There is no way to leave unnoticed. Dash in a non-union compound sentence

1. To imagine Vera's life, / 1 he had to be transported a quarter of a century ago, while, / 2 when he was a student, thin, mobile / 3 . ( to- p.) 1 , [ noun + uk. sl.] 2 , (when- With. sl.) 3 - SPP with parallel subordination.
2. If a he [Paustovsky] will write, / 1 what from a distant glacier vaguely pulled violets, / 2 then it's still does not mean, / 3 what the smell of violets was indeed audible at a distance of several kilometers / 4 . ( if- With. ch.) 1 , (what- p.) 2 , [ then Ch.] 3 , (what- p.) 4 - SPP with parallel and serial subordination.
3. When everyone went out for dinner / 1 and she was left alone with Ulyasha, / 2 Zhenya remembered, / 3 how then everyone in the kitchen laughed at her stupid question / 4 . NGN offer, consists of 4 simple sentences; the third is the main thing, the rest are subordinate; subordinate clauses are connected with the main uniformly and in parallel.
   I and II clauses (sentences 1 and 2) are clauses of time; they refer to the entire main clause (sentence 3); means of communication - union when(in the II subordinate union is omitted, but can be restored); subordinate clauses come before the main clause. The adverbs of time are connected to each other by a single connecting union and so there is no comma between them.
   III clause (sentence 4) is an additional clause; it refers to the predicate in the main clause remembered, expressed by the verb; means of communication - union how; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
   (when- p.) 1 and (-) 2 , [ch.] 3 , (how- p.) 4 - SPP with homogeneous and parallel subordination.
4. They were sitting at one of windows, / 1 which were so dusty, prim and huge, / 2 what seemed some institutions bottle glass, / 3 where can't stay in a hat. [ noun] 1 , (which- With. sl. cr. adj. + uk. sl.) 2 , (what- With. noun + uk. sl.) 3 , (where
5. And in the morning she began to ask questions about, / 1 what is Motovilikha / 2 and what they did it at night, / 3 and found out, / 1 what Motovilikha - state-owned plant / 4 and what they make cast iron there / 5 . [ noun + uk. sl., 1 (what- With. next) 2 and (what- With. sl.) 3 , ch.] 1 , (what- p.) 4 and (what- p.) 5 - SPP with parallel and homogeneous subordination.
6. Before talk about your journey to the “land of fearless birds”, / 1 to me I want to explain , / 2 why I took it into my head to go from the center of the mental life of our country in such wilds, / 3 where people are engaged in hunting, fishing, believe in sorcerers - in a word, they live almost primitive life / 4 . (before- p.) 1 , [ ch.] 2 , (why- With. sl. noun + uk. sl.) 3 , (where
7. When Zhenya later remembered that day on the Osinskaya street, / 1 where they then lived, / 2 he always seemed to her so, / 3 what she saw him that second long day, at the end of / 4 . ( when- With. noun) 1 , (where- With. next) 2 , [ places.-skaz.] 3 , (what- With. cl.) 4 - SPP with parallel and serial subordination.
8. In case spoke, / 1 what the general himself would be even more angry, / 2 what his irresistible ferocity was tamed as quiet as an angel, general's wife, / 3 which none of the cadets saw /4 because she was constantly ill, / 5 but which everyone considered him a good genius who guarded the Cadets from the general's ultimate ferocity. [ ch.] 1 , (what- p.) 2 , ( what- With. noun) 3 , (which- With. sl.) 4 , ( because- p.) 5, but (which- With. sl.) 6 - SPP with consistent and homogeneous subordination.
9. Pierre, / 1 to which looked condescendingly, / 2 when he was the illegitimate son, / 3 whom caressed and glorified, / 4 when he was the best groom Russian Empire, / 5 after his marriage, / 1 when brides and mothers nothing to expect from him, / 6 strongly lost in mind society / 1 . [ noun 1 , (to which- With. sl.) 2 , ( when- p.) 3 , ( whom- With. sl.) 4 , ( when- p.) 5 , 1 , ( when- p.) 6 , ] 1 - SPP with homogeneous, parallel and sequential subordination.
10. Kutuzov ordered to prepare for a new battle, / 1 to finish off the enemy, / 2 not because, / 1 to he wanted to deceive someone, / 3 but because, / 1 what did you know, / 4 what enemy defeated / 5 . [, one ( to- p.), 2 uk. sl., 1 (to- p.), 3 uk. sl.] 1 , (what - s. ch.) 4 , (what- p.) 5 . - NGN with parallel, homogeneous and sequential subordination.
11. On a quiet August afternoon, / 1 when everything in nature sparkled and shone, / 2 but for some still imperceptible signs, the quiet sadness of withering was already felt in the hot air, several pilots / 1 . [ , 1 (when- p.) 2, but (-), 3] 1 - SPP with uniform subordination.

