Types of conjugation in Latin. Getting ready for the exam

Seminar-practical lesson No. 3

Verb. Four conjugations of Latin verbs. Imperative mood. Subjunctive mood in the recipe.

The verb in Latin, as well as in Russian, changes in persons, numbers, tenses and moods.

The verb has 3 persons, two numbers, six tenses (we only need the present tense), three moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive; 2 voices: active (genus activum) voice and passive (genus passivum)

Valid: when the action is performed by the person himself.

For example: A doctor treats a patient.

Passive: when the action on 1 person comes from another person.

For example: A patient is being treated by a doctor.

The verb has 2 persons: singular and plural:

numerus singularis (sing).

numerus pluralis (pl.)

The verb is conjugated by 3 persons singular and plural. But the peculiarity is that personal pronouns are not put with verbs in Latin. How to determine the number? - at the end (and are called personal endings). Therefore, the person of verbs is determined by the personal endings of the active and passive voices. The endings are the same for the verbs of all conjugations.

Personal endings



1. –o		1. – or
2. -s		2. – ris
3. -t		3. -tur

For the verb headset.

There are 4 conjugations in Latin. The belonging of the verb to one or another conjugation is determined by the end of the indefinite form - re and the nature of the stem.

I – ā re dare- give, issue (give), signare - designate

II – ē re miscere - to mix

III – ĕ re(ĕ - a connecting vowel, does not refer to the stem or the ending) recipĕre - to take

IV – ī re audire - listen, hear

To find the stem of a verb, you need to have verbs 1, 2, 4 conjugations, discard the ending - re, in the indefinite form of the verb, and 3 discard conjugations –ĕ re, because . ĕ - connecting vowel.

On the desk:

I conjugation, the verb ends in –a (stem) da, signa.

II - e (base) misce

III acc. recipe sound

To conjugate a verb, you need to substitute the personal endings of the active and passive voices to the stem of the verb. Only in verbs of I conjugation, the personal ending -o will merge with the final a (from the stem) o + a = o

In other cases, there are no changes.

In dictionaries verbs are given in the initial form, i.e. in 1 person singular numbers of the active voice and separated by a comma, the ending of the indefinite form with the end of the stem and the numerical designation of the conjugation are given.

Open a dictionary and look.

Dare, do, are, - 1 - give, issue

Miscere, misceo, ere, - 2 - mix

Recipere, recipio, ere, 3 - take

Audire, audio, ire, 4 - listen.

For example: curo, are, 1 - curare (you need to translate into an indefinite form, find the basis and only then conjugate)

Imperative mood.

When writing a prescription, the doctor uses concise verb formulas in the imperative mood.

recipe. Take it.

Misce. Mix.

Sterilĭ sa! Sterilize!

Da. Give, give.

Signa(Designate.)

Greeting: Be healthy. Live healthy (lit.) Vive vale! Hello, goodbye!

I to you: Vivite valete!

The use of the subjunctive mood in the recipe.

In addition to the forms of the imperative mood, the forms of the Latin subjunctive mood of the passive voice, which have almost the same meaning, can be used.

Misceā tur. Let it be mixed. (Mix.)

Sterilisē tur! Let it be sterilized! (Sterilize!)

Detur. Let it be given out (Give out.)

Denturtalesdosesnumĕ ro... Let such doses be given out in number ... (Give out such doses in number ...)

signē tur. Let it be marked. (Designate.)

Recipes often contain formulas containing the subjunctive mood of the verb turn out, which is translated into Russian using the particle let:

fiat- 3 l. units h - let it work.

Mn. number: fiant- let it happen.

Misce, fiat pasta. Mix to make a paste.

Ut fiat - to make it happen (subordinate clause of purpose).

Misce, ut fiat pasta Mix to make a paste.

Misce, fiant suppository. Mix to make candles.

Misce, ut fiant suppository. Mix to make candles.

Qui querit, reperit - Who seeks - finds.

Veni, vidi, vici - came, saw, conquered (Julius Caesar)

Homework: learn the material from the abstract. Additionally read: § 11, 13, 15, 17, 20 (Gorodkova Yu.G. Latin language. ROSTOV-on-Don, 2007) Complete tasks § 12, 14 (MF). Learn vocabulary topic 4 (Shadrina Yu.V. Fundamentals of the Latin language. Practicum, KSU named after N.F. Katanov, 2010)

test questions

The Latin verb is characterized by the following concepts:

modus - inclination;
tempus - time;
genus - pledge;
numrus - number: singulris - singular, plurlis - plural;
persona - person;
conjugation - conjugation.

The mood of the verb characterizes the relation of action to reality. The indicative mood (mMdus indicat + vus), or the indicative - is used if the action actually happened, is happening or will happen ( I walked, I walk, I will walk).

