Journalistic style of speech language characteristics. Journalistic style, its genres and language features
The stylistic features of the journalistic style are determined in accordance with the basic constructive principle of the organization of language means, which V.G. Kostomarov defines it as the alternation of expression and standard. The essence of this principle lies in the fact that in journalistic texts there is a "mandatory and rectilinearly constant correlation of standardized and expressive segments of the speech chain, their alternation and contrasting" .
The expressive function, due to the influencing orientation on the addressee, is manifested in the following style features:
Appraisal (open and hidden). Open appraisal is manifested through a certain authorial or collective attitude to the facts presented. The social significance of the assessment is especially important here. G.Ya.Solganik considers the principle of social appraisal to be the most important principle of journalism.
Hidden (implicit) evaluativeness is manifested through groups of stylistic means in the language of means mass media who prof. Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky names what is recognized and what is rejected. "The semantic sphere of the recognized includes all objects of thought (i.e. persons, documents, organizations, events, etc.), which are considered positive from the point of view of the information organ and the rhetorical position of the mass media text. The semantic sphere of the rejected includes all objects thoughts that are considered negative."
In the media of the beginning of the 21st century, the sphere of acceptance includes the following words and stable combinations of words: the rise of the economy, the revival of Russia, state interests, the world role of Russia, the president, democracy, etc.; the scope of what is rejected includes: NATO expansion, corruption, migrants, terrorists, etc.
Stylistic "novelty effect": the use of unusual phrases, language game, the use of expressive colloquial speech means, unexpected comparisons, metaphors, etc.
Personification and intimization of presentation: presentation of information "through the eyes of an eyewitness" (use of pronouns of the 1st person, definitely personal sentences); identification with the reader, listener, viewer: the use of pronouns of the 1st person pl. numbers we, ours; the use of generalized-personal constructions ( main member- verb in the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers: you understand that ...). This style feature is designed to provide a higher level of trust to the addressee.
The information function is carried out through the logical and conceptual side and is embodied in the following style features:
Documentary and factual accuracy: an exact indication of the time and place of the event, the designation of the participants in the events, official titles institutions, geographic titles etc.
Formality and neutrality of presentation: the use of neutral, official business and scientific vocabulary, the presence of stable clichés of book origin: to make a great contribution, universal values, etc., the presence of passive constructions and strict structure complex sentences: a high yield has been grown, an exhibition has been opened, etc.
Argumentation. The persuasiveness of speech is ensured by the methods of dialogization (question-answer complexes), the so-called accentuators - special means of the language that emphasize the author's confidence ( modal words, introductory constructions with the modality of confidence, etc.), a clear design of the logical relationships between parts of the sentence (association) and parts of the text.
The need for expressive and visual means in journalism is especially high, but it conflicts with the requirement to quickly respond to all events of current life, to be able to write quickly. For all their diversity, socio-political situations often repeat themselves, which makes it necessary to use stereotypical descriptions for stereotyped events. That's why characteristic feature journalistic style, especially newspaper and journalistic, is the presence in it of speech standards, clichés and speech stamps.
The stable elements of the language act in two functions. Where it is necessary to refer to exact formulations that provide unambiguity and speed of understanding, the stable elements of the language act as standards proper. First of all, this is the area of official communication: clerical, business speech, the legal sphere (the language of laws, decrees, orders), diplomatic activity (the language of agreements, treaties, communiqués), the socio-political area (the language of resolutions, decisions, appeals, etc. .). However, the same official turns, going beyond the limits of special use and the genre organic for them, are perceived as a stylistic speech defect.
In newspapers recent years you can easily find examples of stamped-clerical speech: they resolutely headed for recovery national relations, the creation of real conditions conducive to increased attention to the pressing issues of people's lives, to immediately focus attention on solving the most urgent problems. Many formulaic turns of speech arose under the influence of the official business style: at this stage, at this point in time, he emphasized with all the sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not add anything new to the content of the statement, but only clog the sentence.
Standards Being Ready speech forms related to a particular situation, greatly facilitate communication. They help the reader to get the information he needs, since the text, perceived in its usual form, is absorbed quickly, in whole semantic blocks. Therefore, speech standards are especially convenient for use in the media: the branches of Russian government, public sector employees, the employment service, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, according to informed sources, the household service, etc. In particular, numerous journalistic metaphor style. Once born as a new language unit, a successful metaphor can then, as a result of repeated use, become an erased metaphor, that is, a cliche: the presidential race, the political arena, an explosion of discontent, the roots of nationalism, an economic blockade, etc. Clichés are most often used in those genres which require an economical and concise form of presentation and which are operationally related to the event itself, for example: official communication, press review, report on meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.
