How to distinguish the genitive case. Nominative and accusative cases of nouns

In Russian, the forms of inanimate nouns of the second and third declensions in the nominative and accusative cases are the same. In order not to be mistaken in their definition, one must remember that nouns in the nominative case always act as the main member of the sentence, more often the subject, and accusative always indicates the dependence of the noun on the main word, that is, the noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence.
For example:
The ax cuts - chips fly. (Axe, chips - I.p.)
If you take an ax in your hands, remember that you will have to collect chips. (axe, chips - V.P.)

According to the terminology accepted in Russian linguistics, the accusative case is a "morphologically weakly independent case". The complexity of its definition arises only when compared with the nominative and genitive. If in doubt, you should use the proven school method: put a case question to the noun:
(see) who? - teacher, mother, elephant, mouse (V. p.);
(see) what? - tree, bench, reeds, balcony (V.p.).
The nominative and accusative cases are also distinguished by the presence of prepositions, the use of which is possible only in oblique cases.
For example:
The bridge was built according to modern engineering design. (What? - bridge, I. p.)
It was not easy to cross the bridge. (Through what? - across the bridge - V.p.)

Findings site

1. The nouns in these case forms perform different syntactic functions: in the nominative case - the role of the subject, in the accusative - the object.
2. Questions of the nominative case - who? what?
   questions of the accusative case - whom? what?
3. Nouns in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative case, they have prepositions in, on, for, through.

What case is needed for negation?

A noun referring to a negative verb can be either genitive or accusative, for example: did not read this article did not read this article. The difficulty lies in the fact that in some cases one or another case is preferred, while in others there is an equal possibility of using both the genitive and accusative cases.

When is parenting needed?

When combined with a verb not have: not It has rights, values, meaning, intentions, concepts, influence; not It has at home, of money, cars, brother, friend, information.

In the presence of words no, nobody's neither one : did not take any responsibility, did not lose a single gram, did not read a single article.

With verbs of perception, thought: did not understand the question, did not know the lesson, did not feel pain, did not notice the mistake, did not see the road sign.

If the noun has an abstract meaning: does not waste time, does not feel desire, does not hide joy.

If a pronoun is used as a dependent word: I will not allow it; don't do that.

If there are amplifying particles before the verb or immediately before the name and, even : Departed per shopping threesome, but Lube and the words to tell not succeeded, old men themselves all chose(Ketl.); Arms tremble and not are holding even bowls With medicine - not keep them and books(Sart.); On the sidewalks closely, but nobody you not will push, nobody neither With by whom not quarrel, not hear even loud the words(gas.)

If there is a repeating unionno no: does not read books or newspapers.

notplays roles, not produces impression, not draws attention, not paying attentionnot brings damage, not attaches values, no doubt, does not participate etc. And also: not speaking (not saying) bad the words; not reduce eye With whom-what-l.; not find yourself places; whip butt not get over it.

When is the accusative case needed?

If negation not stands not with a verb, but with another word:I don’t really like poetry, I don’t always read books, I didn’t quite master the subject(cf .: I love poetry, but not very much; reads books, but not always; mastered the subject, but not completely).

If the verb, in addition to this noun, must have one more dependent noun or adjective: he doesn't find the book interesting; did not read the article in the evening; did not provide the region with electricity; Is you not think this practice useful?

If the noun refers to an infinitive separated from a negated verb by another infinitive: he doesn't want to start writing memoirs(cf. he doesn't want to write a memoir and memoirs).

If there are pronouns in the sentence that indicate the definiteness of the object: This song not strangle, not kill; he didn't solve the problem(cf.: he did not solve problems); Rostov, not wanting impose his acquaintance, not went in house(L. Tolst.).

When present after a noun subordinate clause with the word which the : He didn't read the book I gave him..

With an animate noun or with a proper name: So time my conduction I not I love Lesnaya street(Paust.); But Surovtsev already understood, what leave, not having seen Faith, not in forces(Chuck.).

If negation is part of the particle barely not, a little not, a little-a little not: Barely not dropped cup; a little not missed tram; a little It was not lost ticket.

In properly negative sentences likeno one show work; nowhere publish article.

In some stable combinations: Not fool to me head; Not rock teeth.

In other cases, nouns in the constructions described can usually be used in the form of both the genitive and the accusative.

What case was used earlier in these constructions - genitive or accusative?

Previously, with negative verbs, it was almost always used Genitive. "Russian Grammar" writes: "The single old norm of the obligatory genitive case for verbs with negation in modern language under the influence colloquial speech is not maintained: in many cases, the use of the accusative case is not only preferred, but also the only correct one.