    1

    time ↓

    (when- s.) 2 but (-) 3

12. And dad read a note about, / 1 what last night, the seismic station of the observatory noted small tremors in our city - a consequence of a distant earthquakes,/ 2 epicenter whom located on the Asia Minor coast of the Black Sea, in Turkey, / 3 where destroyed several villages / 4 . [noun + uk. sl.] 1 , (what- With. noun) 2 , (whom- With. sl. noun) 3 , (where- With. sl.) 4 - SPP with sequential subordination.
13. Zuev liked Stepan Bukov with a feeling inner dignity , / 1 which inherent in people who have never given up anything for that, / 2 to it was easier for them, / 3 when others find it difficult / 4 . [ noun] 1 , (which- With. sl. uk. sl.) 2 , (to- p.) 3 , ( when
14. But that's why Litvinov is so calm and simple, that's why so self-confidently looks around, / 1 what his life clearly, clearly lies before him, / 2 what his fate was determined / 3 and what he is proud of this fate and rejoices in it / 4 . [ cr. etc., ch. + uk. sl.] 1 , (what- p.) 2 , ( what- p.) 3 and ( what- p.) 4 - SPP with uniform subordination.
15. Hunters repeatedly noticed, / 1 what / 2 once red deer will visit salt licks, / 3 then roe deer leave them for a more or less long time / 2 .
    NGN proposal, consists of 3 simple sentences; the first is the main thing, the rest are subordinate; subordinate clauses are connected with the main one sequentially.
    I clause (sentence 2) is an additional clause; it refers to the verb noticed expressed by the verb in the main clause; means of communication - union what; The subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
    II clause (sentence 3) is a clause of time; it refers to the entire main clause (sentence 2); means of communication - double union as soon as... then; subordinate clause in the middle of a main clause. Two unions that as soon as at the junction of different clauses they will not be separated by a comma, since the second part of the double union follows - then.
16. What would neither waiting ahead, / 1 what would neither was tomorrow, / 2 he glad, / 3 what returned / 4 and what will meet this day with comrades / 5 . ( whatever- With. sl.) 1 , ( whatever- With. next) 2 , [ cr. adj.] 3 , (what- p.) 4 and ( what- p.) 5 - SPP with homogeneous and parallel subordination.
17. Accompanied by a telephonist with a reel of cable and two messengers, they were at the top, / 1 when the sun was already approaching the horizon / 2 and its first rays tried to break through cloudy and veiled sky / 3 . one , ( when- p.) 2 and (-) 3 - SPP with homogeneous subordination.
18. He [Zvyagintsev] painfully tried recall, / 1 how these places looked like before, / 2 to get your bearings and define, / 3 where plant is located / 4 . [ ch.] 1 , (how- With. sl.) 2 , ( to- With. ch.) 3 , (where- With. sl.) 4 - SPP with uniform subordination.
19. He was happy to meet Ivan Maksimovich not only because, / 1 what since the battles on Luga, I had not seen Korolev and knew nothing about his fate, / 2 but also because, / 1 what with the unexpected appearance of Korolev, Zvyagintsev disappeared, the feeling of some alienation that owned him disappeared without a trace, uncertainty about, / 3 what he will be able to quickly find his place in this non-military team / 4 . [ uk. sl., 1 (what- p.) 2, uk. sl.] 1 , (what- With. noun + uk. sl.), 3 (what- p.) 4 - SPP with homogeneous and consistent subordination.
20. If a at first he thought, / 1 what he loses precious time, / 2 what he must dispose of something, command something, / 3 then now he made sure that, / 4 what air defense well organized / 5 and it is very useful for him to become more familiar with the formulation of the case / 6 . ( if- With. ch.) 1 , (what- p.) 2 , ( what- p.) 3 , [ then Ch. + uk. sl.] 4 , (what- p.) 5 and(-) 6 - NGN with serial, parallel and homogeneous subordination.
21. They [old people] spoke, / 1 what, / 2 when the tunnel will be finished, / 3 it is necessary to transfer the wagons to Bek-Tash, / 2 because“a man with a wooden nargil” (as they called Khorobrykh, who did not let his pipe out of his mouth) wants to build railway from the northern fields to Bek-Tash / 4 . [ ch.] 1 , (what- p., 2 ( when- p.), 3), 2 ( because- p.) 4 - SPP by sequential and parallel subordination. The sentence is complicated by a plug-in construction - a sentence so they called Khorobrykh, who did not let his pipe out of his mouth, which is highlighted in brackets and is not included in the general scheme of the sentence.
22. I think, / 1 what / 2 if I would get on North Pole or, say, to the magnetic pole, / 3 then a boy with a fishing rod would definitely sit there and sniffle, guard cod at the ice hole, and at the magnetic pole would pick out a piece of magnet / 2 from the ground with a broken knife. [ ch.] 1 , (what- With. 2 ( if
23. Many have been barely dragging their feet for a long time, but went with their last strength, knowing, / 1 what / 2 if they will not go out onto the highway until evening and will not cross it at night, / 3 then all their previous efforts are meaningless / 2 . [ dep.] 1 , (what- With. 2 ( if- p.), 3 then) 2 - SPP with sequential subordination.
24. Artemiev confirmed, / 1 what leading surgeon of the medical battalion that same, / 2 what was under Serpilin / 3 . [ ch.] 1 , (what- With. places.-skaz.), 2 (what- With. cl.) 3 - SPP with sequential subordination.
25. Sintsov explained him, / 1 what, / 2 before to go to the army, / 3 wants to visit the Dnieper together with a correspondent tomorrow, in that regiment, / 2 where hit a lot today German tanks / 4 . [ch.] 1 , (what- p., 2 ( before- p.), 3 noun + uk. sl.), 2 (where- With. cl.) 4 - SPP with serial and parallel subordination.
26. Reporting general all , / 1 what it was necessary, / 2 he passed in my room, / 1 wherein, having returned a long time ago and waiting for him, Prince Galtsin sat, reading novel, / 3 which I found on Kalugin's desk / 4 . [ dep. + uk. sl., 1 (what- With. next), 2 noun] 1 , (wherein- With. sl. noun), 3 (which the- With. cl.) 4 - SPP with parallel and serial subordination.
27. We calculated, / 1 what / 2 if let's go along the path, / 3 then let's go to the river Naina to the Koreans, / 2 a /if let's go straight / 4 then we will come to the seashore / 5 . [ ch.] 1 , (what- With. 2 ( if- p.), 3 then), 2 a (if- p.) 4, (- then) 5 - SPP with sequential, homogeneous and parallel subordination.
28. He instantly judged, / 1 what, / 2 bye only three Germans see him, / 3 he has no reason to be the first to get into a fight, / 2 a, reaching nearest groves , / 4 where Germans, perhaps, no, / 5 he has a chance to escape even in that case, / 4 if these three will raise a belated alarm / 6 . [ ch.] 1 , (what- p., 2 ( bye- p.) 3 ,) 2 , a (- noun, 4 (where- With. sl.) 5 , uk. sl.) 4 , (if- p.) 6 - SPP with parallel, sequential and homogeneous subordination.
29. And of course they did not notice, / 1 what on one of the pages of this newspaper is printed the same poem, / 2 which mentally recited Byron, / 3 when in the carriage that was taking him to London, he was preparing for a speech, which, alas, did not change anything / 4. [ ch.] 1 , (what- With. noun + uk. sl.) 2 , (which- With. sl.) 3 , ( when- p.) 4 - SPP with sequential subordination.

Exercise 51

1. From the heat, a dried-up wheel suddenly splits up to the very hub, the spokes stick out with a bunch of bitten pegs, the cart falls on its side with a thud, piles of newspapers fall out (SBP; enumeration relations). 2. We are waiting for a nesting doll for an hour, another - it is not (SBP; opposition relations, a union can be inserted between the parts a). 3. Shmakhin looked at his watch: it was only ten minutes to seven (SBP; additional relations, you can insert “and saw that” between the parts). four. You do not want to answer / 1 - I will say/ 2 (SBP; consists of two parts; conditional relations; a union can be inserted before the first part if; so put a dash). 5. You can't understand Russia with your mind, you can't measure it with a common yardstick / 1 : she has a special become/ 2 - you can only believe in Russia/ 3 (SBP; consists of three parts. Between sentences 1 and 2 - causal relationships; a union can be inserted between the parts because; so put a colon. Between sentences 2 and 3 - the relationship of the investigation; adverbs can be inserted between parts that's why; so put a dash). 6. Rye is ripening - you care: no matter how it beats with hail, it doesn’t dry out without rain in the heat, it doesn’t rely on rain (SBS; 1 and 2 - the relationship is temporary, you can insert a union before the first part when; 2 and 3 - explanation relations, before the third part you can insert namely). 7. I wanted to get up / 1 - everything in front of me was spinning with speed / 2 ; wanted to scream / 3 - the tongue is silent and motionless/ 4 (SBP; consists of four parts. Between sentences 1 and 2; 3 and 4 - adversarial relations; union can be inserted between parts but; so put a dash. Between the first group of sentences (1 and 2) and the second group of sentences (3 and 4) - enumeration relations; since there are other characters within each group, a semicolon is placed at the boundary of these groups, between sentences 2 and 3). 8. You will become too smart / 1 - perhaps don't want to live / 2 ; get richer all people / 3 - will envy/ 4: I'd rather pick and eat the third (magic, shriveled apple) / 5 (SBP; 1 and 2, 3 and 4 - conditional relations; a union can be inserted before the first and third parts if; between group 1 and 2 and group 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; sentence 5 contains a conclusion; can be inserted that's why). 9. He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man (SBP; relations of reason, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 10. I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I look / 1: the forest is over / 2, several Cossacks leave it to a clearing / 3 (SBP; 1 and 2 - additional relations, you can insert "and I see that"; 2 and 3 - enumeration relations). 11. A white blanket is thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna one (SBP; enumeration relationship). 12. Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, raising his golden head, lies already and guards them (SPB; enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning and the second sentence is common, has its own commas, a semicolon is put between the parts). 13. He noticed some special dilapidation on all village buildings / 1: the log on the huts was dark and old / 2; many roofs blew through like a sieve / 3 ; on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanation relationships, words can be inserted between parts namely; 2, 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning, and the third and fourth sentences are common and have their own commas, a semicolon is placed between the parts). 14. Here are my conditions for you: today you will publicly renounce slander and will ask me for forgiveness (SBP; clarification relations, words can be inserted between parts namely). 15. Silence was gradually broken in the house / 1: a door creaked somewhere / 2; someone's steps were heard / 3; someone sneezed in the hayloft / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanation relationships, words can be inserted between parts namely; 2, 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning, a semicolon is placed between the parts). 16. Everyone regarded Nagulnov’s behavior differently / 1: some approved / 2, others condemned / 3, some were reservedly silent / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanation relations, words can be inserted namely; 2, 3 and 4 - enumeration relations). 17. After a few moments, I rise and see: my Karagoz is flying, waving his mane (SBP; additional relations, a union can be inserted between the parts what). 18. I say: I won’t give up (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts what). 19. I also remember: she loved to dress and squirt spirits (SBP; relations are additional, a union can be inserted between the parts what). 20. I'll definitely tell you: you have a talent (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts what). 21. Fedor understood: it was about communication (SBP; additional relations, a union can be inserted between the parts what). 22. Aleksey decided: enough to pull (SBP; relations are additional, a union can be inserted between the parts what). 23. Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear shone (SBP; additional relations, the words “and saw that” can be inserted between the parts). 24. I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, a miller's wife was sitting and talking to my hunter (SBP; additional relations, the words “and saw that” can be inserted between the parts). 25. I woke up: the dawn was already engaged (SBP; additional relations, you can insert the words “and saw that” between the parts). 26. The moon was not in the sky: at that time she rose late (SBP; relations of cause, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 27. He was even scared: it was so dark, cramped and unclean (SBP; cause relations, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 28. The windows in the barracks either lit up or went out: someone struck matches (SBP; cause relations, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 29. A week has passed, another - suddenly a stroller enters my yard (SBP; the second sentence contains an unexpected addition; a union can be inserted between the parts and; have a word suddenly). 30. Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road - he will kill him, he will kill him for a penny (SBP; the second sentence contains an unexpected addition, an unexpected result; you can insert the words “and then” between the parts). 31. The sun did not have time to warm up - the whole sky buzzed (SBP; the second sentence contains an indication of a quick change of events; the words “and immediately” can be inserted between the parts). 32. I began to call the owner / 1 - silent / 2; I knock / 3 - they are silent / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2, 3 and 4 - relations are adversarial, an alliance can be inserted between parts 1 and 2, 3 and 4 a; between the first group of sentences (1 and 2) and the second group of sentences (3 and 4) - enumeration relations; since there are other punctuation marks within each group, a semicolon is placed at the boundary of these groups, between sentences 2 and 3). 33. The brave win - the cowardly die (SBP; relations are opposite, a union can be inserted between the parts a). 34. There was no way to leave unnoticed / 1 - he went out openly 2, as if he were going into the yard / 3, and darted into the garden / 2 (1 and 2 - SBP; the second sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion; an adverb can be inserted between the parts that's why. Inside the second sentence there is a subordinate clause with a conjunction as if, which is separated by commas on both sides). 35. We win - you build a stone house (relationships are conditional, you can insert a union before the first sentence if). 36. A good fellow will pass / 1 - pose / 2, a girl will pass / 3 - mourn / 4, and the harpmen will pass / 5 - they will sing a song / 6 (1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6 - SBP, conditional relations, before parts 1, 3, 5 you can insert a union if; groups 1 and 2, 3 and 4 are interconnected by enumeration relations; group 5 and 6 are connected with group 3 and 4 by the adversative union a - SSP). 37. Get lost completely - we won’t cry about you (SBP, conditional relations, you can insert a union before the first sentence if). 38. He will look - he will give a ruble (SBP; the relationship is comparative, a union can be inserted between the parts like). 39. He always liked to chat - I knew this very well (SBP; the second sentence has the meaning of attachment, contains the pronoun this is). 40. They will part / 1, they have already parted / 2 - this thought stunned both (SBP; 1 and 2 - enumeration relations; sentence 3 has the meaning of attachment and contains a pronoun this).

