Basic forms of speech etiquette. What is speech etiquette and how did it arise
Purpose of speech etiquette
Etiquette French word in origin (étiguette). Initially, it meant a product tag, a label (cf. label), and then so began to call the court ceremonial. It is in this sense, especially after the adoption of the French ceremonial at the Vienna court, that the word etiquette spread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. Along with this word, to denote a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity, the word regulation and the phrase diplomatic protocol. Many of the subtleties of communication presented by the protocol are taken into account in other areas of business relations. Increasingly widespread in business circles, especially in recent years, is receiving Business Etiquette, reflecting the experience, moral ideas and tastes of certain social groups. Business etiquette provides for the observance of norms of behavior and communication. Since communication is a human activity, a process in which he participates, when communicating, first of all, features are taken into account. speech etiquette. Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication.
By the way a person knows etiquette, observes it, they judge him, his upbringing, general culture, business qualities.
Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience embarrassment due to mistakes and wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.
Compliance with speech etiquette by people of the so-called linguo-intensive professions - officials of all ranks, doctors, lawyers, salesmen, communications workers, transport, law enforcement officers - has, in addition, educational value, involuntarily contributes to the improvement of both speech and general culture of society.
But the most important thing is that strict adherence to the rules of speech etiquette by the members of the team of an educational institution, enterprise, production, office leaves a favorable impression on clients, co-founders, partners, supports positive reputation the entire organization.
What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use?
Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relations, conducting a business conversation: the social status of the subject and addressee of communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character.
Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a college anniversary, graduation party, dedication to the profession, presentation, scientific conference, meeting, hiring and firing, business negotiations, etc.
Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, V. Ovchinnikov in the book "Sakura Branch" describes the originality of Japanese etiquette in this way:
In conversations, people avoid words in every possible way. "no", "I can't", "I don't know", some kind of swearing is sung, something that cannot be expressed directly, but only allegorically, in oblique terms.
Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead "no thanks" uses an expression that literally means "I feel so good already"...
If a Tokyo acquaintance says: “Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife,” then you don’t need to think that you are a champion of women’s equality. It's just one way not to say a word "ket".
For example, you call a Japanese man and say that you would like to meet him at six in the evening at the press club. If he starts asking again: “Oh, at six? Oh, in the press club? and utter some meaningless sounds, you should immediately say; “However, if it is inconvenient for you, you can talk at another time and in another place.”
And here the interlocutor instead "No" will say with great joy "Yes" and grab the first offer that suits him.
I. Ehrenburg testifies to some features of the speech of the French and the French language:
In speeches, orators love to flaunt turns taken from the authors of the 18th century, and the letter concerning the next exchange transaction, the broker ends, like his grandfather, with the obligatory formula: “Favour, sir, to accept the assurances of my deep to respect to you."
The French love concreteness, accuracy, clarity. Language is the best evidence of this.<…>In French, you can’t say “she grinned in response” or “he then waved his hand”: you need to explain how she grinned - maliciously, sadly, mockingly, or maybe good-naturedly; why did he wave his hand - from annoyance, from chagrin, from indifference? For a long time, French was called diplomatic, and its use probably made the work of diplomats difficult: it is difficult to disguise a thought in French, it is difficult to speak without finishing.
Indicative, to some extent, is the emotional statement of TV presenter Oksana Pushkina about such features of business relations in America as correctness, respect, and, most importantly, obligatory, unconditional observance of accepted etiquette:
The difference between the speech etiquettes of different peoples is considered in particular detail in reference books under the general title "Speech Etiquette". They provide Russian-English, Russian-French, Russian-German correspondences of set expressions of etiquette. For example, in the reference book "Russian-English Correspondences" compiled by N.I. Formanovskaya and S.V. Shvedova (M., 1990), not only gives examples of greetings, farewells, expressions of gratitude, apologies, congratulations, addresses to acquaintances and strangers in Russian and English, but also indicates the features of the use of certain expressions in English. Here is how the originality of the English language in the use of forms of address is explained - you and you:
In English, unlike Russian, there is no formal distinction between forms you and you. The whole range of meanings of these forms is contained in the pronoun you. Pronoun you, which, in theory, would correspond to the Russian you fell into disuse in the 17th century, surviving only in poetry and the Bible. All registers of contacts, from emphatically official to rough-familiar, are conveyed by other means of the language - intonation, the choice of appropriate words and constructions.
A feature of the Russian language is precisely the presence in it of two pronouns - you and you, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official/informal situation. Let's put it in a table (see p. 282).
Some persons, especially those occupying a higher position than their interlocutor, use the form when addressing you, deliberately emphasizing, demonstrating their "democratic", "friendly", patronizing attitude. Most often, this puts the addressee in an awkward position, is perceived as a sign of disdain, an attack on human dignity, as an insult to a person.
Form response you well shown in the work of A.N. Utkin "Round dance". A young nobleman arrives at the place of his new service.
In an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends even with a well-known person, with whom friendly relations and everyday household appeal are established. you, Go to you.
However, is it necessary for all situations? Sometimes in television programs, when between famous TV presenter and no less famous politician, scientist, statesman, a conversation is being held on a socially significant topic and the presenter, starting it, as if consulting with the audience, can he address the interlocutor in you, since they are connected by a long-standing friendship and for them such an appeal is more familiar, after which the interlocutors switch to you, Is speech etiquette violated in this case? Is this allowed?
It is believed that there are no rules without exceptions. Yes, such a transfer provides for the formality of relations between its participants. But viewers perceive it as something spectacular. Go to you reduces officiality, the conversation takes on a relaxed character, which facilitates perception, makes the program more attractive.
Knowledge of the features of national etiquette, its speech formulas, understanding the specifics of business communication of a country, people help in negotiating, establishing contacts with foreign colleagues, partners.
7.2. Speech etiquette formulas
Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation With a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:
Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).
I would like to get to know you (you).
Let me (those) get to know you (you).
Let me get to know you.
Let's get acquainted.
Let's get acquainted.
It would be nice to meet you.
When visiting the passport office, hostel, admissions office of an educational institution, any institution, office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself using one of the formulas:
Let me introduce myself.
My surname is Kolesnikov.
I am Pavlov.
My name is Yuri Vladimirovich.
Nikolay Kolesnikov.
Anastasia Igorevna.
If the visitor does not name himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:
What is your (your) last name?
What is your (your) name, patronymic?
What is your (your) name?
What is your (your) name?
Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with greetings.
In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb hello, which means "to be healthy", that is, healthy. Verb hello in ancient times, it also had the meaning of “greet” (cf .: say hello), as evidenced by the text of the Onega epic: “How does Ilya Muromets come here, and live he is a prince with a princess. Therefore, at the heart of this greeting is a wish for health. First time greeting hello found in Letters and Papers of Peter the Great 1688-1701.
Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common:
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Good evening!
In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication:
- (Very) glad to see you (greet)!
Let me (let me) greet you.
Welcome!
My regards.
Among the military, it is customary to greet with the words:
Hello!
This greeting recognizes the retired military.
Task 172. Write how you greet your family, friends, teachers, neighbors, principal. Write with what kind of greeting your relatives, classmates, neighbors, teachers, acquaintances address you.
Task 173. Write, in your opinion, is there a relationship between the character of a person, his upbringing, position in society, mood and the greeting formulas that he uses? Justify your answer.
Task 174. Tell me, do the specifics of the situation, meetings affect the choice of greeting? Illustrate your answer with examples.
Task 175. Get acquainted with the greetings and say which of them contain additional information and which?
Hello, dear Anatoly Evgenievich!
Hello Tolik!
Hello!
Great!
Good afternoon!
Hi.
Greetings!
Glad to welcome you!
Allow me to welcome you.
Let me greet you.
What a joy!
What a meeting!
Well, meeting!
Who do I see!
Ba! Who do I see!
What a surprise!
Is that you?!
The greeting is often accompanied by a handshake, which may even replace the verbal greeting.
However, you should know: if a man and a woman meet, then the man must wait until the woman extends her hand to shake, otherwise he only makes a slight bow,
The non-verbal equivalent of a greeting when those who meet are distant from each other is a bow with the head; swaying with hands clenched in the palms, slightly raised and stretched forward in front of the chest; for men - a hat slightly raised above the head.
The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, that is, the sequence of greetings. Welcome first:
Man - woman;
Younger (youngest) in age - older (older);
The youngest woman - a man who is much older than her;
Junior in position - senior;
A member of the delegation - its leader (regardless of whether the failure of the delegation or foreign).
The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are formulas for parting, ending communication. They express:
Wish: All the best (good) to you! Goodbye;
- hope for a new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we're apart for a while. Hope to see you soon;
- doubt about the possibility of meeting again; understanding that the separation will be for a long time: Farewell! It is unlikely that we will meet again. Do not remember dashingly.
After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation.
Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.
The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening of a sports hall; presentation, etc.
On any solemn occasion, a significant event is followed invitations and congratulations. AT depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.
Invitation:
Let me invite you...
Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad (to meet you).
I invite you (you)...
If it is necessary to express uncertainty about the appropriateness of the invitation or uncertainty about the acceptance of the invitation by the addressee, then it is expressed by an interrogative sentence:
Can I (can I, can I, can I, can I) invite you... Congratulation:
Let me congratulate you on...
Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations...
On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...
