Grammatical basis and secondary. How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence

Grammatical basis sentences (subject and predicate) - the most important syntactic construction that determines not only the structure of the sentence, but also its informational meaning. Moreover, without the correct definition of the grammatical basis, it is impossible to correctly solve punctuation problems, especially in complex sentences.

Pupils of the second stage of a general education school (grades 5-9) are not always able to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence, because this syntactic construction is very diverse both in form and content. Consequently, there are problems with general analysis sentences, and with punctuation.

We note right away that it is possible to teach children to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence only by fully fulfilling one of the most important principles of didactics, namely, the principle of promising learning.

This means that, starting from elementary school, one should look far ahead and gradually introduce children both to the members of the sentence that make up its structure and to the terminology.

The initial acquaintance of children with the main members of the sentence occurs back in primary school(in 3rd grade). simplest form the grammatical basis of the sentence (the subject is expressed by a noun, and the predicate by a verb) is acquired by children relatively easily and quickly. But the slightest deviation from this formula already causes difficulties and confusion both in understanding and in terminology.
Unfortunately, teachers are sometimes responsible for this confusion.

Here is an example:
The class works with the sentence "Children play in the school yard"
Teacher: Where is the subject?
Student: Children.
Teacher: Right. Where is the verb?

What did the teacher do? He grossly violated the system of classification of completely different concepts. After all, the classification of parts of speech is one thing, and the classification of sentence members is quite another. In no case should these things be confused!

The teacher had to ask: Where is the predicate?

In the system of teaching children the Russian language in elementary school, the most important place is occupied by an unmistakable understanding and ability to distinguish between meanings. various parts speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition and adverb.

If this confusion of the concepts of "part of speech" and "member of a sentence" is not eradicated in elementary school, then it is extremely difficult to do so in the middle school.

Leading children to an understanding of the structure (construction) of a sentence, it is imperative to focus on the fact that a word can only be a member of a sentence as part of a sentence. This is first. And secondly, on the fact that the members of the sentence (so far we are talking only about the subject and the predicate) can be expressed by any part of speech (“made” from any part of speech).

It is very important that already in elementary school children understand and firmly know what a subject is and what a predicate is, what these main members of a sentence mean and what questions they answer. Children especially find it difficult to find a predicate if it answers the questions “What is the subject?” or “What is (who is) the subject?”

It is very useful to conduct a written survey “What is the subject?” already in grades 4 and 5. and “What is a predicate?”, where students must give not only an exact definition of the main members of the sentence, but also give their own examples.

Particular attention should be paid to the logical connection of the main members of the proposal with each other, i.e. the ability to correctly ask a question from the subject to the predicate and persistently accustom children to a complete answer.

Example:
We work with the offer "Children play in the garden"

The student's response should be:
“This sentence refers to children, this word is in nominative case, which means that this is the subject, it is expressed by a noun.

What are the children doing? - playing. This word denotes the action of the subject, which means that it is a predicate, it is expressed by a verb.

The Russian language course in basic school (grade 5) begins with syntax. This is correct, because children must first learn how to correctly build a sentence. In this initial syntax course, students already learn in detail how to express the main members of a sentence and become familiar with the minor members of a sentence in detail. The concept and the term "grammatical basis of the sentence" are familiar to them. Children relatively easily find the subject, expressed by a noun, and the predicate, expressed by one verb. Departure from this formula already causes difficulties.

Painstaking work begins, as a result of which the guys must understand that the subject can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by other parts of speech.

It is advisable already in grade 5 to gradually introduce children to various types of predicate: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal, although this is grade 8 material. Practice shows that by the end of the first half of the year, fifth-graders already quite consciously distinguish between these types of predicate. True, at the first stage, confusion arises between the compound verbal predicate and the homogeneous simple verbal predicates.

Children are embarrassed that in both cases there are two verbs. But pretty soon everything falls into place. Again, written surveys are useful.
Thus, in the fifth grade, a foundation was made for the long term in understanding the structure of one of the main members of the grammatical basis of the sentence. Now you should methodically (preferably at each lesson) consolidate the structure of the predicate, terminology and its understanding.
Already in the 5th grade, it is advisable to introduce the concepts of "one-part and two-part sentences." Children learn these concepts quite easily and quickly. By the way, the textbook of the Russian language for the 5th grade by the authors of Lvov and Nosov does just that. This is also a good start for the future. Ladyzhenskaya's textbook introduces these concepts only in the 8th grade.

