Etiquette topic for speech. Rules and norms of speech etiquette in the process of communication: formulas of politeness and mutual understanding

The etiquette and culture of business communication is a fairly diverse set of conventions that simply need to be reckoned with in order to avoid embarrassing situations. If you follow the elementary rules of speech etiquette and communication culture, you will get an advantage in any life situation, not to mention important business negotiations.

What does it mean to follow the rules of speech etiquette in communication?

For starters, it's to have high level ability to communicate in the business world. What does it mean by:

The result of business communication, built in the best traditions of speech etiquette, is not only something material: a signed contract, an agreement, closing a deal. Much more important are the feelings that people will part with after business negotiations. Thanks to the ability to communicate, your interlocutor will have a certain emotional coloring from your meeting. The words will be forgotten, but the emotions experienced from meeting with you, your interlocutor will remember for a long time. Often they are the basis for further cooperation.

1. Preparation is the beginning of the result. Business negotiations are often the only way to convince the interlocutor to cooperate with you. Be fully prepared, carefully prepare for them. Think about what you want to say and what you want to hear in response.
2. The culture of communication assumes that the guests start the conversation, but the etiquette of speech communication determines that the host party conducts the business part.
3. During a business conversation, be calm, restrained, friendly.

And, of course, do not forget about the documentation. After all, documents are part of business card any enterprise, whether letterhead Or just note paper.

Speech etiquette in written communication

Since it is not always possible (and even necessary) for oral communication, written communication comes to the rescue, in which speech etiquette should also be observed. All documents must be drawn up not only correctly, but also legally correct. The essence of the matter should be stated clearly and specifically, adhere to the rules of address at the beginning and correct ending document. If the "papers" are perfect, then the opinion about the head of the enterprise and his employees will receive an additional bonus. And this will serve well in solving any issue.

It is important to remember that the culture of verbal communication lends itself to development and education in the process of socio-psychological education. Therefore, even if today you do not perfectly master the etiquette of speech communication, everything is fixable!

Speech on the topic of compliance with the rules of speech etiquette is necessary in communication

Update date: 24.10.2017

In fact, the general culture of a person can already be judged by the way he speaks and writes. Even 100 years ago, by the cultural manner of communicating, it was possible to distinguish an aristocrat from a commoner - the difference was too huge. Social status could be easily determined. But with the development of universal literacy in the 20s of the twentieth century great amount people joined the books and was able to break out of their social stratum. It was thanks to education, the development of reading and writing skills that it was possible at that time to rise from the bottom and break out into people.

But even in our time, in terms of the requirements for the quality of speech, they have not changed. It is possible that in society the bar of claims has fallen somewhat, but this in no way means that the norms of etiquette are outdated. For people of high culture, beautifully developed speech without verbal garbage has remained the standard, below which they will never fall.

The culture of speech can be considered the most important indicator of culture in general. Therefore, there are no limits to the perfection of speech and manners. It is not enough to learn how to avoid speech errors, you need to constantly expand your vocabulary, be able to hear your opponent, understand him, respect his opinion, master the skill of choosing the right words for each situation.

Communication culture

By the way a person speaks, one can judge the nature of a person. The general manner of communication creates a certain impression about us. Well, if she is attractive. But speech can also push the interlocutor away. Therefore, the concept of communication culture is more multifaceted than just beautiful speech. This includes the ability to listen and observe the rules of etiquette.

The ability to listen

Often, being carried away by a conversation, we forget about good manners. We hasten to impose our understanding of the issue, we do not delve into the arguments of our counterpart, we do not hear, we do not follow our own words.

It is strictly forbidden to put pressure on the interlocutor by the rules of etiquette. And to impose your opinion is not only ugly, but also has no effect. Most likely, your partner will become defensive, and the conversation will not work.

And if you do not listen to the interlocutor and interrupt all the time, this indicates disrespect for his personality, the absence of elementary culture. A good interlocutor shows sincere attention to the speaker, respects the opinions of others, listens carefully. Such a skill can be developed and become a very pleasant highly cultured person who is well received in any society.

It can also happen vice versa - when they do not listen to you and interrupt, impose their opinion. Then start the conversation with the common cliché "Don't you think...".

If a dispute ensued and you were wrong, then as a cultured person, admit your mistake without bringing the dispute to a conflict.

speech culture

Many people think that speech is just thoughts expressed in words. In fact, speech and the etiquette associated with it is a complex tool that helps to establish communication, establish contact (especially in business circles), increase the productivity of the conversation, and attract a mass audience to your side during public speaking.

The culture of speech is directly related to the behavior of the speaker. The choice of words and manner of speaking set up the interlocutor in the necessary way and build our behavior. It happens that you need to watch every word spoken and weigh them before you say it.

In business circles, the speech of the interlocutor will be judged not only about himself, but also about the company he represents. Therefore, speech etiquette in such situations will either help make a career or destroy it.