With all my heart (with all my heart) congratulations ...
Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...
Sorrowful situation associated with death, death, murder, natural disaster, terrorist attacks, ruin, robbery and other events that bring misfortune, grief.
In this case, it is expressed condolence. It should not be dry, official. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored:
Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences.
I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences.
I sincerely (deeply, cordially, from the bottom of my heart) sympathize with you.
I grieve with you.
I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).
The most emotionally expressive expressions:
What (big, irreparable, terrible) grief (misfortune) has befallen you!
What a great (irreplaceable, terrible) loss has befallen you!
What grief (misfortune) has befallen you!
In a tragic, mournful or unpleasant situation, people need sympathy, consolation. Label formulas sympathy, consolation designed for different occasions and have different purposes.
Consolation expresses empathy:
- (How) I sympathize with you!
- (How) I understand you!
Consolation is accompanied by an assurance of a successful outcome:
I (so) sympathize with you, but believe me (but I'm so sure) that everything will end well!
Don't despair (don't be discouraged). Everything (still) will change (for the better).
Everything will be OK!
All this will change (cost, pass)! Consolation is accompanied by advice:
No need (need) (so) to worry (worry, upset, upset, worry, suffer).
You must not lose your composure (head, restraint).
You need (need) to calm down (to control yourself, to pull yourself together).
You should hope for the best (get it out of your head).
The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, consolation, expression of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.
In everyday business environment (business, work situation) speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summarizing school year, when determining the results of participation in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand, to make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.
Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.
Acknowledgment:
Allow me (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition.
The firm (management, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees (teaching staff) for ...
I must express to the students of grade 10a (my) gratitude for ...
Let me (permit) express my great (huge) gratitude ...
For the provision of any service, for help, an important message, a gift, it is customary to thank with the words:
I thank you for…
- (Big, huge) thank you (you) for ...
- (I) am very (so) grateful to you! Emotionality, expressiveness of the expression of gratitude is enhanced if you say:
There are no words to express my gratitude to you!
I am so grateful to you that it is difficult for me to find words!
You can't imagine how grateful I am to you!
My gratitude has no (knows) no boundaries!
Advice suggestion:
Often, people, especially those with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form:
Everyone (you) must (should)…
You should definitely do this...
Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or instruction and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank. An incentive to act with advice, a proposal can be expressed in a delicate, polite or neutral form:
Allow me (let me) give you advice (advise you) ...
Allow me to offer you…
- (I) want (I would like, I want) to advise (offer) you ...
I would advise (suggest) you...
I advise (suggest) you...
Handling request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning:
Do me a favor, do (my) request...
If it's not hard for you (it won't make it hard for you)...
Do not take it for work, please take ...
- (Not) can I ask you...
- (Please), (I beg you very much) let me .... The request can be expressed with some categoricalness:
I strongly (convincingly, very) ask you (you) ...
Consent, permission is formulated as follows:
- (Now, immediately) will be done (done).
Please (permission, no objection).
Agree to let you go.
I agree, do (do) as you see fit.
In case of failure, the following expressions are used:
- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist) ...
- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to fulfill your request.
At present, this (do) is not possible.
See, now is not the time to ask (make such a request)
Sorry, we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.
I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).
An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.
The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:
You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).
You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).
You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) partner (companion).
You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.
Task 176. Play the proposed role-playing situations. When discussing the completed task, pay attention to the behavior of its participants, their facial expressions, gestures, intonation, compliance with etiquette and speech rules.
a) You are an 11th grade student. You need to apply with a request to the director, teacher, one of the parents, friend.
b) You are the chairman of the youth organization "Tourist". Came to you: your classmate, an unfamiliar young man (girl), master of sports, representative of the company "Sport").
c) You are an employee of the administration. You need to ask by phone:
Veteran of the Great Patriotic War to take part in the celebration;
A scholar from a university to give a lecture in a college;
The head of the company to help improve the sports ground.
7.3. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette
Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component that manifests itself throughout the entire duration of communication, is its integral part, serves as a bridge from one remark to another. And at the same time, the norm of use and the very form of address have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.
The author of the letter in an emotional form, quite sharply, using the data of the language, raises the question of the position of a person in our state. Thus, the syntactic unit - appeal - becomes a socially significant category.
To understand this, it is necessary to comprehend what is the peculiarity of the address in the Russian language, what is its history.
From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. It - vocative function.
Since they are used as proper names as addresses (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha), and the names of people according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather) by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant); by age and gender (old man, boy, girl) invocation beyond the vocative function points to the corresponding sign.
Finally, appeals can be expressively and emotionally colored, contain an assessment?Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, blockhead, dumbass, klutz, varmint, clever, beautiful. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state.
The given address words are used in an informal situation; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.
Task 177. Write twenty appeals that indicate the degree of relationship or age, gender and at the same time are emotionally charged. For example: aunt, little girl.
Task 178. Write all possible variants of your name. Determine which of them are used in official, which in informal speech; What function does each option perform?
Task 179. Write the names of people you know. How are they formed and what function do they perform, acting as an appeal?
A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Russia was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as servility.
Isn't that why the root in Russian rank turned out to be fruitful, giving life
Words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, chinolyubie, veneration of rank, clerk, clerkship, disorderly, outrageous, chip-destroyer, chinogubipgel, clerk, thief, decorum, chivalry, obey, submission;
- phrases: not according to order, distribute according to order, order after order, big order, without disassembling the ranks, without ordering, order after order;
- proverbs: Honor the rank of rank, and sit on the edge of the smaller one; Bullet ranks do not parse; To a fool, that to a great rank, space is everywhere; As many as two ranks: a fool and a fool; And he would have been in the ranks, but it's a pity, his pockets are empty.
The social stratification of society, the inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries, was reflected in the system of official appeals.
First, there was the document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. So, to the 3rd class belonged Lieutenant General, Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral, Privy Councillor, Chamberlain Marshal, Master of the Horse, Jägermeister, Chamberlain, Chief of Ceremonies; to the 6th grade - colonel, captain of the 1st rank, collegiate adviser, chamberlain; to the 12th grade - cornet, cornet, midshipman, provincial secretary.
In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of appeals, there were appeals your excellency, your excellency, your excellency, your highness, your her. person, most merciful (merciful) sovereign, sovereign and etc.
Secondly, the monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century. preserved the division of people into classes. Class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and duties, class inequality and privileges. Classes were distinguished: nobles, clergy, commoners, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants. Hence the appeals sir, madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir, sir - for the middle class or barin, lady for both and the absence of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.
In the languages of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were appeals that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society, and to an ordinary citizen: mr, mrs, miss(England, USA); senor, senora, senorita(Spain); signor, signora, signorina(Italy); sir, sir(Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).
After the October Revolution, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree, and universal equality was proclaimed. Appeals mister- madam, sir- mistress, sir - madam, gracious sovereign (empress) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: your majesty, your excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called lord - madam, Instead of all appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918. receive circulation citizen and comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive,
Word citizen recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to the Old Russian language from Old Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city dweller. Both of them meant "resident of the city (city)". In this meaning citizen found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So, A.S. Pushkin has the lines:
Not a demon - not even a gypsy,
But just a citizen of the capital.
In the XVIII century. this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."
Why is it so public significant word, how citizen, disappeared in the 20th century. commonly used way of addressing people to each other?
In the 20-30s. a custom appeared, and then it became the norm when addressing arrested, imprisoned, tried to employees of law enforcement agencies and vice versa not to speak comrade, only citizen: citizen under investigation, citizen judge, citizen prosecutor.
As a result, the word citizen for many it has become associated with detention, arrest, the police, the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grown” to the word so much that it became its
an integral part; so ingrained in people's minds that it became impossible to use the word citizen as a general term.
The fate of the word was somewhat different comrade. It is recorded in the monuments of the XV century. Known in Slovene, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian. In the Slavic languages, this word came from the Turkic, in which the root tavar meant "property, livestock, goods." Probably originally the word comrade meant "companion in trade". Then the meaning of this word is expanded: comrade - not only a "companion", but also a "friend". Proverbs testify to this: On the road, a son is a friend to his father; A smart comrade is half the road; To fall behind a comrade - to become without a comrade; The poor man is not a friend to the rich; The servant of the master is not a friend.
With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the XIX century. word comrade, as the word once citizen, acquires a new socio-political meaning: "a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people."
FROM late XIX in. and at the beginning of the 20th century. Marxist circles are being created in Russia, their members call each other comrades. In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main reference in the new Russia. Naturally, the nobles, D5 7 hovenstvo, officials, especially high-ranking officials, do not all immediately accept the appeal comrade.
Attitude towards appeal comrade Representatives of different social groups were talentedly shown by the playwright K. Trenev in the play "Love Yarovaya". The action takes place during the Civil War. In the speech of the clergy, officers of the tsarist army, and the raznochintsy intelligentsia, appeals continue to be used; your excellency, your excellency, your honor, gentlemen officers, mister lieutenant, gentlemen.
Soviet poets in subsequent years tried to emphasize the universality and significance of the appeal comrade, making combinations: comrade life, comrade sun, comrade harvest(V. Mayakovsky); comrade victorious class(N. Aseev); comrade rye(A. Zharov).
There is a clear distinction: comrades - these are the Bolsheviks, these are those who believe in the resolution. The rest are not comrades, means enemies.
