What means of communication are verbal: types and examples. Consultation on the topic: Verbal and non-verbal means of communication

VERBAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

No matter how important feelings, emotions, relationships of people are, but communication involves not only and not so much the transfer of emotional states, but the transfer of information. The content of information is transmitted using language, that is, it takes a verbal or verbal form.

Verbal communication is based on language and grammar and can be both oral and written. In business communication, a little less than half of the time is spent listening, a little less than a third is speaking, and one-fourth is reading and writing documents.

In communication, one has not only to express one's point of view in writing or orally, but also to perceive the opinions of other people. At the same time, it is often the ability to perceive someone else's point of view and show the interlocutor that he was understood that becomes critical for organizing a constructive dialogue.

Rice. 3. Scheme of verbal communication

When receiving information, one should concentrate on it, interpret, evaluate and highlight the meaning in order to then perceive it. It is useful to rephrase the perceived meaning to the interlocutor as a signal that we have understood it, and there is no need for him to express his thought again. Only after that, within the framework of a constructive conversation, it is advisable to tell the interlocutor what we support in his idea, what we doubt and what we strongly disagree with.

In the process of communication we:

1) we form an idea;

2) put the idea into words;

3) we speak or write words;

4) the partner receives the message;

5) the partner perceives it:

Extracts and interprets information;

Evaluates and retains the semantic part;

6) the partner reacts and sends the message back.

The process is repeated as needed until the partners either understand each other and agree on joint activities, or give up trying to understand each other and bring their views to a common denominator.

Communication begins with the formation of an idea that reflects our understanding of the real world. The real world is objective and exists independently of our consciousness, but its perception by us is unique and depends on our characteristics.

The difference in perceptions does not mean at all that one of them is more objective than the other. Everyone sees life in their own light. The "physicist", perceiving reality, mainly extracts logical and cause-and-effect relationships, the "lyricist" - shades of emotional experiences.

The perception and picture of the world depend on education, gender, culture, mentality, which should be taken into account during communication. Any picture of the world inevitably simplifies it. Simplification leads to differences. In addition, people tend to make mistakes, which also increases the distance between our picture of the world and the picture of the world of the interlocutor.

When communicating, it is advisable to predict the picture of the interlocutor's world and bring our message as close as possible to it. It is unlikely that he is interested in knowing our problems in detail: in his picture of the world, his enterprise, and not ours, occupies a central place. Therefore, we should talk to him more about the benefits that are in the process of being implemented. joint work received by the company and the partner personally.

Having formed the idea of the message, we begin to clothe it in words. It turns out that the same idea can be conveyed in countless ways. We can say: "Petrov did his job and went on vacation." The same idea can be conveyed by another phrase: "Vanya finally pushed these ... TVs and safely dumped to the south."

The choice of words and grammar is determined by:

subject;

listeners;

Our style of communication and mood;

Education and culture.

Words and grammar should correspond to the subject and purpose of the message. When we praise a subordinate, we use direct speech and active verbs: "Petrov achieved a 30% increase in sales", in this phrase we emphasize Petrov's role in increasing sales.

When it is necessary to report negative news, we rely on impersonal offers and passive turns: “The jump in the dollar exchange rate did not allow us to sell the next batch of TVs in time. Let's think about what we can do about it."

Each audience, as in its own subculture, has a special professional slang. For the success of the message, our professional terms should be excluded, if possible, replacing them with generally accepted words and terms understandable to the audience. The correct use of her professional terms will show that we are familiar with the specific problems of this audience. A mistake in using someone else's slang will immediately indicate to her that in this area we are strangers.

Mood affects the choice of words used, and not always in a way that is desirable for business. Therefore, having entered into a conflict or received an unpleasant message, it is advisable to wait a few hours or a day or two to cool down. If we do not have time to cool down, then we should carefully reread our message, replacing all words with a negative emotional connotation with words with a neutral or positive connotation.

So, having received a reproach for disrupting the work schedule, you should not immediately tell the client that he failed to correctly formulate the terms of reference and changed it twice. The same idea can be conveyed much more comfortably for the customer: “After the work began, you had new wishes, which we jointly issued in the form of a new technical assignment. Its processing will allow you to more fully meet your needs. At the same time, we will make every effort to ensure that additional work and time spent on adjusting the terms of reference affect the timing of the project completion in the least possible way. Understanding the importance for you to complete the project by August 20, our employees are ready to work overtime for you, but this will raise the cost of work by 20%.

In the first answer, all the blame falls on the client, which, even if fair, will not contribute to establishing good relations with him and obtaining new orders. In the second answer, the question of guilt is avoided by focusing on the benefits that the client has already received (clarification of the terms of reference) and our willingness to meet his needs (reduction of work time).

The level of education affects both our vocabulary and the partner's vocabulary. At the same time, it is highly undesirable to emphasize the difference in the level of education in order to humiliate a partner. In Western textbooks on communication, in this case, they even advise you to write a perfect letter, and then insert 2-3 errors into it, according to the level of literacy of our partner. Otherwise, he may begin to complex because of you, which will prevent the conclusion of the contract.

The same words have different meanings and different colors for interlocutors. For example, the word “intermediary” may be perceived positively by some persons, while for others it may carry a negative connotation. Such a discrepancy in the emotional coloring of the word “intermediary” somehow almost led to a breakdown in negotiations: one side fought for the purity of the Russian language, not suspecting that the other wanted to be only consultants, but by no means mediators.

Since words (symbols) can have different meanings for different people, the message will not necessarily be adequately interpreted and understood by the recipient of the information. Semantic variations (sematics is the science of the ways in which words are used and the meanings conveyed by words) are often the cause of misunderstanding, for in many cases the exact meaning attributed to the symbol by the sender is not at all obvious.

The symbol has no unique inherent meaning. The meaning of the symbol is revealed through experience and varies depending on the context, the situation in which it is used. Since each person has his own experience and each act of information exchange is to some extent a new situation, no one can be absolutely sure that another person will attribute the same meaning to the symbol that we have given it.

Effective communication is possible when a person is equally accurate when sending and receiving messages. Necessary be able to listen. Unfortunately, not many have learned to listen with the desired degree of effectiveness. Listening to facts and feelings is listening to the message in its entirety. In doing so, we expand our ability to understand the situation and signal respect for what the person is trying to convey to us. A simple method of maintaining interest and attention in the process of oral communication is the method of non-reflective listening.

Non-reflective listening is, in essence, the simplest technique and consists in the ability to listen silently, without interfering with the speech of the interlocutor with your remarks. Such perception can be called passive conditionally. In fact, it is an active process that requires physical and psychological attention. Depending on the situation, understanding, approval and support can be expressed in the process of non-reflective listening. Sometimes non-reflective listening is the only possibility, because the interlocutor, especially if he is emotional, agitated or has difficulty in formulating his thoughts, wants to be heard and is not interested in our comments.

Sometimes you can resort to minimizing the answers. Neutral and insignificant answers (Yes! Is that how it is? I understand you ...) allow you to meaningfully continue the conversation. Such responses are an invitation to speak freely and naturally. They help express approval, interest, and understanding. These are not just replicas that are made when there is nothing to answer.

Sometimes a hint can be understood from a non-verbal expression. For example, much about what a person wants to say can be determined by the expression on his face, by his posture or movements. In such cases, "buffer" phrases like:

"You look like a happy person";

"Is something bothering you?"

"Are you worried about something?"

"Something happened?"

Studies have shown that the simplest neutral remark or an affirmative tilt of the head encourages the interlocutor and makes him want to continue the conversation, and most importantly, communication. There are, of course, other responses that serve the same purpose. It is only important that the responses come naturally and are always really neutral. The most common minimal responses can be, for example:

“Go on, go on. It is interesting";

"Understand";

"Nice to hear this";

"Can you be more specific?"

These remarks are neutral, they are sometimes called "opening", that is, those that contribute to the development of the conversation, especially at its very beginning. These words inspire the speaker, relieve the tension that arises from the fear of being misunderstood or being silently rejected, since silence is often misinterpreted as disinterest or disagreement.

Reflective listening is not always appropriate. It can be useful, for example, in the following situations.

1. The interlocutor is eager to express his attitude to something or express his point of view. That is why many psychotherapists use non-reflective listening at the beginning of a conversation.

Non-reflective listening is also suitable for conducting interviews. It is especially useful to apply this technique during a job interview when they want to know as much as possible about the applicant. Then, at times when it is convenient, you can use neutral cues to help the interlocutor express himself. Non-reflective listening is also useful for understanding the speaker's point of view or finding out what is behind his proposal or complaint. This is especially effective in commercial negotiations, as well as in the field of trade and services in clarifying the needs of customers, when a precise mutual understanding is required in a short dialogue. Otherwise, you can act recklessly, come to false conclusions, tell people what they are not interested in, or answer questions that they do not ask.

2. The interlocutor wants to discuss pressing issues. This is exactly the case when it is recommended to apply the technique of non-reflective listening. Otherwise, pent-up feelings interfere with any attempt to establish a normal two-way conversation. When a person struggles with a solution to a problem or feels resentful, he experiences anxiety, fear, frustration, pain, anger or resentment. In such cases, it is prudent, almost without interfering with the speech of the interlocutor, to give him the opportunity to speak out and express any of his feelings. Non-reflective listening is most suitable for a tense situation.

3. The interlocutor has difficulty expressing his worries and problems. In this case, non-reflective listening allows minimal intervention in the conversation, thereby facilitating the speaker's self-expression.

Unnecessary interference in the conversation and subjective remarks block the path to mutual understanding.

4. Restraint of emotions in a conversation with a person occupying a higher position. People are often hesitant to speak up in front of their superiors for fear of endangering their relationships or jobs.

As mentioned earlier, much depends on the specifics of the situation, the personality of the speaker and the listener, and the purpose of their communication. But usually people in a higher position feel freer in starting a conversation, often interrupting the interlocutor on the merits, that is, they show a kind of power. As a result, communication becomes one-sided, with people in higher positions listening to what they want to hear, not what they need to hear.

By understanding the negative impact of superiority on communication, anyone, whether a leader, teacher, therapist, community leader, or parent, can encourage more effective communication by using non-reflective listening techniques. These techniques show the interlocutor that they are interested in him, they want to know his opinion and feelings.

There are other situations in which non-reflective listening may also be appropriate. It is known, for example, that it is easier for shy and insecure people to communicate with restrained and modest interlocutors.

There are, however, situations in which the use of non-reflective listening is not enough.

2. Non-reflexive listening is misinterpreted by the speaker as agreeing to listen when it is not. One of the dangers of listening is that others misinterpret our empathy as empathy and understanding as agreement. Attempts to explain that you listened in order to understand, and in no way disagree, are often perceived as either you have reconsidered your attitude, or you are showing hypocrisy. So when we listen to someone to understand their opinion or feelings, and at the same time disagree with what we hear, sometimes it's best to be honest and open about it. Our feelings can interrupt the flow of the conversation and even cause open disagreement, but not doing so means risking more resentment later.

3. The speaker seeks more active support or approval. In these cases, the interlocutor wants not only to be understood, but is looking for active support, approval or guidance.

4. Non-reflexive listening is inappropriate when it is contrary to the interests of the interlocutor and interferes with his self-expression.

There is always a danger that non-reflective listening can be abused by overly talkative people, especially those who are immune to the needs of others, as well as those who seek to control them with their speech.

The advantages of non-reflective listening outweigh its disadvantages. But experience and common sense determine the appropriateness of using the method of non-reflective listening in a particular situation. If this is not enough, you can resort to the techniques of reflective listening.