A dash in an union-free complex sentence that breaks into two parts is put:

1) if the second part contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a quick change of events (an alliance can be inserted between both parts and), for example: Ivan Ivanovich approached the gate, rattled the latch - a dog barking rose from the inside (Gogol); Suddenly the closet door quickly swung open - all the servants immediately rolled head over heels down the stairs (Turgenev); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired (Chekhov); A ray of sun will fall on the grass - the grass will flare up with emerald and pearls (Bitter); The snowstorm was already very close to the fire - suddenly a horse neighing was heard in the darkness (Fadeev); Another shot - the coachman dropped the reins and quietly slid under the wheels (Shukshin);

2) if in the second part opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the first part (a union can be inserted between the parts but or a), for example: A week has passed, a month - he did not return to his home (Pushkin); Until ten o'clock we snooped through the reeds and through the forest - there is no beast (Lermontov); He painfully ran his eyes along the ceiling, wanted to leave the place, run away - his legs did not obey (Goncharov); At that time you already meet in France a class of people who, with a general loss, gain: the nobility is deprived of their rights - they aggravate theirs; the people are dying of hunger - they are full, the people arm themselves and go to smash the enemies - they profitably supply cloth, provisions (Herzen); Summer heat was scorching in the yard - it was cool in the house and the peaceful smell of naphthalene was mixed with coolness (Bunin); In Andersen's fairy tales, not only flowers, winds, trees acquire the gift of speech - they come to life and home world things and toys (Paustovsky); They didn’t steal Mishka’s bag - they stole their last hope (Neverov); The brave win - the cowardly die (proverb);

3) if the second part contains a consequence, a conclusion from what is said in the first part (you can insert words between the parts therefore, then), for example: I am dying - I have nothing to lie (Turgenev); There was no way to leave unnoticed - he went out openly, as if he were going into the yard, and darted into the garden (Fadeev); Taking both matches and a lighter out of his pocket at the same time, Krainev lit the cords - they flared up (Popov).

Note. In the works of classical writers, occasionally in modern fiction, instead of a dash in this case, there is a colon, for example: There was nothing to do: Marya Ivanovna got into a carriage and went to the palace ... (Pushkin); We were driving behind: no one saw (Lermontov); Light rain sows in the morning: it is impossible to get out (Turgenev); Volodin's horse was lame: dad ordered to saddle a hunting horse for him (L. Tolstoy); Worries, sorrows, failures tormented the poor father to the extreme: he became distrustful, bilious ... (Dostoevsky).

4) if the first part indicates the time of the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union when), for example: I was driving here - the rye was starting to turn yellow. Now I'm leaving back - people eat this rye (Prishvin); The weathered face burns, and if you close your eyes, the whole earth will float under your feet (Bunin); A senior made his way ahead, gave a command with a careful movement of his hand: he would raise his hand above his head - everyone immediately stopped and froze; stretch out his hand to the side with an inclination to the ground - all at the same second quickly and silently lay down; wave his hand forward - everyone moved forward; will show back - everyone slowly backed away (Kataev); Handsome guy. Shave his beard now, put on a suit - teacher (Shukshin); They plow arable land - they don’t wave their hands (proverb);

5) if the first part indicates the condition for performing the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union if when in the meaning of "if", for example: It will rain - there will be fungi; there will be fungi - there will be a body (Pushkin); What will be needed - tell Pavel or Tatyana (Turgenev); You are completely lost - we will not cry about you (Chekhov); A ray of sun will fall on the grass - the grass will flare up with emerald and pearls (Bitter); They will swear - do not be afraid (Gladkov); If you like to draw - draw to your health, no one forbids (V. Panova). Wed Proverbs: He called himself a loader - climb into the back; Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds; If you miss the fire, you won't put it out; He took up the tug - do not say that it is not hefty; To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest; They cut the forest - the chips fly; You will regret the lychka - you will give the strap; To be afraid of death is not to live in the world, etc.;

6) if the second part contains a comparison with what is said in the first part (before the second part, unions can be added as if, as if), for example: He says the word - the nightingale sings (Lermontov); ... Look - he will give a ruble (Nekrasov);

7) if the second part (often incomplete sentence) has an explanatory meaning (you can insert a union before it what), and the first part does not contain an intonational warning about the subsequent presentation of any fact, for example: The sheep says that she slept all night (Krylov); The silence was so complete and gloomy, and the sky so stuffy that it seemed to the boy - if only one sharp sound was heard - and something terrible would happen in nature: a tornado, a hurricane, an earthquake (Kataev); Yesterday, at a neighboring winter hut, they told - a bear pulled a man up (Arbuzov); Someone is scratching, it seemed to me - a mouse; But I see that she does not obey me; You call the apartment, grandmother will ask - who, name yourself;

8) if the second part is a connecting sentence and a word can be inserted before it this is, which can be in the sentence itself, for example: There is not a single image on the wall - a bad sign (Lermontov); Inga was excited, Levshin watched her too closely - this caught Kleba in the eyes (Fedin); Goes big water- this is the most interesting thing (Gorbatov).

