now let's take a closer look at each of these styles. The book language is an achievement and heritage of culture. It is the main carrier and transmitter of cultural information.
All types of indirect, distant communication are carried out by means of the book language. Scientific works, fiction, business correspondence, legislation, newspaper and magazine products, and even such oral in form, but in general, strictly codified areas of using the literary language, such as radio and television, are impossible to imagine. imagine without bookish language. Modern literary language is a powerful means of communication.
Unlike another variety - the spoken literary language (and even more so unlike such subsystems of the national language as dialects and vernacular), it is multifunctional: it is suitable for use in various areas of communication, for various purposes and for expressing the most diverse content. Written form as the main form of implementation of the bookish language determines another important property: writing "lengthens the life of each text (oral tradition gradually changes the text); thereby it enhances the ability of the literary language to be a link between generations. So, there are the following styles of bookish language - scientific , official business, journalistic, religious and preaching and artistic.
Scientific style - its scope is the field of science and technology, the educational process, and it is used mainly to explain the achievements of science and technology. The scientific style is characterized by a preliminary consideration of the statement, a monologic character, a strict selection of linguistic means, and an inclination towards normalized speech. The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences, which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole.
The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity of expression while maintaining the richness of the content.
Within the scientific style, such speech genres as an article, monograph, textbook, review, review, annotation, abstract, scientific text commentary, lecture, report on a special topic, etc. are distinguished. , molecule, etc.). The originality of scientific works lies in the use of abstract vocabulary in them (factor, development, creativity, self-awareness, comprehension, intensity, flow, etc.). The scientific style has its own phraseology, which includes compound terms (solar plexus, right angle, boiling point, participial turnover, etc.), various kinds of clichés (consists of; consists in; represents; is used for, etc.) . The language of science also has a number of grammatical features.
In the field of morphology, this is the use of shorter variant forms, which corresponds to the principle of "economy" of language means.
So, from the options of the cuff - cuffs ("ring for fastening the ends of pipes") in the technical literature, the latter are preferred, i.e. shorter, masculine forms. When constructing sentences, less verbs and more nouns are used, i.e. in the scientific literature, definitions of concepts are more common, less often - the names of actions. Of the syntactic features of the scientific style, it should be noted the tendency to complex constructions. Official business style is mainly used to regulate official relations.
Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. A typical feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turns act as a stylistic flaw, then in this style they are perceived as its natural affiliation. Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. The main features of this style are as follows: conciseness, compactness of presentation, "economical" use of language tools; standard arrangement of material, often binding form; the use of clichés inherent in this style; widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of special vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical); inclusion in the text of compound words, abbreviations; frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (based on, in relation to, in accordance with, due to, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), stable combinations, serving to link parts of a complex sentence (in case, with the condition that, then the circumstance that, etc.); narrative nature of the presentation; almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means; weak individualization of style.
The heterogeneity of the subject and the variety of genres make it possible to single out two varieties in the style under consideration: officially - documentary; everyday business.
In turn, in the official documentary style, one can single out the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, stand out.
Journalistic style - it implements the linguistic function of influence, with which the purely informative function is combined.
Publicistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals, speeches, speeches at meetings, etc. As part of the journalistic style, its newspaper and magazine variety has become widespread.
The main features of the language of the newspaper include: "savings" of language means, brevity of presentation with informative richness; selection of language means with a focus on their intelligibility; the presence of socio-political vocabulary and phraseology; the use of speech stereotypes, clichés characteristic of this style; genre diversity and the associated variety of stylistic use of language means: polysemantic words, author's neologisms, emotionally expressive vocabulary; the combination of features of a journalistic style with features of other styles (scientific, official business, literary and artistic, colloquial), due to a variety of topics and genres; the use of figurative and expressive means of stylistic syntax (rhetorical questions, exclamations, parallelism of construction, repetitions, inversion, etc.). Depending on the subject and genre, a variety of vocabulary and phraseology is widely used in journalistic style.
Some of it is made up of socio-political vocabulary and combinations of words fixed in the journalistic style: democracy, democratic freedoms, election campaign, progressive, reactionary, political party, strike struggle, etc. Various speech stereotypes (standards, clichés) are more common in the language of the newspaper than anywhere else. . Often, due to frequent repetition, speech clichés turn into clichés and lose their original imagery.