Reflective listening. In essence, it is objective feedback from the speaker, used as a control of the accuracy of perception of what is heard. Sometimes these techniques are called active listening because the listener, more vigorously than in non-reflective listening, uses verbal form to confirm understanding of the speaker's message.

By applying reflective listening techniques, we open our understanding of what we hear to criticism and correction. It is important that reflective listening helps us achieve greater accuracy, understanding of the interlocutor.

Leaders at all levels in any activity are convinced of the need to use reflective listening to ensure accurate understanding of the interlocutor and create favorable relationships. The ability to listen reflectively is necessary for effective communication mainly because of the limitations and difficulties that arise in the process of communication. These difficulties include:

1. Polysemy of most words. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to establish what exactly the person who used this word meant without knowing its specific meaning for the speaker. The same word for the speaker and listener can have different meanings. It is sometimes difficult to find the right word that would accurately express what we want to say. Therefore, to clarify the meaning of the words used, it is necessary to apply the techniques of reflective listening.

2. Coded meaning of most messages. It should be remembered: what we communicate to each other has a certain meaning only for ourselves, exactly the one that we put into our message. When we convey meanings by conventional means, we encode them using words. To decode the message and reveal the meaning inherent in it, the listener must use feedback.

3. Difficulty of open self-expression. This means that, due to accepted conventions and the need for approval, people often begin their presentation with a small introduction, from which their intentions are not yet visible.

Subjective factors can also adversely affect the communication process. People are influenced by the prevailing attitudes, the emotions experienced, the experience gained.

All this points to the need to be able to listen reflexively, that is, to decipher the meaning of messages, to find out their real meaning. Consider some types of reflexive techniques.

1. Finding out - this is an appeal to the speaker for clarifications, which helps to make the message more understandable and contributes to a more accurate perception of it by the listeners. Often a simple remark is enough to make the speaker realize that he is expressing his thoughts inaccurately. Explanatory phrases sometimes take the form of open questions. These questions cause the speaker to expand or narrow their original message. For these purposes, you can also use closed questions that require simple yes or no answers.

2. Paraphrasing . Rephrase and formulate the same idea differently. In conversation, paraphrasing consists in addressing the speaker to his message in the words of the listener.

The purpose of paraphrasing is the speaker's own formulation of the message as a means of verifying its accuracy. Paraphrasing, oddly enough, is useful precisely when the speech of the interlocutor seems clear to us.

When paraphrasing, it is important to choose only the essential, main points of the message, otherwise the answer, instead of consolidating understanding, may cause confusion. You should selectively repeat the speech of the interlocutor.

When paraphrasing, we should be mainly interested in the meaning and ideas, and not the attitude and feelings of the interlocutor.

In other words, rephrasing the message allows the speaker to see that they are listening and understanding, and if they are misunderstood, then make appropriate adjustments.

3. Reflection of feelings. Here, the emphasis is not on the content of the message, as in paraphrasing, but on the reflection by the listener of the feelings expressed by the speaker, his attitudes and emotional state. The reflection of feelings also helps the speaker - he is more fully aware of his emotional state.

Responding or emotionally reacting to the feelings of others is important because in communication people are essentially sharing what is personally important to them. Therefore, communication depends not only on factual information, but also on feelings, attitudes and emotional reactions, that is, on what is significant for people.

Reflecting the feelings of the interlocutor, we show him that we understand his condition. To understand the feelings of the interlocutor, you should:

Pay attention to the words he uses that express feelings, for example, anger, joy, etc. Such words are key;

Monitor non-verbal means of communication: facial expression, intonation, posture, gestures and movement of the interlocutor;

Imagine how you would feel in the place of the interlocutor;

Try to understand the general context of communication, the reasons for the interlocutor's address to you.

Very often, of course, people express their feelings in an indirect but somewhat covert way, especially when they are afraid of unwanted evaluation or criticism from others.

Installation. This is a reasonable and emotional attitude towards a person or a phenomenon, which is especially important when listening.

Having a positive attitude towards any person, we are frank and receptive. But when we are negative, we are secretive and unnecessarily critical, no matter how hard we try to listen. A negative attitude can cause even more harm to communication than failure to listen. That is why the effectiveness of listening depends equally on both right tricks hearing, and from a positive attitude. The following attitudes are necessary for effective listening.

1. OK. The basis of approval is a non-categorical or objective attitude. Approval is in many ways the opposite of the critical, subjective attitude that often appears in everyday relationships. Expressing approval towards someone does not necessarily mean our agreement with what a person says or does, it is simply an affirmation that everyone has the right to feel, think and act as he considers possible for himself, no matter how this behavior seemed absurd. Approval is the willingness to listen to another. It means that the thoughts and words of others are worth our attention, we will not interrupt them or impose our words on them. Approval is also a positive assessment of another person as a person with all its shortcomings and virtues. Approval can be compared to sympathy and warmth, which is expressed in a smile or voice. But the expression of approval is possible even when such feelings do not exist in reality. It is in this case that it is necessary for effective communication with those we do not like, especially when listening to their complaints and criticism.

An approving attitude on the part of the listener creates an atmosphere of freedom and ease.

2. Empathic Listening . Empathy means understanding any feeling - anger, sadness, joy - experienced by another person and responding to your understanding of these feelings. In order to better understand a person, we seek to determine what meaning these feelings have for him. We experience the feelings of others as if they were our own, that is, we show sensitivity to others.

Empathy helps to balance self-interest with concern for others.

Empathic listening differs from reflective listening by setting, not by techniques. Both types of listening mean the same thing: attention and display of feelings. The difference lies in purpose and intent. The goal of reflective listening is to realize as accurately as possible the speaker's message, that is, the meaning of his ideas or experienced feelings; the goal of empathic listening is to capture the emotional coloring of these ideas and their meaning for another person, penetrate the system and understand what the message truly means and how the interlocutor feels. Empathic listening is a more intimate form of communication than reflective, it is the exact opposite of categorical, critical listening and is especially valuable in resolving disagreements and resolving conflicts.

Empathy is probably the single most important mindset for improving our listening skills and improving our dealings with others.

Selective listening. The reasons why people communicate are different. They are not always clear to themselves and even less clear to others. Sometimes people are just social by nature. When the purpose of communication is to obtain information, we must listen especially carefully. In addition, words are used to express feelings, which requires active listening techniques; in other situations we are strongly urged to do something. It is important in each case to clearly understand the purpose of communication, otherwise we will not understand the interlocutor.

Consider four types of communication goals: social, informational, expressive and incentive. It should be remembered that the speaker, as a rule, switches from one goal to another or pursues several goals at once.

Target social communication is to witness one's presence and maintain relationships, not to communicate anything substantive to each other. This type of communication usually consists of certain rituals: conversations about upcoming events, small talk or pleasantries. People tend to want to present themselves in a favorable light and avoid talking about things they don't want others to know about. Moreover, they take it for granted that others do the same. In this sense, social communication is basically a conscious exchange of superficial, meaningless phrases.

To listen correctly in this case means to be ready to participate in the ritual of everyday communication. Otherwise, you may jeopardize your relationships with others. Sometimes the only thing required is a non-verbal response, such as a smile or a handshake. In other cases, a statement is required. Social communication assumes that the interlocutors speak and listen in turn, without interrupting each other.

When the purpose of communication is informational, for example, discussing production issues, the content of the conversation is crucial. In this case, the purpose of communication is the exchange of information and factual information. And then listening correctly means accurately perceiving information, for which it is necessary to focus on the content of speech, understand the message, remember it. When receiving brief oral information, such as a date or an address, it is enough to repeat it in your mind, although for greater accuracy it is sometimes useful to write it down. When it comes to complex information, in addition to hearing, a record is required. To improve the efficiency of information perception, reflective listening techniques are useful. Paraphrasing, clarifying, and summarizing should be used to test the accuracy of the message's meaning.

At expressive communication words are used mainly to express opinions and feelings. When resolving problematic situations, for example, industrial or family conflicts, the parties are usually convinced that one of the ways to understand each other's positions is mutual attention to experiences. In expressive communication, when the speaker has an urgent need to give vent to feelings, it is appropriate to apply the technique of non-reflective listening. But gradually, as the intensity of the speaker's feelings decreases, the need to be understood and approved in essence increases. In this case, reflective listening techniques are useful to convey the approval and understanding of the interlocutor. They are necessary when a person experiencing difficulties wants to find not only understanding, but also help. Empathic techniques are indispensable when there is misunderstanding or conflict in communication.

At motivating communication the speaker is trying to get the hearer to do or do something. The request can be anything: change your mind about something, do, take, donate, lead, give, etc.

The correct response in persuasive communication is to be clear about what is wanted of you. This is exactly the case when reflective listening plays an important role. A simple paraphrase helps to clarify and confirm a simple request. When the request is complex, you can use reflective listening techniques such as clarification, reflecting feelings, and summarizing. If motivating communication is accompanied by a sharp reaction, emotional tension, as sometimes happens when considering a complaint, reflective listening can be useful, especially at the beginning of the conversation.

As soon as it becomes clear what is required of you, you should establish feedback, that is, with your answer, show the interlocutor that he was understood correctly. Such an answer does not necessarily mean that you agree with the speaker or that you undertake to comply with his request. It only confirms that you understood the request and only certain response actions will follow. Since communication requires energy and effort, it must always be purposeful. The more accurately we can determine the purpose of the interlocutor, the more effectively we can listen to him. And we do it mostly correctly, relying on intuition and our own experience, but sometimes we make mistakes.

The purpose of communication of the interlocutor is often determined by his role and the nature of the relationship with us. In many cases, the environment or circumstances play a major role in communication. In other cases, the speaker's purpose can be understood on the basis of such factors as the personality of the interlocutor, the specifics of the situation, or the commonality of his problems with ours. However, the importance of these conditions should not be overestimated. In a conversation with a specific interlocutor in familiar situations, we hear what we expect to hear. Therefore, a message that is not typical in the context of a given situation often goes unnoticed or is misunderstood.

The process of verbal formulation of thoughts and their understanding inevitably generates a deformation of the meaning of the message. And yet people understand each other. Understanding is constantly being adjusted, since communication is not just the transfer of information (knowledge, factual information, instructions, orders, business messages), but exchange feedback information. In this case, one should take into account the types of verbal communication, which include: monologue, dialogue, conversations (conversation), interviews, discussions, disputes, polemics, debates.

A statement without focusing on the interlocutor is in the form of a monologue. The amount of information loss in a monologue message can reach 50%, and in some cases 80% of the volume of the original information. Monologue in communication brings up people with a sedentary psyche, low creative potential. Research shows that the most effective form of communication is dialogue.

Dialogue implies fluency in speech, sensitivity to non-verbal signals, the ability to distinguish sincere answers from evasive ones. At the heart of the dialogue is the ability to ask questions to yourself and others. Instead of giving peremptory monologues, it is much more effective to turn your ideas into questions, test them in conversation with colleagues, and see if they are supported or not. The very fact of the question demonstrates the desire to participate in communication, ensures its further flow and deepening.

The culture of behavior in any communication is unthinkable without observing the rules of verbal etiquette associated with the forms and manners of speech, vocabulary, i.e. with the entire style of speech adopted in people's communication. In a conversation, you must be able to answer any question.

In the verbal communication of people, business etiquette involves the use of various psychological tricks. One of them is the “stroking formula”. These are verbal turns of the type: “Good luck to you!”, “I wish you success!”, “No fluff, no feather!” Pronounced with any shades.

In speech etiquette business people are of great importance compliments - pleasant words expressing approval, a positive assessment of the activity.