In later years Soviet power word comrade was especially popular, A.M. Gorky in the fairy tale "Comrade" writes that it has become "a bright, cheerful star, a guiding light for the future." In the novel by N. Ostrovsky “How the Steel Was Tempered” we read: “The word“ comrade ”, for which yesterday they paid with their lives, sounded now at every step. Inexpressibly exciting word comrade. One of the songs popular in Soviet times also glorified him: “Our word is proud comrade we are more precious than all beautiful words.
So even the appeal acquired an ideological meaning, became socially significant. Here is what journalist N. Andreev writes about this:
After the Great Patriotic War the word comrade gradually begins to emerge from the everyday informal appeal of people to each other.
The problem arises: how to contact a stranger? The issue is being discussed on the pages of the press, in radio broadcasts. Philologists, writers, public figures express their opinion. Offer to revive appeals sir, sir.
On the street, in the store, in public transport, appeals are increasingly heard man, woman, grandfather, father, granny, boyfriend, aunt, uncle.
Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as a lack of respect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. Hence, rudeness in response, an expression of resentment, a quarrel are possible.
Task 180. From any work of art by a modern author, write down all the appeals and analyze how they characterize the one who is addressing and the one being addressed.
Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, appeals began to be revived sir, madam, lord, madam.
History repeats itself. Like in the 20s and 30s. appeals mister and comrade had a social connotation, and in the 90s. they again confront each other. An illustrative example: Deputy N. Petrushenko, when discussing the law on property at the Supreme Council in 1991, said:
A remarkable parallel. Long before perestroika, the film "Deputy of the Baltic" about the first post-revolutionary years was shown. Main character paintings Deputy of the Petrograd Soviet from the Baltic sailors Professor Polezhaev delivers a speech to the people. He starts it like this: "Gentlemen!" The audience is unpleasantly surprised: such an appeal can only be directed to people of the privileged classes. Probably the speaker misspoke. The professor understands the audience's reaction: “I didn't make a reservation. I tell you - workers and workers, peasants and peasant women, soldiers and sailors ... You are masters and true gentlemen in a sixth part of the world ... "
Recently appeal sir, madam is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, in television programs, at various symposiums and conferences. At the same time, at the meetings of the authorities, politicians with the people, as well as at rallies, speakers began to use appeals Russians, fellow citizens, compatriots, Among civil servants, businessmen, entrepreneurs, university professors, the appeal is becoming the norm sir, madam in combination with the surname, title of position, rank. Difficulties arise if the director or professor is a woman. How to apply in this case: mr professor or madam professor!
Appeal comrade continue to be used by the military and members of communist parties. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. Appeal respected - respected found in the speech of the older generation.
The words female Male, which have recently become widespread in the role of appeals, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: please be kind... please be kind... sorry... sorry...
Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open.
It will be solved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes personality, when it will not matter what position he occupies, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen of the Russian Federation. Only then, none of the Russians will feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone sir, madam. | | | | | |
Speech etiquette
- a set of rules of speech behavior adopted by society in the relevant areas and situations of communication. Speech behavior is regulated by social hierarchy, national culture and etiquette, ritual, upbringing of a linguistic personality, constant practice controlled by consciousness.
In social contacts, to maintain communication in the right tone, etiquette formulas are used - multi-level language units (full-significant word forms, words of non-significant parts of speech - (particles, interjections), phrases and whole phrases adopted in certain situations, in different social groups. Social symbolism of etiquette formulas emphasized the French stylist C. Bally. He wrote: "The situation is as if speech phenomena absorb the smell inherent in the environment and the circumstances in which they are usually used ... Thus, they manage to symbolize, evoke in the mind the idea of this group (of people) ed.) with her way of life or forms of activity. " Units of speech etiquette reflect the constant social characteristics of the participants in communication: their age, degree of education, upbringing, place of birth, upbringing and residence, gender, as well as variable social roles (comrade, patient, client, policeman and etc.).
Usually, more than ten most important etiquette positions (situations) are named, which are distinctly different and have their own etiquette vocabulary, which is characterized by a variety of options: appealing and attracting attention, acquaintance, greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, congratulations, wish, compliment, sympathy, invitation, request , consent, refusal.
In the scientific, business, socio-political, and everyday spheres, not only are typical situations of economic development repeated, but new ones are being created. For example, in the scientific field of communication, the field of speech etiquette includes the rules of self-manifestation of the author of a scientific work, and in the business field, in particular, in judicial communication, the rules for expressing attitudes towards defendants and victims. Thus, a number of situations R. e. not closed, but, on the contrary, open to a wide area of socially and nationally specific stereotypes of communication.
In conditions of spontaneous communication, communicants are required to be "automatic" in the choice and use of "polite words". Speech etiquette is acquired both in practical speech activity and in the process of special, targeted training or self-study. Let's call the speech formulas the most socially significant situations, where in modern conditions the most common violations of etiquette.
Appeals: Direct Appeals: Ladies and Gentlemen! Citizen! Mister!- official; Comrade!- official (arm.); Brothers and sisters!- elevated; Friends!- auction; Pavel Antonovich! Colleague! Dear! Young man!- commonly used; Madam!- ironic; Young woman! Guys!- open; Old man!- familiar. - The male! Woman! Guys! Mother! Mother! Father! Kuzmich! Ivanovna!- space; contact formulas: Do not refuse courtesy ... Be kind!- official; Sorry…, Sorry to disturb…, Sorry…; Tell me please…; Please! Would you say?- commonly used; Tell…- open; Listen…; Would you suggest...?- space.
Greetings: Greetings! Let me (let me) greet you! Glad to welcome you (to see)!- official, ceremonial; Hello!- official (arm.); Hello! Good afternoon (morning, evening)! Good morning! Welcome! How are you doing?- commonly used; Welcome! Hello! What's new? How are you? Long time no see!- open; My regards! Hi! Ours to you!- ironic, jocular; Hello!- jarg.
Acquaintance without an intermediary: Let me introduce myself! Allow (allow) (to meet you)! Nice to meet you!- official; My name is …; Let's get acquainted!– neutral; through an intermediary: Let me introduce you! Let me introduce you! Get acquainted, please!- official; Meet!- commonly used Let's get acquainted! Let's get acquainted!- razg.
Apologies: I have to apologize- official; I sincerely ask you to forgive me! I offer (to you my) (deep) apologies!- ceremony; Sorry! Sorry! I apologize! I'm sorry to trouble you! Excuse me, please! Sorry for…- commonly used
Modern etiquette turns of speech have often lost their original meaning (for example, 'Thanks'- God save you; 'please'- Perhaps, come, enter my house; 'thank you'- I give you a blessing). Many formulas are allegorical, metaphorical ( I apologize to you; allow me to bow; I don't know how to thank you; don't judge me harshly).
Means R. e. stable (close to phraseological units, for example: Enjoy Your Bath! Welcome! Please love and respect! You are welcome to our hut!). Despite such stability, standardization, they are flexible and easy to vary. At the same time, they form extended synonymous rows, differing in their attachment to specific situations (officially, unofficially), to social groups and strata (commonly used, widely used (colloquially), narrowly used, i.e. colloquial, slang), expressive-emotional shades (neutral, sublimely, solemnly, ceremoniously, playfully, ironically).
Keeping the "etiquette frame" of texts of different functional styles, the author must consciously choose from the synonymic series only those means that are extralinguistically conditioned, i.e. goals, objectives, conditions of communication. Indeed, playful, friendly addresses, appropriate in private correspondence, do not at all correspond to the style of official business letters. In the scientific field, in order to preserve the objectivity of the presentation, which is necessary here, it is not customary to categorically express disagreement with the opponent's point of view (a negative assessment is softened, indirectly expressed with the help of euphemisms). In the socio-political sphere, the neutralization of evaluation in speech is impossible in principle, because communication here involves an open expression of one's position.
In the use of etiquette phrases, the role of intonation (it should be friendly) and non-verbal means of communication (true facial expressions, especially eyes, as well as gestures, facial expressions, postures, body movements) are huge.
R. e. opposed to "anti-etiquette". However, not only in the wrong choice of formulas can manifest lack of speech etiquette. His violations are varied and are found: in tactlessness, cheeky familiarity, rudeness (the boss in relation to subordinates, the student to the teacher, the young to the elderly, the man to the woman, in the family); in command administration, insult, humiliation, scolding, swearing (when communicating between a boss and a subordinate, service workers and clients, teachers and students, officials and visitors, husband and wife, parents and children).
R. e. - an integral element of the culture of the people, an important part of the culture of behavior and communication, a product of human cultural activity. The main features of national Russian etiquette can be formulated as maxims of etiquette speech behavior. The speaker should: show only a kind attitude towards the interlocutor through appropriate courtesy (taking into account the age, gender, official or social position of the addressee); do not impose your own opinions and assessments on the interlocutor, be able to take the partner’s point of view; select language tools in accordance with the chosen tone of the text, focusing not only on the situation of communication as a whole, but also on the formality or informality of the situation; do not interrupt the interlocutor; adequately respond to the appeal and the question posed by the interlocutor; use the possibilities of non-verbal means of communication.
All these rules are based on the principles of cooperation (with a partner in achieving communication goals) and the principle of courtesy (respect for a partner), i.e. tolerance, harmony speech communication.