It should be noted that the trend towards standardization in the language of the newspaper is opposed by the tendency to increase expressiveness, to enliven the narration with words and phrases from other styles, especially colloquial.
Artistic style - when it is used, an impact occurs on a person through a verbal artistic depiction of life. In the artistic style, such speech genres as stories, novels, novels, plays, poems, etc. are distinguished. The main features of the artistic style are: imagery; concreteness; emotionality; evaluative nature of speech. A characteristic feature of the artistic style is also the use of words with a specific meaning, words used in figurative meaning; emotional evaluative vocabulary.
From a grammatical point of view, the artistic style is characterized by the use of syntactic constructions of various types. Spoken language. The colloquial variety of the literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within common system literary language, with its own set of units and rules for their combination with each other, used by native speakers of the literary language in conditions of direct, not prepared in advance communication in informal relations between speakers.
The spoken literary language is not codified: certain norms certainly apply in it (due to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone and are not fixed in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification - is another, and, moreover, a very significant feature that distinguishes the bookish and colloquial varieties of the literary language. The colloquial style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication. The main difference between the colloquial style and the book styles of the Russian language lies in the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of the language recorded in dictionaries.
The conversational style is subject to its own rules, and what is not justified in book speech is quite appropriate in natural communication. The language realizes its main function in the conversational style - the function of communication, and the purpose of the conversational style is the direct transmission of information, mainly orally (exceptions are private letters, notes, diary entries). The linguistic features of the conversational style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality; ease of verbal communication; lack of preliminary selection of language means; automatism of speech; routine content; dialogic form.
In addition, the situation has a great influence on the conversational style - the real, objective situation. The spontaneity of the conversational style gives the effect of some disorder in speech, because of it, much is perceived as speech negligence or simply as a mistake. This impression is created because colloquial speech is evaluated from the standpoint of codified prescriptions.
In fact, conversational style has its own canons, which cannot and should not be assessed as non-normative. Conversational features regularly, consistently manifest themselves in the speech of all native speakers, including those who are fluent in codified norms and all codified functional varieties of the language.
Conversational style is one of the full-fledged literary varieties of the language, and not some kind of language formation that stands on the sidelines of the literary language or even beyond it. In a conversational style, for which the oral form is native, the sound side plays the most important role. By sound, one can easily distinguish the full (academic) pronunciation style inherent in a lecturer, orator, professional speaker (all of them are far from the colloquial style, their texts are other bookish styles in oral speech), from incomplete, characteristic of colloquial speech. In the conversational style, there is a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich - San Sanych, etc. Less tension of the organs of speech leads to changes in the quality of sounds and sometimes even to their complete disappearance ("hello" instead of hello). In the functional-stylistic varieties of the spoken language, speech genres are not as clearly opposed to each other as the speech genres of the bookish language. In addition, the genre and stylistic diversity of colloquial speech has not yet been sufficiently studied.
The results available in this area of research make it possible to single out the following speech genres of the spoken language.
According to the number of speakers and the nature of their participation in communication, a story, a dialogue and a polylogue are distinguished (i.e., "a conversation of several persons": this term arose on the basis of an erroneous isolation in a borrowed from the Greek word "dialogue" of a part with the meaning "two" and, accordingly , understanding it as a "conversation of two persons"). According to the target orientation, the nature of the situation and the social roles of the participants in communication, one can distinguish such varieties as a family conversation at the dinner table, a dialogue of colleagues on everyday and professional topics, a reprimand from an adult to a child, a conversation between a person and an animal (for example, with a dog), a squabble, various genres of speech invective and some others.
REFERENCES 1. Ozhegov S.I. Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Russian Cultural Fund M .: Az Ltd 1992 960s. 2. Radugin A.A. Russian language and culture of speech. M.: INFRA - M 2004 250s. 3. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimova M.: Gardariki, 2002 411 p. 4. Modern Russian literary language. Textbook / Ed. Lekant P.A. M.: UNITY - DANA, 2004 250s.