The second part can begin with pronominal words like this, such, such, for example: An order is an order - this is how the front brought him up (Vorobiev); Crooked streets, small wooden houses - such was Moscow at the beginning of the century.

Sometimes a comma can be placed before a dash as an author's mark, for example: The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable (Gorky); If you find writing disgusting, boring, don't write - it will still turn out badly, falsely (A.N. Tolstoy); At such a time, one must speak rudely and directly - this is smarter and more honest in front of our children (Leonov); The wide entrance was completely empty - it seemed strange to me (Kaverin).

Note. To distinguish between cases of setting a colon and a dash in non-union complex sentences, one can proceed from the following general position: if the main part of the statement (corresponding to the main clause in complex sentences) is contained in the first part, and the second (corresponding to the subordinate clause in complex sentences) contains an explanation, disclosure of the content of the first part, a statement of a fact, an indication of the reason, then between the parts a colon is placed; if, on the contrary, the main part of the statement is contained in the second part, and the first has a subordinate meaning (indicates time, condition, etc.), then a dash is placed between the parts. Compare: It is impossible to get out: it is pouring rain outside (the main statement is contained in the first part, the reason is indicated in the second). - It is pouring rain outside - it is impossible to get out (the reason is indicated in the first part, in the second the consequence, the conclusion, which forms the basis of the statement). Wed also while maintaining the same order of parts of the non-union complex sentence: The youth left: it became boring at the evening (left because it became boring). The youth left - it became boring at the evening (left, so it became boring).

Dash in a non-union complex sentence, it is usually put in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the second part of the complex sentence, and the first part (corresponding to the subordinate clause) has a subordinate meaning, indicating the time or condition for the action , which is discussed in the second part, sometimes a reason, a concession, etc. (see the conditions for setting a colon in a non-union complex sentence, § 44). Wed coupled sentences:

It's impossible to get out: it's pouring rain outside(the main content is contained in the first part, the reason is indicated in the second). - It's pouring rain outside - it's impossible to get out(the reason is indicated in the first part, the second part gives the consequence, the conclusion, which forms the basis of the statement);

The youth left: the evening became boring(I left because I got bored). - The youth left - the evening became boring(left, so it became boring).

With equal semantic relations between both parts, they have the meaning of comparison, opposition, etc.

1. Dash is put in a non-union complex sentence that breaks up into two parts, if the second of them contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a quick change of events: A week passed, another - suddenly a stroller drives into my yard(P.); Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Cr.); Ivan Ivanovich approached the gate, rattled the latch - a dog barking rose from within(G.); Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road - he will kill him, he will kill him for a penny(G.); You pass by a tree - it does not move, it basks(T.); Suddenly, men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled(N.); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired(Ch.); A ray of sun will fall on the grass - the grass will flare up with emerald and pearls(M.G.); The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life and laughed(M.G.); The snowstorm was already very close to the fire - suddenly a horse neighing was heard in the darkness(F.); At noon, walk along a dead street - you will not meet a person(Sh.); Before the sun had time to warm the earth, the whole sky hummed(Bub.) [cf. with an allied offer: Before I had time to pay off my old coachman, Dunya returned with a samovar.(P.)].

2. Dash is put if in the second part of the non-union complex sentence opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the first part (you can insert a union between the parts but or a): I would be glad to serve - sickening to serve(Gr.); Chin followed him - he suddenly left the service(Gr.); Sewing will sit down - he does not know how to take a needle; they scold her - she is silent to herself(P.); A week passed, a month - he did not return to his home(P.); I grab the belt - no gun(L.); I began to call the owner - they are silent; knock - silent(L.); Until ten o'clock we snooped through the reeds and through the forest- n em the beast(L.); The oak is holding on - the reed has fallen to the ground(Cr.); He painfully ran his eyes along the ceiling, wanted to leave the place, to run - his legs did not obey(Gonch.); At that time you already meet in France a class of people who, with a general loss, gain: the nobility is deprived of their rights - they aggravate theirs; the people are dying of hunger - they are full; the people arm themselves and go to smash the enemies - it profitably supplies cloth, provisions(Hertz.); I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me(L.T.); They mowed a mile - they mowed a penny(M.G.); The Falcon flies up - clings to the ground(M.G.); Pika took on the sewing - the threads were tangled and torn; sat down to play checkers - lost(F.); In Andersen's fairy tales, not only flowers, winds, trees acquire the gift of speech - the home world of things and toys comes to life in them(Paust.); Not a bag was stolen from Mishka - the last hope was stolen(Nev.); This is not a tired, sick soldier walking from the front - it was a builder(Hump.); He is the guest, I am the host(Bagr.); The battle was not started by our will - we will finish it with our glory(As.); Not wounds, not a sick lung tormented him - it irritated the consciousness of uselessness(Paul); I'm for a candle - a candle in the stove(Chuk.); The brave win, the cowardly die(last); Summer stores - winter eats(last); Was not - I'll go; Knock, don't knock, they won't open; Cry do not cry - you cannot return the lost; I'll die, I won't tell.

3. Dash is put if the second part of the non-union complex sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion from what is said in the first part (words can be inserted between the parts therefore, then etc.): I'm dying - I have nothing to lie(T.); You push the wet bush - you will be covered with the accumulated warm smell of the night(T.); There was no way to leave unnoticed - he went out openly, as if he were going into the yard, and darted into the garden(F.); I would go to summer school - let them teach me(M.); Taking both matches and a lighter out of his pocket at the same time, Krainev lit the cords - they flared up.(Pop.); Our housing is for us to take care of; They put a samovar in the entrance hall - the smell of smoke spreads around; During the night everyone rested - you can again take on the interrupted work; The key is lost - break the door.

Notes:

1. If the meaning of the consequence is not emphasized intonation, then instead of a dash, comma:...I will interrogate him carefully, he will not notice(Ch.); Man is not a needle, we will find(Ch.).

2. In the works of classical writers, instead of a dash, in the case under consideration, there is colon:There was nothing to do: Marya Ivanovna got into the carriage and went to the palace(P.); We were driving behind: no one saw(L.); Light rain sows in the morning: it is impossible to go out(T.); Worries, sorrows, failures exhausted the poor father to the extreme: he became distrustful, bilious(Dost.).

4. Dash is set if the time of the action referred to in the second part is indicated in the first part of the non-union complex sentence (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union when): We will win - you will build a stone house(A.T.); I was driving here - the rye was starting to turn yellow. Now I'm leaving back - people eat this rye(Shv.); A senior made his way ahead, gave a command with a careful movement of his hand: he would raise his hand above his head- in they immediately stopped and froze; stretch out his hand to the side with an inclination to the ground - all at the same second quickly and silently lay down; wave his hand forward - everyone moved forward; will show back - everyone slowly backed away(Cat.); They plow arable land - they don’t wave their hands(last).

5. Dash is set if the first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the condition for performing the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union if): There will be rain - there will be fungi; there will be fungi - there will be a body(P.); A good fellow will pass - he will sit down, a girl will pass - she will grieve, and the harp will pass - they will sing a song(L.) - the values ​​of the condition and time are combined; What will be needed - tell Pavel or Tatyana(T.); Invented- With done(T.); You're completely gone - we won't cry about you(Ch.); … Sin will happen - do not ask for mercy(Ch.); You will believe by eye - you will measure crookedly(M.G.); They will not give - steal!(M.G.);

…The less you know the better you sleep(M.G.); They will swear - do not be afraid(Ch.); I like to draw - draw for health, no one forbids(Pan.); Ordered - you'll take(A.T.). Wed in proverbs: Gruzdev called himself get in the body; Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds; If you miss the fire, you won't put it out; He took up the tug - do not say that it is not hefty; To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest; You will regret the lychka - you will give the strap; Plow deeper - see more bread; To be afraid of death is not to live in the world and etc.

Note. If the second part of a non-union complex sentence of this type begins with a particle So, then after the first part with the value of the condition, instead of a dash, put comma:Give everyone for vodka, so you yourself will soon have to starve(P.); Look, you'll run out of patience!(Cr.); Take everything to heart, so you will soon fall into consumption(Sharp).