The study of Russian speech etiquette began with an article by V.G. Kostomarov "Russian speech etiquette" (1967). AT recent decades, thanks primarily to the works of N.I. Formanovskaya, R. e. becomes the subject of linguistic research. Moreover, scientific research is carried out in different aspects: linguoculturological ( Akishina, Formanovskaya, 1975), pragmatic ( Formanovskaya, 1982, 1989), sociolinguistic ( Goldin, 1978), methodical ( Lazutkina, 1998; Smelkova, 1997). As a result, multi-level linguistic means used in communication as etiquette formulas were identified, the semantics of these units, their social meanings were determined ( Formanovskaya). The classification of these formulas according to situations has received scientific justification. Thus, their social and stylistic marking was revealed, the national specificity of the Russian R. e. was determined. in comparison with some other languages (in particular, with the Hungarian and Czech languages, see the book: Formanovskaya N.I., Sepeshi E., 1986; Formanovskaya N.I., Tuchny P.G., 1986; Formanovskaya, 1989). Studied etiquette dialogue and its genres: apology, gratitude, praise, etc. ( Arutyunova, 1970; 1998). AT last years there is an intensification of research on speech etiquette in the genological aspect ( Tarasenko, 2000). In connection with the actualization of linguo-methodological research, a study of the use of R. e. in various areas of communication, for example, in the business sphere ( Smelkova, 1997; Koltunova, 2000).
Lit.: Kostomarov V.G. Russian speech etiquette. - RYAZR. - 1967. - No. 1; Arutyunova N.D. Some types of dialogic reactions and "why" - replicas in Russian. - FN. - 1970. - No. 3; Her: Man and his world. - M., 1998; Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya N.I. Russian speech etiquette. - M., 1975; Them: Etiquette of Russian writing. - M., 1986; Goldin V.E. Speech and etiquette. - M., 1978; Formanovskaya N.I. Russian speech etiquette: linguistic and methodological aspects. - M., 1982; Her: The use of Russian speech etiquette. - M., 1982; Her: Speech etiquette and culture of communication. - M., 1989; Her: Speech etiquette. - LES; Formanovskaya N.I., Sepeshi E. Russian speech etiquette in the mirror of Hungarian. – M.; Budapest, 1986; Formanovskaya N.I., Tuchny P.G. Russian speech etiquette in the mirror of Czech. – M.; Prague, 1986; Akishina A.A. Etiquette of Russian telephone conversation. - M., 1990; Vereshchagin E.M., Kostomarov V.G. Language and culture. - 4th ed. - M., 1990; Smelkova Z.S. Business man: the culture of verbal communication. - M., 1997; Lazutkina E.M. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech // Culture of Russian speech. - M., 1998; Tumina L.E. Speech etiquette // Pedagogical speech science. Dictionary reference. - M., 1998; Tarasenko T.V. Etiquette genres of Russian speech: gratitude, apology, congratulations, condolences: Abstract… cand. philol. n. - Krasnoyarsk, 1999; Koltunova M.V. Language and business communication: Norms, etiquette. - M., 2000.
L.R. Duskaeva, O.V. Protopopov
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what "Speech Etiquette" is in other dictionaries:
Speech etiquette- rules of speech behavior in the service. Speech etiquette includes: stable forms of address, statements of requests, expressions of gratitude; ways of argumentation taking into account the current situation, etc. There are speech etiquette for conducting business conversations, ... ... Financial vocabulary
SPEECH ETIQUETTE- SPEECH ETIQUETTE. Socially defined and nationally specific rules of speech behavior, implemented in a system of stable formulas and expressions adopted in socially prescribed situations of “polite” contact with an interlocutor. Such situations ... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
Speech etiquette- Speech etiquette is a system of stable communication formulas prescribed by society to establish speech contact between interlocutors, maintain communication in the chosen key according to their social roles and role positions relative to each other ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Speech etiquette- a system of nationally specific, stereotyped, stable communication formulas adopted by society to establish contact between interlocutors, to maintain and interrupt it (in the chosen key). The communicative function of language is realized in R. e. ... ... Pedagogical speech science
speech etiquette- rules for the design of statements, which is perceived as ethically acceptable, polite. The most reflect the norms of speech etiquette of address (you / you, patronymic, surname, etiquette epithets dear, respected); greetings and answers ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
speech etiquette- units The system of verbal communication formulas adopted in a given society, used to establish contact and maintain discourse. *Sorry, they're waiting for me. Goodbye, Vanya. Say hello to your wife; Sergey Fedorovich, I don’t dare to detain you any longer, ... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
Speech etiquette- A system of stable communication formulas prescribed by society to establish speech contact between interlocutors, maintain communication in the chosen key according to their social roles and role positions relative to each other, mutual ... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms
Speech etiquette- - verbal politeness, manifested in standard formulas and rules of communication. In many respects it has a ritual connotation and is sometimes applied mechanically. So, there are certain speech rules and polite formulas for the situation of greeting when meeting ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
It is important for a modern person to have a certain culture and behave correctly with others, regardless of their social status. To do this, his speech must be correct and polite, follow the rules of speech etiquette.
A good interlocutor is someone who can listen carefully without interrupting and listen respectfully, sincerely empathize and be interested in the story.
What does it mean to be able to persuade a business partner to your point of view and influence him so that he does what is necessary in your interests, while respecting his own interests, that is, it is the ability to find mutual language with your partner.
The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. Indeed, any native speaker (including those who have little command of the norm) uses the rules of speech etiquette in everyday life, easily recognizing these formulas in the flow of speech and expecting the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. With ignorance of the rules and requirements of speech etiquette, and their non-fulfillment (for example, addressing an adult stranger to You), others may perceive how they want to offend, as bad manners.
The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, an example of a character that depends on the situation and on the characteristics of communication. Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final part. In this regard, speech etiquette formulas can be divided into 3 main groups:
1. Speech formulas to start communication;
2. Speech formulas used in the process of communication;
3. Speech formulas for ending communication.
Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the beginning of communication: appeal, greeting.
Appeal is one of the most important and necessary components of speech etiquette. After all, the appeal is an integral part of communication, is used throughout the communication.
From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This is a vocative function.
Since, as addresses, both proper names and names of people are used according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather), by position in society, by profession, by position, by age and gender (old man, boy, girl), appeal in addition to the vocative function indicates the corresponding feature.
So, appeals can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment: Irochka, Irka, muddler, well done, well done. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, his attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional condition. The given address words are used in informal communication; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.
Greeting: If the interlocutors are unfamiliar with each other, then they begin communication with an acquaintance. This can happen both directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are situations when it is still necessary to introduce yourself. Etiquette suggests some formulas:
Let me get to know you (you).
I would like to meet you (you).
Let me (those) get to know you (you).
I would be glad to meet you (you).
Let's get acquainted.
Let's get acquainted.
When visiting any institution, office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself using one of the formulas:
Allow (permit) me to introduce myself.
My name is Alexander Gennadievich.
Mikhail Sidorov.
Ekaterina Ivanova.
If the visitor does not name himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:
What is your (your) last name?
What is your (your) name, patronymic?
What is your (your) name?
What is your (your) name?
Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with a greeting.
In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It comes to us from the Old Church Slavonic verb "hello", which means "to be healthy", i.e. healthy. Also, in addition to this form of greeting, a greeting is common that indicates the time of the meeting: good morning, good afternoon, good evening.
The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, that is, the sequence of greetings. Welcome first:
A man is a woman;
The youngest (youngest) in age - the oldest (oldest);
The youngest woman is a man who is significantly
older than her;
Junior in position - senior;
A member of the delegation - its leader (regardless of whether the failure of the legation or foreign).
The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are formulas for parting, ending communication. They wish:
All the best (good) to you!
Goodbye;
I hope for a new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Friday). I hope we're apart for a while. I hope to see you soon.
Speech etiquette, one way or another, is connected with the situation of speech communication and its parameters: the personalities of the interlocutors, topic, place, time, motive and goals of communication. First of all, it is a complex of linguistic phenomena that are focused on the addressee, although the personality of the speaker (or writer) is also taken into account. It's possible the best way demonstrate on the use of You - and You - forms in communication. The general principle is that you are the form used as a sign of respect and greater formality of communication; You - this form, on the contrary, is used in informal communication between equal in age, position. However, the implementation of this principle can be presented in various ways, depending on how the participants in verbal communication are related according to the age and / or service hierarchy, whether they are in family or friendly relations; on the age and social status of each of them, etc.
Speech etiquette is found in different ways. It depends on the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. So, for example, the rules of verbal communication may differ depending on whether the topic of communication is a sad or joyful event for the participants in communication; there are specific etiquette rules associated with the place of communication.
Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation. The most common are 3 situations: solemn, working, mournful. The solemn ones include public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees, receiving awards, birthdays, name days and significant dates of the family or its members, presentation, conclusion of an agreement, creation of a new organization, etc. For each solemn event, a significant date, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.
Invitation:
Allow (allow), I will invite you .;
Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ..).
Congratulation:
Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, sincere) congratulations ..;
On behalf of (on behalf of) congratulations;
Sincerely (warmly) congratulations.
As in many other situations of interpersonal communication, congratulations should be extremely correct, appropriate and sincere. Congratulations are a society-accepted ritual of respect and joy for a close, dear person, but this is by no means a way of conducting a conversation or correspondence; congratulations should not contain purely personal topics and questions of the congratulatory addressee.