Talk is a verbal exchange of opinions, information; often used as a synonym for conversation. Conversation, conversation, discussion involve the presence of two or more participants who, in a relaxed atmosphere, express their opinions, thoughts on a particular issue. Discussion is conducted on a specific topic, and each participant expresses his point of view. The participants in the conversation ask each other questions to find out the opinion of the interlocutor or to clarify incomprehensible points of the discussion. The conversation is especially effective if there is a need to clarify any issue, highlight the problem. Interview - a specially organized conversation on social, scientific topics.

Dispute. The word serves to denote the process of exchange of opposing opinions. A dispute is understood as any clash of opinions, disagreements in points of view on any issue, subject, a struggle in which each side defends its rightness. In Russian, there are other words for this phenomenon: dispute, discussion, controversy, debate, debate. Quite often they are used as synonyms for the word "dispute".

The word "dispute" came to us from Latin(disputar - reason, disputatio - debate) and originally meant the public defense of a scientific essay written to receive degree. Today, the word “dispute” is not used in this sense; this word is used to refer to a public dispute on a scientific and socially important topic.

Discussion (Latin discusso - research, consideration analysis) is such a public dispute, the purpose of which is to clarify and compare different points of view, search, identify the true opinion, find the right solution to the controversial issue. The discussion is considered effective way beliefs, as its participants themselves come to a particular conclusion.

Discussion is an exchange of opinions in accordance with more or less definite rules of procedure and with the participation of all or only some of those present at the meeting. In a mass discussion, all members, with the exception of the chairman, are in an equal position. There are no special speakers here, and everyone is present not only as listeners. A special issue is discussed in a certain order, usually in accordance with strict or somewhat modified rules and under the chairmanship of an official.

Meeting , not furnished with formalities and devoted to the discussion of any particular issue, is usually called a mass rally. Commission meetings are the most frequent type of mass discussion. Regular business sessions of most public organizations are held in the same way as discussions of this type. Mass discussions are subject to the rules of parliamentary procedure. But sometimes the procedure is quite simple, informal. However, even in such cases there is a chairman who ensures that the discussion proceeds normally and only according to the agenda, so that no one takes a privileged position during the discussion and that as many competent participants in the meeting speak as possible.

A group discussion consists in discussing issues with a dedicated group in front of an audience. Like any form of discussion in front of the audience, it is a dispute. The purpose of a group discussion is to present a possible solution to a problem or discuss opposing points of view on controversial issues. But usually it does not resolve the dispute and does not persuade the audience to any uniformity of action.

Three to eight people take part in a group discussion, not counting the chairman. Her version - the dialogue includes only two participants. Participants must be well prepared, carry notes with statistical and other necessary data. They should discuss issues in a casual, lively manner, asking questions and making brief remarks.

Symposium - a series of speeches by a group of people with short speeches on the same topic. As in a group discussion, its goals are usually not to resolve a problem or dispute, but to present different points of view in order to broaden the horizons of the audience and influence it. The number of speakers should not exceed four or five, so as not to drag out the meeting and deprive each group member of the opportunity to develop a point of view on the issue under discussion. In most cases, the symposium adopted the procedure for both types of discussion; sometimes comments or questions from listeners are allowed.

Lecture, representing a single speech followed by questions from the audience and the lecturer's answers to them, is sometimes considered as a discussion. But it is more appropriate to talk about it in the section on the symposium. The lecture form is often used in the art of speech classes, since it is not bound by a specific form and time.

Another character is controversy. This is evidenced by the etymology of the term: the ancient Greek word polemicos means "warlike, hostile." This is a dispute in which there is a confrontation, confrontation, confrontation of sides, ideas and speeches. Controversy can be defined as a struggle of fundamentally opposite opinions on a particular issue, a public dispute in order to defend, defend one's point of view and refute the opponent's opinion.

Controversy differs from discussion and debate precisely in its target orientation. The participants in the discussion and dispute, comparing contradictory judgments, try to come to a common opinion, find a common solution, establish the truth. The purpose of the controversy is different: it is necessary to defeat the enemy, to defend and approve one's own position.

However, a truly scientific debate is conducted not just for the sake of victory as such. Based on principled positions, polemicists solve socially significant issues, their speeches are directed against everything that hinders effective social development. Controversy is the art of persuasion. She teaches to reinforce thoughts with convincing and undeniable arguments, scientific arguments. In the scientific community, practice and debate . The word is of French origin (debat - dispute, debate). Debate - a Russian word recorded in the lexicon of the 17th century.

There is no single classification of disputes, although attempts are being made to systematize them. The main factors influencing the nature of the dispute and its features include the purpose of the dispute, the social significance of the subject of the dispute, the number of participants, and the form of conduct. According to the purpose, the following types of dispute are distinguished: a dispute over the truth, to convince someone, to win, a dispute for the sake of a dispute. The dispute can serve as a means to search for the truth, to test any thought, idea, to substantiate it. To find the right solution, polemicists compare a variety of points of view on a particular problem. They defend a thought against attack, to see what objections there may be to that thought; or, on the contrary, they attack the position expressed by the opponent in order to find out what arguments there are in his favor. In such a dispute, arguments are carefully selected and analyzed, the positions and views of the opposite side are carefully evaluated. Of course, such a dispute is possible only between competent people who know the problem and are interested in solving it. In addition to undoubted benefits, a dispute for the sake of truth can bring real pleasure and satisfaction to the participants in the dispute. As a result of an honest mental struggle, a person feels higher and better. And even if you have to retreat, give up positions, abandon the protected thought, then the unpleasant feeling of defeat recedes into the background.

The task of the dispute may not be to verify the truth, but to convince the opponent. This highlights two important moments. The arguing convinces the opponent of what he himself is deeply convinced of. But sometimes he also assures because it is necessary in line of duty, due to some circumstances, while he himself does not at all believe in the truth of what he defends, or in the falsity of what he attacks.

The purpose of the dispute is not research, not persuasion, but victory. Moreover, polemicists seek it for various reasons. Some believe that they are defending a just cause, protecting public interests. They are convinced that they are right and remain on principled positions to the end. Others need victory for self-affirmation. Therefore, success in a dispute, high appreciation of others, recognition of their intellectual abilities, oratorical data are very important to them. Still others just love to win, they want a spectacular victory. They are not shy about methods and means to win.

Quite often there is an argument for the sake of an argument. This is a kind of "art for art's sake". For such disputants, it does not matter what to argue about, with whom to argue, why argue - it is important for them to show off with eloquence. If you deny any position, they will definitely begin to defend it. Such polemicists can be found among young people.

The above classification of the types of disputes by purpose is conditional. In life, it is not always possible to clearly distinguish between them.

The nature of the dispute is also determined by the social significance of the problem under discussion. The subject of the dispute are questions reflecting universal interests. These, in particular, include the problems of ecology, the survival of mankind, and the preservation of peace on Earth. In the process of a dispute, national interests, the interests of certain social strata of society may be affected. Often it is necessary to defend group interests, for example, people of a certain profession, teams of individual enterprises, institutions. In a dispute, family and personal interests of the polemicists are protected.

The specifics of the dispute is affected by the number of people participating in the discussion of problems. On this basis, three main groups can be distinguished: dispute-monologue (a person argues with himself, this is the so-called internal dispute), dispute-dialogue (two persons argue), dispute-polylogue (conducted by several or many persons). In turn, a dispute-polylogue can be massive (all those present participate in the dispute) and group ( controversial issue decided by a dedicated group of persons in the presence of all participants).

Arguments can take place with or without listeners. The presence of listeners, even if they do not express their attitude to the dispute, affects the arguing. Victory in front of listeners brings more satisfaction, flattering self-esteem, and defeat becomes more annoying and unpleasant. Therefore, the participants in the dispute in front of the listeners must take into account those present, their reaction, carefully select the necessary arguments, more often show stubbornness in opinions, sometimes excessive vehemence.

AT public life often one has to meet with a dispute for listeners. The dispute is conducted in order to draw attention to the problem, to make a certain impression on the listeners, to influence in the necessary way. The form of the struggle of opinions leaves its mark on the dispute process. Disputes can be oral and written. The oral form involves direct communication of specific individuals with each other, the written form - indirect communication. Oral disputes, as a rule, are limited in time and closed in space. Written forms are longer in time.

In an oral dispute, especially if it is conducted in front of listeners, external and psychological aspects play an important role, for example, the manner of holding on confidently, speed of reaction, liveliness of thinking, wit. A timid, shy person usually loses compared to an overconfident opponent. Therefore, a written dispute is more suitable for clarifying the truth than an oral one. Disputes are divided into organized and unorganized (spontaneous).

Organized disputes are planned, prepared, conducted under the guidance of specialists. The polemicists have the opportunity to get acquainted with the subject of the dispute in advance, determine their position, select the necessary arguments, and think over the answers to possible objections of the opponents.

Disorganized, spontaneous disputes tend to be less productive. In such disputes, the speeches of the participants are not sufficiently reasoned, sometimes random arguments are given, not quite mature statements are heard.

Verbal sign systems have always been and, apparently, will be the main means of human communication. “The word is life itself,” said T. Mann. The fundamental condition for successful interaction is the ability of people to "find a common language" - namely the language, and not a gesture or posture. “The word,” writes psychologist A.R. Luria is both a means of contact and an instrument of complex mental activity. Practice testifies to the growing importance of speech communications in the context of the complication of industrial contacts between people, in the process of relationships between managers and subordinates, the individual and the team. For the correct presentation of thoughts with the help of the word, it is necessary to carefully monitor the harmonious combination in the word of the functions of communication and generalization, communication and thinking.

From the book Developmental Training with Adolescents: Creativity, Communication, Self-Knowledge author Gretsov Andrey Gennadievich

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NON-VERBAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION The effectiveness of communication is determined not only by the degree of understanding of the words of the interlocutor, but also by the ability to correctly assess the behavior of the participants in communication, their facial expressions, gestures, movements, posture, gaze, i.e., to understand the non-verbal language (verbal -

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Communication is carried out by various means. Allocate verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Verbal communication(sign) is carried out with the help of words. Verbal means of communication include human speech. Communication experts estimate that a modern person pronounces approximately 30,000 words a day, or more than 3,000 words per hour.

Depending on the intentions of the communicants (to tell something, learn, express an assessment, attitude, encourage something, agree, etc.), various speech texts arise. Any text (written or oral) implements a system of language.

So, language is a system of signs and ways of connecting them, which serves as an instrument for expressing thoughts, feelings and wills of people and is the most important means of human communication. The language is used in a wide variety of functions:
- Communicative. Language acts as the main means of communication. Due to the presence of such a function in the language, people have the opportunity to fully communicate with their own kind.
- Cognitive. Language as an expression of the activity of consciousness. We receive most of the information about the world through language.
- Accumulative. Language as a means of accumulation and storage of knowledge. The person tries to keep the acquired experience and knowledge in order to use them in the future. In everyday life, notes, diaries, notebooks help us out. BUT " notebooks» of all mankind are all sorts of monuments of writing and fiction, which would be impossible without the existence of a written language.
- Constructive. Language as a means of forming thoughts. With the help of language, the thought “materializes”, acquires a sound form. Expressed verbally, the thought becomes distinct, clear to the speaker himself.
- Emotional. Language as one of the means of expressing feelings and emotions. This function is realized in speech only when the emotional attitude of a person to what he is talking about is directly expressed. Intonation plays a big role in this.
- Contact setting. Language as a means of establishing contact between people. Sometimes communication seems to be aimless, its information content is zero, only the ground is being prepared for further fruitful, trusting communication.
- Ethnic. Language as a means of uniting people.