• Be as brief as possible so as not to confuse the interlocutor with unnecessary words. Speak clearly, clearly and concisely.
• Before starting a conversation, decide what purpose you are entering into the conversation.
• Be varied in your speech, telling the same story to different people, taking into account the approach to them. That's where an expanded vocabulary is needed! This contributes to understanding and establishing contacts, finding a common language in different people.
• Rudeness is better to ignore than to respond to it. A cultured person will not stoop to respond in the same rude manner, will not stoop to the level of an interlocutor. When they deliberately do not answer the question, it is also considered a violation of speech etiquette.
• Self-control and self-control are very necessary in conversation and in public speaking, so that emotions do not get out of control, do not dominate the mind.
• The culture of speech has nothing to do with obscene expressions.
• If you find it hard to find mutual language with the interlocutor, try not to adopt his manner, keep your positive speech habits. People who imitate the opponent's speech lose their individuality.

Anastasia, Valentina Vasilyeva
publication date: 12.11.2010
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Our whole life is governed by certain sets of rules, the absence of which can provoke anarchy. Just imagine if the rules of the road, the constitution and the criminal code, the rules of conduct in public places are canceled, chaos will begin. The same applies to speech etiquette.

Today, many do not attach much importance to the culture of speech, for example, in social networks you can increasingly meet young people who write illiterately, on the street - illiterate and rudely communicating. I believe that this is a problem, and quite a serious one, because, not knowing the rules of speech etiquette or violating them, a person evolves in the opposite direction. After all, what distinguishes us from primitive people in the first place? Ability to communicate effectively, courteously and courteously.

Each social role, whether it be a salesperson, teacher, employee, parent or student, has its own speech patterns. Speech etiquette helps us master each of these roles, since we behave differently with different people, and, accordingly, adjust our communication style to them.

Speech etiquette allows us to correctly select the direction of the conversation, whether it is a conversation with a friend, parents, or business negotiations. It is necessary not only to know how to speak, but also when, to whom, and in what tone. With strangers and older people - politely and on “You”, ladies, regardless of age, are more likely to compliment. Speech etiquette is not just the rules of speech, it is a whole science that teaches us to control our emotions, to express our thoughts competently and beautifully.

Each of us who wants to be intelligent and educated must know the basics of speech etiquette. Compliance simple rules gives us the opportunity to communicate, and enjoy it. After all, you must admit, it is much more pleasant to have a conversation with a person who speaks politely than with boors or illiterate people.

Etiquette: culture of speech and rules of communication

The ability to communicate culturally is an indicator of a person's upbringing. Therefore, we all need to constantly improve, improve manners and speech. The culture of speech is not just about correct pronunciation, using the right prepositions, etc., but also a constantly rich vocabulary, the ability to listen and understand your interlocutor, respect for the point of view of others, the ability to select the right words in the right form and in a specific situation when communicating .

Speech is one of the main characteristics of the culture of communication, which characterizes the general features of a person. How you say it will depend general impression people about you. With the help of speech, a person can attract people to himself, and vice versa, repel them. Speech can greatly influence your interlocutor.

The ability to listen

The culture of communication is not only speech etiquette, but also the ability to listen to your interlocutor. After all, there are situations when you are talking to someone in interesting topic, argue and get so carried away that you simply forget about your interlocutor. When he tries to tell you something, you interrupt him without delving into the arguments, defend your point of view, try to make him believe in your arguments. This is the neglect of speech etiquette.

The rules of etiquette indicate that it is forbidden to put pressure on your interlocutor. Imposing one's point of view, whether it is right or wrong, is also considered disrespectful and ugly. In some cases, this may cause a defensive reaction in your interlocutor, who will also begin to bend his line, your conversation will fail.

P Not only is it disrespectful if you don't listen to your partner, but if you constantly interrupt him. Thus, you show yourself not from the best side.

The ability to listen is essential component speech culture . If you carefully listen to your counterpart, respect his thoughts, you can be sure that it is pleasant to communicate with you. Listening is the key to success in many situations.

But there are situations when you fully adhere to all the rules of speech etiquette, but your interlocutor neglects them, tries to impose his thought on you. In such cases, you can express yourself by starting your speech with the words: "Don't you think that ...".

During the conversation, if there was an argument, and you were wrong, always admit your mistake so as not to bring the situation to a conflict.

A culture of speech

Speech is not just a mechanism for forming thoughts into words, words into sentences and phrases. Speech is the most important mechanism in establishing relationships with people. And the culture of speech in this case will be your plus. For example, in business or public speaking, proper communication will help you win people over to your side.

The culture of speech provides a huge impact both on the interlocutor and on ourselves. After all, the correct choice of words and demeanor during a conversation will shape the mood of you and your counterpart.

In the business sphere, when a person makes a speech and he owns all the rules of speech etiquette, others form their opinion not only about the person, but also about the company as a whole, which he represents. Therefore, in order to achieve certain heights, the culture of speech is extremely important for us.

Basic Rules

So, what are the basic rules of speech culture that we must follow?

If you are speaking in public you need to prepare in advance a plan for your speech to the public, prepare the main theses.

When speaking to a mass audience, try not to use an instructive tone, use emotions, indifference to the problem being stated, choose words and phrases correctly.

Also, during public speaking, use comparative statistics that will serve as an argument for defending your position, and will undoubtedly interest your listeners.