A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, state-owned.
Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored:
I want to express (to you) my (my) sincere condolences.
I offer you my deepest condolences.
I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).
The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.
In a daily business environment (business, work situation), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of the sale of goods, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.
Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.
Gratitude:
Let me (let me) thank you;
The firm (management, administration) expresses its gratitude to all employees for…
In addition to official thanks, there are also ordinary, unofficial thanks. This is an ordinary “thank you”, “thank you”, “you are very kind”, “no thanks”, etc.
Politeness and understanding.
Consider the relationship between such phenomena as etiquette and politeness. Since politeness is one of the concepts of morality, let's turn to the Dictionary of Ethics, which defines politeness as follows: "... a moral quality that characterizes a person for whom respect for people has become a daily norm of behavior and a habitual way of dealing with others." So politeness is a sign of respect. Politeness is both a readiness to render a service to someone who needs it, and delicacy, and tact. And, of course, timely and appropriate speech manifestation - speech etiquette - is an integral element of politeness.
If politeness is a form of showing respect for another, then respect in itself implies recognition of the dignity of the individual, as well as a sensitive and delicate attitude towards another.
Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the end of communication: farewell, summary and compliments.
End of communication: At the end of the conversation, the interlocutors use the formulas of parting, ending communication. They wish:
All the best to you!;
Goodbye!;
Hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Sunday);
I hope for a short break. I hope to see you soon.
In addition to the usual forms of farewells, there is a long-established ritual of a compliment. A tactfully and timely compliment, it cheers up the addressee, sets up a positive attitude towards the interlocutor.
A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment. The compliment refers to the appearance, speaks of the good professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:
You look good (remarkable).
You are (so, very) charming (amiable, beautiful, practical).
You are a good (excellent, excellent) specialist.
It is a pleasure (excellent, good) to do business with you (work, cooperate).
It was very nice to meet you!
You are a very nice (interesting) person (interlocutor).
When parting and parting, according to custom, there are verbal clichés. They are called instructions. They originate from antiquity, when they were almost spells, for example, "gully way", "no fluff, no feather", etc. It was believed that a happy road or the success of some business depends on the parting word. Now parting words have been simplified: “Goodbye”, “All the best”, “Farewell”, “Be healthy”.
Features of speech etiquette in remote communication: communication using the phone, the Internet.
Scientific and technological progress has introduced a new culture of communication into etiquette - communication using the phone. ON THE. Akishina in her book "Speech Etiquette of Russian Telephone Conversation" writes:
“The etiquette of a telephone conversation requires a short flow of time, which is caused by the following reasons: the impossibility of talking with many subscribers at once, the daily routine of the addressee of the call is unexpectedly and unplanned, the phone is designed to resolve urgent issues, the time of the telephone conversation is paid.
As can be seen from the above, telephone conversation is a form of oral spontaneous dialogue carried out with the help of technical means.
Unlike contact oral speech communication, a telephone conversation is indirect. The interlocutors do not see each other, and therefore communication takes place without such important means. non-verbal communication, as somatisms (gestures, posture, facial expressions, facial expressions), reliance on the situation, the significance of the spatial location of the interlocutors, and this leads to the activation of verbal expression.
Among the etiquette requirements for oral speech, an important place is occupied by the intonation of the statement. A native speaker can accurately determine the entire range of intonations - from emphatically polite to dismissive. Although it is unlikely that it will be possible to determine which intonation corresponds to speech etiquette and which goes beyond its scope, in general terms, without taking into account the specific speech situation. The same statements uttered with different intonation express different oppositions: in meaning, in actual articulation, in stylistic nuances, and, among other things, in expressing the relationship of the speaker to the listener.
This relation can determine which intonational construction should be used in this case, and which should not. So, in accordance with the rules of etiquette, intonation should not indicate a dismissive or patronizing attitude, the intention to teach the interlocutor, aggression and defiance. This is especially true for various kinds of interrogative statements.
In addition to intonation, oral speech is distinguished from written speech by the use of paralinguistic signs - gestures and facial expressions. From the point of view of speech etiquette, the following paralinguistic signs are distinguished: they do not carry a specific etiquette load; required by etiquette rules (bows, handshakes, etc.); having an invective, offensive meaning.
At the same time, the regulation of gestures and facial expressions covers not only the last two categories of signs, but also signs of a non-etiquette character - up to purely informative ones; cf., for example, the etiquette prohibition to point a finger at the subject of speech.
In addition to all this, the requirements of speech etiquette can apply to the paralinguistic level of communication in general. For example, in Russian speech etiquette, it is prescribed to refrain from too lively facial expressions and gestures, as well as from gestures and facial movements that mimic elementary physiological reactions.
At the same time, it is essential that the same gestures and facial movements can have different meaning in different linguistic cultures.
Conclusions on the first chapter
Each native speaker should strive to improve their own speech culture, you need to know and understand means of expression of the Russian language, knowing how to use them, being able to use the stylistic and semantic riches of the Russian language in all its structural diversity. When applying speech etiquette, social information is transmitted about the speaker and his addressee, about whether they are familiar or unfamiliar, about official and social position, about personal relationships, about the setting in which the conversation is being conducted (in official or informal), etc.
Any society at any moment of its existence is heterogeneous, many-sided, and that for each layer and layer there is both its own set of etiquette means, and neutral expressions common to all. And there is an awareness that in contacts with a different environment, it is necessary to choose either stylistically neutral or means of communication characteristic of this environment.
student speech etiquette teacher
Good manners - one of the most important indicators of an educated, cultured person. FROM early childhood We are taught certain behaviors. A cultured person must constantly follow the norms of behavior fixed in society. - observe etiquette.Knowledge and compliance with the norms of etiquette allows you to feel confident and free in any society.
The word "etiquette" came to the Russian language from French in the 18th century, when the court life of an absolute monarchy was taking shape and broad political and cultural ties between Russia and other states were being established.
Etiquette (French)etiquette ) - a set of rules of conduct, treatment adopted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). Usually etiquette reflects the form of behavior, manners, rules of courtesy adopted in a given society, inherent in a particular tradition. Etiquette can act as an indicator of the values of different historical eras.
At an early age, when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for pranks, learning takes place. basic formulas of speech etiquette.
speech ethics - it is a system of rules of speech behavior, norms for the use of language means in certain conditions. The etiquette of speech communication plays an important role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and professional growth, building strong family and friendships. To master the etiquette of speech communication, knowledge from various humanitarian areas is required: linguistics, history, cultural studies, psychology. For a more successful development of cultural communication skills, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.
In everyday life, we constantly communicate with people.
Any communication process consists of certain stages:
Starting a conversation (greeting/acquaintance);
Main body, conversation;
The final part of the conversation.
Each stage of communication is accompanied by certain cliches, traditional words and set expressions - speech etiquette formulas. These formulas exist in the language in ready-made and provided for all occasions.
To the formulas of speech etiquette words of politeness (sorry, thank you, please), greetings and goodbyes (hello, hello, goodbye), circulation (you, you, ladies and gentlemen). Greetings came to us from the west: good evening, good afternoon, good morning, and from European languages \u200b\u200b- farewells: all the best, all the best.
The sphere of speech etiquette includes ways of expressing joy, sympathy, grief, guilt, accepted in a given culture. For example, in some countries it is considered indecent to complain about difficulties and problems, while in others it is unacceptable to talk about your achievements and successes. The range of topics for conversation is different in different cultures.
In the narrow sense of the word speech etiquette can be defined as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements and formulas of this system can be implemented at different language levels:
At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words, set expressions, forms of address (thanks, sorry, hello, comrades, etc.)
At the grammatical level: for polite address, the use of the plural and interrogative sentences instead of imperative (You won't tell me how to get through...)
On a stylistic level: maintaining the qualities of good speech (correctness, accuracy, richness, relevance, etc.)
At the intonation level: the use of a calm intonation even when expressing demands, discontent, irritation.
At the level of orthoepy: use of full word forms: h hello instead of hello, please instead of please, etc.
At the organizational and communicative level: listen carefully and do not interrupt, do not interfere in someone else's conversation.
Speech etiquette formulas are characteristic of both literary and colloquial, and rather reduced (slang) style. The choice of one or another formula of speech etiquette depends mainly on the situation of communication. Indeed, the conversation and manner of communication can vary significantly depending on: the personality of the interlocutors, the place of communication, the topic of conversation, time, motive and goals.
The place of communication may require the participants in the conversation to comply with certain rules speech etiquette, established specifically for the selected place. Communication at a business meeting, social dinner, in the theater will be different from behavior at a youth party, in the restroom, etc.
Speech etiquette depends on the participants in the conversation. The personality of the interlocutors primarily affects the form of address: you or you. The form you indicates the informal nature of communication, You - for respect and great formality in conversation.
Depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques.
INTRODUCTION
What is understood as speech etiquette is used in the speech of each of us daily and repeatedly. Perhaps these are the most common expressions: we address someone many times a day, greet our acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, say goodbye to people, thank someone, apologize to someone, congratulate someone, someone we wish good luck or give someone a compliment, we condole with someone, we sympathize, we ask, we offer, etc. This is speech etiquette, which is a combination of verbal forms of courtesy, politeness, that is, something that cannot be dispensed with.