Under speech activity refers to a situation where a person uses language to communicate with other people. There are several types of speech activity:
- speaking - the use of language in order to communicate something;
- - perception of the content of sounding speech;
- writing - fixing the content of speech on paper;
- reading - the perception of information recorded on paper.

From the point of view of the form of existence of the language, communication is divided into oral and written, and from the point of view of the number of participants - into interpersonal and mass.

Any national is heterogeneous, it exists in different forms. From the point of view of social and cultural status, literary and non-literary forms of the language are distinguished.

The literary form of the language, otherwise - the literary language, is understood by the speakers as exemplary. The main feature of the literary language is the presence of stable norms.

Literary language has two forms: oral and written. The first is a spoken speech, and the second is a graphical one. The oral form is original. Non-literary forms of the language include territorial and social dialects, vernacular.

For behavior, it is non-verbal means of communication that are of particular importance. In non-verbal communication, the means of transmitting information are non-verbal signs (postures, gestures, facial expressions, intonations, attitudes, spatial arrangement, etc.).

To the main non-verbal means of communication relate:
Kinetics - considers the external manifestation of human feelings and emotions in the process of communication. It includes:
- gesture;
- facial expressions;
- pantomime.

Gesture. Gestures are various movements of the hands and head. Sign language is the oldest way to achieve mutual understanding. In different historical eras and different peoples had their own generally accepted ways of gesticulation. Currently, attempts are even being made to create gesture dictionaries. Quite a lot is known about the information that gestures carry. First of all, the amount of gesture is important. Different peoples developed and entered into natural forms expressions of feelings different cultural norms of strength and frequency of gestures. M. Argyle's research, which studied the frequency and strength of gestures in different cultures, showed that within one hour the Finns gesticulated 1 time, the French - 20, the Italians - 80, the Mexicans - 180.

The intensity of gestures can grow along with an increase in the emotional arousal of a person, and also if you want to achieve a more complete understanding between partners, especially if it is difficult.

The specific meaning of individual gestures is different in different cultures. However, in all cultures there are similar gestures, among which are:
Communicative (gestures of greeting, farewell, attracting attention, prohibitions, affirmative, negative, interrogative, etc.)
Modal, i.e. expressing assessment and attitude (gestures of approval, satisfaction, trust and distrust, etc.).
Descriptive gestures that make sense only in the context of a verbal utterance.

Mimic. Facial expressions are the movements of the muscles of the face, the main indicator of feelings. Studies have shown that with a motionless or invisible face of the interlocutor, up to 10-15% of information is lost. There are over 20,000 descriptions of facial expressions in the literature. Main characteristic facial expressions is its integrity and dynamism. This means that in the facial expression of the six basic emotional states (anger, joy, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust), all facial muscle movements are coordinated. The main informative load in the mimic plan is carried by eyebrows and lips.

Visual contact is also an extremely important element of communication. Looking at the speaker means not only interest, but also helps to focus on what we are being told. Communicating people usually look into each other's eyes for no more than 10 seconds. If we are looked at a little, we have reason to believe that we or what we say are treated badly, and if there is too much, this may be perceived as a challenge or a good attitude towards us. In addition, it has been observed that when a person lies or tries to hide information, his eyes meet the eyes of a partner for less than 1/3 of the conversation time.

In part, the longitude of a person's gaze depends on what nation he belongs to. Southern Europeans have a high gaze frequency that may be offensive to others, and the Japanese look at the neck rather than the face when talking.

According to its specificity, a look can be:
- Business - when the gaze is fixed on the forehead of the interlocutor, this implies the creation of a serious atmosphere of business partnership
- Social - the gaze is concentrated in the triangle between the eyes and the mouth, this contributes to the creation of an atmosphere of easy secular communication.
- Intimate - the gaze is directed not into the eyes of the interlocutor, but below the face - to the level of the chest. Such a look indicates a great interest in each other in communication.
- A sideways glance is used to convey interest or hostility. If it is accompanied by slightly raised eyebrows or a smile, it indicates interest. If it is accompanied by a frowning forehead or lowered corners of the mouth, this indicates a critical or suspicious attitude towards the interlocutor.

Pantomime is a gait, posture, posture, general motor skills of the whole body.

Gait is the way a person moves. Its components are: rhythm, step dynamics, amplitude of body transfer during movement, body weight. By the gait of a person, one can judge the well-being of a person, his character, age. In psychological studies, people recognized emotions such as anger, suffering, pride, happiness by walking. It turned out that a "heavy" gait is typical for people who are angry, "light" - for joyful ones. A proud person has the longest stride, and if a person suffers, his gait is lethargic, oppressed, such a person rarely looks up or in the direction he is walking.

In addition, it can be argued that people who walk quickly, waving their arms, are confident in themselves, have a clear goal and are ready to realize it. Those who always keep their hands in their pockets are likely to be very critical and secretive, as a rule, they like to put other people down. Man holding his hands on his hips strives to achieve his goals the shortest way for the minimum time.

Posture is the position of the body. The human body is capable of accepting about 1000 sustained various provisions. Posture shows how a given person perceives his status in relation to the status of other persons present. Persons with higher status adopt a more relaxed posture. Otherwise, conflict situations may arise.

One of the first to point out the role of a person's posture as a means in non-verbal communication was the psychologist A. Sheflen. In further studies conducted by V. Schubts, it was revealed that the main semantic content of the posture is the individual's placement of his body in relation to the interlocutor. This placement indicates either closeness or a disposition for communication.

A pose in which a person crosses his arms and legs is called a closed position. Arms crossed on the chest are a modified version of the barrier that a person puts up between himself and his interlocutor. A closed posture is perceived as a posture of distrust, disagreement, opposition, criticism. Moreover, about a third of the information perceived from such a posture is not absorbed by the interlocutor. Most in a simple way getting out of this position is an offer to hold or look at something.

An open position is one in which the arms and legs are not crossed, the body is directed towards the interlocutor, and the palms and feet are turned towards the communication partner. This is a posture of trust, consent, goodwill, psychological comfort.

If a person is interested in communication, he will focus on the interlocutor and lean towards him, and if he is not very interested, on the contrary, orient himself to the side and lean back. A person who wants to make himself known will keep himself upright, in a tense state, with his shoulders turned; a person who does not need to emphasize his status and position will be relaxed, calm, in a free, relaxed position.

The best way to achieve mutual understanding with the interlocutor is to copy his posture and gestures.

Takeshika - the role of touch in the process non-verbal communication. Handshakes, kisses, stroking, pushing, etc. stand out here. Dynamic touch has been proven to be a biologically necessary form of stimulation. A person's use of dynamic touch in communication is determined by many factors: the status of partners, their age, gender, degree of acquaintance.

Inadequate use of tactical means by a person can lead to conflicts in communication. For example, a pat on the shoulder is possible only under the condition of close relationships, equality of social status in society.

Shaking hands is a multi-talking gesture known since ancient times. Primitive people at a meeting extended their hands to each other with open palms forward to show their unarmedness. This gesture has changed over time, and its variants have appeared, such as waving the hand in the air, placing the palm on the chest, and many others, including the handshake. Often a handshake can be very informative, especially its intensity and duration.

Handshakes are divided into 3 types:
- dominant (hand on top, palm turned down);
- submissive (hand below, palm turned up);
- equal.

The dominant handshake is the most aggressive form of it. With a dominant (powerful) handshake, a person tells the other that he wants to dominate the communication process.

A submissive handshake is necessary in situations where a person wants to give the initiative to another, to let him feel like a master of the situation.

A gesture called "glove" is often used: a person wraps both hands around the other's hand. The initiator of this gesture emphasizes that he is honest and can be trusted. However, the “glove” gesture should be applied to well-known people, because at the first meeting, it can have the opposite effect.

A firm handshake up to the crunch of fingers is a hallmark of an aggressive, tough person.

A sign of aggressiveness is also shaking with an unbent, straight hand. Its main purpose is to keep a distance and prevent a person from entering his intimate zone. The same goal is pursued by shaking the fingertips, but such a handshake indicates that a person is not confident in himself.

Proxemics - defines the areas of the most effective communication. E. Hall identifies four main areas of communication:
- Intimate zone (15-45 cm) - a person allows only people close to him into it. In this zone, a quiet confidential conversation is conducted, tactile contacts are made. Violation of this zone by outsiders causes physiological changes in the body: increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, rush of blood to the head, release of adrenaline, etc. The intrusion of a “stranger” into this zone is regarded as a threat.
- Personal (personal) zone (45 - 120 cm) - a zone of everyday communication with friends and colleagues. Only visual eye contact is allowed.
- Social zone (120 - 400 cm) - a zone for official meetings and negotiations, meetings, administrative conversations.
- Public zone (more than 400 cm) - a zone of communication with large groups of people during lectures, rallies, public speaking, etc.

In communication, it is also important to pay attention to vocal characteristics related to non-verbal communication. Prosody is common name such rhythmic and intonational aspects of speech as pitch, volume of voice, its timbre.

Extralinguistics is the inclusion of pauses and various non-morphological human phenomena in speech: crying, coughing, laughter, sighing, etc.

The flow of speech is regulated by prosodic and extralinguistic means, linguistic means of communication are saved, they supplement, replace and anticipate speech statements, express emotional states.

It is necessary to be able not only to listen, but also to hear the intonational structure of speech, to evaluate the strength and tone of the voice, the speed of speech, which practically allow us to express our feelings and thoughts.

Although nature has endowed people with a unique voice, they give color to it themselves. Those who tend to sharply change the pitch of their voices tend to be more cheerful. More sociable, more confident, more competent and much more pleasant than people who speak in a monotone.

Experienced by the speaker is reflected primarily in the tone of voice. In it, feelings find their expression regardless of the spoken words. Thus, anger and sadness are usually easily recognized.

A lot of information is given by the strength and height of the voice. Some feelings, such as enthusiasm, joy and distrust, are usually conveyed in a high voice, anger and fear - also in a rather high voice, but in a wider range of tonality, strength and pitch. Feelings such as grief, sadness, fatigue are usually conveyed in a soft and muffled voice with a decrease in intonation towards the end of each phrase.

The speed of speech also reflects feelings. A person speaks quickly if he is excited, worried, talks about his personal difficulties or wants to convince us of something, to persuade. Slow speech most often indicates depression, grief, arrogance, or fatigue.

By making minor mistakes in speech, for example, repeating words, choosing them uncertainly or incorrectly, breaking off phrases in mid-sentence, people involuntarily express their feelings and reveal intentions. Uncertainty in the choice of words manifests itself when the speaker is not sure of himself or is going to surprise us. Usually speech deficiencies are more pronounced with excitement or when a person tries to deceive his interlocutor.

Since the characteristics of the voice depend on the work of various organs of the body, their state is also reflected in it. Emotions change the rhythm of breathing. Fear, for example, paralyzes the larynx, the vocal cords tense, the voice "sits down." With a good mood, the voice becomes deeper and richer in shades. It has a calming effect on others and inspires more confidence.

There is also Feedback: With the help of breathing, you can influence emotions. To do this, it is recommended to sigh noisily, opening your mouth wide. If you breathe deeply and inhale a large amount of air, your mood improves, and your voice involuntarily decreases.

It is important that in the process of communication a person trusts signs of non-verbal communication more than verbal ones. According to experts, facial expressions carry up to 70% of information. When expressing our emotional reactions, we are usually more truthful than in the process of verbal communication.

COMMUNICATION(English) communication, intercourse, interpersonal relationship) - the interaction of 2 or more people, consisting in the exchange between them of information of a cognitive and / or affective-evaluative nature.

Verbal communication- uses human speech as a sign system, natural sound language, that is, a system of phonetic signs that includes two principles: lexical and syntactic. Speech is the most universal means of communication, since when information is transmitted through speech, the meaning of the message is least of all lost.