Try to avoid "stamps", words that have already been heard many times.

When communicating, try to keep it short and to the point. Entering into a conversation, you should form the goal of communication.

Always try to find a common language with your interlocutor, always be polite and friendly, regardless of the position of the partner. Never respond with rudeness, even if you are treated rudely. Thus, you will violate speech etiquette.

Of course, you should forget about all the obscene expressions that will spoil the idea of ​​​​you.

By following these rules of speech etiquette, you will achieve a positive opinion about you and achieve your goal.

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Speech etiquette



Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, the other will find it completely difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his speech. Everyday life.

Meanwhile, the etiquette of speech communication plays an important role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and professional growth, building strong family and friendships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Norms of speech etiquette very diverse, each country has its own characteristics of the culture of communication.

• speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication, and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication, its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you correctly convey your thoughts to the interlocutor, quickly reach mutual understanding with him.

Mastery speech etiquette requires knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. For a more successful mastering of the skills of a culture of communication, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned in early age when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for tricks. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess the situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, competently express their thoughts, distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for the three stages of conversation:

• start a conversation (greeting/introduction)
• main part
• final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting, it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters. junior first greets the elder, a man - a woman, a young girl - an adult man, a junior in position - a senior. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

AT end of conversation use formulas for ending communication, parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we'll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, do not remember dashingly).

The main part of the conversation

After the greeting, the conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases uttered after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. It is not uncommon for situations where the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the end of the conversation following it.

• speech etiquette formulas - set expressions

A solemn atmosphere, the approach of an important event suggest the use of speech turns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. At the same time, the situation can be both official and informal, and it depends on the situation which formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

The mournful atmosphere in connection with the events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not on duty or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can be a reason for issuing gratitude or censure. When following orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to ask a colleague. It also becomes necessary to approve someone else's proposal, give permission for execution or a reasoned refusal.

The request should be extremely polite in form (but without fawning) and understandable to the addressee, the request should be delicate. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form, use the affirmative one. Advice must be given non-categorically; addressing advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

For the fulfillment of a request, the provision of a service, useful advice it is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor. Also important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely said, he lifts the mood of the interlocutor, disposes to a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional coloring.

Situations of speech etiquette

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

The personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Accounting for the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - to You and to You. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and great formality in conversation.

Place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for this place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events, the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to a detailed conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show a sign of respect, express a benevolent attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

National speech etiquette



Any national speech etiquette imposes certain requirements on the representatives of their culture, and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given special meaning, and there was a strong belief in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring certain events to life.

But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with a difference only in the forms of implementation of the speech norms of etiquette. In each cultural and linguistic group there are formulas of greeting and farewell, respectful appeal to elders by age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, not familiar with the characteristics national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, ill-mannered person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different peoples; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of our time

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of a culture of speech communication is changing radically. The speed of changes taking place in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on ideas about the inviolability of the social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Studying the norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into practical purpose, focused on achieving success in a specific act of communication: if necessary, draw attention to yourself, show respect, inspire confidence in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the characteristics of a foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation



Main feature Russian speech etiquette can be called its heterogeneous development throughout its existence Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette took place at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The former monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into estates from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged estates - master, sir, master. At the same time, there was no single appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the former estates were abolished. All appeals of the old system were replaced by two - a citizen and a comrade. The appeal of a citizen has acquired a negative connotation, it has become the norm in the application of prisoners, convicted persons, detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

In the days of communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, aunt, boy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, but in modern society are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the old types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address, comrade, it is legally fixed as an official address in law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, communist organizations, in the collectives of factories and factories.

Materials used in the preparation of the article Online encyclopedias Around the world and RGIU Libraries.

Etiquette is an external, visible part of ethics that has developed over centuries and millennia in human society and is an integral part, even the basis of the spiritual world of the individual.

The term ethics (introduced by Aristotle) ​​has two meanings:
a) philosophical science, the object of which is morality (problems of the meaning of life, the purpose of a person, etc.);
b) norms, rules supported public opinion and determining how a person should act in the conditions of a choice between good and evil, egoism and altruism, in situations of personal self-expression, in motivating actions, in understanding the principles and norms of behavior.

Ethics has a variety of applications: it determines the relationship of people in joint work, in the field of education and upbringing, in sports, even in ecology. And in family life, and in communication - in its most diverse situations.

Ethics is associated with psychology in the areas of motivation of behavior, development of a person's motives, in the study of his moral feelings, the formation of personality, its intellectual world, consciousness.
Ethics is also connected with sociology in matters of public regulation of activities, people's actions, the problem of "man and society".

It could not but be reflected in the language: it formed, developed into a coherent system of language units close to phraseology, extremely sensitive to changes in social relations - these are the means and rules for using speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette is a system of sustainable forms of communication adopted in accordance with social roles communicating. Areas of use of etiquette forms: greeting, farewell, apology, request, gratitude, etc. Etiquette is an external form of communication, but it is associated with ethics, reflects the moral norms of relations between people. The systems of etiquette speeches are changeable, they accurately reflect the historical time and social strata of their appropriate application. They are situational, "attached" to official and unofficial settings, reflect very subtle differences in the choice of one or another register of communication. For example: Hello!; Hello!; Hello!;
Great!; Hi!; How are you?; Healthy bools! Differences are expressed in addressing you or you, in the village or in the city, among acquaintances and strangers, equal in age or not, etc.