6. Dash is put if the second part of the non-union complex sentence contains a comparison with what is said in the first part (you can add a union before the second part like or as if): ... Look - he will give a ruble(N.).

7. Dash is put if the second part of the union-free complex sentence (often an incomplete sentence) has an explanatory meaning (you can insert a union before it what), and the first part does not contain an intonation warning about the subsequent presentation of any fact (cf. § 44, paragraph 3): Sheep says she slept all night(Cr.); Sometimes I think - I need to run away(M.G.); ... Hears - behind the elderberry bushes the girl laughs(M.G.); The silence was so complete and gloomy, and the sky was so stuffy that it seemed to the boy that if only one sharp sound was heard, something terrible would happen in nature.(Cat.); Yesterday, at a neighboring winter hut, they told me - honey, after all, pulled up a man(Arb.); I hear - groaning again(Pa-ust.); Traffic has been suspended, hopefully not for long; Someone is scratching, it seemed to me - a mouse; But I see - she does not listen to me; They write that we will definitely come - they will meet; They knew - there will be a storm; Leave me alone, can't you see - I'm busy.

8. Dash placed before pronouns so, such, such beginning with a connecting sentence, which is part of an union-free complex sentence: An order is an order - this is how the front brought him up(Thief.); Go forward or perish - that was the question before partisan detachment; Crooked streets, little wooden houses - suchwas a significant part of Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century.

In these sentences, judgments are expressed, the subject of which is named in the first part, and the predicate forms the second part. If the logical relations between the two parts are of a different nature, then comma and dash:Pollution environment threatens life on Earth - this cannot continue(gas.) (see § 46, item 2).

9. Dash is put if the second part of the non-union complex sentence is a connecting sentence (you can insert the word before it this is, which is sometimes included in the sentence itself): Not a single image on the wall - a bad sign(L.); You have no soul, you have pride instead of a soul - that's what I'll tell you(Azh.); Inga was excited, Levshin watched her too closely - this caught Kleba in the eyes(Fed.); There is a lot of water - this is the most interesting(Hump.); He always liked to chat - I knew that very well(Kav.); They will part, they have already parted - this thought stunned both(Gran.) .

Note. Often, if there is a word before the connecting clause this is between both parts of the union-free complex sentence are placed comma and dash (see § 46, paragraph 1).

Comma and dash can also be placed before a connecting sentence containing an additional remark: The village of Pervomaisky was the oldest mining village in the area - from it, in fact, the city began(F.).

The following punctuation marks are used in a non-union complex sentence: comma, semicolon, colon, dash.

§ 43. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence

§ 43.1

A comma is placed between the predicative parts of a non-union complex sentence if these parts are close to each other in meaning: The blizzard did not subside, the sky did not clear up(P.); Pale cheeks sunken in, eyes became big, big, lips burned(L.); The day was gray, the sky hung low, a damp breeze stirred the tops of the grasses.(T.); The wide Circassian coat was torn in some places, the hat was broken back, in Chechen style, the legs were lowered below the knees(L.T.); He is in tears, his head is down, his face is pale, his arms are folded on his chest, his lips are whispering(S.-SH.); The train left quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute there was no more noise(Ch.); Nikolai's pockmarked face was covered with red spots, his small grey eyes without looking up at the officer(M.G.); A white blanket is thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone(Fed.).

They are not union-free compound sentences and are not comma-separated parts in sentences of the following type (pronounced in fast pace): Look you will get; And look how important he is!; Look don't guess- they have a word look acts as a particle. Same for sentences like: Do you want to show me If you want, I'll bring it. But: Do you want me to bring it?- with dissected pronunciation and interrogative intonation.

§ 43.2

If two simple sentences with a union and between them are connected by an allied connection with the previous sentence, then they are equated to homogeneous subordinate parts and a comma is not placed between them (see § 30): The weather seems to be getting better and warming will come soon - if we look at the word seems as an introductory, then a comma before and is also omitted to show that the introductory word is related to both parts of the compound sentence.

In connection with the possibility of different interpretations of the syntactic role of the word noted here seems, there is double punctuation in complex sentences in which before seems worth the union and, namely:

2) if we consider seems as the first part of a subsequent non-union complex sentence connected with the preceding sentence by a union and, then for the fifth after and need not: The task seems simple, and it seems that it really is.

§ 43.3

If between the two parts of the union-free complex sentence there is introductory word, then sometimes as an additional sign is put dash, to show which part of the complex sentence the introductory word refers to, or to emphasize the additional, explanatory nature of the second part (cf. § 25, paragraph 10): Somewhere a motor is knocking - apparently, there is a workshop nearby(Bab); Angry dogs barked in the backyards, not daring to run out to meet the britzka - it must have been weaned from this habit by passing soldiers(Sayan.).

§ 43.4

A semicolon is placed in a non-union complex sentence in the following cases:

1) if the predicative parts are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly common and have commas inside them: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked; the huts are low and for the most part covered with straw(P.); To the left a deep gorge blackened; behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, which still retains the last reflection of dawn.(L.); It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small pine grove, lying half a verst from the garden; her shadow stretched endlessly across the still fields(T.); Birches, poplars, bird cherry blossomed their sticky and odorous leaves; lindens puffed up bursting buds(L.T.); Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, raising his golden head, lies already and guards them(M.G.);

2) if unionless difficult sentence breaks up into parts (groups of sentences), which in turn form union-free complex sentences: The pale gray sky grew lighter, colder, bluer; the stars now twinkled with a faint light, then disappeared; the earth became damp, the leaves were sweating, in some places living sounds, voices began to be heard(T.); Light dust rises in a yellow column and rushes along the road; a friendly clatter echoes far, the horses run, pricking up their ears(T.); The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty; only one strip is not compressed(N.);

3) if the non-union connection of parts of the sentence is combined with the union (often between parts connected without unions, put semicolon, and between the parts connected by the union - comma): The wind could not rage here; the road was smooth, the horse cheered up, and Vladimir calmed down(P.); For a long time, in the light of the moon, a white sail flickered between the dark waves; the blind man was still sitting on the shore, and then I heard something like a sob(L.); The trouble has passed; the peasant got up, and he scolds the farmhand(Cr.); Dinner is over; the big ones went to the office to drink coffee, and we ran into the garden to shuffle our feet along the paths covered with fallen yellow leaves and talk(L.T.); It was gray, dull, bleak, even light a fire; everyone complained about the cold, and the rain was pounding on the windows(Ch.).

§ 44. Colon in a non-union complex sentence

Colon in a non-union complex sentence, it is put in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the first part of the complex sentence, and the second part contains an explanation, disclosure of content, an indication of the reason, etc. (this part in a semantic sense close to the subordinate part or to the explanatory sentence).

§ 44.1

Colon is put if the second part (one or several sentences) reveals the content of the first part (words can be inserted between both parts namely): The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes(P.); A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers(P.); Dubrovsky put a wick, the shot was successful: one was blown off his head, two were wounded(P.); In fact, Akaky Akakievich's overcoat had some strange device: its collar decreased more and more every year, because it served to undermine other parts.(G.); He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings: the log on the huts was dark and old; many roofs blew through like a sieve; on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs(G.); I ask you one thing: shoot quickly(L.); Here are my conditions: today you will publicly renounce slander and ask me for forgiveness.(L.); FROM early youth Tatyana was kept in a black body: she worked for two, but she never saw any kindness(T.); It is pleasant to lie motionless on the hay after a long walk and deep sleep: the body basks and languishes, the face glows with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes its eyes.(T.); Throughout the morning and the middle of the day, Olenin was completely immersed in arithmetic calculations: how many miles he traveled, how much remains to the first station, how much to the first city, before dinner, before tea, to Stavropol, and what part of the entire road is traveled(L.T.); The silence in the house was broken little by little: somewhere a door creaked; someone's steps were heard; someone sneezed in the hayloft(Gonch.); In the whole village there were only two decent houses: in one the volost government was located, in the other lived Tsybukin, an Epiphany tradesman(Ch.); The old man's excitement had passed, and now fatigue was showing: his tongue stuttered, his head shook, his eyes watered.(Kor.); He felt unwell: his body was weak, there was a dull pain in his eyes.(Cupr.); The dark forest is good on a bright sunny day: there is coolness and wonders of light(Shv.); Then a thought dawned on him: the partisans must be somewhere here, nearby.(Floor.); Everyone regarded Nagulnov’s behavior differently: some approved, others condemned, some kept quiet(Sh.).