The desire for emotional saturation of the language of the newspaper encourages journalists to use various methods of artistic expression (tropes, stylistic figures), which activate the attention of readers, attract them to a certain information topic. But if these techniques are repeated, replicated in various newspaper texts, they also turn into speech clichés. Stamps also appear to express outdated ideas about social and economic life as a constant struggle and an ongoing battle, for example: the battle for the harvest, the front of work, the struggle for advanced ideals, breakthroughs to new frontiers, etc.
Speech stamps are an evaluative category, depending on the circumstances of speech and therefore historically changeable. Speech stamps have gone out of use: agents (sharks) of imperialism, find a warm response in the hearts, on behalf and on behalf, in response to the wishes of the working people. New time gives birth to new stamps: denationalization, barter deals, humanitarian aid, the struggle of sovereignties, the release of prices, the consumer basket, unpopular measures, socially vulnerable groups, economic space, etc.
The function of influence determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. Journalism takes from literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness (often negative), which is especially clearly manifested in vocabulary and phraseology: sore, inhuman, lawlessness, vandalism, harmful, criticism, mafia, hype, bacchanalia, conspiracy, undertaking, diktat, machinations, political kitchen and etc.
Publicism not only uses ready-made material, it transforms, transforms words from different areas of the language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in figurative meaning(crime incubator, routes of technical progress), sports vocabulary (pre-election marathon, round (round) of negotiations, to declare a check to the government); names of literary genres (drama of nations, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy), etc.
Journalistic style characterized by some features in the field of word formation. For example, an assessment of an event can also be expressed with the help of word-building elements (education, storming, narrow-mindedness, hosting, putting on airs, ultramodern), as well as with the help of occasionalisms or speech neologisms - words created by certain authors, but not widely received. usage, especially since they are not recorded in modern dictionaries: privatization, Khrushchev.
In the journalistic style, there is a greater activity than in other styles of international educational suffixes (-ation, -ur, -ist, -izm, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (anti-, archi-, hyper-, de-, dez-, counter-, pro-, post-, trans-): globalization, agents, terrorist, centrism, contestant, anti-globalism, deportation, arch-reactionary, hyperinflation, disinformation, countermeasures, pro-American, post-Soviet, trans-European). Frequent use of nouns with suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (personality, greed, annulment, cooperation, trust); adverbs with a prefix in -: in a businesslike way, in a state way. Adjectives are also characterized by Russian and Old Slavic prefixes: co-owner, non-departmental, intercontinental, pro-Western, illegal. Some Old Slavonic prefixes give the words a "high" sound: recreate, all-powerful, reunite, fulfill.
In journalistic texts, especially in the language of newspapers, there are very often words formed by addition: mutually beneficial, good neighborly, multilateral, ubiquitous, will, multifaceted, commercial and industrial, socio-political, socio-economic, liberal-democratic, administrative-command. In order to save speech resources, abbreviations are used (AEO, MFA, PE, CIS, ISS, UFO, SOBR) and abbreviations (Security Council, Secretary General, federals, exclusive, cash, lawlessness).
At the morphological level, there are relatively few publicistically colored means. Here, first of all, we can note the stylistically significant morphological forms of various parts of speech. For example, the use singular noun in the meaning of the plural: Russian people have always been distinguished by their understanding and endurance; this proved ruinous for the British taxpayer, etc.
The study of the frequency of the use of verb tense forms shows that the genre of reportage and genres close to it are characterized by the use of the present tense of the verb, the so-called "real reportage". Obviously, this is due to the fact that the journalism emphasizes the "momentary" nature of the events described and that the author is an eyewitness or even a participant in the events described: on April 3, the visit to Minsk of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland begins. Scientists are dismantling the underground rooms of the southern wing. Among the morphological forms, the forms of the reflexive and passive voices of the verb stand out, they are associated with the information function and contribute to the objectivity of the presentation: military tension subsides, political passions heat up. Very active forms passive communion: measures have been taken, Russian-American negotiations have been completed. Journalists prefer bookish, normative variants of inflection, but often still use colloquial endings to achieve a confidential, relaxed nature of communication with a reader or listener: in the workshop, on vacation, tractor.