The voice of the verb shows whether someone (something) performs the action himself, or it is performed on him. The active voice of the verb (genus activum) is used when a person or object independently performs an action: Workers build a house(active pledge).

The face of the verb shows who is doing the action:

first person (persMna pr + ma) - the action is performed by the speaker or those with whom he unites himself: I walk, we walk ;

second person (persMna secknda) - actions are performed by the interlocutor (interlocutors): you walk, you walk;

third person (persMna tertia) - the action is performed by one or those who are not participating in the conversation: he, she, it walks, they walk .

Bases of the Latin verb (general information). Infection basis

The Latin verb has 5 tenses. Different tenses of verbs (more precisely, temporary forms) are formed from different stems of the same verb (these stems can differ in vowel alternation, addition of suffixes, etc.). One of these foundations is the basis of infection.

The basis of the infect serves to form forms of different tenses with the meaning of an action unfinished in time ( infectus - "unfinished ").

4 Latin verb conjugations

There are 4 conjugations in Latin. They differ in the final sound of the stem, to which the personal endings of the verb are attached. The Latin verb forms a significant part of temporary forms, like Russian: endings are added to the stem of the verb (the so-called personal endings, because the forms of 1, 2 and 3 persons differ in them).

In verbs of I conjugation, the stem of the infect ends in;

at II conjugation - on;

in III conjugation - into a consonant or into m ;

at IV conjugation - on + .

Among the forms formed from the stem of the infect are infinit+vus praesentis act+vi (the indefinite form of the present tense of the active voice), as well as praesens indicat+vi act+vi (the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice).

Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi

Infinit + vus praesentis act + vi is translated into Russian with an indefinite form of the verb (for example ., walk). It is formed from the base of the infection with the help of the ending - re :

I ref. orn-re decorate

II ref. doc-re teach

III ref. a connecting vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending:

III ref. tag--re cover

statu--re install

IV ref. aud+-re listen

NB: It is necessary to distinguish between the infinitives of verbs of II and III conjugations: in II sp. long and, therefore, stressed, in III sp. short and, therefore, the stress falls on the previous syllable: docre, but Tegre .

Exercise 1

Praesens indication+vi act+vi

N.B. The names of tenses should be memorized in full, tk. all characteristics are important.

Praesens indicat+vi act+vi corresponds in meaning to Russian present tense. It is formed from the base of the infect with the help of personal endings of the active voice:

Personal endings of the active voice:

Latin verb conjugation in praesens indicativi activi:

Notes on the table:

For verbs I sp. in the form of 1 l. units h. stem vowel merged with ending about :

orn-o -> orno

For verbs IV sp. in the form of 3 l. plural a connecting vowel u is inserted between the stem and the ending: aud+-u-nt .

For verbs III ref.:

· in the form of 1 l. unit the ending is attached directly to the base. The connecting vowel is missing: tag-o ;

In all other forms (except for 3 l. plural) a connecting vowel i is inserted between the base and the ending: tag-i-s, tag-i-t etc.;

in 3 l. plural a connecting vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending m(as in IV conjugation): tag-u-nt .

Dictionary form of verbs

As mentioned above, the type of conjugation of a verb is determined by what sound its infect stem ends with. In practice, the basis of the infect can be obtained by discarding the ending from the form infinit + vus praesentis act + vi -re :

orn-re, the foundation - orn -

Or from the form of 1 l. unit praesens indicat + vi act + vi - ending about :

tag-o, the foundation - tag -.

However, according to one of these forms, it is not always possible to determine the basis of the infection (cf.: 1 l unit praes. ind. act. from orre - orn-o but base - orn; inf. praes. act. - tag--re, but discarding re, we get tag- and the base - tag -).

Therefore, in order to accurately determine the type of conjugation of the verb, it is necessary to know both of these forms: 1 l. units h. praesens ind. act. in dictionaries it is indicated first, inf. praes. act. - last. (The dictionaries also indicate other forms of verbs; see the lecture about them).

If the form is 1 l. units h. praesens indicat + vi act + vi differs from other forms of the verb indicated in the dictionary only by the final part, then only their final elements are given in the dictionary - those that carry the difference: orno, re. Instead of orno, ornare before getting acquainted with other basics, we will consider the dictionary form of the verbs: orno, re decorate .

The verb sum, esse be. Praesens indicativi of the verb esse

Verb sum, esse be- one of the most common Latin verbs. Its present tense forms are formed from different bases:

sing.	plur.

NB: Latin personal forms of verbs, unlike Russian ones, carry a clearly expressed meaning of person and number. Therefore, personal pronouns in the form N. sing. (i.e. in the role of the subject) are usually not used (see the lecture about their use.), And the verbs should be translated into Russian "together" with the pronoun corresponding to its person and number:

orno - I decorate

ornas - you decorate etc.