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Introduction
Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is such a subsystem of it, which is determined by the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Functional styles are heterogeneous; each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties. The variety of genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, i.e. goals of communication. It is these goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case. In the leading genres of each functional style of speech, the standard of language means finds its most vivid expression. Peripheral genres are more neutral in terms of the use of linguistic means. However, each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of this style. In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic and colloquial everyday.
1. scientific style
The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This functional style has a wide variety of speech genres; among them, the main ones are: a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals, etc.), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety regulations, etc.), annotations , abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.
The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech.
The main features of the scientific style are accuracy, abstractness, consistency and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style. This functional style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently everything has been more space occupies international terminology (today this is especially noticeable in economic speech, for example, manager, management, quotas, realtor, etc.). A feature of using vocabulary in a scientific style is that ambiguous lexically neutral words are not used in all of their meanings, but, as a rule, in one (count, body, strength, sour). In scientific speech, in comparison with other styles, abstract vocabulary is more widely used than concrete vocabulary (perspectives, development, truth, presentation, point of view).
Lexical composition scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repeated repetition of the same ones. In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Ratings are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable and accessible, to clarify a thought, to attract attention, and are mostly rational, not emotionally expressive. Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. In the texts of the scientific style, strict definitions of the concepts and phenomena under consideration are given, each sentence or statement is logically connected with the previous and subsequent information. In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author, the objectivity of the information presented is maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized-personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is considered, it is known, one can say, one should pay attention, etc. This also explains the use of a large number of passive constructions in scientific speech, in which the real producer of the action is indicated not by the grammatical form of the subject in the nominative case, but by the form of a minor member in the instrumental case, or is generally omitted. The action itself comes to the fore, and dependence on the producer is relegated to the background or is not expressed by linguistic means at all. The desire for logical presentation of material in scientific speech leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, as well as constructions that complicate a simple sentence: introductory words and phrases, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, etc. The most typical compound sentences are sentences with subordinate clauses of reason and condition.
Texts of the scientific style of speech can contain not only language information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information.
2. Formal business style
The main area in which the official business style of the Russian literary language functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Texts of this style represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, order, contract, instruction, complaint, prescription, various kinds of statements, as well as many business genres (explanatory note, autobiography, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.). The expression of the legal will in business documents determines the properties, the main features of business speech and the socially organizing use of the language. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main implementation of this style is written. Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common style features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotyping, standardization of presentation; obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, as well as objectivity and logic, which are also characteristic of scientific speech.
The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and the language design is impeccable. It is this purpose that determines the actual linguistic features of official business speech, as well as its composition, heading, selection of paragraphs, etc., i.e. standardization of the design of many business documents. The lexical composition of the texts of this style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. These texts use words and phrases of the literary language that have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring (plaintiff, defendant, job description, supply, researcher, etc.), among them a significant number professional terms. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation (prohibit, allow, decree, oblige, appoint, etc.). In official business speech, there is the highest percentage of the use of the infinitive among the verb forms. This is also due to the imperative nature of official business texts.
The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of word meanings, to simplify their semantic structure, to the unambiguity of lexical and superword designations, up to narrow terminology. Therefore, quite often in the texts of this style, exact definitions of the words and concepts used are given, i.e. their semantic scope is clearly limited. Polysemy, metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable here, and synonyms are used to a small extent and, as a rule, belong to the same style:
supply \u003d supply \u003d provision, depreciation \u003d depreciation, appropriation \u003d subsidizing, etc.
Compound words formed from two or more words are typical for business language. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language for accuracy and the transfer of meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a “non-idiomatic” nature, for example, a destination, a higher educational institution, a joint-stock company, a housing cooperative, and so on. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the language means used, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character. everything concrete and unique has been eliminated, and the typical has been brought to the fore. For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore, preference is given to generic concepts, for example, to arrive (arrive, fly in, come, etc.), a vehicle (bus, plane, etc.), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some attitude or action (teacher Sergeeva T.N., witness Molotkov T.P., etc.).
Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, which are more in official business style than in other styles, and participles: the arrival of a train, serving the population, taking action; given, indicated, above named, etc.; denominative prepositions are widely used: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning, etc.
Usually a sentence contains a large amount of information and is designed for re-reading. Simple sentences are complicated by homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. Passive structures are actively used; as in scientific speech, a large place is occupied by complex sentences with a subordinate clause.