§ 44.2

The colon is required if the first part of the non-union complex sentence contains words so, such, such, one etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second part: My custom is this: signed, so off your shoulders(Gr.); Like all Moscow ones, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks(Gr.); One thing was certain: he won't come back(T.); I will do it like this: I will dig a large hole near the stone itself ...(L.T.); The question for Kutuzov now consisted only of this: Is it really he who allowed Napoleon to Moscow (L.T.).

§ 44.3

Colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence, if in the first of them by means of verbs see, look, hear, know, understand, feel etc., a warning is given that a statement of some fact or some description will follow (in these cases, a union can be inserted between the parts what): With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and see: mother meets me on the porch with an air of deep chagrin(P.); I felt all my blood rushed to my face(P.); I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I look: the forest is over, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing(L.); After a few moments, I get up and see: my Karagoz flies, waving his mane(L.); You yourself noticed: day by day I fade(L.); Suddenly I feel: someone grabs my shoulder and pushes me(T.); I say: won't give up(L.T.); I also remember: she liked to dress well and splash perfume(Ch.); I understand: it’s hard for you to say now about the goals pursued by literature(M.G.); Evreinov proved so well me: Universities need guys like me(M.G.), In the morning, waking up, Geyser felt: right eye closed(Fed.); I will definitely tell you: you have talent(F.); He believes: for his soldiers and long haul forward is shorter than the short way back(Sim.); People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there is a war(Azh.); Fedor understood: speech was about communication(Furm.); He saw: the earth rose from the ashes, the unconquered earth(Hump.); Alex decided: pretty pull(Floor.).

§ 44.4

Colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if there are verbs in the first part look, look, listen etc., as well as expressions like raise your eyes, raise your head, warning about further presentation; in these cases, the words can be inserted between the parts of the non-union complex sentence and saw (heard, felt) that etc.: I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind(P.); I raised my eyes to a girl was standing on the roof of my hut(L.); I turn around: Grushnitsky!(L.); Oblomov looked around. in front of him in reality ... stood the real, real Stolz(Gonch.); I looked around: solemnly and regally the night stood(T.); I woke up: dawn has already taken(T.); I raised my head. in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, sat a miller's wife (T.); Barbara listened. came the noise of the evening train(Ch.); He thought, sniffed: smells like honey(Ch.); I looked out the window. stars lit up in a cloudless sky(M.G.); Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear shone(Ser.); Lukashin stopped and looked: water accumulated in the ditch(Pan.); I stood and listened to the sounds: train.

In these cases, there is also a dash instead of a colon to convey various additional shades of meaning: Looked at the hole - the water dozed(Shishk.) (cf .: ... and there the water was dozing); He looked out of the room not a single light in the windows(Pan.) (cf.: ... but not a single light in the windows); I turn - man in german helmet(Medv.) (cf .: .. and there is a man in a German helmet). See § 72, para. 3.

§ 44.5

Colon is put in front of a direct question included in the non-union complex sentence (see § 2, paragraph 5): The question now is: what did our society do in the last 20-30 years?(Good.); There's only one thing I don't understand: how could she bite you?(Ch.); Until now, it remains surprising and unsolved: who, on this fateful night, removed the divisional school from guard? (Furm.); I walked to the gate through the wet grass, feeling anxious: who would see the first tractor in such impenetrable fog?(First) Compare: Maybe nature tells us: use beauty, accept it.(Gran.) - a kind of equivalent of direct speech.

§ 44.6

Colon is placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence if the second part indicates the basis or reason for what is said in the first part (causal unions can be inserted between both parts because, since, since etc.): However, it's time to get up: already a quarter to six(P.); I am sad: there is no friend with me(P.); He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man(L.); I don’t melt, I was scared: on the edge of the threatening abyss I lay(L.); I could not sleep: in front of me in the darkness, a boy with white eyes kept spinning(L.); It was terrible to touch the cloths, canvases and household materials: they turned to dust.(G.); In vain do you look around in all directions: there is no way out of the endless tundra(Gonch.); It's good that Lemm didn't hear us: he would have fainted(T.); The moon was not in the sky: at that time she rose late(T.); However, not everyone dared to mock Gerasim: he did not like to joke(T.); Birds were not heard: they do not sing in the hours of heat(T.); And Zhilin was depressed: he sees - it's bad(L.T.); Only at the mill the river is angry: there is no space for it, captivity is bitter(N.); He was even frightened: it was so dark, cramped and unclean(Ch.); Science must be loved: people have no power more powerful and victorious than science(M.G.); They praised the earth: kind; scolded the climate: uneven, dry(Skin.); In Mexico, you can’t praise a thing in someone else’s house: they wrap it in a piece of paper for you(M); Sometimes the horses fell through the belly: the soil was very viscous(F.); The windows in the barracks were either lit up or extinguished: someone was striking matches.(F.); Seryozhka was silent: he did not like verbal oaths and assurances(F.); Stepan was afraid to approach the shore: slippery(Shishk.); Pavel did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment(BUT.); Saburov was nervous: he wanted to take Protsenko down somewhere(Sim.); In general, I have a negative attitude towards all kinds of staging: luck is rare here.(Ov.).

§ 44.7

Special case of staging colons found in newspaper headlines like: Space: to fly or not; Bazhov: reader and book lover.(See section 16.)

§ 44.8

Occasionally, in a non-union complex sentence consisting of three parts, there is a setting of two colons (on different grounds or with the same base): Well, yes, it goes without saying: the soul is not an apple: you cannot divide it(T.); You kept pestering me: teach us music and the French dialect: here you have a Frenchman, and he plays the pianos(T.); Her passion for cleanliness drove her to self-forgetfulness: she could clean, tidy, wash, dust and arrange the hut all day with unexpected skill: sometimes she would hang towels with a sheet on the window jambs, then in winter she would attach golden wreaths from straw, and in summer - bunches of flowers, which he gathers casually on the estate(Ch.); There is no need to talk about the spring time: bird cherry blooms together, white-white, you will feel a little dizzy, and you will be confused for a moment: how is it?(Sol.); However, this did not console me at all: the thought, once it came to mind, would not go far and, when necessary, would certainly return, but the capercaillie flew away, and the face of that day, which would never return like this, was determined: I missed the capercaillie(Shv.); And in the cell it was no longer as dark as in the first minute, when the oil lamp went out and the match broke; deep winter light(Berg.).

Usually in these cases, in order to avoid the accumulation of colons in a sentence, one of them is replaced by a dash: "Mass of readers" does not exist, even if the book is published in mass circulation: readers read in different ways - there are books in which one is available to everyone, the other only to some(Er.); There is one feature in this book - you immediately feel that it was written by a painter: the reader sees landscapes, scenes, people(Er.); The command confidently entrusted Vorobyov with the most responsible military affairs: for short term it became obvious that this lieutenant, who seemed still a teenager, had recently graduated from the school, became a strong-willed, resourceful and, most importantly, quite an experienced commander; I listened to him carefully: I remember the old rule - it is better to listen to everything to the end, and then only raise questions or object.

§ 45. Dash in a non-union complex sentence

Dash in a non-union complex sentence, it is usually put in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the second part of the complex sentence, and the first part (corresponding to the subordinate clause) has a subordinate meaning, indicating the time or condition for the action , which is discussed in the second part, sometimes a reason, a concession, etc. (see the conditions for setting a colon in a non-union complex sentence, § 44). Wed coupled sentences:

It's impossible to get out: it's pouring rain outside(the main content is contained in the first part, the reason is indicated in the second). - It's pouring rain outside - it's impossible to get out(the reason is indicated in the first part, the second part gives the consequence, the conclusion, which forms the basis of the statement);

The youth left: the evening became boring(I left because I got bored). - The youth left - the evening became boring(left, so it became boring).