For modern newspaper speech, as a whole, open appeal, sloganism, unreasoned directiveness of editorials are less characteristic, analyticity, evidence of presentation, restraint in international materials and sharp criticism in materials about the internal life of the country, an increase in dialogue forms of presentation (clash of different points of view) are more characteristic. Dialogic genres (interview, conversation), information-analytical (article, commentary) come to the fore, new genres appear ("straight line", " round table"," investigative journalism ").
Influencing functions are clearly manifested in the syntax of the journalistic style, which also has its own characteristics. From a variety of syntactic constructions, journalists select those that have a significant potential for impact and expressiveness. This is what attracts publicism to the constructions of colloquial speech: they are, as a rule, concise, capacious, concise. Their other important quality is mass character, democracy, accessibility. Characteristic of many journalistic genres is also chopped prose coming from colloquial speech: short jerky sentences, reminiscent of pictorial strokes that make up overall picture eg: Great Hall. There is a huge globe in the corner. On the walls are maps of continents, diagrams. The future orbits of the spacecraft flight are drawn on them with red lines. The blue screens of electronic devices are lit. White lines run continuously along them. At the television screens of the radio receivers, the operators were bowed in businesslike tension. The use of elliptical structures also gives the statement dynamism, the intonation of lively speech: a privatization check is for everyone, banks are not only for bankers.
Almost all figures of speech are found in journalism, but four groups predominate significantly: questions various types, repetitions created by means of different language levels, applications and structural-graphic highlights.
From the first lines of the article, the reader often encounters various kinds of questions to an imaginary interlocutor that serve to pose a problem. Based on the questions formulated, the reader judges the insight of the journalist, the similarities and differences between his own and the author's point of view, the relevance of the topic and whether it is of interest. It is also a way to establish contact with the reader and get a response from him, for example: Increasingly, the media publishes sociological data on the popularity of applicants for a high position and forecasts about the likely winner. But how reliable is this data? Can they be trusted? Or is it just a means of forming public opinion, a kind of propaganda method for the desired candidate? These questions are both political and scientific in nature.
The author not only asks questions, but also answers them: What claims are made against the settlers? They are said to be emptying the pension fund and gobbling up the main funds allocated for unemployment benefits. Changing the interrogative intonation to the affirmative allows you to revive the reader's attention, add variety to the author's monologue, creating the illusion of dialogue. This stylistic device is called a question-answer move, which facilitates and activates the perception of speech by the reader or listener, gives the text (speech) a touch of ease, confidence, colloquialism.
A rhetorical question is a question to which the answer is known in advance, or a question to which the questioner himself answers, for example: Will a person whose savings in it burnt contact the bank? - Won't get in touch.
Silence is a stylistic device, which in a written text is distinguished by graphic means (ellipsis) and indicates the unspokenness of a part of the thought: We wanted the best, but it turned out ... as always. An ellipsis is a hint at facts known to both the author and the reader or mutually shared points of view.
The second group of figures occupying important place in journalistic texts, these are repetitions of various types: lexical, morphological, syntactic, which can not only have an emotional impact, but also make changes in the "opinions - values - norms" system, for example: documents anyhow, strictly stipulating their nomenclature. The law categorically prohibits accepting for consideration and even more so relying on documents submitted otherwise than in originals or copies, but if you have an original, ask any lawyer!
The third place in terms of frequency of use in the text is occupied by an application - interspersing well-known expressions (proverbs, sayings, newspaper stamps, complex terms, phraseological turns, etc.), as a rule, in a slightly modified form. Using the application, several goals are achieved at once: the illusion of live communication is created, the author demonstrates his wit, the image “erased” from repeated use of a stable expression is revived, for example: Here, as they say, you can’t throw out a word from The Internationale.
A popular means of expressiveness in a journalistic style is allusion - a stylistic device used to create subtext and consisting in a hint of some well-known historical, political, cultural or everyday fact. A hint is carried out, as a rule, with the help of words or combinations of words, the meaning of which is associated with a certain event or person.