Etiquette forms are close to phraseological units, because most often they should not be taken literally: greeting How are you? - a tracing-paper from a saying from Anglo-American etiquette does not require a detailed answer, just as Hello should not be taken as an order to be healthy. At the same time, speech etiquette serves as a means of stylistic differentiation of speech: I'm sorry! - Sorry!

Speech etiquette forms do not introduce new meaningful, logical information into the communicative act, they carry completely different, contact-establishing information: if the person who enters says Hello, gentlemen! social status(sincerely or not - this will become clear later). At the same time, the greeting is focused on the addressee. Etiquette forms express attitude towards the addressee (Excuse me, please), respect for him or just politeness, tact in communication. They reflect traditions, norms of mutual respect (congratulations on holidays, important events in life loved one or just a friend, invitations to a wedding or just a visit). The function of attracting the attention of a potential interlocutor is also not alien to speech etiquette, as is the function of completing communication.

Speech etiquette is a universal - it is used in various languages, often translated, is a tracing paper: auf Wiedersehen (German) - goodbye, but most of the etiquette forms are traditional, have national roots: thank you - God save you, thank you - good I give, sir and madam.

Speech etiquette has always attracted the attention of writers and all native speakers of the Russian language, but it scientific development began only in the second half of the 20th century. (V.G. Kostomarov, A.A. Akishina, N.I. Formanovskaya, V.E. Goldin). In phraseological dictionaries, etiquette is reflected only in separate examples: God help, thank you humbly, for good health with the mark "obsolete."

Etiquette in human behavior and in speech is subject to the historical process, it is changing relatively quickly, and those forms of politeness that were familiar not only two hundred, but only twenty years ago, are already hopelessly outdated today. According to etiquette statements, it is not difficult to recognize the age of the speaker, and the level of his education, and social affiliation, and sometimes the profession. Special etiquette forms are adopted among military personnel, at school between teachers and students; speech etiquette, familiar among young people, is not used among the elderly. Appeals that are appropriate in intimate correspondence do not fit the style of business papers. For free and correct communication, a person must have a subtle knowledge of etiquette, even his instinct. This level is difficult to achieve in a foreign country, and many foreigners find themselves in an extremely awkward position for this reason.

In the last decade, treatment in domestic and official conditions has become more complicated: mister, comrade, colleague; sir and madam (an attempt to introduce these native Russian words into use was unsuccessful). Gratitude to Merci, adopted in intelligent families in the 19th century, is now rare and usually in the form of a joke.

Speech etiquette includes non-verbal means- gestures, facial expressions, and especially intonations: the sound of the voice, the expression of the eyes give out falseness and stretch in etiquette situations.

Usually they name at least ten most important situations that have their own set of etiquette words and turns of speech.

Appeal - to one person or to many; official or friendly, with varying degrees of intimacy; to a friend or stranger, to a man or a woman, to an adult or a teenager, a young man; at the stadium at the critical moment of a football match - or in the foyer of the opera house, during the intermission; in the market in the meat rows - or in the embassy of a friendly state: Is it you, Holy Father Sergius? (N.S. Leskov). Using this greeting, it is not difficult to recreate both the situation and the degree of closeness of the interlocutors. The judge is addressed with the words your honor, the president - your excellency, excel. Dear Alexey Nikolaevich! I don't know how to thank you... (A.P. Chekhov). Dear Katya! - from a letter to a friend.

Greetings when meeting in a variety of situations. Hello, hello! the most common type of greeting different languages: wish for health. There is still a salute in Russian - but this is also “health” (Spanish). The wish of health has dozens of options.

Additions are made to the greeting: How are you?, glad (a) to see you, etc.
Farewell - friendly and official, everyday and for a long time, with wishes and without them, etc.: (Goodbye; Farewell!; All the best; All the best; Well, bye!; Chao. Gestures: handshake, etc.
Acquaintance, introduction - Hello. I am the commercial director of the Vostok company, Ivanov Ivan Nikitich. Friendly meeting: Kolya, introduce us! - This is Slava, we study together at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University.

Gratitude is one of the most profound manifestations of ethics through etiquette, and this is reflected in lexical meanings etiquette: thank you, thank you \, I am very obliged to you (or you); Senk-yu (English), grazio (Italian), graces (Spanish), zenkue (Polish), thanks (Bulg.), Danke (German); usually with a hint of a joke.

Gratitude usually elicits a response from those being thanked: please; do not mention it!; eat (eat) for health; and thank you for everything!
Congratulations on the holiday, with any significant events; congratulations are usually preceded by an appeal, a greeting.