The system of phonetic signs of a language is built on the basis of vocabulary and syntax. Vocabulary is a set of words that make up a language. Syntax- these are the means and rules for creating speech units that are characteristic of specific languages. Speech is the most universal means of communication, since when transmitting information, the meaning of the message is lost to the least extent compared to other means of transmitting information. Speech, therefore, is language in action, a form of generalized reflection of reality, a form of existence of thinking. Indeed, in thinking, speech manifests itself in the form of internal pronunciation of words to oneself. Thinking and speech are inseparable from each other. The transfer of information using speech occurs according to the following scheme: the communicator (the speaker) selects the words necessary to express the thought; connects them according to the rules of grammar, using the principles of vocabulary and syntax; pronounces these words due to the articulation of the organs of speech. The recipient (listener) perceives speech, decodes speech units for the correct understanding of the thought expressed in it. But this happens when the communicants use a national language understandable to both, developed in the process of verbal communication over many generations of people.

Speech performs two main functions - significative and communicative.

Thanks to significative function for a person (unlike an animal) it becomes possible to arbitrarily evoke images of objects, to perceive the semantic content of speech. Thanks to the communicative function, speech becomes a means of communication, a means of transmitting information.

The word makes it possible to analyze objects, things, to highlight their essential and secondary features. Mastering the word, a person automatically masters complex systems of connections and relations between objects and phenomena of the objective world. The ability to analyze objects and phenomena of the objective world, to single out the essential, main and secondary in them, to attribute these objects and phenomena to certain categories (i.e., to classify them) is an indispensable condition for determining the meaning of a word. A dictionary compiled on this basis, covering the terms-concepts of any special field of activity, is called thesaurus.

Communicative function of speech manifests itself in means of expression and means of influence. Speech is not limited only to the totality of transmitted messages, it simultaneously expresses the attitude of a person to what he is talking about, and the attitude to the one with whom he communicates. Thus, emotional and expressive components (rhythm, pause, intonation, voice modulation, etc.) are manifested to one degree or another in the speech of each individual. There are also expressive components in written speech (in the text of the letter, this is manifested in the sweeping nature of the handwriting and the force of pressure, the angle of its inclination, the direction of the lines, the shape of capital letters, etc.). The word as a means of influence and its emotional and expressive components are inseparable, they act simultaneously, to a certain extent influencing the behavior of the recipient.

Types of verbal communication.

Distinguish between external and internal speech. External speech divided by oral and written. Oral speech, in turn, on dialogical and monologue. In preparation for oral speech and especially for writing, the individual "pronounces" the speech to himself. That's what it is inner speech. In written speech, the conditions of communication are mediated by the text. Written speech may be direct(for example, exchanging notes at a meeting, at a lecture) or delayed(exchange of letters).

A form of verbal communication is finger speech. This is a manual alphabet that serves to replace oral speech when deaf and blind people communicate with each other and persons familiar with fingerprinting. Dactyl marks replace letters (similar to letters in block type).

The accuracy of the listener's understanding of the meaning of the speaker's statement depends on the feedback. Such feedback is established when the communicator and the recipient alternately change places. The recipient, by his statement, makes it clear how he understood the meaning of the received information. In this way, dialogue speech represents a kind of sequential change in the communicative roles of the communicants, during which the meaning of the speech message is revealed. monologue same speech continues long enough, not interrupted by the remarks of others. It requires advance preparation. It is usually expanded preparatory speech(for example, a report, lecture, etc.).

The constant and effective exchange of information is the key to the achievement of any organization or firm of its goals. The importance of verbal communication, for example in management, cannot be overestimated. However, here, as shown above, it is also necessary to pursue the goal of ensuring the correct understanding of the transmitted information or semantic messages. The ability to accurately express one's thoughts, the ability to listen are the components of the communicative side of communication. Unskillful expression of thoughts leads to a misinterpretation of what was said. Poor listening distorts the meaning of the information being conveyed. Below is a methodology for the two main ways of listening: non-reflective and reflective.

In speech, language is realized and through it, through utterances, language performs its communicative function. The main functions of the language in the communication process include: communicative (the function of information exchange); constructive (formulation of thoughts); appellative (impact on the addressee); emotive (direct emotional reaction to the situation); phatic (exchange of ritual (etiquette) formulas); metalinguistic (interpretation function. It is used when it is necessary to check whether the interlocutors use the same code).

Through observation of non-verbal means of communication, we manage to glean a huge amount of information about a partner. However, the information received may not be entirely reliable, since, firstly, there is a possibility that we could not quite correctly interpret the received signals, and secondly, our interlocutor may try to hide the truth by deliberately using his knowledge of non-verbal signals. That is why, for completeness of information, it is necessary to analyze both non-verbal and verbal means of communication.

Verbal (or verbal) communication is “the process of establishing and maintaining purposeful, direct or indirect, contact between people with the help of language” (Kunitsyna V.N., 2001, p. 46).

According to the authors of the book "Interpersonal Communication" (ibid.), speaking people can have speech flexibility to varying degrees. So, some of them pay minimal attention to the choice of speech means, talking at different times with different people, in different circumstances, mostly in the same style. Others, in an effort to preserve their stylistic appearance, are able to perform different speech roles, using a different stylistic speech repertoire in various situations. However, in addition to the individual characteristics of participants in verbal communication, the choice of the style of speech behavior is also influenced by the social context. The role situation dictates the need to turn to poetic, then to official, then to scientific or everyday speech.

Thus, holding a scientific conference for parents requires the teacher to be able to operate with strict scientific terms (which, nevertheless, must be deciphered in speech in order to exclude misunderstanding of the insufficiently prepared part of the audience and thereby prevent possible aggressive attacks or "self-elimination" of listeners in such cases).

In cases of conflict with parents, it is better to adhere to the official manner of communication. The authors of the monograph mentioned above give the following principles for constructing speech communication.

The principle of cooperation(“the requirement for interlocutors to act in a way that would be consistent with the accepted purpose and direction of the conversation” - suggests that verbal communication must:

contain the optimal amount of information. (it must correspond to the current goals of communication, excessive information can be distracting, misleading);
contain truthful statements;
correspond to the goals, the subject of the conversation;
be clear (avoiding incomprehensible expressions, verbosity).

Principle of politeness, which implies the expression in speech:

tact;
generosity;
approvals;
modesty;
consent;
benevolence.

Pedagogical practice shows that an incorrectly built verbal communication can lead both to misunderstanding by partners of each other, and to an open conflict. That is why, basically, the literature devoted to the problems of constructive behavior in conflict is aimed at optimizing verbal communication (Grishina N.V., 2002). Verbal communication can be disruptive and is a channel for finding relationships.

From early childhood, a person hears speech from all sides. Because this is how people mainly communicate, and the child is involuntarily drawn into this contact method of communication. This is how it is formed for the child the world, that is, he also learns over time to express his point of view with the help of speech and control the world around him with the help of words. However, it is not always easy for everyone to choose exactly the language of communication that will help to correctly convey their point of view and worldview to the opponent. It is impossible to speak the same language with an intellectual and a gopnik, because these people speak different languages, despite the fact that the words are the same.

Surely in the life of every person there were situations that led a productive, at first glance, conversation to a dead end. Opponents begin to get nervous, be rude in response, or even go into a state of aggressive defense, or vice versa, respond to every word with a contemptuous grin.

Basically, such incidents occur for the reason that the speaker's initial message is incorrect, because he either considers himself to be at a higher level of development, or simply does not see a person in his interlocutor. This gives rise to the emergence of multi-level communication, which leads the dialogue to a sad end, just because the interlocutors begin to be afraid of seeming pathetic and stupid, to put it in simple terms.

And all this happens due to the fact that this is how the initiator of the dialogue is initially configured. Even if a person is higher in position on the social ladder, when communicating with people of a lower rank, he expresses his dissatisfaction, sometimes for reasons that lie in his adolescence. Therefore, it is important to understand that when communicating, you should always choose the language of respect, and always see a worthy member of society in your interlocutor. It is this language that is universal and understandable to every person.

What is verbal communication

Verbal communication is the interaction of a group or several people who communicate, guided by a single language system, at a level accessible and understandable to each member of this group. It does not matter how many interlocutors are involved in the negotiations, the condition is unchanged, the language must be understandable to everyone, so that misunderstandings do not arise. Verbal language is the language, the level of which is clear to everyone around.

Modern psychological training helps society develop many speech skills. This may indicate that people need the skill of delivering information in a well-formed form. Because, depending on how information is transmitted, a person receives the reaction he needs.

It is important to remember that verbal communication is a method by which one can transmit thoughts reproduced, as well as receive necessary information in the form in which it will be perceived much faster.

Most contact in society occurs because people communicate. This happens through language transfer as well as using . Previously, when people lacked speech function, they communicated using drawings and gestures, but modern society responds well if a person communicates using the language apparatus. And even more so if the opponent is fluent in .

It is difficult to imagine a situation when a person expresses himself in the language of swear words, behaves inappropriately and at the same time evokes pleasant emotions in people of a different social circle. But on the other hand, in his circle, he will surely merge with the general mass and will not stand out. But paradoxically, both his attitude towards himself and the attitude of his friends will change if you start a conversation with such a person from a position of respect. Although only a well-trained mind can convey such a verbal message correctly so that the audience does not react in a forceful manner of communication to the harmless report of the interlocutor. Therefore, a person needs to develop communication skills.

Verbal communication

The verbal method of communication refers to the process of transmitting information that occurs with the help of words, in an understandable language for all interlocutors.

People have long been accustomed to communicate at the level of words. Seeing each other, the opponents instantly begin to communicate with each other, leaving not even the slightest chance to consider the interlocutor, and if he is silent, then such behavior instantly classifies him as an unsociable and gloomy type of people. Because the norm of society's behavior is the expression of any life experience through voice transmission.

But people are also used to communicating on the same level, and they are comfortable when there is an environment around them that verbally understands them. Because otherwise, society begins to feel uncomfortable, from which dissonance appears, and everyday existence changes for the worse. Such a phenomenon follows, because people experience a barrier, because, as mentioned earlier, the language of communication is the same, but the perception of information is different.

In order to quickly overcome the verbal barrier, it is necessary, when entering another society, to become an active participant and initiator of communication,. Then various obstacles will fall much faster and grinding will occur. But it is necessary not only to listen to what the interlocutors say, but also to carefully consider the behavior of the body, that is, pay attention to non-verbal communication. Because if words can be controlled, then the body of untrained people, after some time of communication, loses control and expresses true emotions.

That is, in order to destroy the verbal barrier, you need to carefully analyze what types they are divided into:

Phonetic - this communicative method should pay attention to intonation, pronunciation, diction.
Logical - should reveal the peculiarity of the interlocutor's thinking.
Semantic - words, actions or postures have their own semantic message.
Stylistic - here it is important to consider the construction of sentences and phrases.

Types of verbal communication

Types of verbal communication are variations of this type of communication.

External speech

It is divided into the following types:

Oral speech.
- speech used for dialogue;
- speech used for monologue.
Speech is dactyl. Such a feat is widespread among deaf and dumb people, that is, the transmission of letters with gestures.

Written speech

Immediate. That is, communication in which the answer is received immediately, as an example - SMS communication.
Postponed. Here the interlocutors correspond by letters, and it is understood that the answer will come some time later.

inner speech

Also, verbal speech can be expressed in the following forms when communicating:

Dispute. This is communication in the manner of discord.
Talk. This is a conversational conversation in a relaxed atmosphere.
Discussion and dispute. An important topic discussed at the public level.
Interview. The way in which a person answers pre-assigned questions.