3. Newspaper-journalistic style
The newspaper and journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage, etc.), in journalistic articles, in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral speech. One of the main characteristic features of this style is a combination of two trends - a tendency towards expressiveness and a tendency towards a standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: the information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of social activity is addressed to a wide range of people, all native speakers and members of this society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very significant: information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible, which is not at all important, for example, in an official business style. In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out by means of an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being reported, but, as a rule, it is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example, some party, movement, etc. With the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive character is associated, and the standard of this style is associated with the speed of transmission of socially significant information. The trend towards the standard means the desire of journalism to be rigorous and informative, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, steady growth, wide scope, official visit, etc. can be attributed to the standard newspaper-journalistic style. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is characteristic of the artistic style and colloquial speech - the features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech. The newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, publicistic speech contains a sufficient number of clichés, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires ever new language means to influence them. It is this purpose that all the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve. The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even jargon elements. Here such lexico-phraseological units and phrases are used that combine functional and expressive-evaluative coloring, for example, goofing off, yellow press, accomplice, etc.; they do not just show belonging to the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, but contain a negative assessment. Many words acquire a newspaper and journalistic coloring if they are used in a figurative sense (This article served as a signal for discussion). Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words, in particular the prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra-, etc. It is thanks to the media that the active dictionary of foreign words that make up of the Russian language: privatization, electorate, denomination, etc. The considered functional style not only attracts the entire stock of emotionally expressive and evaluative words, but also includes even proper names, names literary works etc. (Plyushkin, Derzhimorda, Man in a case, etc.). The desire for expressiveness, imagery and at the same time for brevity is also realized with the help of precedent texts (texts familiar to any average member of a society), which today is an integral part of journalistic speech.
The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences different meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses (omission of one or another member sentences, structural incompleteness of the construction), etc.
4. Art style
The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. To understand the features artistic way knowledge of reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with in a scientific way knowledge, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech. Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of a particular phenomenon. For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general. The world of fiction is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech, the main moment is played by the subjective moment. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphoricalness, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only for artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning(lead ore, lead bullet), and in fiction they form an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.
Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.
5. Conversational style
Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of unconstrained, unprepared monologue or dialogic speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc. The form of implementation of colloquial speech is predominantly oral. The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the Russian language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means. Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole (it is called codified speech, because it is in relation to it that work is being done to preserve its norms, for its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech.
The main features of the colloquial-everyday style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. one of her key features is a reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. In colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.
The colloquial-everyday style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. There are the most diverse groups of vocabulary in thematic and stylistic terms: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.
Syntactic constructions have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical. Spoken language is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! Wow!"
The use of words in a figurative sense is characteristic, for example: “You have such a mess in your head!”
Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concentrated at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.
Conclusion
Thus, each functional style of speech is characterized by its own characteristics. The scientific style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, graphic information, a clear definition of concepts and phenomena, strict logic and consistency of presentation, and complicated syntax. Business style is characterized by professional terminology, the accuracy of the definition of the words and expressions used, the clichéd language means. The main property of the newspaper-journalistic style is its informativeness and expressiveness. Artistic speech uses all the diversity and all the richness of the national language to create a vivid, memorable image. Understanding the features of the artistic style of speech helps a deeper reading of literary works, enriches our practical speech. The main feature of colloquial speech is its ease, unpreparedness. It is characterized by lexical heterogeneity, the use of colloquial and colloquial words, simplified syntax, emotionally expressive appraisal, facial expressions, and gestures.
literary language stylistic genre
List of used lettertours
1. Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya E.I. Russian speech etiquette. M., 1986.
2. Alekseev N.S., Makarova Z.V. Oratory in a court. L., 1985.
3. Alshevsky T.V., Piskarev I.K. Samples of judicial documents on criminal and civil cases. M., 1983.
4. Boyarintseva G.S. The culture of speech of a lawyer. Saransk, 1987.
5. Velts R.Ya., Dorozhkina T.N. Rhetoric. Ufa, 1995.
6. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988.
7. Golub I.B., Rozental D.E. A book about good speech. M., 1997.
8. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.
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