Structural-graphic highlights are also widely used in journalistic texts. These include segmentation and parcelling. In journalistic speech, one can often find various kinds of dismemberment of the text, that is, such constructions when some structural part, being connected in meaning with the main text, is singled out positionally and intonationally and is located either in preposition (segmentation) or in postposition (parcellation) : "Exchange of banknotes: is it really all in vain?"; "Process started. Back?"; "Land reform - what is its purpose?"; "New parties, parliamentary factions and Soviets - which of them today will be able to exercise power in such a way that it is not a decoration or a declaration, but really influences the improvement of our life?"
Journalists masterfully use various syntactic expression techniques: inversion (unusual word order), appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences, and connecting constructions. All types of one-component sentences are presented in a journalistic style: nominative, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal: We are being told from the scene. The note says.
The desire for expressiveness, figurativeness and at the same time for brevity is realized in a journalistic style also with the help of precedent texts. A precedent text is a certain cultural phenomenon that is known to the speaker, and the speaker refers to this cultural phenomenon in his text. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols for certain standard situations. Sources of precedent texts are works of art, the Bible, oral folk art, journalistic texts, socio-political texts, well-known scientific texts, films, cartoons, TV shows, lyrics, etc. The level of knowledge of the case base of the language indicates how well a person knows this language. If a newspaper article has the title "And things are still there ...", going back to a line from I. A. Krylov's fable "Swan, Pike and Cancer", any Russian speaker, without even reading this article, can understand that it will be about some something that should have been done a long time ago, but it still hasn't moved forward. Such precedent texts live in the minds of people for centuries, evoking the same associations.
The use of a precedent text by the speaker is due to the desire to make his speech more beautiful or more convincing, more trusting or ironic. Operating with precedent texts is accompanied by an appeal to the knowledge contained in the individual cognitive base of the addressee. The foregoing is related to the characteristics of the linguistic personality of the reader, to his ability to draw conclusions and perceive meaning. Without knowledge of precedent texts, full-fledged communication is impossible.
Rhythm modern life, unfortunately, does not always allow you to read all the articles in newspapers and magazines, so the reader pays attention first of all to the title of the journalistic text. This is due to the fact that the structure of the title is concise, it summarizes the most important of what is said in the text. In other words, the title is the quintessence of the text, reflecting its essence. Modern media demand more and more original, bright, expressive, attention-grabbing titles. A newspaper or magazine headline is designed to interest the reader, to make him want to continue reading.
Unlike the inexpressive titles of the Soviet era, modern titles are characterized by expressive linguistic and stylistic means. The expression for which precedent texts are used in the headlines of modern magazine and newspaper publications is based on their well-knownness. This may be an accurate quote: Whatever a child amuses (An eleven-year-old girl turned out to be a skilled thief), Farewell to weapons! (The European Union denied China military technology), Battle on the Ice (With the onset of spring, the number of injuries among Permians traditionally increases). It would seem that the precedent meaning of the title is quite transparent and clear to the reader, but this meaning is changed in accordance with the content of a magazine or newspaper article.
lexical stylistic journalistic text
Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it reflects the current history in its entirety, addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.
Texts related to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and language design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the genre of reportage, will be significantly different in the newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, newspaper reporting differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.
However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of common function. Journalistic style texts are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with informational - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.
The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind an outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. news programs on radio, television). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is designed to actively intervene in life, to form public opinion.
A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it affects not only one person, but precisely the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In a journalistic style, much stronger than in a scientific one, official business style reveals the author's individuality. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique features), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.
Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of journalistic style is social appraisal, which is manifested both in the very selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive linguistic means.
In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.
For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.
Such confrontation and interaction of expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all the events of our time. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And the text, built in a familiar, standard form, is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and are operationally related to the event itself: official communication, information, press review, report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, speech is individualized.