The strict obligatory nature of the genitive case with a negative verb was questioned already in the 19th century. Objecting to criticism, A.S. Pushkin wrote: “The verse “I don’t want to quarrel for two centuries” seemed wrong to the critics. What does grammar say? That a real verb ruled by a negative particle no longer requires the accusative, but the genitive case. For example me not writing poems. But in my verse the verb quarrel not controlled by a particle not, and the verb want. Ergo rule does not fit here. Take, for example, the following sentence: I not I can let you start writing ... poetry, and certainly not poems. Is it possible that the electrical force of the negative particle must pass through all this chain of verbs and resonate in the noun? I don’t think” (from the article “Refutation of Critics”, 1830).

References:

Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. -3rd ed., ster. M., 2008.

Russian Grammar / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1980.

The accusative case is used in combinations of words and sentences only with verbs or with its forms, such as participle or gerund. And also the accusative case answers the questions: “What?” and "Who?". Most often it is used as an expression of a direct object of action: I write a text, play football, build a house and similar phrases. More about the accusative case and its differences from the genitive will be written in this article.

Such a case can mean absolutely different meanings . Accusative:

1. (Time) - the time of the action that has already been completed: walk every morning.
2. (Quantities) - the quantitative side of the verbal action: cost thirty rubles.
3. (Measures) - a measure of time or space: walk a hundred steps.
4. (Object) - the object on which the action is directed: open the door.
5. (Result) - an object - the result of an action: cook soup.

If you remember the questions of the accusative case "Whom?" or “What?”, you will have no difficulty in identifying it.

What endings can the accusative case have?

By questions of case, you can determine the end of the word.

The accusative case has the following endings:

1. The noun that is in singular: dog, door, table, computer, road, car.
2. accusative case in plural: dogs, doors, tables, computers, roads, cars.
3. In the singular, the adjective and participle end: round and round, round, round; hard and hard, hard, hard, doggy and doggy, doggy, doggy.

What prepositions are used

This form of the word is combined with many prepositions., complex and simple. In the event that the word is combined with such prepositions as: with, on, for, in or under (simple), then it determines some meaning. The definition can be by purpose, cause, time, property, state, etc. Together with a simple preposition, such words can have completely different meanings: pick berries, swim along the river, play hide and seek, and so on, that is, have an objective meaning. Also, the word can carry the completion of information.

When complete sentences, in which there are simple prepositions, phrases act in a completely different meaning. For example, the phrase indicates a predicative meaning (reward for participation). And it can also spread the offer (there is a school not far from home; the long-awaited holidays are coming in the summer.) Together with the prepositions “under”, “for”, inaccurate facts are expressed (she is about twenty, he is under thirty).

Even such nouns are combined with compound prepositions (not paying attention to, after a day).

The difference between the accusative and the genitive

In order not to get confused when determining the case, you need to understand that for each option there is an individual question that is important to ask correctly.

If you ask a key question and find a matching option, then you can easily determine whether the word is in the genitive or accusative case. A word in the genitive case often refers to the relationship of an object to something, the relationship between wholes and parts, the description of an object in comparison with another object, the object that is influenced, and the like. These nouns must answer the questions "what" and "whom". Finding out the case of a noun, focusing only on the ending or meaning is quite difficult, as there are many nuances and you can make a mistake.

In such variants, even the endings of words sometimes coincide. Most often, you can make a mistake if you need to determine the form of an animate noun. In the event that it is rather difficult to understand the form with the question “whom”, then it is necessary to mentally replace the animate word with the inanimate. Put the question in the accusative form “I see what?”, And in the genitive - “there is nothing?”. If the noun whose form needs to be clarified turns out to be the same as in the nominative case, then this will mean that it is in the accusative.

The next way to distinguish accusative and genitive form. In the event that you need to determine the case form of an inanimate noun, then put the necessary question that needs to be answered. For example: I am carrying (what?) a package, I am looking (at what?) at the package. In the second version, the word is in the genitive case.

If the noun is animated, has a second declension and a masculine gender, then it is enough to replace it with any word of the first declension and pay attention to the ending. For example: I see a cat - I see a dog: the ending -y denotes the genitive case; no cat - no dog: ending -i - accusative).

In the event that the animate noun is plural, then it must be mentally changed to any inanimate that answers the question “what?” (I love horses - I love (what?) clothes - accusative; I love the beauty of horses - I love the beauty of clothes - genitive).

It is important to pay attention to the fact that in Russian there are many words that do not decline (coat, metro, and others). In all cases, they remain unchanged.

There is a chance that the methods described above will not help. You should always check the case by asking the key question to avoid mistakes.

Video

From this video you will get additional information on the topic "Accusative case of nouns".

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There are six cases in Russian, each of which has its own meaning. Each case has its own questions, which makes it much easier to determine the case. Often there are questions about how to distinguish two cases from each other. The following tips will help you cope with this task.