The syntax of a simple sentence is studied in detail in grade 8. But, if we do not prepare children in grades 5-7 for the perception and understanding of this complex section of everything school course Russian, it will be very difficult for children to learn the punctuation of a simple sentence. That is why the concepts of the most complex cases of expressing the grammatical basis should be gradually introduced precisely in grades 5-7. This is reasonable and possible when learning different parts of speech. You just need to constantly keep this in mind and select the didactic working material for the lesson, taking into account what role the studied part of speech plays in the sentence.

For example, studying adjectives, it should be shown that this part of speech can be in the sentence both the subject (“The patients gathered for a walk”) and the predicate (“The night is bright”); when studying numerals, we demonstrate that numerals can play the roles of both the subject and the predicate (“Two sixth graders gathered ...”; “Twice two - four”), etc.

If in grades 5-7 we conduct a syntactic and punctuation analysis of at least one sentence at each lesson, we will prepare the children to solve many problems of style and punctuation in grades 8 and 9.

It is in these classes that the guys are faced with very complex structures grammatical basis of the sentence. They are mainly associated with the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).

The indefinite form of the verb most often in a sentence is the main part of the compound verb predicate. (“Scientists have learned to distinguish…”). In these cases, the infinitive answers the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?” and is included in the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
In general, the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is a rather complex linguistic phenomenon that can perform a variety of functions in a sentence. This, of course, makes it difficult to find a grammatical basis.

The infinitive can perform the functions of the subject both independently and as part of a logically holistic phrase (To feel is to live), (To love nature is a need of the soul). In the structure of a compound verbal predicate, the presence of the infinitive is mandatory, as is the presence of an auxiliary verb. Moreover, the infinitive can play the role of not only the main, but also an auxiliary verb (I want to learn how to fly.) The infinitive can also be included in the structure of a compound nominal predicate (Sister is going to work as a dressmaker).

However, the infinitive can also be in the sentence as a secondary member of the sentence: the circumstance of the goal (“We went to the store to buy ...”) and the addition (“I asked the doctor to help”), i.e. not be included in the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
In the sentence "We went to the store to buy ..." the grammatical basis "we went in."

The infinitive to buy is a circumstance of purpose, because it depends on the predicate and answers the question “did you come for what purpose?” In the sentence "I asked the doctor to help ..." the infinitive is an addition, because it depends on the predicate and answers the question "asked for what?"

Such syntactic constructions, as a rule, have no practical value for punctuation. But both in the GIA and in the Unified State Examination there are tests specifically for distinguishing similar types grammatical foundations. So we have to teach children these theoretical subtleties as well.

Of particular difficulty are the grammatical foundations, consisting only of verbs (To teach - to sharpen the mind). It seems that in these cases there is no need to diligently search for the subject and predicate, it is enough to indicate the grammatical basis of the sentence.

The ability to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence is essential when studying various kinds complex sentences. Without this ability, children cannot understand and master punctuation complex sentence.
Problems begin already when studying one-part sentences. The absence of one of the main members of the proposal often confuses students. They cannot find the boundaries of simple sentences in a complex one if one of the simple sentences is one-part. One-part sentences are studied in grade 8.

Here, again, we need to work for the future: to study one-part sentences in the context of complex ones.

In general, there is no need to prove that the ability to accurately determine the grammatical basis of a sentence in all its forms - essential condition to understand the structure of any sentence and even more so for its punctuation. This, as a rule, is devoted to the entire academic year in 9th grade. If you methodically, based on practice in grades 5-7, gradually prepare the children to understand the syntactic structures studied in grades 8 and 9, you can master the punctuation of simple and complex sentences well.

The Russian language is rich and powerful. You cannot know all the rules, but you need to strive for this. Let's do just that today.

What words are grammatical?

Each sentence contains a grammatical basis. The constituents of the grammatical basis of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary members of the sentence indirectly or directly share these words. The grammatical meanings of the construction are determined by the meaning of the mood and tense of the predicate expressed by the verb. For example:

"The ball goes straight into the goal." The action of the subject is happening, and is happening at the present time.
"The ball went straight into the goal." The action of the subject took place, and took place in the past tense.
"The ball would fly into the goal." The action of the object does not occur, but is expressed in a wish.

Grammar basis: examples

The subject and predicate in a sentence can be expressed in different ways, sometimes taking unusual forms. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze in more detail the concept and examples of the members of the sentence that make up the grammatical basis.