The standard informative means used in a journalistic style include the following:
| Language tools | Examples |
|---|---|
| Socio-political vocabulary. | Society, citizen, patriotism, reform, democracy, parliament, debate. |
| Terminology of science, production and other social media. | According to the experts of the Institute terrestrial magnetism Russian Academy, main stream of solar matter passed away from the Earth ... At the beginning of the century, the peak of the eleven-year solar activity cycle. For 6 days, the number of requests for medical help for those suffering from diseases has doubled of cardio-vascular system. |
| Book vocabulary of abstract meaning. | Intensify, constructive, priority. |
| Own names. | It was decided to hold the next meeting of the G8 in Canada. After talks about the possible resignation of the Italian coach "Spartacus" gave his club the best match of the season. The president V.V. Putin made an appeal to the participants of the forum. |
| Abbreviations, that is, compound words. | UNESCO, CIS, UN. |
| Newspaper cliches, that is, stable phrases and whole sentences. | Difficult political environment; reserves for increasing efficiency; reach design capacity. |
| Polynomial phrases. | Together with the delegation went to the DPRK working group on preparing proposals for the modernization of Korean roads. |
| Complete sentences with direct word order. | Yesterday Minister of Railways N. Aksyonenko headed a delegation of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation and flew to Pyongyang. |
| Complex and complicated sentences with participles, participle turns, plug-in structures, etc. | It is expected that during the meeting of ministers a number of issues related to the connection of the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway will be resolved. |
Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:
| Language tools | Examples |
|---|---|
| Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology | |
| Vocabulary of various stylistic coloring. | Puncture inexperienced politician in intrigues; to one of the regional police departments of Khabarovsk man rammed cannon; The Pentagon watches with impotent desperation as Chinese experts gutted top secret plane; fire up state machine - it's not for weak. |
| Newspapers, that is, units that are widely used in this particular area and almost uncommon in other areas. | Accomplishments, steady, initiative, intrigues, curbing, atrocities, military action, outrages, unanimously, solidarity. |
| Tropes, that is, turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater expressiveness. | |
| a) Metaphor, that is, the use of a word in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena. | Election marathon; political farce; reserve of racism; political solitaire. |
| b) Metonymy, that is, the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection (adjacency) between these objects or phenomena. | Gold(meaning "gold medals") went to our athletes. London(meaning "the government, the ruling circles of Great Britain") agreed to participate in military operation together with Washington(in the meaning of "the government, the ruling circles of the United States"). |
| c) Synecdoche, that is, a kind of metonymy, in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the whole object, and vice versa - the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. In this case, the singular is often used instead of plural and vice versa. | The presentation was dominated by crimson jackets(instead - wealthy people, now conditionally called new Russians). Protection(instead of - the defender) requires the full justification of the widow Rokhlin. Even the most discerning buyer find here a product to your liking. |
| d) Epithet, that is, an artistic, figurative definition. | Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods. |
| e) Comparison, that is, a trope consisting in likening one object to another on the basis of a common feature. | snow dust pillar stood in the air. It was noticeable that "the best teacher in Russia", going on stage, was worried like a first grader. |
| f) Paraphrase, that is, a trope, consisting in replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features. | Foggy Albion (England); king of beasts (lion); creator of Macbeth (Shakespeare); singer of Giaur and Juan (Byron). |
| g) Allegory, that is, an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a specific, life image. | Such a quality of a person as cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the guise of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc. |
| h) Hyperbole, that is, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, value of an object, phenomenon. | Wide as the sea, highway; officials robbed poor tenants to the thread; ready suffocate in the arms. |
| i) Litota, that is, a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, significance of the described object, phenomenon. | Below a thin blade you have to bow your head. Such injections into our economy - a drop in the sea. |
| j) Personification, that is, endowing inanimate objects with signs and properties of a person. | The ice track is waiting future champions. Terrifying poverty firmly clung to in African country. not without reason slander and hypocrisy all life walk in an embrace. |
| Cliche expressive-influencing character. | People good will; with a sense of legitimate pride; with deep satisfaction; to increase fighting traditions; policy of aggression and provocation; pirate course, the role of the world gendarme. |
| Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, winged words, including modified ones. | Washington still shows the habit rake in the heat with someone else's hands. This faction is no stranger sing from someone else's voice. The restoration of Lensk proved that we have not forgotten how work with fire. Lennon lived, Lennon is alive, Lennon will live! |
| Language level: Morphology | |
| The emphasized role of collectiveness (the use of the singular in the meaning of the plural, pronouns every, every, adverb always, never, everywhere and etc.). | How to help farmer? This land is richly watered with the blood of our fathers and grandfathers. Each man at least once in his life thought about this question. Never The world has never seemed so small and fragile. |
