Nouns that do not have a plural form. Plural

In the lesson, we will learn how to determine the number of nouns, learn about the features of the use of nouns in the plural, about the correct placement of stress. Let's do a lot of interesting tasks.

We speak correctly:

Not boots, boots, boots .

Pair boots, boots, boots .

A lot of places, cases, soldiers, apples .

Not socks , pair socks .

Many kilograms tangerines, oranges, tomatoes .

Let's write sentences, adding letters where necessary.

Bought a pair of noses in the store….

Tanya has a lot to do…..

There are no empty seats on the bus….

There are a lot of tomatoes on the market…. and apples...

There are many soldiers on the parade ....

Examination.

Bought a pair of socks from the store.

Tanya has a lot to do.

There are no empty seats on the bus.

There are many tomatoes and apples in the market.

There are many soldiers on the parade.

Peculiarities of stressing plural nouns

And now let's get acquainted with correct setting stresses in some nouns that are in the plural form.

Rice. 13. We speak correctly! ()

director-director a

Chauffeur - chauffeur yo ry

Cake - t about mouths

To find out how to pronounce a word correctly, you can turn to the spelling dictionary or stress dictionary for help.

There are unusual nouns in Russian. What is their secret?

Let's find out.

Let's look at the pictures.

Let's name the items.

Milk, flour, honey, leaves.

These nouns do not have a plural form.

Let's consider another example.

Let's name the items.

Chess, clocks, glasses, sledges, scissors.

These nouns have no form singular.

We conclude: in Russian there are nouns that do not have a singular or plural form. We will get to know them in more detail in high school.

In this lesson, we learned that nouns change in number. There are two forms of number: singular and plural.

It turns out that in the Old Russian language, in addition to the singular and plural numbers that are familiar to us, there was another number that was used to designate paired objects. This is a dual number. The dual number was used to designate two or paired objects.

For example, eyes, sleeves, shores, horns.

Now this role is played by the plural.

Some nouns have more than one possible forms numbers that differ in meaning:

« leaves" on the tree - " sheets» paper, « teeth» man - « teeth» pitchfork

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. Festival of Pedagogical Ideas " Public lesson" ().
2. Nsportal.ru ().
3. Do.gendocs.ru ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 118, 119 p. 88.
• Divide the nouns from the poem into two columns: singular and plural.

The wind is blowing on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On inflated sails .. (A. Pushkin)

• * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with 2 rebuses or 3 riddles for the singular and plural of a noun.

1. Nouns belong to one of the three childbirth: male, female, average.

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it possessive pronoun my :

my son, my governor, my curtain, my house - masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night - feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal - neuter gender .

In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine).

2. Genus immutable nouns is defined as follows.

The gender of immutable nouns that name people is determined by gender.

Brave hidalgo, exquisite lady.

Nouns denoting professions and occupations are masculine.

Military attache, night porter.

Invariable nouns naming animals are masculine, although they can be used as nouns when referring to a female. female.

Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee nursed her young.

Exceptions: tsetse, iwashi- feminine.

Immutable inanimate nouns are neuter.

Night taxi, tasty stew, new blinds.

Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine) avenue, salami(feminine).

3. special group make up nouns generic, which can represent both male and female people.

What a slut you are! What a slob you are!

General nouns characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characteristic to a person, have the endings -а, -я and belong to the 1st declension.

A slob, a ringleader, a singer, a hard worker, a dirty man, a dude, a drunkard, a sissy, a sleepyhead, a crybaby.

Note!

Some nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to females, they are still nouns male!

4. The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be assigned to any of the three genders.

Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

B) The number of the noun

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing and plural. In the singular form, the noun denotes one object, in the plural form, several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some specific nouns.

Only form singular have:

most real nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

most abstract nouns;

Joy, kindness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

most collective nouns;

Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

most proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural.

Note!

In some cases, nouns that have only the singular form can form plural forms. But such an education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at material

a) types, varieties of substances:

wine - dessert wines, oil - industrial oils;

b) the value of the large area covered by this substance:

water - the waters of the ocean, sand - the sands of the Karakum;

2) at abstract nouns plural form has meaning:

a) various manifestations qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) duration, repetition and degree of manifestation of a sign, state, action:

frost - long frosts, pain - severe pain, cry - screams.