In the process of education, socialization, a person becoming a personality and more and more completely mastering the language, learns the ethical norms of relationships with others, including speech relationships, in other words, masters the culture of communication. But for this, he needs to navigate the situation of communication, in the role signs of a partner, correspond to his own social characteristics and satisfy the expectations of other people, strive for the “image” that has developed in the mind of a native speaker, act according to the rules of the communicative roles of the speaker or listener, build the text in accordance with stylistic norms, own oral and written forms of communication.
Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience awkwardness and difficulty in communication. Strict observance of speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization with customers and partners, maintains its positive reputation.
1. THE CONCEPT OF SPEECH ETIQUETS AND ITS FUNCTIONS
The concept of "etiquette" is a philosophical, ethical concept. The origin of the word "etiquette" is a French word. Initially, it denoted a product tag, a label, then the court ceremonial began to be called that. It is in this sense that the word "etiquette" has become widespread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. The word "etiquette" entered the Russian language in the 18th century, under Peter I, when broad cultural and political ties with other states were established in Russia. At this time, special etiquette guides for young people were created. Etiquette determines our entire behavior.
These are not only the rules that we follow at the table or at a party, these are generally all the norms of our relationships. With the help of such rules learned from childhood, we regulate our relationships with others, establish or discover relationships like: “senior - junior - equal” in communication. So, speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the form, content, order, character and situational relevance of statements accepted in a given culture. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Norma Publishing House, 2001. S. 319. .
The well-known researcher of speech etiquette N.I. Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette is understood as the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key.” The study of speech etiquette, in her opinion, occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and history of culture, psychology and other humanitarian disciplines.
In the broad sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act communication, therefore, speech etiquette is associated with the so-called postulates of speech communication, which make the interaction of communication participants possible and successful. These are postulates - the postulates of quality (the message should not be false or without proper grounds); quantity (message should not be too short or too long); relationship (the message must be relevant to the addressee) and method (the message must be clear, concise, not contain words and expressions incomprehensible to the addressee). Violation of one or more of these postulates to one degree or another entails a communicative failure.
Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of language means in which etiquette relations are manifested Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric: Textbook for universities. - M.: UNITI - Dana, 1999. S. 217. . Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels: at the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions (Thank you, Please, I beg your pardon, Excuse me, etc.), as well as specialized forms of address (Mr., Comrade, etc. .); at the grammatical level: using the plural for polite address (including the pronoun you), using interrogative sentences instead of imperative ones (can you tell me what time it is)?
Could you move a little? etc.): at the stylistic level: refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena and the use of euphemisms instead of these words; at the intonation level: the use of polite intonation (for example, the phrase: Be kind, close the door - it can sound with different intonations depending on whether it is supposed to be a polite request or an unceremonious demand); at the level of orthoepy: use: Hello instead of Hello, Please instead of Please, etc .; at the organizational and communicative level: a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.
Speech etiquette is the rules of speech behavior developed by society, mandatory for all members of society, nationally specific, firmly fixed in the system of speech formulas, but still historically changeable Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M .: Knowledge, 1989. S. 5. Speech etiquette tells how to behave in various extralinguistic contexts, how to properly establish and maintain speech, and, accordingly, friendly business contact. Speech etiquette is associated with the culture of speech behavior and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.
Speech etiquette performs certain functions:
1) first of all, it is necessary to single out the contact-establishing function (it is also called both social and phatic - from the Latin "to speak"). This function is manifested in such speech acts when the speaker draws the attention of the interlocutor, prepares him for the actual communication of information, that is, this function serves the speech contact of the interlocutors. After all, in fact, when we say to the interlocutor: Whom do I see! - we do not have a task, we will meaningfully exchange knowledge about who exactly the person saw. This is just a signal: I remember you, I'm glad for an unexpected meeting, our relationship is relaxed, etc.
2) appellative or invocative function. When we say: Citizen! or: Excuse me, please, how do I get through? - we have no other goal than to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to call him for further conversation.
3) the invocative, appellative function is associated with the function of targeting the addressee in connection with his role positions in speech interactions. This function is also called conative. In fact, we can say to one: Dear Alexander Ivanovich!, to another (or under other conditions): Sashenka, and to the third (or under other conditions): Sanyok. And all this will depend on who and to whom, in what situation and under what mutual relations it is said. The conative function is closely related to the concept of politeness.
4) the function of expressing will in relation to the interlocutor, influencing him (this function is also called voluntary). When we say to someone standing at the door, for example: Come in, please!, we are precisely influencing the behavior of the interlocutor, prompting him to enter. At the same time, do not “pass” (by or along something), but it will approach, we invite him. Is it difficult for you to move? - we ask for action, we encourage a person to be active, at the same time not expecting an answer from him whether it is difficult for him or not.
5) and, finally, the emotive function associated with the expression of emotions, feelings, human relationships.
We say to the interlocutor: I am so glad to see you; Happy to meet; It's very nice ... Yes, and all speech etiquette as a whole is a means of expressing an emotionally significant attitude Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. S. 16. . Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, in Russian society such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value. Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to be able to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.
Courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation. Tolerance consists in being calm about possible differences of opinion, avoiding harsh criticism of the interlocutor's views. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.
Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words. That. respect for another person, politeness and goodwill helps to verbally express speech etiquette; it, appropriately and moderately used, ultimately forms a culture of behavior.
2. SUSTAINABLE COMMUNICATION FORMULA
Speech etiquette is a socially defined and nationally specific rules of behavior that are implemented in a system of stable formulas and expressions (stereotypical statements) used in situations of establishing, maintaining and breaking contact with an interlocutor, in the system You - You - forms of communication, in the choice of socio-stylistic tone of communication with the orientation of the addressee and the situation of communication as a whole Culture of Russian speech: Encyclopedic Dictionary - Reference / Ed. L.Yu. Ivanova. - M.: Flinta; Nauka, 2003. S. 575. . Speech etiquette is a special area of language and speech, and therefore a professional look at it from the point of view of linguistics is also necessary.
When people talk to each other, they create some kind of text. This text is built according to linguistic laws, and individual sentences - statements in it interact from the grammatical and semantic side. Both texts and their elements - statements are very diverse depending on various reasons: written or oral form of speech, contact or distant position of the interlocutors, specific or generalized addressee, intended for official or unofficial communication, topics and much more.
It is difficult to classify all the variety of statements, but it can be said with good reason that among them there are those that make up a special group of stereotypes, stable communication formulas. Stereotypes, stable formulas do not arise anew in every act of speech, but are reproduced as units deposited and stored in our linguistic consciousness in the form of a kind of fund of ready-made typed phrases. Stereotypes in communication arise as a result of frequent and typical attachment to a frequently repeated typical communication situation. Generally speaking, the standardization of certain processes, including communication processes, is a useful thing.
True, it is necessary to clearly distinguish where it is good and where it is bad. Official business speech cannot do without standards, stereotypes, formulas. So, any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. Acquaintance is undoubtedly the sphere of influence of etiquette. After all, getting acquainted is to establish a connection with a person, a relationship with him for communication. At the same time, there is always a willingness to make contact, regardless of what it is caused by - just a good attitude, sympathy or business considerations.
Acquaintance can take place directly and indirectly. Of course, it is desirable that someone introduce you, but there are times when it is necessary to do it yourself. Etiquette offers several possible formulas: Let's get acquainted! I want to get to know you! I would like to get to know you! These expressions are arranged in order of increasing politeness in the manifestation of their intention. There are also more relaxed ways, for example: Let's get acquainted - in this case, the form of the future tense (we will) practically loses the meaning of the future itself, but rather plays an incentive role.
Official, stylistically elevated expressions are: Let (allow) to get acquainted with you (you will introduce yourself). The words allow, allow, as part of the formulas of speech etiquette, always turn out to be an indicator of the stylistic elevation of expression. Further, after these introductory phrases, the introduction follows by name, patronymic or surname, if the acquaintance is purely official. A form of presentation is chosen, which is then expected when addressing: if you want to be called by name, give the interlocutor exactly these “coordinates”, if you need more respect, call yourself by your first name and patronymic. In Russian speech, it is customary to call the name, first name, patronymic, surname in the nominative or instrumental case: My name is Olga Sergeevna.
My name is Volodya. After the performance has taken place, it is possible to indicate an unofficial name accepted in a narrow circle, which is familiar to the acquaintance. In this case, the words “call” and “call” are common: My name is Tamara, but you can call me Tom; My name is Varvara, but just call me Vava. The second replica of the dialogue - a replica-reaction usually expresses satisfaction, joy about meeting you: It's very nice to meet you! Or simply: Very nice! I am glad! And even: Happy to meet you! Other phrases are not excluded. If the acquaintance occurs through an intermediary, he usually says: Get acquainted, please! or: Meet! - and calls the names of the acquaintances.
Often an intermediary, introducing a person, uses a phraseological phrase: I ask you to love and favor, as a request, an invitation to a benevolent attitude. Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers begin with a greeting. The official greeting formulas include: Hello! Good afternoon! There is also a group of stylistically elevated greetings: Greetings! Glad to welcome you! Allow (allow) you to welcome! Together with the greeting, to enhance the signs of goodwill, we also use information about life, affairs, health: How do you live? How are you doing?