| Forms of superlatives as an expression of expression, the highest rating. | The most decisive measures, the highest achievements, the strictest ban. |
| Imperative (incentive) forms as an expression of agitation and sloganism (imperative mood, infinitive, etc.). | summon slanderers to the answer! Be worthy memory of the fallen! Everyone - to fight the flood! |
| The expressive use of present tense forms in describing past events: the author seeks to present himself and the reader as if they were participants in these events. | Now I often I ask myself, what made me in life? And I answer - Far East. Here about everything their concepts, between people their relations. Here, for example, in Vladivostok comes whaling flotilla "Glory". The whole city buzzing. collects the bosses of all the sailors and say: “If you, a scoundrel, come tomorrow and say that you were robbed, then it’s better not to come.” Someone in the morning is, of course robbed, and blames... |
| Language level: Expressive syntax and rhetorical figures * | |
| Antithesis, that is, a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images. | The rich feast on weekdays, and the poor mourn on holidays. |
| Gradation, that is, such a construction of parts of the statement, in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning. | Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged cherish the people's wealth, preserve, increase, fight for every penny! |
| Inversion, that is, the arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the usual (direct) word order. | With joy this message was received. Don't leave terrorists from retribution. |
| Parallelism, that is, the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech, including such varieties of parallelism as anaphora, that is, the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row, and epiphora, that is, the repetition of the last elements at the end of each row. | Every day the pensioner came to the district administration. Every day retirees were not accepted. On Monday, the plant did not work - shared received on a new order money. Didn't work on Tuesday either. shared the money. And now, a month later, also not up to work - divide money not earned yet! |
| Mixing Syntactic Structures(the incompleteness of the phrase, the end of the sentence is given in a different syntactic plan than the beginning, etc.). | Our experiment showed that the Russian "wild geese" are ready to fight for the Americans, even for the Taliban. If only they paid... A banknote was confiscated from a citizen detained in Kazan, which was 83 times more than the norm. Did the terrorists also have such "weapons of mass destruction"? |
| Connecting structures, that is, those in which phrases do not fit immediately into one semantic plane, but form a chain of attachment. | I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Especially the President of Russia. They did everything themselves. And what just did not come up with! It is worse when a person is not noticed behind the clothes. It is worse when offended. They offend undeservedly. |
| Rhetorical question, that is, the affirmation or denial of something in the form of a question, a rhetorical exclamation, a rhetorical appeal, as well as a question-corresponding presentation of the material as an imitation of a dialogue; introduction to the text of direct speech. | So we will not hear the truth from our valiant naval commanders? Get it, Inspector, blue outfit! Yesterday, the Minister of Internal Affairs signed a report of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate on the introduction in Russia new form for her employees. Equator wall? Easy! |
| Nominative representations, that is, isolated Nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase and designed to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement. | September 11, 2001. This day became a black day in the life of the entire planet. |
| Ellipsis, that is, the intentional omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context. | In your letters - the truth of life. Russia - in the final of the 2002 World Cup! |
| Polyunion or, on the contrary, non-union in complex and complicated sentences. | The team was shaken up more than once. And they changed coaches. And the center was transferred to the right flank. And the defense was dispersed. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. |
Of course, the use of standard and expressive means of language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.
There are many definitions of the term "style". If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish general provisions: style is: 1) a kind of literary language, 2) which functions (acts) in a certain area social activities, 3) for which he uses the features of text construction and language means of expressing content, specific for this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties.
Various factors influence the formation and functioning of styles. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by factors (conditions) that are associated with the life of society itself. These factors are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. There are the following factors:
· Sphere of social activity: science, law, politics, art, domestic sphere;
Form of speech: written or oral;
Type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
Method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, refer to public communication);
· Genre of speech: in particular for journalistic style - note, article, reportage, etc.;
· Functions of communication.
Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message, influence, etc.), but only one is leading. For example, for scientific style this is a message, for journalistic - impact. Based on these factors, the following styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.
Let's take a closer look at publicistic style.
The journalistic style is characteristic of the political sphere of society, functions in written and oral forms, manifests itself both in monologue and in dialogue and polylogue (discussion), is a public way of communication.
The purpose of journalistic texts is to inform citizens about events in the country and in the world, as well as to form public opinion. A feature of the journalistic style is the combination of the standard (stable linguistic forms of expression) and expression (linguistic means that affect the reader's emotions).