Only form plural have:

some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

• some collective nouns;

  Money, finance, wilds.

some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, the novel "Demons".

words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, tongs.

some names of time intervals.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Note!

For nouns that have only a plural form, not only the gender is not determined, but also the declension!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Note!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends, and ask a question from this word to the noun, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He believed a friend: believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The subject usually has the form I. p., and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.

Wed: I have[who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive, or accusative case, because animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative questions. accusative cases(whom?), while inanimate nouns have the same questions of nominative and accusative cases (what?).

3) If the noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using that preposition.

Wed: He looked into the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in a book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective, a pronoun. Note that the preposition is noun-related, not noun-dependent.

Wed: He quarreled with his friend: quarreled[with whom? with what?] with a friend.

2. Changing nouns in cases and numbers is called declension.

Invariable nouns ( coat, sitro, subway, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) have no declension! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the issue.

He was sitting[in whom? in what?] in coat - singular, prepositional; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat - singular, genitive.

3. The declension of inflected nouns is determined by the form nominative case singular. Most singular nouns fall into three types of declension.

Declension type is determined by initial form(singular, nominative):

4. Ten neuter nouns ending in -my (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, as well as nouns way, child refer to heterogeneous(they have endings of different declensions).

5. The noun man has different roots in singular and plural ( person people), therefore it has different types of declension in singular and plural:

person (singular) - declined as a noun of the 2nd declension;
people (plural) - inflected as a noun of the 3rd declension.

6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by transition from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types of declension. They continue to inflect the way adjectives and participles inflect!

D) Noun declension patterns

1st declension

Note!

Nouns of the 1st declension in -iya (ending -я): army, aria, symphony, Maria and others - in the dative case and the prepositional case of the singular have the ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.

On nouns on -ya (ending -я): Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Mary, about Mary.

2nd declension. masculine

Note!

Nouns of the 2nd declension ending in -й ( null ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in the only prepositional case they have the ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about planetarium.

On nouns on -ey, -ay (zero ending): end, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.

2nd declension. Neuter gender

Inflected nouns

Note!

In oblique cases, nouns ending in -my have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception make up the plural forms of the genitive case of nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.

As you know, English nouns can be either singular or plural. Plural of nouns in English language, as well as in Russian, is used to refer to two or more objects.

Although unions may be good for a worker, singular, they are not always good for workers, plural. Especially when it comes to finding a job.

If unions can be good for the singular worker, they are not always good for the plural worker. Especially when it comes to finding a job.

Plural Rules in English compared to Russian do not require memorization huge amount endings, vowel alternation or consonant dropouts. But, as in any other language, there are exceptions and features of use.

How to correctly add the ending in the plural, which English nouns do not form the plural according to the rules? This article will tell about this and much more.

Plural Formation in English

Reference table: plural formation in English language

As you know, there are many more in the English language than uncountable ones. English countable nouns Countable nouns) can be singular or plural.

Singular(eng. singular) is used to refer to one thing:

a pencil(Russian pencil)

a boy(Russian boy

a house(Russian house)

Plural(eng. plural) means that there are more than one item: two, three, four, many, few, etc:

two pencils(Russian two pencils)

three boys(Russian three boys)

many houses(Russian many houses)

To correctly use a noun in the plural, you need to know the rules of formation, which are not so many.

Plural rules ending -s

Nouns in English form the plural by adding the singular to the form -s endings.

Remember:

Plural majority English nouns formed with the ending -(e)s, which is added to a noun in the singular.

Ending -s can be pronounced like [z] after voiced consonants and vowels or both [s] after voiceless consonants.

Examples of plural formation with the ending -s

However, despite the main ending rule -s for plural, there are small variations of its addition, which are most often associated with facilitating pronunciation or a historically established tradition.

Ending -es in the plural

Nouns that end in the singular in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z (whistling or hissing sounds) form the plural with endings -es to the singular form.

In this case ending -es pronounced like [ɪz] .

Examples of plural formation with the ending -es

Sometimes ending -es confused with ending -s, which is added after the mute –e with a preceding consonant -s, -c, -z, -g. Compare:

Ending -es after -y in plural, examples

If the singular noun ends in consonant + y, then plural the letter -y changes to -i and add an ending -es.

If before -y is a vowel, then the plural is formed by general rule: add ending -s, a letter -y does not change to -i.

Ending -es after -f in plural, examples

Nouns that end in the singular in -f change -f to -v and adding endings -es.