The subject is the main member of the sentence and denotes the object that performs any action. The subject answers the questions "who?" and "what?", characteristic of the nominative case. The following examples will help you identify the correct subject in a sentence:

The subject is a noun in the nominative case. "The dog tucked its tail."
The subject is a pronoun in the nominative case. "I saw", "Who brought the apples?". "That's funny". "It's their child." "The purse that was found belonged to Marina" (subject in the sentence subordinate type). "The leaf that fell into the alley seemed to be fiery red" (subject in a subordinate clause). "Someone will see." "Everyone was quiet."
The subject is the indefinite form of the verb. "Being brave is already a victory." "To listen is to hear." "To break is not to build."
The subject is a combination of several words (one in the nominative case). "My brother and I rarely quarreled."
The subject is a combination of several words (without the nominative case). "Two birds sat on the windowsill"

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and having the expressed question "what does he do?" meaning. Also, questions characterizing the predicate include "what is he?", "what he is", "who is he?". For example, "I drank about a liter of water"

Speaking about what a grammatical basis is, it is impossible not to cover the concepts of a simple and a compound predicate. The first expresses the verb in the form of any mood. The compound is expressed by several words, of which one connects it with the subject, while others carry a semantic load. For example: "His mother was a nurse" - the verb "was" connects the predicate with the subject, and "nurse" carries the semantic load of the predicate. Those. in this proposal predicate - "was a nurse."

A compound predicate can be a compound verb and a compound nominal. A simple verbal predicate can be expressed using a verb of one of the following forms:

The verb form is present tense and past tense. "He runs fast." "My sister didn't hear the call."
The form of the verb in the future tense. "I will be asked tomorrow."
The form of the verb is conditional or imperative. "I wouldn't go to that yard." "Let him eat what he wants."

Summing up, we can say that the grammatical basis expresses grammatical meaning constructions and the number of grammatical bases in a sentence, as a rule, is not limited.

In the center of the word connections of each sentence are words that create a grammatical basis (predicative), in fact, this is the main hallmark suggestions like syntactic unit. That is, the grammatical basis is the organizing center, a kind of frame, skeleton, or the so-called main members of the sentence - the predicate and the subject. They are not called the main ones in vain, since they are grammatically independent of other members, occupy a dominant position in the sentence. The predicate and the subject mutually presuppose each other. Thus, the subject names the subject of speech. And the subject of speech affirms, denies, characterizes by action, sign, time, reality, etc.

Usually the main members of the proposal are an obligatory part of it. Some of them are enough for the sentence to be a formalized unit grammatically and in meaning. Often there are sentences where there is only a grammatical basis. Examples: The sun is shining. Children are playing. Such proposals are called non-common, because. do not have secondary members of the sentence. If the proposal also includes other members of the proposal (secondary), then such a proposal is called common, for example: On the street children play.

In addition, the grammatical basis of a sentence can consist of both a subject and a predicate (two-part sentences), or only one of the main members, for example: Our children- our joy (two-part). Autumn. I love autumn(one-piece).

Also, depending on the number of grammatical bases, sentences are classified as simple and complex. If a sentence has one grammatical basis in its composition, then these two or more bases are complex. For example: Go torrential rains (simple sentence). Very soon will fall out snow, and will begin real winter (difficult sentence).

Without fail, it begins with the definition of the grammatical basis. For its correct definition, one should be able to find its components - the subject and the predicate. To do this, you need to know with what parts of speech the grammatical basis can be expressed.

Thus, the subject is expressed:

Noun: Coming soon snow.
Adjective name: New requires a lot of knowledge.
Communion: Speaking often wrong.
Infinitive: Live means to feel.
Invariable parts of speech (interjection, adverb, preposition, particle, union): To us tomorrow enters bright and radiant.
Collocation: We are with friend went fishing.

The predicate is expressed:

Verb: Costs good weather.
Noun: Moscow - capital Russia.
Adjectives: to me mil poems Russian fever.
adjective in comparative degree: Every day of separation for me longer of the year.
Adverb: All of us Good.
Communion: Our family involved to science.
A stable phrase (phraseological unit): My health - no whoa, no no.

In addition, pay special attention to the correct definition of the compound nominal predicate, which consists of a linking verb and a nominal part ( He will soon become an astronaut ) and a compound verbal predicate, also consisting of two parts: an auxiliary verb and an infinitive ( You must go to the meeting).