Get to know cases in primary school, at this age, the emphasis should be on questions, auxiliary words and prepositions. And the difficulty in determining the accusative and genitive cases sometimes coincide, so in their definition one should not use only this principle.

Case signs

Endings matter. So, nouns in the genitive case (R. p.) have the following endings:

• -i, -s - in the 1st declension;
• -a, -z - in the 2nd declension;
• -i - in the 3rd declension.

The ending of nouns in the accusative case (V. p.):

• y, -y - in the 1st declension;
• a, -z - in the 2nd declension;
• in the 3rd declension.

Questions will help determine the case. In the genitive case - whom? and what? In the accusative - whom? and what? To make it easier to determine, auxiliary words are added:

• in the genitive case - there is no (whom? what?) computer;
• in the accusative case - I see (whom? what?) a computer.

Comparative table of genitive and accusative cases

How to determine the case

You should use a step-by-step memo to determine the case:

• Define animate/inanimate.
• Ask appropriate questions (when asking questions, it is easier to use questions in pairs - who? what? and who? what?, since they are the same for animate nouns).
• Determine compatibility with auxiliary words (no, I see).
• If it is necessary to replace words and, by analogy, determine the case.

So, replacement is necessary in several cases. Animated nouns male 2nd declension have the same forms in R. p. and V. p. (student's portfolio and know the student).

Trick: in order not to be mistaken, you should replace it with any word of the 1st declension (student's portfolio and I know the student). In this case, “student” is R. p., and “student” is V. p. It will be the same with the word “student”.

In the plural, the forms of animate nouns also coincide (books of students and I know students). To do this, they should be replaced with an inanimate noun in the plural (books of libraries and I know libraries). "Libraries" - R. p., and "libraries" - V. p.). Similarly with the word "disciples".

Meaning of cases

The rule says that the genitive case means:

• belonging to someone or something (for example, a man's car);
• the ratio of the whole and the separate part (class of the school);
• displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another attribute (the result of a survey);
• the object of influence, if there is a negative verb (does not drink milk);
• the object of influence, if there is a verb of desire, removal or intention (avoid punishment);
• comparison ( faster than the river);
• object of measurement, date or account (a glass of juice).

The accusative case means:

• transition of an action to an object (for example, to read a book);
• transmission of temporal and spatial relationships (study all day, run a kilometer);
• dependence on the adverb (sorry for the bird).

There are a number of tasks to consolidate the material: exercises for comparison, transformation, distribution, and others.

Instruction

In order to determine case names, it is necessary, first of all, to raise a question to . Nominative words case y, to the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked WHO? or WHAT ?, then before you is a noun used in the form of an accusative case a.

Determine what the noun is. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the form of a nominative case a. Accusative case om denotes a word that is a secondary member in a sentence, a direct object. For example, invite the children to identify case in this proposal.
The girl writes. Ask them to put questions, determine which member of the sentence they are. They should come up with the following result. The word "girl" answers the question WHO ?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word "letter" is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and hence is used in the accusative case e.

Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the circumstance whether a noun is used with or without it. Words in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative - they have the prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

It is also worth while defining case and compare endings in . So, in the names of nouns of the first declension there will be endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case a. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. For example, in the noun of the first declension "wall" the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" U. So he has an accusative case.

The case indicates the role of the word in the sentence. You can use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case her.

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks of the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question each of the cases answers.

Instruction

case nominative- the initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, mom, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?”. This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". As funny as it may sound, this is how the question should be asked. A number of questions coincide, therefore, some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun matches, so the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), and crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Related videos

Useful advice

Even if a case question does not match the meaning of a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Related article

Sources:

• School experience
• cases example words

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

• Knowledge of the Russian language school curriculum, nouns in accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

Six are distinguished: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?), since the same questions are asked for animated objects: "whom?".

Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: "no what?" (for the genitive) and "see what?" (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it is accusative. For example: a small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to arrange endings, substitute the word "cat" or any other word for the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Determine the case depending on the ending. For example: pride in a teacher is an accusative case, because, substituting the word "cat" for a noun, we get: pride in a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in . Genitive, as a rule, the ratio of part and whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used when comparing ( prettier than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work a week), the transition from action to an object (drive a car).

Use the same methods for indeclinables. For example: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

note

The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Useful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

• Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of the noun

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, therefore, to determine the case, it is necessary to set to the word being checked right question.

Instruction

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this the words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case, they answer the question "who?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "is" can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?) . The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / what?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and are combined with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, the following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word "I think".

To determine the case, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear” The noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, so the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” and what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction

In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which you will get the corresponding one. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (a week, a kilometer walk); the transition of the action completely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely accusative as a dependence on (offensive for a friend).

However, even by rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, Which is the same as, substitute instead