Dear Nikolai Ivanovich! With all my heart I am glad of your success - the brilliant completion of the work of many years. Your new book is a true contribution to Russian culture. I congratulate you and bow. In this example, form and content are harmoniously merged.
Wish is one of the freest etiquette structures. Wish your friends and acquaintances: good health, years life, success in work and study, in creative activity, well-being and prosperity, joys and happiness - to children and all relatives.
Apologies: I'm sorry, please!, I'm sorry!, I beg your pardon, don't judge me harshly! - playfully, familiarly.

Request: please; I ask you (you); I ask for your assistance (in some undertaking); I have a big request to you...; help for Christ! After the etiquette beginning, the content of the request usually follows.
invitation: on scientific conference, in Geographic Society Russia to make a presentation, birthday (name) to his friends, subpoena as a witness and much more.
Introductory and final parts of the letter - friendly, official:
Dear friend! I hasten to inform you that I have received your letter...<...>I remain loving you S. Yesenin;
Ancient Rome: Seneca salutes Lucilius!;
I.S. Turgenev - M.S. Shchepkin: Dear and venerable Mihai-la Semyonitch!<...>Sincerely devoted to you, Iv. Turgenev.
He is A.I. Herzen: I am guilty before you, dear Herzen, I haven't written to you for a long time.<...>I shake your hand firmly and remain forever devoted to you.
Condolence, sympathy, consolation: Dear friend! I share your grief with all my heart...
Approval, praise, compliment, etc.

Despite being standard, etiquette sayings are very flexible and amenable to individual variation. This refers to stylistic options, and historical changes, and allusions that connect friends and are understandable only to the two of them. So speech etiquette should not be considered only as a means of politeness, as an external form of communication: it can serve both the self-expression of the individual and the formation of moral habits, fit into the general background of cultural behavior.

Etiquette sayings are sensitively connected with stylistics, it is easy to trace on the gradation of forms of a proper name in circulation: Dear Alexander Nikolaevich; Alexander; Sasha; Sashunya, etc. The address, the form of the name immediately determine the tone of communication, of the entire subsequent message.

In conclusion, we emphasize the national, strictly historical, social, territorial (Russians in Moscow and Paris), contact-establishing, ethical nature of the language's etiquette means.

It is important for a modern person to have a certain culture and behave correctly with others, regardless of their social status. To do this, his speech must be correct and polite, follow the rules of speech etiquette.

A good interlocutor is someone who can listen carefully without interrupting and listen respectfully, sincerely empathize and be interested in the story.

What does it mean to be able to persuade a business partner to your point of view and influence him so that he does what is needed in your interests, while respecting his own interests, that is, it is the ability to find a common language with your partner.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. Indeed, any native speaker (including those who have a poor command of the norm) uses the rules of speech etiquette in everyday life, easily recognizing these formulas in the flow of speech and expecting the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. With ignorance of the rules and requirements of speech etiquette, and their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult stranger to You), others may perceive how they want to offend, as bad manners.

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, an example of a character that depends on the situation and on the characteristics of communication. Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final part. In this regard, speech etiquette formulas can be divided into 3 main groups:

1. Speech formulas to start communication;

2. Speech formulas used in the process of communication;

3. Speech formulas for ending communication.

Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the beginning of communication: appeal, greeting.

Appeal is one of the most important and necessary components of speech etiquette. After all, the appeal is an integral part of communication, is used throughout the communication.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This is a vocative function.

Since, as addresses, both proper names and names of people are used according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather), by position in society, by profession, by position, by age and gender (old man, boy, girl), the appeal in addition to the vocative function indicates the corresponding feature.

So, appeals can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment: Irochka, Irka, muddler, well done, well done. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, his attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional condition. The given address words are used in informal communication; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.

Greeting: If the interlocutors are unfamiliar with each other, then they begin communication with an acquaintance. This can happen both directly and indirectly. According to the rules good manners It is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are situations when it is still necessary to introduce yourself. Etiquette suggests some formulas:

Let me get to know you (you).

I would like to meet you (you).

Let me (those) get to know you (you).

I would be glad to meet you (you).

Let's get acquainted.

Let's get acquainted.

When visiting any institution, office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself using one of the formulas:

Allow (permit) me to introduce myself.

My name is Alexander Gennadievich.

Mikhail Sidorov.

Ekaterina Ivanova.

If the visitor does not name himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:

What is your (your) last name?

What is your (your) name, patronymic?

What is your (your) name?

What is your (your) name?

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers start with a hello.

In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It comes to us from the Old Church Slavonic verb "hello", which means "to be healthy", i.e. healthy. Also, in addition to this form of greeting, a greeting is common that indicates the time of the meeting: good morning, good afternoon, good evening.

The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, that is, the sequence of greetings. Welcome first:

A man is a woman;

The youngest (youngest) in age - the oldest (oldest);

The youngest woman is a man who is significantly

older than her;

Junior in position - senior;

A member of the delegation - its leader (regardless of whether the failure of the legation or foreign).

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are formulas for parting, ending communication. They wish:

All the best (good) to you!

Goodbye;

I hope for a new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Friday). I hope we're apart for a while. I hope to see you soon.