Or, more casually: How are you? How are you? How is your health? If a person is well acquainted, we generally know the state of his affairs, we clarify: What's new? How is it going? Well, how are you? What's new at work? As a wife? etc. If the meeting is unexpected, then the greeting is accompanied by an expression of surprise: What a pleasant meeting! What a surprise!, What a meeting!, Whom I see!, What fates?, How many years, how many winters! and many other things we say in this case. The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication - these are the formulas of farewell.
But, first of all, the interlocutor must be prepared for parting. It is impossible to imagine that in the middle of a meaningful conversation, and even at the end of it, without any transition, one can say "goodbye." Therefore, etiquette requires that we somehow bring the interlocutor to the end of the contact. This may be a mention of a late hour, gratitude for a pleasantly spent evening, an apology for the time taken, compliments to the hostess of the house if you were visiting. Farewell is accompanied by all sorts of requests and invitations: Come! Come in! Do not forget! Write! Call! And the departing may ask: Do not remember dashingly! Although, unlike the previous ones, this phrase is used less frequently. At parting, wishes were also accepted: I wish you good luck, success!, And to the departing: Bon Voyage! Good time!
In the course of communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations. Congratulation is one of the brightest etiquette situations. They are usually congratulated on a holiday, on success, on a successful completion (and sometimes a successful start) of a business. Moreover, the nature of the holiday dictates the form of congratulations. Our language allows expressing congratulations in a very emotional way: Hearty congratulations! From the heart! Heartily! The reason that serves as the basis for congratulations turns into an independent congratulatory formula: Happy birthday! Happy holiday! Happy New Year! A gift is often associated with congratulations - an action that is certainly etiquette and requires appropriate speech rituals: Accept my modest gift! This is for you to remember!
On the occasion of the wedding, let me give you a gift! A wish often accompanies a congratulation, following it as a continuation of the cue. In the design of expressions of wishes, there is much in common with congratulations: With all my heart (with all my heart) I wish you ... Three accepted wishes are steadily combined at once: I wish you happiness, health, success! The answer to a greeting, congratulation, invitation, wish is the most common formula of gratitude: Thank you! If this is a response to an invitation, a proposal, it may contain an additional connotation of consent or refusal. Other formulas of gratitude are also possible: I am very grateful to you, I am so grateful to you, allow (let) thank you. There are other ways: I offer my thanks.
Please accept my thanks. Those. again, there are many expressions that speakers choose depending on to whom and in what setting their speech is addressed. And, of course, each of the ways to thank usually corresponds to a measure of service. For a coin transferred to the transport for a ticket, you can say: Thank you! Thank you But it would sound funny, for example, such a phrase: There are no words to express my gratitude to you! An apology is a verbal atonement for wrongdoing. Guilt can be more or less. An apology for a small misconduct, without explaining the guilt itself, since it is self-evident (someone accidentally pushed someone, stepped on his foot, did not have time to let him go forward), it is quite enough expressed by the formula: Sorry! or: Excuse me! To them is added: Please!
But if the fault is large, then, perhaps, it is more commonly used: Sorry! Often there is a need to explain what exactly we are apologizing for: “Sorry, please, for the late call! I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble!" I beg your pardon, and also I beg your pardon, not to mention such phrases as: Please accept my apologies, I must apologize to you! I can't help but apologize to you! are all stylistically elevated ways of apologizing. And again, it's all about the art of choice: who, to whom, in what relationship, officially or unofficially says them. The request, one way or another, burdens the interlocutor, and this, as a rule, is taken into account by the speaker, so asking for something without “please” is not accepted.
A request is a motivating speech action, and therefore it is expressed most typically by the imperative mood of verbs: Please, pass it on, please! Be kind! A person can feel acutely, which makes it difficult for the one to whom he addresses the request, then he chooses other forms: If it’s not difficult for you. If you don't mind. Don't hesitate to be kind. Don't take it as work. Do me a favor. Invitation, inducement, advice, in their linguistic expression, are similar to a request. Only a request and an invitation are more focused on the interests of the addresser (I ask - I need it, I invite - it's nice for me), and the advice, the offer, is more "turned" to the interests of the addressee (I advise, I suggest - it's useful for you) Goykhmpn O .I. Nadeina T.M. Speech communication: Textbook. - M.: INFRA - M, 2005. S. 117. .
When asking, we must be delicate enough in defending our own interests, and when advising, we must again be delicate enough not to rudely intrude into the inner world of the interlocutor. But, of course, the interests of the one who invites, offers, and the one to whom it is directed often combine. There is a similarity in the structure of the phrase in both request and advice. On the one hand: Please bring me a cup of coffee; on the other hand, put on a warm scarf, please. Both here and there is an imperative form of the verb, and such phrases can be freely replaced by the following: I ask you to bring me a cup of coffee and I ask you to wear a warm scarf.
But in the latter case, it is the speaker, “I”, who really needs the person to dress warmly. In addition to the request, invitation, advice, proposal to the interlocutor, when the will (and goals) of the speaker induce the addressee to one or another action, our speech also expresses an invitation to a joint (relative to "I" and "you") action. In casual friendly communication, these are, first of all, the verb forms of the first person plural: Let's go ..., Let's go ..., Let's see ... and specially motivating forms: Let's go ... You need to respond to an invitation, request, advice, offer, that is, you need to express consent or refusal, and in some cases, permission or prohibition to do something. Consent or permission is unlikely to hurt our interlocutor, but refusal and prohibition require special tact.
Consent is given: With pleasure! and with joy! and permission is expressed by the word: Please! Refusal from the standpoint of etiquette is a more complex speech act: you need to make sure that the interlocutor is not offended. There are special “softening” means in the language. Firstly, we express regret that we cannot fulfill the request, respond to the offer: Unfortunately, I can’t ... There are other ways to refuse: I would love to, but ... It’s embarrassing for me to refuse, but ... I would be happy to allow, but... Well, if the request revolts us, then we exclaim: No, no, and again no!!! Or so: This is out of the question! Or: Under no circumstances! Emotionally expressive ways of expressing categorical disagreement, prohibitions occasionally have to be used, but at the same time we must be aware of how we influence the interlocutor and what feelings we awaken in him.
In the Russian language (as in others) there are a lot of words, expressions, stable formulas that convey a negative assessment, discontent, abuse, in general, various negative emotions. This is a completely different area of language units and a different scope for their application. But, situations where you need to console, show sympathy, express condolences, cheer up the interlocutor, create a good mood for him, directly relates to the field of speech etiquette. True, condolences are expressed officially, and look like stylistically high-pitched phrases such as: Please accept my condolences, Please accept my deepest condolences, Allow me to express my sincere condolences to you, etc.
But consolations, sympathies are very diverse and vary from a socio-stylistic point of view, depending on who, to whom and in what environment they say them. There are many phrases of sympathy in everyday life: This is nothing! It's OK! All this is nonsense! A reminder that troubles are inevitable in life can also serve as consolation: Anything can happen; Nothing to do about; You can't change anything here; All will pass; Everything will be fine, etc. And there may be calls to struggle with feelings: Do not lose heart! Don't get in the mood! and other phrases. As a rule, with sympathy, consolation, the speaker is not limited to just one phrase, he strings them one on top of the other, repeats, convinces, creates a whole text, can add compliments here: You are such a strong person!
You will overcome adversity! Thus, a compliment, approval, as well as consolation, sympathy cheer up the interlocutor, cheer him up. We are often inclined to believe even exaggerated compliments, we are ready to accept a compliment a little more than we objectively deserve. Obviously, the whole point is that the speaker evaluates the interlocutor subjectively, it is the point of view of the addresser that can reveal the special merits of the addressee. This supports our tendency to believe high self-esteem. Psychologists note how important it is for a person to think well about himself, to have a positive image in his mind. Making compliments, expressing approving assessments in someone's address, we must remember that there is something good in every person.
Highlight, emphasize this good, do not be stingy, evaluate his best features in a person - this is the art of a compliment and its positive role Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Norma Publishing House, 2001. S. 301. . Just as in consolation, sympathy, and in a compliment, all attention is focused on the interlocutor, in phrases there is “you”, but there is no “I”. You look wonderful! This dress really suits you! The most commonly used compliments are appearance. An appearance compliment can mark a successful hairstyle, clothes: this suit really suits you! This color suits you! You have great taste, you dress so elegantly! But, of course, it's all about when it's appropriate to give what compliment.
If, for example, after a report, a speech, a woman has the right to wait for the approval of her business qualities, and the speaker praises her clothes, the effect of such a compliment can be exactly the opposite - after all, she is waiting for the approval of the thoughts that she expressed, her manner of speaking, the ability to defend her point of view, logically reason. A compliment to relatives also creates a good mood for the interlocutor: You have a lovely daughter; You have such a handsome husband; You have a charming wife! Thus, all of the above situations are the most common in terms of the implementation of speech etiquette in them.
3. SPEECH ETIQUETTE AND SPEECH CULTURE
Culture - in a certain sense of the word, it is enlightenment, education, well-read, the presence of certain skills of behavior in society, good breeding. The culture of communication is that part of the culture of behavior, which is expressed mainly in speech, in the mutual exchange of remarks, in conversation. This broad area also affects what is called the culture of speech. The culture of speech is a complex concept. In everyday life, in everyday life, this means correct literate speech. But the culture of speech is also a whole branch of linguistics, sometimes called orthodology (“ortho”, like “ortho”, in Greek “correctly” - “correct speech”) Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. S. 151. .