Nouns that end in the singular in -fe, form the plural by change -f to -v and adding -s endings.

However, there are a few nouns that do not fall under this rule: they do not change the letter -f to -v and only add ending -s

Noun scarf(Russian pier) can have two plural forms: wharfs and wharves. Both options are correct.

Ending s or es after -o in plural

Reference table for plural formation of nouns ending in –o

Most of the nouns ending in the singular in - o, form the plural with endings -es.

Some nouns that ending in -o, add only ending -s, that is, follow the general rule:

But there is another group of nouns, ending in -o, which can be pluralized in two ways: by adding endings -s or –es. Here is some of them:

By memorizing these words, you won't panic when Google translator or spelling editor Microsoft Office word will show red errors in the word.

Pronunciation of the ending -es for nouns in English

So you see that most nouns are plural through adding the ending -(e)s.

As you remember, this ending has several pronunciation options, depending on which letter or sound it comes after.

It is important to remember how to pronounce this ending correctly in different words so that your speech resembles that of native speakers.

Plural in English table

The following table will make it easier to remember the plural of nouns:

Plural in English exceptions

Known English proverb“There’s a black sheep in every flock”

Some nouns do not form the plural according to the general rule - with the help of endings -s, but by changing the root vowels or adding atypical endings.

Such words are sometimes called irregular nouns. Let's take a closer look at the exceptions in the formation of the plural of nouns.

Plural Exclusion Words for Nouns

Among the exception words, you can find some small patterns.

1. Nouns change root vowel, the pronunciation of the plural noun also changes accordingly.

Usually a word "people"(Russian people) is used as the plural of the word "person" - one person- one man, three people- three persons.

Sometimes a word "people"(Russian people) are used when talking about a people, and the word "peoples"- to refer to different peoples. And sometimes in official communication or on signs there is a word "persons" .

2. Added in plural ending -en instead of -s, sometimes with root vowel change

3. Some nouns do not change the singular form plural, pronunciation too

Word fish(Russian fish) is a special word. This noun has the same singular and plural forms: one fish, five fish.

There is also a form fishes, but it has a different meaning, more than one type or kind: fish- for one type, fishes- for different types.

Plural loanwords in English

Plural nouns in English: all the exceptions.

As you saw from the table “Plural Formation of Nouns”, many English words of foreign origin form the plural not according to the rules.

For example, borrowings of Greek pronunciation retained the plural form of their native language:

Special cases of plural nouns

• Noun penny(Russian penny) has a plural form pence when it comes to money. When individual coins are meant, the form is used pennies.

• Nouns dozen(Russian dozen, ten) and score(Russian twenty) have the same form for singular and plural if they come after numerals: two dozen eggs(Russian two dozen eggs) and two score (of) years(Russian forty years). When these nouns are used without a numeral, they form the plural with the addition -s endings.

• Nouns works(Russian plant) and means(Russian means) have the same form for singular and plural.

• Unlike the Russian language, nouns gate(Russian gate), sledge(Russian sleigh), watch(rus. wrist watch), clock(rus. Wall Clock) in English can be used in the singular and plural.

• Nouns export(Russian export) and import(Russian import) are used in the plural form when it comes to the quantity and value of exported or imported goods. In the plural they add ending -s. When it comes to the process of export or import, the singular form is used.

It should be noted that ending -s does not always denote the multiplication of objects; often the noun formed by him acquires a new sense of singular. Closest example: word- word, words- words (plural), but also: conversation, speech, quarrel, quarrel (singular).

Plural in compound nouns

Compound or compound nouns are made up of two or more words, usually nouns. These words have special rules for the formation of the plural.

Rule 1

In compound nouns that are written together accepts only the second word.

Rule 2

In compound nouns that written with a hyphen, the plural form usually takes on the key meaning word.

Rule 3

If the first element man/woman, then plural both sides will change :

Rule 4

If in compound noun missing nouns, that is, it consists of verbs, particles or adjectives), then ending -s, usually, added to the last element

Instead of a conclusion:

As you can see, the rules for plural formation in English are not that complicated. They can tell you more about them, and in order to remember them better, we recommend doing a few plural exercises right now.

These are countable items. They can be used in combination with Such nouns have the forms of both numbers: both singular and plural: table - tables, school desk - desks, cloud - clouds. These forms have different endings and are combined in different ways with other parts of speech.