Speech etiquette, one way or another, is connected with the situation of speech communication and its parameters: the personalities of the interlocutors, topic, place, time, motive and goals of communication. First of all, it is a complex of linguistic phenomena that are focused on the addressee, although the personality of the speaker (or writer) is also taken into account. This can best be demonstrated by the use of You - and You - forms in communication. General principle is that you is a form that is used as a sign of respect and greater formality of communication; You - this form, on the contrary, is used in informal communication between equal in age, position. However, the implementation of this principle can be presented in different ways, depending on how the participants in verbal communication are related according to the age and / or service hierarchy, whether they are in family or friendly relations; on the age and social status of each of them, etc.

Speech etiquette is found in different ways. It depends on the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. So, for example, the rules of verbal communication may differ depending on whether the topic of communication is a sad or joyful event for the participants in communication; there are specific etiquette rules associated with the place of communication.

Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation. The most common are 3 situations: solemn, working, mournful. The solemn ones include public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees, receiving awards, birthdays, name days and significant dates of the family or its members, presentation, conclusion of an agreement, creation new organization etc. For each solemn event, a significant date, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation:

Allow (allow), I will invite you .;

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ..).

Congratulation:

Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, sincere) congratulations ..;

On behalf of (on behalf of) congratulations;

Sincerely (warmly) congratulations.

As in many other situations of interpersonal communication, congratulations should be extremely correct, appropriate and sincere. Congratulations are a society-accepted ritual of respect and joy for a close, dear person, but this is by no means a way of conducting a conversation or correspondence; congratulations should not contain purely personal topics and questions of the congratulatory addressee.

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, state-owned.

Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored:

I want to express (to you) my (my) sincere condolences.

I offer you my deepest condolences.

I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In a daily business environment (business, work situation), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of the sale of goods, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, make a remark. In any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.

Gratitude:

Let me (let me) thank you;

The firm (management, administration) expresses its gratitude to all employees for…

In addition to official thanks, there are also ordinary, unofficial thanks. This is an ordinary “thank you”, “thank you”, “you are very kind”, “no thanks”, etc.

Politeness and understanding.

Consider the relationship between such phenomena as etiquette and politeness. Since politeness is one of the concepts of morality, let's turn to the Dictionary of Ethics, which defines politeness as follows: "... a moral quality that characterizes a person for whom respect for people has become a daily norm of behavior and a habitual way of dealing with others." So politeness is a sign of respect. Politeness is both a readiness to render a service to someone who needs it, and delicacy, and tact. And, of course, timely and appropriate speech manifestation - speech etiquette - is an integral element of politeness.

If politeness is a form of showing respect for another, then respect in itself implies recognition of the dignity of the individual, as well as a sensitive and delicate attitude towards another.

Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the end of communication: farewell, summary and compliments.

End of communication: At the end of the conversation, the interlocutors use the formulas of parting, ending communication. They wish:

All the best to you!;

Goodbye!;

Hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Sunday);

I hope for a short break. I hope to see you soon.

In addition to the usual forms of farewells, there is a long-established ritual of a compliment. A tactfully and timely compliment, it cheers up the addressee, sets up a positive attitude towards the interlocutor.

A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment. The compliment refers to the appearance, speaks of the good professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

You look good (remarkable).

You are (so, very) charming (amiable, beautiful, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent) specialist.

It is a pleasure (excellent, good) to do business with you (work, cooperate).

It was very nice to meet you!

You are a very nice (interesting) person (interlocutor).

When parting and parting, according to custom, there are verbal clichés. They are called instructions. They originate from antiquity, when they were almost spells, for example, "gully way", "no fluff, no feather", etc. It was believed that a happy road or the success of some business depends on the parting word. Now parting words have been simplified: “Goodbye”, “All the best”, “Farewell”, “Be healthy”.

Features of speech etiquette in remote communication: communication using the phone, the Internet.

Scientific and technological progress has introduced a new culture of communication into etiquette - communication using the phone. ON THE. Akishina in her book "Speech Etiquette of Russian Telephone Conversation" writes:

“The etiquette of a telephone conversation requires a short flow of time, which is caused by the following reasons: the impossibility of talking with many subscribers at once, unexpectedly and unplanned, the daily routine of the addressee of the call is violated, the phone is designed to resolve urgent issues, the time of the telephone conversation is paid.

As can be seen from the above, a telephone conversation is a form of oral spontaneous dialogue carried out with the help of technical means.

Unlike contact oral speech communication, a telephone conversation is indirect. The interlocutors do not see each other, and therefore communication takes place without such important means of non-verbal communication as somatisms (gestures, posture, facial expressions, facial expressions), reliance on the situation, the significance of the spatial location of the interlocutors, and this leads to the activation of verbal expression.

Among the etiquette requirements for oral speech, an important place is occupied by the intonation of the statement. A native speaker can accurately determine the entire range of intonations - from emphatically polite to dismissive. Although it is unlikely that it will be possible to determine which intonation corresponds to speech etiquette and which goes beyond its scope, in general terms, without taking into account the specific speech situation. The same statements uttered with different intonation express different oppositions: in meaning, in actual articulation, in stylistic nuances, and, among other things, in expressing the attitude of the speaker to the listener.