The culture of speech as a science of language is precisely concerned with the development and ordering of various rules, and the rules of speech are of interest to each of us. Under the culture of speech is understood the possession of the norms of oral and written literary language, that is, the rules of pronunciation, stress, grammar and word usage. Usually, from these positions, speech is assessed as correct and incorrect, use as acceptable and unacceptable. For example: correct "last" (in line) and incorrectly "extreme"; correctly "put" and incorrectly "lay down". The second area of interests of the culture of speech is speech skill, the ability to choose a stylistically appropriate option, to express an idea expressively and intelligibly.
A high culture of speech presupposes a sufficiently high level of the general culture of a person, a conscious love for the language, a culture of thinking. The pinnacle of speech culture, the standard and "starting point" of phenomena perceived as normative, is recognized as the literary language, where the cultural traditions of the people, the achievements of masters of the word, writers are consolidated and accumulated, as in a treasury. Speech etiquette is directly related to the culture of speech and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.
In addition, speech etiquette is closely related to the category of politeness - an ethical category that is reflected in the language and serves as one of the characteristics of a person. The ethical socio-cultural concept of politeness as a respectful attitude towards a communication partner is connected with speech etiquette in two ways. On the one hand, any violation of the norms of speech behavior is a demonstration of impoliteness.
This violation may be due to:
a) violation of the ritual of speech etiquette in the appropriate situation (did not say hello, did not thank);
b) the choice of the inconsistency of the situation and the role characteristics of the partner (for example, the use of "you" - a formula, with the expected "you").
The idea of correct cultural speech includes a certain idea of the norm in the field of speech etiquette. In general, the language norm is accepted in social speech practice educated people pronunciation rules, grammatical and other language means, word usage rules. The norm is the most important condition for stability, unity of the national language. The norm, like the law, does not allow each speaker to act according to his own whim. Therefore, we can say that a person who knows the norms of his native language, owns the culture of speech, and vice versa, who owns the culture of speech always adheres to the norm.
This does not exclude, of course, the stylistic diversity of his speech, but it just presupposes such diversity as the embodiment of speech skill. So, speech etiquette, as an element of the speech and behavioral culture of the people, is associated with the concept of a language norm. Every native speaker knows the previously discussed stable communication formulas - for example, formulas for apologizing for awkwardness; however, only one is welcomed by the norm: Excuse me! I apologize! - and others are rejected, for example: Sorry! (moreover, sometimes such a distinction is given “justifications” like: you can’t excuse yourself, you can only apologize to others, etc.).
The very use or non-use of units of speech etiquette can also be the subject of normalization, for example: apology formulas are appropriate if the speaker causes concern to his interlocutor, but you should not apologize too often, as this puts the interlocutor in an awkward position. In addition, a violation of the norms and rules of the literary language, especially if it looks like negligence, can in itself be considered a violation of speech etiquette. So, the requirements of speech etiquette form a kind of hierarchy.
To some extent, they are an integral part of the active and passive language practice of every native speaker. On the other hand, these requirements are associated with a certain level of speech culture, more or less high. Elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker who easily recognizes stable communication formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in a certain situation. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people.
But the boundary between everyday speech practice and the norm in speech etiquette is inevitably mobile. Practical use speech etiquette is always somewhat different from normative models, and not only because of the participants' insufficient knowledge of its rules. Deviations from the norm, or too meticulous adherence to it, may be due to the speaker's desire to demonstrate his attitude towards the interlocutor or emphasize his vision of the situation. Thus, speech etiquette is not a rigid system of rules; it is plastic enough, and this plasticity creates quite a large "room for maneuver".
At present, there is a clear tendency to increase the general and linguistic culture of people, the development of "linguistic flair", linguistic taste, interest in the language, bringing the culture of behavior and speech etiquette to automatism. CONCLUSION It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished: for example, almost all peoples have stable formulas for greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. however, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language.
Later layers associated with various stages of the evolution of society and its structure are superimposed on the oldest ideas about the effectiveness of the word. In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs. Ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication.
On the other hand, speech etiquette remains important part national language and culture. Impossible to talk about high level language proficiency, if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. The ability to comply with ethical and speech standards has always been highly valued in society. Knowledge of ethical standards, the ability to follow them in behavior and speech indicates a high level of human development.
In order to always be on top and not lose face, it is worth knowing the basic rules of speech etiquette “perfectly”. In the Russian language, as in any other culture of the world, there are certain subtleties and features of speech etiquette. Yes, there are not so few of them. However, knowing the rules of behavior in various speech situations will help you brilliantly make speeches, negotiate, and conduct personal conversations. You will learn how to negotiate and avoid various incidental situations that may cast doubt on your reputation.
What is speech etiquette?
It is worth starting with what the term “speech etiquette” itself means. Do I need to draw up rules of speech etiquette for myself, or is there some specific written set of norms?
In short, speech etiquette refers to the ability to communicate politely and tactfully.
If you constantly use these rules in everyday life, you can easily build a good relationship with colleagues, neighbors, relatives, partners, friends, etc.
In short, the speech culture of behavior is not only a set of certain norms. This is also everyday communication. In some way, this is also a litmus test, which allows you to determine at the first communication how literate a person is, how polite, tactful. The level of speech etiquette helps to assess social status and level of human development.
Despite the fact that every country, every culture has its own rules that help us understand what kind of person it is, it is very difficult to identify all the rules of speech etiquette - there are so many of them.
Basic rules of speech etiquette
The main, basic rules of speech etiquette in Russian are varied. But it will not be difficult for you to understand them if you grew up in this country and the basic formulations or “starting formulas” were instilled in you from childhood. What it is? In fact, everything is not so difficult.
Under the starting formulas, linguists and psychologists usually mean a habit:
- greet the interlocutor correctly and in accordance with the situation;
- be sure to say goodbye;
- to thank for the offered help;
- apologize.
Many people learned these rules at an early age. But over the years, a person develops his own rules of speech etiquette, which he strives to strictly follow. What is it expressed in? It’s not at all that adults can be rude to an interlocutor or utter a bad word. Not at all! With experience, a person learns to politely maintain a conversation, even if he is not familiar with the topic.
It is important here not to abruptly interrupt the conversation and not to refuse it. This is uncivilized! Also, over the years, we learn to correctly and correctly express our point of view. Even if it does not correspond to generally accepted standards, it is important to communicate it politely.
The main stages of each speech situation
Following the basic rules of speech etiquette, each person must understand that any conversation is divided into 3 stages:
- Introduction (or greeting).
- Main part.
- Conclusion.
Each of the stages has certain features. It would seem that everyone knows what rules of speech etiquette "work" in the first part of the conversation. Still, it wouldn't hurt to repeat them. It is very important to choose the right phrases for greetings. They depend on your interlocutor. His age, social status, gender should be taken into account. But there are no clear boundaries and restrictions here. That is, you can say “Good morning!”, “Hello!”, “Hello!”. The first and last options are universal. They apply in every situation. After all, their meaning indicates a polite attitude. "Hi!" and similar phrases are permissible only in dialogue with friends and some relatives.
Also, there are no uniform formulas for communication in the main part of the conversation. A lot depends on the situation, the goals of the conversation and many other factors. To determine the line of conduct and the rules of speech etiquette, you need to know the facts, that is, the interlocutor himself and the essence of the conversation.
Another important aspect is a well-formed conclusion. Here, too, there are certain subtleties. According to general norms, it is customary to say the words of farewell and discuss the possibility of the next meeting. There are also generic phrases here. If you do not know how to end a conversation in a given situation, then use the generally accepted wording. These may be variants of "All the best!" or "Goodbye!".
Principles of speech etiquette
Speech etiquette is based on certain principles. There is nothing difficult in their comprehension, since all these are generally accepted moral principles and values.
Accordingly, when conducting any conversation, you should rely on a respectful attitude towards the interlocutor, do not interrupt him, do not raise your voice, do not shout, do not insult, do not speak in parallel.
It would seem that everything is elementary simple. But it is still worth highlighting the basic principles of the rules of speech behavior in Russian:
- brevity;
- politeness;
- accuracy;
- literacy;
- relevance.
Here are the main components of successful communication in a business environment and in everyday interpersonal interaction.
Goodwill and readiness for mutual cooperation - these are the basics of etiquette. If you follow these laws, then pleasant communication is guaranteed to you. In addition, this approach provides an opportunity to clearly agree on productive cooperation.
It is important to be able to select phrases that are appropriate in a given situation. In this case, it is required to take into account the social status and age of the interlocutor. Don't forget how familiar you are with him.
Also, your speech should always be filled with meaning. Empty phrases, behind which there is nothing, are a clear manifestation of disrespect for the interlocutor. Try to avoid using them. Let your speech be informative.
As for literacy, this condition is one of the most important. To pass for a cultured person, it is worth using words correctly depending on their meaning and the context of the conversation. Don't forget about accents. Unfortunately, many people sin by shifting the focus to the wrong vowels even in the simplest words.
Brief but important requirements of speech etiquette
If you decide to strictly follow the rules of speech etiquette, then you should consider several important requirements:
These are only the most important, basic rules of speech etiquette. Use them in your daily life and it will become more pleasant and easier!
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