It should be noted that the correct definition of grammatical foundations helps to avoid mistakes in punctuation. So, in a complex sentence, punctuation marks are necessarily placed, denoting the boundaries of the simple sentences that make up their composition. The ability to determine the subject and predicate will help to correctly arrange and in simple sentence, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by the same parts of speech, and in some other cases.

An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to correctly express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main members of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of the sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the proposal, which are subject and predicate . Usually the subject is written out and singled out with one line, and the predicate - with two.

The article answers the most important questions:

How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence?
What members of a sentence make up its grammatical basis?
What is the grammatical basis?

The subject is a word that indicates the subject to which the predicate refers. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is the subject expressed by the noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as a subject.

The subject can be expressed not only by single words, but also by phrases.

The combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case. For example: Katya with Arina love to figure skate.
Pronouns, as well as numerals and adjectives in superlatives.For example: The most daring stepped forward.
A pronoun or noun in the nominative case combined with a participle or adjective. For example: Someone bad tore her album with drawings.
The combination of a numeral in the nominative case and a noun used in genitive case. For example: seven guys went out into the yard.

Interestingly, the subject can be even a phraseological unit.

Predicate

The predicate is related to the subject and answers questions such as “what does the object do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it?”. The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:

Compound predicates

The predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called compound. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.

Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:

Compound nominal predicate may consist of:

The linking verb to be and the short adjective. For example: Today Margarita was especially beautiful.
Verbs to become, to be, to be and other semi-significant verbs in combination with a noun. He finally became a doctor!
Verbs that have the meaning of the state of an object. Marina works as a teacher.
Verb combined with an adjective in different forms.His dog was prettier others.

In a two-part sentence, both main members are present. However, there are also such sentences in which only one is used. main member. They are called singletons.

The subject in one-part sentences is most often a noun in the nominative case.

It can be expressed by means of a verb in its various forms.

In one-component definitely personal sentence, the predicate is expressed by the verb in the first / second person, singular / plural and the present/future tense in the indicative mood, or the verb in the imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch the dirty dog!

In a one-part indefinite-personal predicate, the verb is in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by the verb in the imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call Aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.

AT generalized-personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. This is how they talk to visitors now.

In one-component impersonal the predicate is a third person verb singular and present or future tense. Also, the predicate can be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. Makes me sick. It was getting dark.

It is important to remember that the number of grammatical bases in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis of a complex sentence? The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is as easy to determine as the basis of a simple sentence. The difference is only in their number.

When studying the Russian language, each student sooner or later comes across such a concept as a grammatical basis. What is it? The grammatical basis is the "foundation" of the sentence or its main part, consisting of the subject and the predicate (sometimes the sentence consists of one or another part, that is, the subject or the predicate). In one sentence, one or several grammatical bases can occur.

How to find the grammatical basis

Skills in finding a grammatical basis will help the student to quickly and correctly punctuate and determine its meaning.

The grammatical basis and all its constituent parts can be determined with the help of correctly chosen questions.

To correctly determine the grammatical basis, first read the entire sentence well and try to understand its essence. Conditionally divide the sentence into several parts according to the meaning. Then move on to defining the subject. Please note that some offers do not contain it. In this case, the search for a grammatical basis begins and ends with the search for a predicate. If you have an offer with two constituent parts, then immediately proceed to the definition of the subject. Here you need to be extremely careful, since the correct definition of the grammatical basis as a whole will depend on the definition of the subject.

Then move on to the definition of the predicate. To do this, ask a question from the subject. The predicate characterizes the action of the object, its property, etc.

The dependence of the grammatical basis on the type of sentence

A simple sentence contains only one grammatical basis, while a complex one contains two or more. A one-part sentence contains only one part of the grammatical basis (subject or predicate). In a two-part sentence, both the subject and the predicate occur.

Examples

To better understand the essence of the topic, we give a few examples.

Clouds covered the sun.
In that simple example it is not so difficult to determine the grammatical basis. The subject is the word "clouds". It answers the question "what?". The predicate is the verb "closed", which answers the question "what did you do?". Thus, the grammatical basis is the phrase “clouds closed”.
My aunt was in a hurry to work.
In this case, the subject is "my aunt" and the verb is "in a hurry." So the grammatical basis is "my aunt was in a hurry"
That's how I was taught.
In this case, there is no subject in the basis, there is only the predicate "taught". It will be the grammatical basis.

The grammatical basis is the core of the sentence, the correct definition of which will allow you to correctly identify the remaining members of the sentence, correctly punctuate and determine the meaning of the text.