This relation can determine which intonational construction should be used in this case, and which should not. So, in accordance with the rules of etiquette, intonation should not indicate a dismissive or patronizing attitude, the intention to teach the interlocutor, aggression and defiance. This is especially true for various kinds of interrogative statements.

In addition to intonation, oral speech distinguishes from written use of paralinguistic signs - gestures and facial expressions. From the point of view of speech etiquette, the following paralinguistic signs are distinguished: they do not carry a specific etiquette load; required by etiquette rules (bows, handshakes, etc.); having an invective, offensive meaning.

At the same time, the regulation of gestures and facial expressions covers not only the last two categories of signs, but also non-etiquette signs - up to purely informative ones; cf., for example, the etiquette prohibition to point a finger at the subject of speech.

In addition to all this, the requirements of speech etiquette can apply to the paralinguistic level of communication in general. For example, in Russian speech etiquette, it is prescribed to refrain from too lively facial expressions and gestures, as well as from gestures and facial movements that mimic elementary physiological reactions.

At the same time, it is essential that the same gestures and mimic movements can have different meanings in different linguistic cultures.

Conclusions on the first chapter

Each native speaker should strive to improve his own speech culture, you need to know and understand the expressive means of the Russian language, being able to use them, be able to use the stylistic and semantic riches of the Russian language in all its structural diversity. When using speech etiquette, social information is transmitted about the speaker and his addressee, about whether they are familiar or unfamiliar, about their official and social status, about personal relationships, about the setting in which the conversation is being conducted (in official or informal), etc.

Any society at any moment of its existence is heterogeneous, many-sided, and that for each layer and layer there is both its own set of etiquette means and neutral expressions common to all. And there is an awareness that in contacts with a different environment, it is necessary to choose either stylistically neutral or means of communication characteristic of this environment.

student speech etiquette teacher

It is of great importance in today's world. Human speech is one of the main characterological features that give an idea of ​​the degree of education of the individual, his responsibility, culture. The manner of communication allows you to understand how a person positions himself in society, how he relates to people around him and his affairs. Despite the fact that we comprehend the basic ones in childhood, in order to achieve success in communicating with people, you need to constantly work on your own speech. Knowing the basic rules and norms of communication with other people will allow you to better understand the interlocutors and establish trusting relationships with them.

What is speech etiquette and how did it arise

Under speech etiquette, it is customary to understand a stable system of communication adopted in society along with culture. This is an unspoken set of rules that are mandatory for all people who want to build good relationships with others. These rules of behavior established over the centuries. Even our distant ancestors communicated with each other, adhering to an unwritten code. It was then, in ancient times, that it began to happen, its foundation began to be laid. Compliance with etiquette rules for ancient people was a kind of ritual that helped the interlocutors understand that they were not hostile and were ready for a constructive dialogue. Over time, many of the original actions have lost their power, but some rituals and their verbal formulations have survived and continue to be reproduced to this day.

Communication rules: speech etiquette and its formulas

To master the etiquette of speech communication, you need to have knowledge from various sciences, such as linguistics, cultural history, psychology, etc. You can master the skills of a culture of communication through the use of speech etiquette formulas, that is, certain words, set expressions and phrases that are used depending on from the stages of conversation. In total, it is customary to distinguish 3 stages:

1. welcome;
2. main;
3. final.

The beginning of any conversation is accompanied by a greeting, which in turn can be performed at the verbal and levels. At the same time, it is worth remembering that its sequence is of particular importance here. It is assumed that the first to greet the interlocutor is the youngest in age or position. When people of opposite sexes meet, the gentleman first utters the words of greeting, but if we are talking about an adult man and a young lady, the girl should be the first to greet the acquaintance. Depending on the chosen form of greeting (respectful, specific, indicating the time of the meeting, contributing to the creation of an emotional mood or emphasizing the wish for health), certain words of greeting are pronounced, such as, for example, “My respect!”, “I wish you well!”, “ Good morning!”, “Glad to see you!”, “Hello!”. It is customary to end the conversation with phrases that can be expressed in the form:

• wishes - “Goodbye!”, “All the best!”, “Good luck!”, “Happily!”, “Be healthy!”;
• hopes for an early meeting - "Until tomorrow!", "See you!", "Let's call";
• doubts about further meetings - “Farewell!”, “Do not remember dashingly!”.

The transition to the main part of the conversation is based on the use of speech formulas that are applied depending on the type of situation:

• solemn (involving the use of phrases and expressions that emphasize the desire to congratulate the interlocutor or invite somewhere);
• worker (based on censure / gratitude, appeal to colleagues / superiors);
• mournful (accompanied by words of sympathy, empathy, consolation).

The speech etiquette of any country has its own characteristics, characteristic of representatives of a particular culture and language. main feature Russian speech etiquette consists in the absence of personal appeals that are neutral in terms of social status. The revolution led to the loss of many universal words, such as "sir / madam", "Your Grace", "father / mother", and the communist era ended with the disappearance of the word "comrade" from everyday life. Today, people using these addresses seem old-fashioned. Although in some cases they are returned to give speech an ideological coloring or to build phrases through the use of impersonal forms. As for slang phrases and foul language, the fashion for which appeared in the 90s of the last century, many words are firmly entrenched in everyday speech, entered the media and even literary works. Now there is practically no difference between these words and expressive expressions.