The journalistic style is represented by a variety of genres that have different tasks in the process of communication and function in different conditions. Thus, journalistic genres include newspaper political information, editorials, notes, feuilletons, pamphlets, lyrical and journalistic articles, as well as slogans, appeals, appeals to citizens of the country, reviews of films and performances, satirical notes, essays, reviews, that is, all genres of mass communication (the language of newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs), as well as the oral form of speech - public speeches on socio-political topics. Due to the variety of genres, the characteristic of journalistic style causes many difficulties.
It should be borne in mind that the journalistic style, like all other styles, is a historical phenomenon and is subject to change, but in it, more than in other styles, changes are noticeable that are due to socio-political processes in society. So, even a non-specialist can see changes in the modern newspaper style in comparison, for example, with the language of newspapers at the beginning of the century: open conscription, sloganism, directiveness of newspapers have disappeared, modern newspapers strive at least for external argumentation of presentation, polemical publications. However, characteristic style features publications have survived.
The journalistic style is primarily characterized by the desire to influence the reader, the listener. So, the most important feature of the journalistic style is its influencing function, which can be designated by the linguistic term "expressive function". This function of journalistic style is inherent in all its genres in any socio-political conditions.
A characteristic feature of this style is also the information content of the presentation associated with the popularizing function. The desire to communicate something new for the reader and listener ensures the success of journalistic genres. The peculiarity of the functioning of the journalistic genre, for example, in newspapers, the conditions for preparing the material, the different skill levels of numerous correspondents contribute to the emergence of standard language means in the texts of newspapers. The standard character of language means is generated both by repetition and by the fact that the search for expressive means is limited in time, and therefore ready-made expression formulas are used.
Thus, the typical features of a journalistic style are: the desire to influence the reader is an influencing function; information content; expressiveness due to the influencing function; the presence of a standard in the expression. The influencing function of the journalistic style determines the expressiveness of this style. Expressiveness is manifested primarily in the evaluation of events and phenomena. Evaluation is expressed by the use of adjectives, nouns, adverbs with the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation of the type: wonderful, most interesting, important, sufficient, grandiose, unprecedented, etc. Evaluation is also expressed by the use of high book vocabulary : daring, Motherland, Fatherland, mission, inspiration, feat of arms, etc. On the other hand, the assessment is expressed by colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary, for example: hype, frenzied, renegades, etc.
A sharp, apt, figurative assessment is expressed using metaphors, personification, for example: the news is in a hurry, spring is raging, slander and hypocrisy are walking side by side.
In the journalistic style, foreign words and elements of words are actively used, in particular prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-. ultra- (anti-constitutional, ultra-right, etc.). It is thanks to the media recent times significantly replenished active dictionary foreign words that are part of the Russian language - privatization, electorate, denomination and others. Evaluation can also be expressed using word-building means, for example, superlative suffixes for adjectives, evaluation suffixes for nouns: the highest, the most interesting, the most important, group action, hazing, assault.
The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressive-colored constructions: exclamatory and interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: particles, interjections, inversions, unionless proposals, the omission of one or another part of the sentence, etc. Often the assessment is already expressed in the headlines, so the requirements for expressiveness and catchiness are imposed on the title of the articles. Expressiveness is thus expressed by a variety of linguistic means, including the structure of the sentence.
The informativeness of the journalistic style is achieved:
a) documentary and factual manner of presentation through the use of special terms, special vocabulary, professional words;
b) the generalization of the presentation, its analyticity;
c) "neutrality" of presentation, which is facilitated by non-expressive vocabulary; complex syntactic constructions are used, especially with a subordinating connection.
A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is the presence of special newspaper standards, special newspaper phraseology, newspaper clichés appear, for example: make a huge contribution, work with a twinkle, honor sacredly, increase martial traditions, universal values, etc.
Journalistic style uses linguistic means different styles, however, the main stylistic features of the journalistic style stand out very clearly, and the journalistic style is a special phenomenon, combining such features as expressiveness and standard, informativeness and popularization.
Publicistic style is called official style Media (mass media), including - reports, notes, interviews, etc. This style is more often used in writing, less often - in oral forms of the same reports or public speaking political and public figures.
Examples of journalistic style:,.
Common features of this style include:
- emotionality and figurativeness of speech - to create the necessary atmosphere;
- appraisal and confidence - for interest;
- logic of presentation based on irrefutable facts - to make the speech credible and informative;
- call of readers (listeners) to action and public accessibility;
- easy and clear presentation.
About what language means should not be used when working on a book, we will talk in the corresponding article.
Stay tuned!
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