How to Communicate Effectively

An effective method of communication implies integration into the environment that prevails in the numerical superiority of representatives of a particular community. Because if it is necessary to achieve a result, then the speaker will have to speak exactly at the level of the language that the interlocutors will understand, using exactly those words that take place in everyday life in this society, that is, there will be a need to simplify or, conversely, enrich the speech with complex sentences in order to speak in an accessible and understandable language. A simple example of such a situation would be the following situation:

if in a group kindergarten invite a teacher in higher mathematics and ask him to explain to the children with simple examples what kind of subject it is, then if the teacher cannot adapt his story to the audience, attention will be lost soon after the start of the story. But if the teacher can put into words accessible to the child's mind the whole picture of higher mathematics, then perhaps he will lay the seed of consciousness in the heads of potential academicians.

Therefore, it is very important for efficiency to study the interlocutor and understand what tasks need to be set for the formation of the report.

Features of verbal communication

In verbal communication, in contrast to, the main feature is the vocabulary that is either pronounced orally or presented in writing. Gesticulation and facial expressions are already among the features of non-verbal communication.

Another main feature in the verbal form of communication is the fact that it is available only to representatives of the human race. That is this species communication can only be used by a human. But it is also important that a person, by means of verbal oral communication, contacts not only with his own kind. Often such messages occur in the direction of animals, representatives of the plant world or inanimate objects. This does not mean that a person is waiting for such a feedback, it's just a force of habit - to reinforce their actions with a verbal message.

But if a person wants to use this feature with representatives of another language group, then he must study the vocabulary of the country from which he will communicate, otherwise the skill of verbal communication will not be in demand.

How verbal communication helps in everyday life

Verbal communication is a pretty good help in everyday affairs, because a person has the ability to accurately formulate his message and quickly convey information.

Unlike other forms, it makes the process of communication with the interlocutor very clear. Through such communication, one can not only express one's own conjectures, but also participate in the information exchange of information and take part in the affairs of the interlocutor. Such a well-defined information transfer makes it possible to convey to the audience when necessary, because, for example, business negotiations require the utmost mutual understanding, and there is no place for hints and non-verbal tricks.

Communicating using verbal techniques is a fairly simple way to convey your thoughts, because you don’t have to spend time thinking through the necessary gestures, and, moreover, a person from infancy gets used to the verbal way of communication surrounding him.

Also, this method allows you to analyze the received amount of data. Because it is through words that a person almost always conveys necessary information and also evaluates the actions of other people.

Data that has come down to a person, arranged in words, is much easier to remember.

And also with the help of communication, a person begins to learn the world, guess the characters of his companions, replenish his baggage of knowledge and improve himself.

Verbal communication is the main form of human communication. It is carried out with the help of speech - written or oral. The verbal exchange of information requires the speaker to have clear diction, well-thought-out statements, and the availability of sent messages. People speaking to the public must also be proficient in oratory.

Dressing thoughts in the clothes of words is the primary and most common way of human communication. Many languages of the world have a developed system of information codes and have an extensive conceptual apparatus. They are able to express the most sophisticated ideas and subtle experiences. This allows them to play the role of a means of knowledge, rapprochement, mutual understanding.

However, for all its versatility, verbal communication is not perfect. Not all people can speak clearly and clearly. Not all listeners are able to adequately perceive someone else's speech. Often the meaning of what is said or written does not reach the addressee of the speech or is perceived by him incorrectly. The same word or expression can be interpreted in different ways. On the way to contactees from different countries language barriers often arise.

Barriers in verbal communication can be age, gender, social, religious, intellectual differences between speaking people. One cannot discount such nuances of verbalism as style, context, double meaning. Without understanding these things, it is difficult to grasp the essence of the statements.

In addition to speech, in human society there are other - non-verbal - communication tools. These are facial expressions, gestures, intonation, disposition of the speaker, the symbolism of his clothes, interior. According to researchers, this communicative arsenal accounts for 70% of information. Non-verbalism is usually not controlled by a person's consciousness, and therefore betrays his true thoughts and feelings.

Verbal and non-verbal communication usually complement each other. They act as a single inseparable complex of semantic signals. Gesticulation without words resembles monkey language. And speech loses its emotional charge without rhythm and intonation.

There are the following variations of spoken and perceived by ear statements:

1. Dialogue - a communicative activity of two or more persons, during which the translator of information and the recipient alternately change roles.

Dialogic speech is realized in several forms. Here are the main ones:

Conversation - a relaxed exchange of thoughts and feelings on topics of interest to participants in communication; involves live contact, spontaneity of remarks, posing any questions, expression of attitude to the words of the communicator;
interview - a specially organized speech process designed to identify the professional or socio-political competencies of its participants;
dispute - verbal resolution of the conflict between two opposing parties;
discussion - a public discussion of burning, often ambiguous, socially acute problems in order to develop a common position;
dispute - a scientific or social verbal duel with the promotion of fundamentally different opinions.

2. Monologue - continuous speech of one subject, voiced by him or uttered to himself. The latter is called "inner monologue".

A monologue speech prepared for public speaking has the following variations:

Lecture - a logically related message on a scientific or public theme;
report - a detailed presentation of important material with the involvement of documents and links to the research conducted by the author;
report - a short and clear message, supported by figures and facts, summing up some analytical activity;
speech at a meeting - an arbitrary or pre-prepared statement by a member of a certain team on a significant issue for all those present;
artistic performance - a game stage number that evokes vivid emotions and has an aesthetic orientation.

Communication between the writing translator and the reading recipient may have different time frames.

Depending on this, two forms of written speech are distinguished:

1. Direct - free exchange of notes containing intimate, official or scientific information. During a lecture or report, questions to the speaker are usually drawn up in this way.
2. Delayed - involving a pause in communication. So, in normal correspondence, its initiator can wait several weeks for an answer. But the authors of books - scientific, philosophical or artistic - sometimes send their works to future generations. Quite often such texts become monuments of writing of a certain epoch.

A special form of communication - embodying elements of both oral and written speech - is tactile communication. It serves the deaf and the visually impaired. During contact, they form words from the letters of the "manual alphabet", reproduced by them with their fingers.

The verbal form of information transfer is the most ancient and most voluminous human communicative resource. Apart from him, no earthly creature owns verbal communication. This is explained by the fact that speech is a conscious act, possible at a certain stage of mental development, which only homo sapiens has achieved.

In addition to this main feature of verbal communication, it has the following features:

The multi-level structure, which includes several language styles- colloquial, scientific, official, journalistic, artistic, - which are selected depending on the situation of communication;
uniqueness: words can express any sign system, say, road signs or Morse code;
the lexical units of the language, being fixed in the mass consciousness, can form ideologemes and mythologems - markers of a particular culture or social environment; such semantic complexes are such words as "democracy", "fascism", "narcissism", "hedonism", "nihilism";
the manner of speech of any individual gives the most accurate and complete picture of him: his status, level of intelligence, education, upbringing, character traits;
mastering all the tools of verbal communication is an integral part of the personal and professional self-realization of the individual.

Our speech, in the apt expression of Seneca, is "the decoration of the soul." However maximum effect it only achieves in tandem with non-verbal communication tools. This is how messages are born that absorb all the brilliance of the intellect and come from the very heart.

Verbal means of communication

Who owns the information, as they say, owns the world. And the one who knows how to competently transmit information, owns the one who owns the world. Competent speech at all times was valued in human society and significantly exceeded the status of the one who possessed it. Information is always transmitted in two ways: verbally and non-verbally. And if not everyone can read your gestures and facial expressions, then almost everyone will notice mistakes in how you write and in what you say. Therefore, let us consider in more detail what verbal means of communication are.

Speech is the main means of verbal communication. It is divided into written and oral, listening and reading, as well as internal and external speech. In simple words, verbal means of communication include our ability to speak and write, the ability to listen and perceive information, as well as our internal dialogues with ourselves and external ones with others.

The verbal side of communication lies in the language in which communication is carried out. For example, not every foreigner is able to understand Russian with all our interjections and diminutive suffixes. That is why, so that the interlocutors can always understand each other, there are general rules of verbal communication, types of verbal communication and generally accepted forms of communication. And since the verbal form of communication takes place in Russian, we should not forget about the styles with which we convey information.

There are five in total:

Scientific - this verbal way of communication is based on scientific terminology. Speech in a scientific style is distinguished by its logicality, the connectedness of various concepts and generalization;
official business - known to many as the language of laws. This style of speech has informative and commanding functions. Texts written in an official business style, as a rule, are standard and impersonal, have dry expressions and precise statements;
journalistic - the main function of this style is the impact on the audience. It differs in emotional coloring, expression and does not have a specific standard;
Speaking. Not exactly a conversational style, but in literature it can often be found in the form of dialogues and monologues on everyday topics;
artistic literary language. The style with the most vivid means of expression. In addition to the standard forms used in other styles, this type of non-verbal communication can include dialects, jargon, and vernacular.

Communication barriers

The verbal form of communication is the main one in business relations. Knowing the rules of the native language is more important than ever when conducting business meetings and negotiations.

However, here the interlocutors may face a problem in the form of communication barriers:

1. Phonetic barrier. It may arise due to the characteristics of the speaker's speech. This includes intonation, diction, accent. To avoid this barrier, you need to speak loudly and clearly with the interlocutor.
2. Logical barrier. It can occur if the interlocutors have different types of thinking. Intelligence levels, for example, can lead to misunderstanding and this barrier.
3. Semantic barrier. Occurs between representatives of different countries and cultures. The problem here is the different semantic load of the same words.
4. Stylistic barrier. Occurs when the message construction is violated. To avoid this barrier, you must first draw attention to your message, then generate interest in it, move on to the main points, discuss questions and objections, and then let the interlocutor draw conclusions. Any violation of this chain will cause misunderstanding.

Features of verbal communication are not only in the generally accepted rules of writing and speech. When communicating, it is worth remembering the distance at which you are from the interlocutor.

The psychology of verbal communication consists of four levels of communication:

Intuitive - occurs when, having heard information from afar, or reading it, a person suddenly realizes true reason news or what has been said, the same applies to subtle hints in the course of a conversation;
ethical - this includes: intonation in the voice, facial expressions, gaze and gestures. People with good intuition can easily read such signals;
logical level - in which there is a clear exchange of information, in text or speech form;
physical - this includes all sorts of touches. This level occurs only at a close distance between the interlocutors, and people who can read emotions, breathing and heartbeats find a lot of additional information in this level.

The verbal side of communication allows us to determine the social status of the interlocutor and the level of his intelligence. Our speech is able to influence other people and promote career growth. It happens that you are impressed by the appearance and demeanor of a person, but as soon as he starts talking, all positive impressions instantly collapse. Remember that you can be in the place of this person at any time. Therefore, if you want to be understood and accepted, speak correctly.

Verbal communication of children

Speech performs two main functions - communicative and significative, thanks to which it is both a means of communication and a form of existence of thought, consciousness. The formation of speech is closely connected with the development of mental processes: sensations, ideas, thinking, memory.

A visually impaired child experiences difficulties in the mental operations of comparison, generalization, classification, which are formed in him much longer and at a later age than in normally developing children. Since human thinking is closely connected with speech, the generalizing role of the word compensates for the depleted sensory experience and helps to go beyond the organic defect.

Verbalization of sensory experience allows a visually impaired child to find the most intensive way of developing cognitive and communicative activity. Both factors - activity and speech - are converted, creating the basis for the perceptual progress of children.