The uniqueness of Russian speech etiquette also lies in the use of the name and patronymic, emphasizing respect for the person. In the modern world, analogues of such treatment are rare. And due to the use of diminutive forms of names and words, it is possible to emphasize a family / close relationship with the interlocutor (daughter, little wife, Sashenka).

Another difference in speech etiquette is the use of the plural pronoun during official communication. The polite form "You" is used when talking to a stranger or when necessary to emphasize the person's authority. The emergence of closeness or commonality of views between the interlocutors allows the transition to the "you" form.

Etiquette of speech communication in Russia does not require you to greet passers-by or neighbors. This explains the absence of neutral speech constructions in the language. But in the case of an acquaintance and the establishment of communication, it is worth contacting the interlocutor, expressing feelings of gratitude and deep respect.

The richness of the Russian language is difficult to overestimate. Through the use of phraseological units, idioms, proverbs and sayings, as well as popular expressions, which are not easy to translate into other languages, Russian speech stands out noticeably against the general background. And the speech of a person who uses such phrases becomes much more interesting, demonstrates the erudition of the interlocutor and allows you to convey the feelings, emotions of the speaker or the meaning of words as clearly as possible.

Summarizing all of the above, it is worth adding that the rules of speech etiquette have a lot of differences depending on where the interlocutors live. Communication norms that representatives of one culture consider appropriate may not fit at all into the framework of speech etiquette of residents of other states. Speech etiquette is a complex system that serves to use various language techniques. It is extremely important when building relationships with people based on trust, to observe speech etiquette.

polite rules communication is based on such components as courtesy, respect, correctness, tact, courtesy. The desire to demonstrate your goodwill and emphasize the individuality of the opponent will help to avoid sharp moments. The main thing is to use linguistic formulas and techniques that are understandable for the social group.

When they speak with people, they should be politely, politely, reasonably,
not talk a lot. Then listen and do not interrupt other speeches, but let everything be said and then present your opinion. If a deed happens and a sad speech, then one should be sad and have regret. In a joyful occasion, be joyful

This is how an unknown author instructs the youth of Peter the Great "The Youth of an Honest Mirror"

Speech etiquette in one form or another has always existed. The culture of communication has ritual, sacral roots. The word for our ancestors had sacred power. They believed that speech affects people and the world. It was believed that only with the help of words it was possible to cause some events or avoid them. The expressions that we now perceive as simple formulas of politeness used to be wishes that, according to the speaker, have quite a material force. For example, thank you - “God save”, “hello” - “be healthy”. Can you imagine how responsibly you need to approach your speech with such a worldview? Also in distant times there were bans on some words and phrases that we now perceive as abusive, abusive and also try not to use.

In a broad sense, speech etiquette enables people to successfully communicate with each other. In this sense, it is associated with the postulates of information transmission, which were formulated by the Anglo-American researcher Herbert Paul Grice in 1975:

• the message must be truthful and have a basis (quality);
• the message should not be too short or lengthy (quantity);
• the message must be valuable to the addressee (attitude);
• the message should be understandable, not contain obscure words and expressions (method of reporting).

Speech etiquette as a system manifests itself at different levels of the language:

• at the dictionary level, this is a special vocabulary, set expressions ( please, Thanks, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, goodbye), accepted forms of address ( comrade, lady, sir);
• grammatically, plural for courtesy(for example, pronoun You), replacing imperative sentences with interrogative ones ( Can you help me?);
• at the stylistic level - cultural speech, literacy, the rejection of obscene words, the use of euphemisms;
• at the intonational level - depending on the intonation, the same phrase can sound either polite or offensive;
• at the level correct pronunciation: for example, one should say " hello" instead of " hello";
• at the organizational and communicative level: you can’t interfere in someone else’s conversation, interrupt the interlocutor, etc.

Speech etiquette in business communication

Dale Carnegie, author of the worldwide bestseller How to Win Friends and Influence People, wrote that a person's success in financial matters is about 15% professionalism and 85% communication skills. And the master is certainly right. Speech - essential part business image. The ability to convince, win over, lead with the help of words is the key skill of a successful person. Let's look at the applied rules of speech etiquette that will help you at work.

The theater begins with a hanger, and the culture of communication begins with a greeting. If the meeting participants do not know each other, they need to introduce themselves to each other. The first to call himself the head of the host, then - the main position among the guests. Then they introduce their colleagues. If a large delegation arrives, a list should be prepared showing the full names and positions of all participants.

At a business meeting, the younger one is introduced to the older one, regardless of gender. If you've met your partner before, it's best to introduce yourself again. If someone has not identified himself, you can ask him about it. Try to remember the names right away so that you don’t look impolite later.

In a business meeting, it is customary to shake hands as a sign of greeting and reaching an agreement. The eternal question: who should be the first to give a hand? Here they are, these people:

• the person to whom you are introduced;
• one who is higher in position and older in age;
• a woman, and she may not participate in the handshake at all, the choice is hers.

General principles