With equal semantic relations between both parts, they have the meaning of comparison, opposition, etc.

§ 45.1

Dash is put in a non-union complex sentence that breaks up into two parts, if the second of them contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a quick change of events: A week passed, another - suddenly a stroller drives into my yard(P.); Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Cr.); Ivan Ivanovich approached the gate, rattled the latch - a dog barking rose from within(G.); Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road - he will kill him, he will kill him for a penny(G.); You pass by a tree - it does not move, it basks(T.); Suddenly, men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled(N.); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired(Ch.); A ray of sun will fall on the grass - the grass will flare up with emerald and pearls(M.G.); The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life and laughed(M.G.); The snowstorm was already very close to the fire - suddenly a horse neighing was heard in the darkness(F.); At noon, walk along a dead street - you will not meet a person(Sh.); Before the sun had time to warm the earth, the whole sky hummed(Bub.) [cf. with an allied offer: Before I had time to pay off my old coachman, Dunya returned with a samovar.(P.)].

§ 45.2

Dash is put if in the second part of the non-union complex sentence opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the first part (you can insert a union between the parts but or a): I would be glad to serve - sickening to serve(Gr.); Chin followed him - he suddenly left the service(Gr.); Sewing will sit down - he does not know how to take a needle; they scold her - she is silent to herself(P.); A week passed, a month - he did not return to his home(P.); I grab the belt - no gun(L.); I began to call the owner - they are silent; knock - silent(L.); Until ten o'clock we snooped through the reeds and through the forest- n em the beast(L.); The oak is holding on - the reed has fallen to the ground(Cr.); He painfully ran his eyes along the ceiling, wanted to leave the place, to run - his legs did not obey(Gonch.); At that time you already meet in France a class of people who, with a general loss, gain: the nobility is deprived of their rights - they aggravate theirs; the people are dying of hunger - they are full; the people arm themselves and go to smash the enemies - it profitably supplies cloth, provisions(Hertz.); I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me(L.T.); They mowed a mile - they mowed a penny(M.G.); The Falcon flies up - clings to the ground(M.G.); Pika took on the sewing - the threads were tangled and torn; sat down to play checkers - lost(F.); In Andersen's fairy tales, not only flowers, winds, trees acquire the gift of speech - the home world of things and toys comes to life in them(Paust.); Not a bag was stolen from Mishka - the last hope was stolen(Nev.); This is not a tired, sick soldier walking from the front - it was a builder(Hump.); He is the guest, I am the host(Bagr.); The battle was not started by our will - we will finish it with our glory(As.); Not wounds, not a sick lung tormented him - it irritated the consciousness of uselessness(Paul); I'm for a candle - a candle in the stove(Chuk.); The brave win, the cowardly die(last); Summer stores - winter eats(last); Was not - I'll go; Knock, don't knock, they won't open; Cry do not cry - you cannot return the lost; I'll die, I won't tell.

§ 45.3

Dash is put if the second part of the non-union complex sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion from what is said in the first part (words can be inserted between the parts therefore, then etc.): I'm dying - I have nothing to lie(T.); You push the wet bush - you will be covered with the accumulated warm smell of the night(T.); There was no way to leave unnoticed - he went out openly, as if he were going into the yard, and darted into the garden(F.); I would go to summer school - let them teach me(M.); Taking both matches and a lighter out of his pocket at the same time, Krainev lit the cords - they flared up.(Pop.); Our housing is for us to take care of; They put a samovar in the entrance hall - the smell of smoke spreads around; During the night everyone rested - you can again take on the interrupted work; The key is lost - break the door.

§ 45.4

Dash is set if the time of the action referred to in the second part is indicated in the first part of the non-union complex sentence (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union when): We will win - you will build a stone house(A.T.); I was driving here - the rye was starting to turn yellow. Now I'm leaving back - people eat this rye(Shv.); A senior made his way ahead, gave a command with a careful movement of his hand: he would raise his hand above his head- in they immediately stopped and froze; stretch out his hand to the side with an inclination to the ground - all at the same second quickly and silently lay down; wave his hand forward - everyone moved forward; will show back - everyone slowly backed away(Cat.); They plow arable land - they don’t wave their hands(last).

§ 45.5

Dash is set if the first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the condition for performing the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union if): There will be rain - there will be fungi; there will be fungi - there will be a body(P.); A good fellow will pass - he will sit down, a girl will pass - she will grieve, and the harp will pass - they will sing a song(L.) - the values ​​of the condition and time are combined; What will be needed - tell Pavel or Tatyana(T.); Invented- With done(T.); You're completely gone - we won't cry about you(Ch.); … Sin will happen - do not ask for mercy(Ch.); You will believe by eye - you will measure crookedly(M.G.); They will not give - steal!(M.G.);

…The less you know the better you sleep(M.G.); They will swear - do not be afraid(Ch.); I like to draw - draw for health, no one forbids(Pan.); Ordered - you'll take(A.T.). Wed in proverbs: Gruzdev called himself get in the body; Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds; If you miss the fire, you won't put it out; He took up the tug - do not say that it is not hefty; To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest; You will regret the lychka - you will give the strap; Plow deeper - see more bread; To be afraid of death is not to live in the world and etc.

§ 45.6

Dash is put if the second part of the non-union complex sentence contains a comparison with what is said in the first part (you can add a union before the second part like or as if): ... Look - he will give a ruble(N.).

§ 45.7

Dash is put if the second part of the union-free complex sentence (often an incomplete sentence) has an explanatory meaning (you can insert a union before it what), and the first part does not contain an intonation warning about the subsequent presentation of any fact (cf. § 44, paragraph 3): Sheep says she slept all night(Cr.); Sometimes I think - I need to run away(M.G.); ... Hears - behind the elderberry bushes the girl laughs(M.G.); The silence was so complete and gloomy, and the sky was so stuffy that it seemed to the boy that if only one sharp sound was heard, something terrible would happen in nature.(Cat.); Yesterday, at a neighboring winter hut, they told me - honey, after all, pulled up a man(Arb.); I hear - groaning again(Pa-ust.); Traffic has been suspended, hopefully not for long; Someone is scratching, it seemed to me - a mouse; But I see - she does not listen to me; They write that we will definitely come - they will meet; They knew - there will be a storm; Leave me alone, can't you see - I'm busy.

§ 45.8

Dash placed before pronouns so, such, such beginning with a connecting sentence, which is part of an union-free complex sentence: An order is an order - this is how the front brought him up(Thief.); Go forward or perish - that was the question before the partisan detachment; Crooked streets, little wooden houses - such was a significant part of Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century.

In these sentences, judgments are expressed, the subject of which is named in the first part, and the predicate forms the second part. If the logical relations between the two parts are of a different nature, then comma and dash: Environmental pollution threatens life on Earth - this cannot go on(gas.) (see § 46, item 2).

§ 45.9

Dash is put if the second part of the non-union complex sentence is a connecting sentence (you can insert the word before it this is, which is sometimes included in the sentence itself): Not a single image on the wall - a bad sign(L.); You have no soul, you have pride instead of a soul - that's what I'll tell you(Azh.); Inga was excited, Levshin watched her too closely - this caught Kleba in the eyes(Fed.); There is a lot of water - this is the most interesting(Hump.); He always liked to chat - I knew that very well(Kav.); They will part, they have already parted - this thought stunned both(Gran.) .

§ 46. Comma and dash in a non-union complex sentence

The current rules provide for the use comma and dash as a single punctuation mark in three cases:

1) before the main part of a complex sentence, preceded by a series of homogeneous subordinate clauses, to emphasize the splitting of a single whole into two parts;

2) before a word that is repeated in order to connect with it the further part of the same sentence;

3) in a period to indicate the transition from an increase to a decrease.

However, in practice, setting the comma and dash as a single punctuation mark is not limited to these cases (some examples were given in § 40) .