Speech in visually impaired children is formed on the same fundamentally identical foundations as the speech of normally seeing children. Just like in children who normally see speech, with visual inferiority, it develops and is assimilated in the process of communicative activity, but it has some peculiarities - the pace of development changes, the vocabulary and semantic side of speech is disturbed, “verbalism” appears, due to the lack of visual impressions in speech it is rare extended statements are used. The reasons for the underdevelopment of speech are the lack of images of perception due to a visual defect, as well as impaired communication of children with the microsocial environment.

Speech and its expressive possibilities are a necessary and for many children the only accessible and familiar form of receiving and transmitting information. Therefore, reaching the stage of establishing relationships initially at the verbal level is the psychological content and result of their communicative activity.

Thus, speech is the most important means of communication. Since non-verbal manifestations of character, mood, emotional state are hardly caught by preschoolers with visual impairments.

Speech makes it possible to improve the process of education, which allows the child to learn a system of norms of behavior and moral attitude towards people around him. Their implementation takes place in the activity that is leading for a given age, namely, in the game.

Objective, communicative, and play activities are the leading activities of preschool children; they are organized and proceed due to the connections of the impaired visual analyzer with the intact ones. They are included in the structure of the stages of visual defect compensation. In middle and older preschool age, one of the main means of compensation is speech. Vision and speech are a mechanism for mastering communication, since their close relationship is the basis for the transfer of all images of any modality to visual schemes (the tendency to visualize sensory experience) and the development of the significative function of speech through the abstracting and generalizing work of thought.

The verbal and non-verbal, social and emotional components of communication are closely intertwined with cognitive activity, which is concentrated in children with an extra-situational-personal form of communication on the social aspects of the world around them. However, a decrease in cognitive abilities due to a visual defect causes a limitation in the scope of ideas about the surrounding world, and negatively affects the mechanism and dynamics of operating with its images in an imaginary plane.

Thus, visual impairment provokes inadequate development of non-speech and speech means of communication, affecting the volume and quality of communication, and also makes it difficult for the child to enter the social environment in which he lives and forms as a person. The versatility of theatrical activities will awaken the need for the main luxury in older preschoolers with visual impairment - “the luxury of human communication”. What will form one of the components of psychological readiness for learning at school - communicative.

In the development of communication as a type of specific human activity, the importance of vision is great. It is vision:

Makes communication more free, allows you to find right person among others in a large space;
- acts as a feedback channel and makes it possible to see the reaction of others to the actions, words that a person addresses to a partner or audience;
- allows you to master the means of communication by imitation;
- a normally seeing person has the opportunity to express his emotional state with a large number of means and signs, especially non-verbal - expressive-mimic (for example, squint his eyes, lower his eyelids, etc.);
- with the help of vision, a person learns to perceive the world around him and the inner world of another person through visual means: paintings, illustrations in books, films, television programs, etc.

Obviously, visual impairment in children affects communication, both direct and indirect.

It is natural that children with visual impairments in many areas of non-verbal communication are significantly limited. But limitations in children manifest themselves in different ways and depend on the degree and nature of impaired vision, the possibility of distant perception (perception at a distance) of facial expressions and pantomimics. Difficulty in distant perception of facial and pantomimic manifestations of the interlocutor leads to inadequate perception of the real characteristics and states of the subject, and also causes difficulties in the formation of speech function. In children deprived of the possibility of visual, distant perception of the surrounding reality and not trained in compensation methods, the ideas about facial expressions, gestures, pantomime are very fragile, vague, which greatly complicates the process of interpersonal communication. In a number of typhlopedagogical publications, the influence of the lack of formation of non-speech means of communication on the assimilation of curriculum. The reason for this is ignorance and a low level of mastery of preschoolers with visual impairments in expressive-mimic and subject-effective means of communication.

A visually impaired preschooler, compared to his peers with normal vision, is less proficient in non-verbal means of communication. Children practically do not use expressive movements, gestures, facial expressions in communication with adults and peers, rarely catch a change in their partner's mood. Doubts about the correctness of the decision, as a rule, are resolved with the help of speech forms - questions, statements, clarifications. If a normally seeing child perceives and reflects the world around on the basis of a whole complex of sensations, ideas, then the violation of such an important analyzer as the visual one causes a mismatch of "digital and analog signals". This can cause visually impaired children to misinterpret information from adults and peers and, in turn, make it difficult for others around them to understand the behavior of visually impaired children. An unambiguous interpretation of the chain of communicative acts, as isolated from each other, is impossible, since the verbal components of interaction carry (on average) 35%, and non-verbal - 65% of the information.

Thus, the communication of visually impaired children relies primarily on speech capabilities, while normally seeing children actively improve communicative activity in practical and "theoretical" cooperation with an adult through the development of a system of verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Since children with impaired and normal vision live in the same society and they need to communicate, it should be borne in mind that normally seeing children and adults closely observe people with visual impairments, their gestures and facial expressions. And often, because they are not aware of the inadequacy of the expression of their feelings by the visually impaired, they have a false, false idea of their inner world. A visually impaired child does not have a response, which makes it possible to compare his facial expressions and posture, gesture with the facial expressions, posture, gestures of the people around him, and correct them. An example is the reception of gifted children in the Kremlin by President Vladimir Putin, where an interested conversation took place, which was broadcast on television. Among those invited was a boy with severe visual impairment. Twice the TV camera showed this boy: the child was hunched over, buried in his plate of cakes - in a typical "blind" pose. Outwardly, the boy looked absolutely indifferent to what was happening, did not show the slightest interest, and it is quite possible that he had something to say to the President and peers sitting at the table. But the stereotype worked, which for years was formed and consolidated in the family and special educational institution: children at the table, at the desk sit with their heads bowed low, or even often “lying on the desk”. Such a pose “does not interfere” with either parents or teachers, they do not pay attention to it. On the contrary, many believe that, being in this position, children will not spill clothes while eating, will not stain the table, etc. None of them suspects how difficult it will be for an adult to unlearn this position or how difficult it will be to live, knowing that you are sitting at the table "not like all people."

A child with visual impairments can develop a correct, adequate posture for a given situation if he has clear, vivid ideas about objects and partners in this situation. Otherwise, the child, not knowing what to do, chooses from the non-speech means familiar to him those that he used earlier, not caring whether the selected gestures, posture, facial expressions correspond to the given moment, since the child does not even suspect that he is doing something. doesn't do it the way it's supposed to.

It is necessary to prevent the appearance and consolidation of obsessive movements already at the earliest period by including the child in active motor activity - the collective motor activity of peers in a special institution or in the family. And for this you need to establish mutual understanding between the child and the adult. Both parents and teachers should take care of the formation of a positive image of their "I" in the child, based on adequate ideas about their qualities and capabilities. At the same time, adults should help the child see their strengths, as well as tactfully point out shortcomings and help correct them.

Difficulties in communication by non-verbal means in children with visual impairments are explained not only by the degree and nature of their impairment.

The development of verbal and non-verbal means of communication of older preschoolers can be significantly influenced by external objective reasons:

Conditions for early education in the family, kindergarten;
- the initial level of readiness of the child to participate in all types of non-verbal activities;
- lack of motives for communication as a result of a depressive mental state;
- the nature of the personality itself (introvert, extrovert);
- isolation and monotony of the circle of communication in the family and preschool institution;
- peculiarities national character and etc.

Thus, non-verbal means of communication of older preschoolers with visual impairments can and should be taught and taught purposefully, making the most of the sensitive period of its development.

Verbal language of communication

Speech influence is the control of human behavior through speech information. The purpose of speech influence is to induce to some activity that is beneficial from the point of view of the speaker, but does not violate the interests of the listener.

The scheme of speech influence is as follows: the message of any information; formation on its basis of interests and needs; motivation for action.

The result of speech influence can be not only persuasion, but also empathy, sympathy, the response behavior of listeners planned by the speaker.

The following methods of speech influence are distinguished: order (requirement), suggestion (sermon), showing, persuading, begging, coercion.

The fundamental factors of speech impact are singled out, the observance of which is necessary for the effectiveness of the impact.

One of the most important factors of speech impact is the observance of the communicative norm, which includes the norms and requirements of speech etiquette and speech culture.

speech culture personality, its organizational and communication skills are the basis of a person's social status.

The success of communication largely depends on whether the topic of conversation is well chosen, whether it seems relevant and interesting to the interlocutors, to what extent the subject of discussion is known to each speaker.

It should also be taken into account that due to the inability to listen to each other, communication turns into some kind of ridiculous dialogues, when everyone speaks about his own, not taking into account the words of the other.

Psychologists name 5 situations in which it is advisable to remain silent:

1) the interlocutor is eager to speak;
2) a person is worried, offended, which is why he experiences negative emotions;
3) it is difficult for the interlocutor to express his thought, to put it into words;
4) talking to shy, insecure people;
5) during a job interview to learn more about the applicant. Silence of this kind refers to reflective listening. To establish a trusting relationship with the interlocutor, it is recommended to use the techniques of reflective listening.

You can contact the interlocutor for clarification, using phrases such as: "I did not understand you"; "Won't you repeat it again?"; "What do you have in mind?".

It is advisable to formulate the interlocutor's thoughts in your own words in order to clarify the message. Paraphrasing usually begins with the words: "As I understand you ..."; “In your opinion…”, “In other words, do you think…”.

Sometimes it is necessary to understand and reflect the feelings of the interlocutor: “It seems to me that you feel ...”; "Don't you feel a little…"; "You are probably upset..."

Show kindness to the interlocutor, do not notice small mistakes in communication, look and smile friendly, often refer to the interlocutor by name, speak courteously and courteously. Use hidden compliments, this is how replicas like: “You noticed correctly” or “You said correctly”, “But I didn’t know” are perceived this way.

But no matter what methods the speaker uses, his speech must be conclusive, his judgments and positions must be convincing.

Message volume

Speech should be concise and short. But the brevity of speech does not consist in the brevity of the time during which it is pronounced, but in the absence of everything superfluous.

In addition, each specific act of speech influence requires very specific means of expression. Speakers must ensure that the words they use are homogeneous in their stylistic properties, so that there is no stylistic discord, and the use of stylistically colored words is justified by the purpose of the statement.

Bookish, colloquial, colloquial words, correctly introduced into the fabric of the statement, give speech a special flavor, increase its expressiveness, expressiveness.

Communication style

As you know, each person has his own style of communication, which is also an important factor in speech impact.

The totality of individual features of speech and non-speech behavior of a person, affecting the originality of the flow of communication, is called the style of communication. It depends on the temperament of a person, his character, worldview.

The predominant motive of communication (interaction, self-affirmation, emotional support of the interlocutor);
attitude towards oneself (narcissism, recognition of one's shortcomings, imposing one's opinion);
attitude towards other people (gentleness, benevolence, tolerance or cruelty, rationalism, self-centeredness, prejudice);
the nature of the impact on people (pressure, coercion, manipulation, cooperation, personal example, non-intervention).

According to the degree and nature of interference in the activities and behavior of another person, the following styles of communication can be distinguished:

Altruistic - a person seeks to please people, helps them in achieving their goals;
manipulative - in communication, means of manipulation, pressure and coercion of a partner are used for their own purposes;
missionary - the interlocutor seeks to maintain a distance in communication, observes non-interference in the affairs and judgments of the interlocutor, influence by personal example.

There are several typical communication styles:

Communication-intimidation (the authority of one of the interlocutors rests on the fear that he inspires in his partners);
communication-flirting (the interlocutor seeks to please, removing the necessary distance between himself and the participants in communication);
communication with a clearly defined distance (the interlocutors move away from each other, do not reveal themselves, which negatively affects their relationship);
communication - a joint enthusiasm for cognitive activity.