Meaning of plural forms of nouns

If the singular number is used to denote a single item from a number of similar ones, then the plural denotes a set of homogeneous items.

The mechanism of plural formation

Nouns used only in the plural

In contrast to nouns that do not form a plural, there are words in the language that exist only in the form of a plural. These are nouns

abstract (twilight, holidays);

real (cream, cabbage soup);

the names of some chess);

items that include several parts (scissors, trousers, jeans, scales, etc.).

By numbers, mostly countable nouns change. Uncountable nouns, as a rule, are used only in the singular form:

sugar - sugar, love - love, friendship - friendship.

They are used in the plural only when the variety of species, concepts expressed by them is meant, or when they are used in another sense in which they are already countable. For example:

air - air, movement - movement (as general concept), music - music, milk - milk, knowledge - knowledge, hair - hair (on a person's head).

BUT: air - aria, melody - "airs - arias, melodies, movement - movement (for example, political or in dance) -> movements - movements (the same), hair - hair -" hairs - hairs, etc.

The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding the ending -s to the singular form:

book - book -» books - books, day - day -> days - days, house - house -> houses - houses.

Reading the ending "-s":

after voiceless consonants - [s]: books
after voiced consonants and vowels - [z]: friends, days
after hissing and whistling (-es) - : boxes [‘boksiz]

Exception l. Nouns ending in the singular with letters o, s, ss, sh, ch, x(hissing and whistling, as they are called), in the plural they have an ending -es:

hero - hero ->heroes - heroes, kiss - kiss -> kisses - kisses, brush - brush-> brushes - brushes, bench - bench -> benches - benches, box - box -> boxes - boxes.

BUT: In words of foreign origin ending in o, in the plural, only the ending is added to the noun -s:

piano - grand piano -> pianos - grand pianos, photo - photography -» photos - photos.

Exception 2. Nouns ending in y with a preceding consonant have the y omitted and the ending added instead -ies, which reads [-iz]:

country [‘kAntri] - country -> countries - countries, city - city cities- cities, family - family families- families.

BUT: If there is a vowel before y, then the plural is formed according to the general rule, i.e. by adding the ending -s:

day - day - "days - days, boy - boy -" boys - boys.

3. Twelve nouns ending in -f or -fe, in the plural lose these letters. Instead of -f or -fe, the ending is added -ves. These are nouns:

wife - wife, life - life, knife - knife, wolf - wolf, self - essence, human appearance, calf - calf, shelf - shelf, leaf - leaf (plant), loaf - loaf (bread), thief - thief, half - half, sheaf - pack (of paper), etc.

For example: wife - wife - "wives - wives, knife - knife -> knives - knives, shelf - shelf -> shelves - shelves.

4. Some nouns form the plural by changing the root vowel:

man - man -> men - men, woman - woman - "women - women, foot - leg feet - legs, tooth - tooth -" teeth - teeth.
HO: child - child -> children - children.

5. For compound nouns, the plural is formed by adding the ending -s to the second word:

armchairs - armchairs, bookcases - bookcases.

BUT: If these words are combined by a preposition, then the first word is put in the plural: sisters-in-law- daughters-in-law.

Words borrowed from Greek or Latin, form the plural form according to the rules of these languages:

appendix - application -» appendices - applications (to the book), crisis - crisis -> crises - crises, basis - base, bases - bases, radius - radius -> radii - radii.

Nouns used only in the singular

1. Uncountable nouns (both real and abstract) are usually used only in the singular:

   iron - iron, salt - salt, milk - milk, sugar - sugar, love - love.

2. Nouns advice (advice, advice), information (message, information), progress (success, success), knowledge (knowledge) are used only in the singular.

   He gave me some good advice. He gave me some good advice.
   My coach was satisfied with my progress. My coach was pleased with my progress

3. Nouns news (news, news), money (money), fruit (fruits, fruits) are used in the singular. But, for example, to designate various kinds fruits, the plural is used - fruits.

   What is the news? What's the news?
   It's his money. This is his money.
   Fruit is cheap in autumn. Fruit is cheap in autumn.

4. Among countable nouns, there are those that are used only (or mostly) in the singular form. These are the names of some animals, objects, etc.:

   two sheep - two sheep, six fish - six fish, ten swine - ten pigs, five deer - five deer.