§ 46.1

Comma and dash often placed before a non-union connecting sentence that begins with a pronominal word is: the Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable(M.G.); Edgar Allan Poe is considered an excellent master of form, an original artist - this is indisputable(M.G.); A cultured person is created slowly, with great difficulty, - about it convincingly tells us the whole difficult history of ... culture(M.G.); If you find writing disgusting, boring, don't write - it will still turn out bad, false(A.T.); At such a time it is necessary to speak rudely and directly - this is smarter and more honest in front of our children.(Leon.); The wide entrance was completely empty - it seemed strange to me(Kav.); They not only do not want him to leave, but, on the contrary, would be very upset by separation from him - this is quite obvious; Some believe that in order to become a good singer, it is enough to have natural gifts - this is a fatal mistake; He was talking about some secret - it was a bad omen for me.

The same before the word here: A woman will throw herself into the pool with her head from love, - here is an actress(Sharp).

§ 46.2

Comma and dash are placed between two parts of an asyndetic complex sentence, of which the second is of an interconnective nature with various additional shades of meaning (explanatory, temporary, conditional-investigative, etc.); often this part begins with pronominal words that, yes, such etc. : But let's go out into the field with you - you would soon ask me for a drink(TV); Sitanov is friendly to me, -thisI am indebted to my thick notebook in which verses are written(M.G.); The bottom board was smeared with cow dung and watered three times in the cold, -thereaftershe was like a mirror(A.T.); She was sitting nearby on a bench under a rickety wooden mushroom, - suchmade in sentry camps(Paust.); It means that it was not Rodion - that one from any abyss would have responded to her(Leon.); All the objects around were distinct and exaggeratedly real, the way it happens when you do not sleep all night.(Sh.).

§ 46.3

Comma and dash are put to indicate a “break” of the original construction, to indicate, “on the one hand, the dismemberment of the sentence, and on the other hand, that the part that follows this punctuation mark makes a structural turn from the previous part under some, larger or smaller, "angle" : The room was filled with the noise of chairs being pushed aside, the flame of a match flared up in the corner, illuminating a hand with long fingers, some young lady clucked like a frightened chicken - Samghin was pleased with the confusion caused by his words(M.G.); Marya sat down on the grass, put Mishka's head on her knees - his head hung down, he was so thin(A.T.); At least I know that Volodya Osmukhin and Tolya Orlov remained in Krasnodon - will they sit idly by?(F.); This solidly furnished long room, paneled in oak, so calm, friendly, the room where more than half of his working life has passed - why did he forget about it ?; Something unusual constantly happens to him: either he gets into a street accident, or he almost drowns in a shallow river, or he almost dies of a heart attack - which is not important; There was nothing I could do to help him—what was the point of coming? It seemed to me that I already understood everything, I know - nothing of the sort!; Be that as it may, he could not resist the temptation - who among us is without sin?

Wed also non-union complex sentences in which it is possible to set between parts colons: This feeling was joined by dreary envy, - (:) how nice it would be to have Kutuzov’s rude insolence, to say to people’s faces what you think about them(M.G.); He was about to moan, but much easier than the first time, and soon nature took its toll, - (:) the next day he went for a walk as if nothing had happened and began to go to theaters(Tyn.); Take my advice, advice old friend, - (:) do not go there.

Remember: dash- it's a sign consequence, conclusion, opposition, abrupt change of events presented in the second part of the non-union complex sentence.

Task execution algorithm:

1) highlight the grammatical foundations and determine whether this offer simple with a generalizing word before homogeneous members or complex non-union

If the sentence is simple, then most often the setting of the colon is explained by the fact that the generalizing word is in front of homogeneous members;

If the sentence is complex, non-union, then the presence of a colon or a dash in it can be explained by substituting subordinating conjunctions that are suitable in meaning;

2) Substitute a subordinating union that is suitable in meaning into the non-union complex sentence and use it to identify the semantic relationships between its parts:

1. Union BECAUSE, AS indicates that the second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part colon );

2. Union AIM WHAT indicates that the second part of the non-union complex sentence explains, reveals the content of the first part (therefore, in the non-union complex sentence, colon) ;

3. Union WHEN indicates that the first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the time of doing what is said in the second part (therefore, in the non-union complex sentence, dash) ;

4. Union SO WHAT indicates that the second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the result, the consequence of what is said in the first part (therefore, in the non-union complex sentence, dash );

5. Union IF indicates that the first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the condition of what is said in the second parts(therefore, in the non-union complex sentence, dash );

6. Union A indicates that the second part of the non-union complex sentence is opposed by the content of the first (therefore, in the non-union sentence, dash ).

TASK № A 25

Task Formulation:

Grinev (1) falls into the very center of the uprising (2) whose leader (3) (4) turned out to be a mysterious leader.

1)1,3 2)2 3)2,3 4) 1,3,4

Your answer is #2? Correctly!

It is at this point in the sentence that the boundary between the main and adnexal part, which is why we put a comma here.

What is required from students: knowledge of the topic: "Punctuation marks in a complex sentence."

Complex sentence always consists of main and adnexal parts. The subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

The place of the subordinate clause can be different: it can be before the main clause, after it or inside it.

The boundary between main and subordinate clause usually located before a subordinating conjunction or allied word, which are always located in the subordinate clause and begin it. However, in task A25, such complex sentences were selected (mainly with an attributive clause), in which the clause begins earlier allied word, so the comma in them is not placed before the allied word WHICH, but before the word that begins the subordinate clause.

Compare:

1.Learning is hard when we cannot find joy in it (D.S. Likhachev).

2. It is necessary to develop a special attitude towards phenomena, the effect of which affects the psyche destructively (D.S. Likhachev).

In the first example, the union WHEN begins the subordinate part, so a comma is placed before it, as on the border of the main and subordinate clauses.

In the second example, the subordinate part begins with the word "action", so a comma is placed before it, as on the border between the main and the subordinate clause.

To complete this task, use the following algorithm:

1.Highlight grammatical basis suggestions.

2. Determine the border of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Say the sentence with the found punctuation aloud, this will help determine the incorrectly found solution to this task or, conversely, confirm the correct choice of the answer.

Note:

As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with a subordinate clause, in which the clause does not begin with the word WHICH, therefore, a comma is not placed before it .

TASK № A 26

Task Formulation: Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

At first, no one could understand (1) how the boat went against the current without a sail and a motor (2) but (3) when the people went down to the river (4) everyone saw a team of dogs pulling the boat.

1) 1,2 2) 1,3,4 3) 1,2,3,4 4)2,4

Correct answer number 3. You are not mistaken?

In this task, either a syntactic construction with a subordinating and coordinating connection, or a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses is usually presented.

The above complex syntactic construction consists of four simple sentences. The first one is the most important. An explanatory clause is attached to it with the help of a union word what. The third sentence is related to the second by coordinating union but . The fourth is a subordinate clause with the meaning of time and joins the third with the help of a temporary subordinating conjunction when.

What is required of students: knowledge of the topic: “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with an allied and non-union connection. complex sentence with different types connections. Punctuation at the junction of unions.

Punctuation at the junction of conjunctions

Since in this task there is often such a punctuation, as a junction of unions, we will repeat the theory and recall the corresponding punctuation rule.

Joint of unions is the space in a sentence between two conjunctions:

Between two subordinating unions;

Between the coordinating and subordinating union.

A comma is placed at the junction of two unions, if the second union does not have a continuation in the form of the words TO, BUT, etc.

A comma is not placed at the junction of two conjunctions, if the second union has a continuation in the form of the words TO, BUT, etc.

Compare two sentences:

1.Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev wrote, what if you will have a respectful attitude towards others and a little resourcefulness, the memory will come to the rules of good behavior, the desire and ability to apply them.

2. Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev wrote, what if you will have a respectful attitude towards others and a little resourcefulness, t about the memory of the rules of good behavior, the desire and ability to apply them will come.

These syntactic constructions have junction of unions(two subordinating unions WHAT + IF are located nearby).

In the first sentence of the second union IF there is no continuation in the form of a word TO, therefore, at the junction of unions we put a comma (WHAT, IF).

In the second sentence of the union IF there is a continuation in the form of the word THEN (IF ... THEN), so at the junction of unions (WHAT IF) we do not put a comma.