Location Information

The speaker needs not only to convince the interlocutor of something, but also to influence him accordingly, to cause a response, a desire to act in a certain direction. Therefore, when working on a composition, you should consider a system of logical and psychological arguments used to confirm the put forward provisions and influence the interlocutor.

Logical arguments are addressed to the mind of the listeners, psychological - to the feelings.

Arranging arguments in a certain way in his speech, the speaker should not forget about such an important principle of composition as the principle of amplification.

Its essence lies in the fact that the significance, weight, persuasiveness of the arguments gradually increase, the strongest arguments are used at the end of the argument.

Speech recipient

The success of a speech largely depends on whether it is possible to immediately find an approach to the interlocutor, to establish contact with him. It is very important to think over your image, appearance, demeanor, intonation.

The basis of communicative success is the following ethical attitudes of the subjects of speech:

Goodwill to interlocutors, the ability to reason in such a way as not to humiliate the interlocutor;
- prudence - able to foresee the consequences of speech behavior in a given situation, the ability to pose problems that listeners are able to understand, and in the formulation that will contribute to speech impact;
- politeness - as the ability to preserve one's own dignity and emphasize the dignity of the interlocutor.

You should also take into account such characteristics of the listener as age, gender, nationality, social status, level of education, professional interests, mood, etc.

A skillful and subtle speaker should have an idea about gender differences that affect people's behavior (gender - associated with either male or female issues). In men and women different character questions; men have more coarse words, incoherent but sharp constructions; women's questions can be worldly naive and women are very sensitive to the form of the answer, the intonation in which it is presented; women are more emotional and sincere; a man is told about the facts in a generalized version, women - in an eventful one; different genders express themselves differently conflict situations, they object differently, disagree with something with varying degrees of categoricalness; tactics are important for women, strategy is important for men; women are more likely than men to admit their miscalculations, mistakes, they have a different arrangement of accents in the interpretation of events (spectacular interpretation of events, for men - detached-generalizing) and much more.

The effectiveness of the impact also increases with the coincidence (certain homogeneity) of the speaker and the listener. For example, for a story about the dangers of drug addiction to a student audience, it is better to invite a former drug addict of the same age than a policeman or doctor, whose level of trust in the message will be lower.

In order for the interlocutor to understand what was said, it is necessary to establish personal contact with him. Understanding, benevolence, attention, politeness, as a rule, evoke reciprocal feelings.

Cognitive contact is also important, in which only intellectual interaction is possible.

The knowledge that each person has a certain priority channel of perception makes us more tolerant, and the ability to determine it allows us to find an adequate language of communication with a particular interlocutor, to make contact not only conflict-free, but also effective. Therefore, it is very important to take into account the temperament of the interlocutor.

A mobile interlocutor (sanguine extrovert) thinks quickly, speaks quickly, jumps from one topic to another, because everything seems clear to him. It is recommended to let such an interlocutor speak to the end and only then clarify something or return to the beginning of the conversation.

A rigid interlocutor (an extrovert-choleric) likes to lead in a conversation.

A passive interlocutor (an introvert-melancholic) does not show his reaction. In a conversation with him, you should use the technique of active listening: ask questions, paraphrase, etc.

Verbal communication process

Communication - "the transfer of information from person to person", a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people (interpersonal communication) and groups (intergroup communication), generated by the needs of joint activities and including at least three different processes: communication (information exchange) , interaction (exchange of actions) and social perception (perception and understanding of a partner) Communication is carried out by different means. Distinguish between verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Verbal communication is communication with words, speech, the process of exchanging information and emotional interaction between people or groups using speech means. Verbal communication is distinguished from non-verbal communication, where the main thing is conveyed not by speech, but by intonations, gaze, facial expressions and other means of expressing relationships and emotions.

Verbal communication is a verbal interaction of the parties and is carried out with the help of sign systems, the main among which is language. Language as a sign system is the optimal means of expressing human thinking and a means of communication. The language system finds its realization in speech, i.e. language is present in us constantly in a state of possibility. Verbal communication uses human speech as a sign system, natural sound language, that is, a system of phonetic signs that includes two principles: lexical and syntactic. Speech is the most universal means of communication, since when information is transmitted through speech, the meaning of the message is least of all lost. True, this should be accompanied high degree common understanding of the situation by all participants in the communication process.

Non-verbal communication is a side of communication, consisting in the exchange of information between individuals without the help of speech and language means, presented in any sign form. Such means of non-verbal communication as: facial expressions, gestures, posture, intonation, etc. perform the functions of supplementing and replacing speech, conveying the emotional states of communication partners. The instrument of such “communication” is the human body, which has a wide range of means and methods of transmitting or exchanging information, which includes all forms of human self-expression. A common working name that is used among people is non-verbal or "body language". Psychologists believe that the correct interpretation of non-verbal signals is the most important condition for effective communication. Knowing the language of gestures and body movements allows not only to better understand the interlocutor, but also (more importantly) to foresee what impression the heard will make on him even before he speaks on this issue. In other words, such wordless language can alert you to whether you need to change your behavior or do something else to achieve the desired result.

Speech is always a specific process of using linguistic signs by the informant. But since this process is always two-way, involving another communication partner, different roles in the communication process - passive or active, different sensory mechanisms and different participation of paralinguistic means such as speech rate, handwriting features, pronunciation features, speech mechanisms turn out to be diverse and hierarchically subordinated. First of all, it is necessary to single out the central control departments, concentrated in the left hemisphere of the brain, which is sometimes called speech. With various injuries of the left hemisphere, for example, with strokes, surgical interventions, injuries, a person loses the ability to speak, read, write, and understand the speech addressed to him. Without appropriate medical intervention, this damage can be irreversible and turns into a real social tragedy, as the victim loses the main instrument of communication. In the left hemisphere of the brain there are special zones responsible for the motor functions of speech (Brock's motor speech center, named after the French surgeon who discovered it) and sensory functions (Wernicke's sensory speech center, named after the German neurosurgeon Wernicke who discovered it).

The executive departments of the speech mechanism primarily include the articulation department, which provides a person with the opportunity to articulate (pronounce) a variety of speech sounds. The articulation department, in turn, consists of the larynx, laryngeal part of the pharynx, oral and nasal cavities, vocal cords that generate sound with the help of air flow coming from the lungs. The more various speech sounds a person’s articulation system is able to create, the more opportunities he has for designating various objects and phenomena of reality using phonetic means (from the Greek phone - sound). The Russian language has a fairly rich system of phonetic means - 41 independent sound-types with the allocation of soft and hard consonants, sonorants, pronounced with the participation of the voice (M, N, L), hissing. When pronouncing Russian sounds, the larynx and the guttural part of the pharynx are practically not involved (compare the specifics of the Caucasian languages) and dental-labial combinations, typical of the day of English language, as well as diphthong sounds, double vowels, the middle between A and E (for example, typical for the Baltic languages). However, if we take into account that there are languages with a very laconic system of speech sounds (for example, 15 sounds in the languages of some African peoples), then the Russian phonetic system can be considered quite rich.

It should be noted that mastering the skills of articulatory movements is a fairly large part of the overall speech development. Sometimes, especially with congenital physical abnormalities such as cleft lip or short bridle language, medical help is required, sometimes it is enough to carry out correction with the help of defectologists, speech therapists. Some features of pronunciation skills remain for life in the form of an accent, by which it is so easy to determine the dominant language, the so-called mother language - the mother language.

Human speech arose and developed on the basis of the auditory system. For speech, hearing is so important that in its absence, for example, deafness or hearing loss, a person becomes dumb. Deafness leads to mental retardation, various communication difficulties, and personality changes. Even in ancient Greece, the deaf and hard of hearing were forbidden to hold leadership positions. There are quite a few methods of general and speech audiometry that allow for early psychodiagnostics of speech auditory function, which helps to master the language using compensatory methods, for example, using sign languages (sign language). It is assumed that the sign language includes a lot of supranational features, which ensures the relative universality of its use. A deaf-mute from Africa using sign language will understand a deaf-mute from Russia faster than an ordinary speaker of a normal spoken language.

The visual system takes very little part in the development of speech functions in a child. Blind children and blind adults are guided by acoustic channels of speech information, sometimes by tactile ones (Braille for the blind). Difficulties arise during the transition to those types of speech that are focused on the active work of the visual analyzer, associated with the selection of small distinctive details of graphemes (letters) or with mastering the skills of repeating these details in own activities(written language). In general, the visual modality of speech processes is largely optional, more conscious and involves a mandatory stage of learning in special classes, for example, at school in calligraphy and reading lessons. The acoustic modality of speech processes is more spontaneous, vital and arbitrary. In any human community, first of all, a system of acoustic speech communication, which ensures the rapid exchange of information, for example, in cases of general illiteracy or in specific living conditions - with poor lighting, difficulties in eye contact, etc.

Types of verbal communication

Distinguish between external and internal speech. External speech is divided into oral and written. Oral speech, in turn, is divided into dialogic and monologue. In preparation for oral speech and especially for writing, the individual "pronounces" the speech to himself. This is inner speech. In written speech, the conditions of communication are mediated by the text. Written speech can be direct (for example, exchange of notes at a meeting, at a lecture) or delayed (exchange of letters).

Dactyl speech is a peculiar form of verbal communication. This is a manual alphabet that serves to replace oral speech when deaf and blind people communicate with each other and persons familiar with fingerprinting. Dactyl marks replace letters (similar to letters in block type).

The accuracy of the listener's understanding of the meaning of the speaker's statement depends on the feedback. Such feedback is established when the communicator and the recipient alternately change places. The recipient, by his statement, makes it clear how he understood the meaning of the received information. Thus, dialogue speech is a kind of sequential change in the communicative roles of the communicants, during which the meaning of the speech message is revealed. Monologue speech continues for a long time, not interrupted by the remarks of others. It requires advance preparation. This is usually a detailed, preparatory speech (for example, a report, lecture, etc.).

The principle of cooperation (“the requirement for interlocutors to act in a way that would be consistent with the accepted purpose and direction of the conversation” - suggests that verbal communication should:

The principle of politeness, which implies expression in speech:

tact;
generosity;
approvals;
modesty;
consent;
benevolence.

Pedagogical practice shows that an incorrectly built verbal message can lead both to misunderstanding between partners and to open conflict. That is why, basically, the literature devoted to the problems of constructive behavior in conflict is aimed at optimizing verbal communication. Verbal communication can be disruptive and is a channel for finding relationships.

Development of verbal communication

Man is the only creature on Earth that uses verbal communication in his speech, that is, he contacts other representatives of his own with the help of words. There are prerequisites to believe that this quality is also developed in animals, but if this is so, then the level is very low. The first people living on the planet communicated non-verbally, that is, with gestures. But then the first sounds appeared, denoting this or that action. Strictly speaking, today humanity is developing rapidly because it mainly uses words in colloquial speech. Although some people communicate their ideas non-verbally. If you have met such, then know that this is not bad habit, it’s just that your interlocutor is trying to express his own thoughts more accessible.

As ancient people used to say, the level of a person's Mind is evidenced by the clarity of his speech. This is probably true, because even today people who can voice their ideas without any problems are highly valued in society. This suggests that their verbal communication is very well developed. Most of these inhabitants of planet Earth work in the media. After all, they communicate with intelligent people, therefore they must behave appropriately.

With the advent of man on the Blue Planet, speech was direct, the voice was rough. Over several thousand years, the ligaments in humans have become more elastic. Therefore, today we have the opportunity to parody, change the pace of speech and perform many other procedures. Studies show that it is most pleasant to communicate with a person who has a calm and smooth manner of presenting information.