Exercise 2

Verbs of III conjugation in -io

Verbs III conjugations on - io(or verbs of III conjugation) end in 1 liter. units h. praes. ind. act. on the - io(hence the name). Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi ends in -ere (as with all verbs of III Sp.). In praes. ind. act. they have the following conjugation system:

capio, re take

sing	pl

Formally, the verbs of the III conjugation change in the same way as the verbs of the IV conjugation, but for the verbs of the IV sp. sound + before the end is long, stressed, and for verbs of III conjugation - short, unstressed: aud+mus, but capmus .

Verbs III ref. on the - io few, but they are very useful. The most common of them should be memorized:

capio, re - take
facio, re - to do
fugio, re - to run
jacio, re - to throw(not to be confused with jaceo, ere lie)
conspicio, re - to survey .

Exercise 3

General information about the Latin noun

The Latin noun is characterized by the following concepts:

genus - gender (not to be confused with genus - voice of the verb):

o mascul + num - male (indicated by the letter m)

o femin + num - feminine (indicated by the letter f)

o neutrum - medium (indicated by the letter n),

numrus - number

casus - case

There are 6 cases in Latin:

Nominat + vus (N) - Nominative case, nominative.
Genit + vus (G) - Genitive case, genitive.
Dat + vus (D) - Dative case, dative.
Accusat + vus (Acc) - Accusative case, accusative.
Ablat + vus (Abl) - Ablative.
Vocat + vus (V) - Vocative case, vocative.

The meaning of the Latin ablative includes the meaning of the Russian instrumental prepositional case, as well as, in part, the genitive. When characterizing a noun in the form of an ablative, it is necessary to call the case exactly "ablative", and not try to give a Russian analogue.

The vocative is used when addressing someone. In modern Russian, the vocative has been lost, but in Old Russian it was present; remnants of it were preserved in the form of words father! God! God! and etc.

In the form vocat + vus, almost all words coincide with the form nominat + vus (the exception is the words II cl. on - us, about which see below), so it is necessary to distinguish between them: filia cantat - daughter sings and Filia mea! O my daughter!

I and II declensions of nouns

In the Latin language of noun declensions, the I declension includes nouns ending in the form nominat + vus singulris with a. It:

 Feminine nouns: terra earth ;

 masculine nouns with the meaning of males (including names): nauta sailor, Catil+na Catilina(name of an ancient Roman statesman).

The basis of words I skl. ends with a.

NB: the gender of a Latin noun and the corresponding Russian noun may not match! (this is typical for all declensions): Silva(f)- forest(masculine).

The II declension includes:

masculine words ending in N. sing with -um: bellum war .

masculine vir husband, man, person .

Exceptions:

Names of trees, countries, cities, islands (peninsulas) belonging to class II. and ending in N. sing on -us, are feminine: laurus (f) laurel, Corynthus (f) Corinth(name of a Greek city) Aegyptus (f) Egypt .

Word humus soil, earth- female.

Word vulgus mob, crowd- neuter.

The stem of the II declension ends in M .

Notes on the table

Word vir husband, man, person leans like this: G. sing. viri, D. sing. viro etc. Vocat+vus is the same as the nominative.

The concept of an ending (the endings are separated in the table by hyphens) is rather conditional in this case, since the final sound of the stem (directly or having changed) enters the endings. Thus, saying, for example, that the stem of the I declension ends in, we mean that this is manifested in the endings of the case forms of words of the I declension (and not that case endings are attached to the stem on).

As can be seen from the table, declensions I and II were historically characterized by the same endings, the differences between them come from the subsequent merging of endings and stems.

Analogies in the endings of I and II declensions:

ending G. pl. at I skl. - rum, at II sk. - Mrum. D.pl. = Abl. pl.; in both declensions this form ends in -is .

Acc. pl. in I skl. ends with -as, in the second -os .

Accusat + vus singulris for words of I and II declensions (and for all Latin words, except for words of the middle gender of III and IV declensions) ends in m: terram, lupum etc.

Ablat + vus singulris of both declensions is the basis of the inflected words "in its pure form" (ending, respectively, in - and on -M).

Genit+vus sing. = nominate+vus plur. (except for the words of the second declension of the middle gender).

This is an ancient ending, which, due to the common origin of Latin and Russian words, cf. gender of both languages: compare window(cf.): I.p. plural window; V.p. plural window .

Words II cl. masculine on - us form vocat+vus sing. ends with: lupus(N. sing.) - loop(V. sing.).

Proper names have the II declension ending in N. sing. on the - ius, as well as the words filius son and genius(in meaning guardian spirit) Voc. sing. ends with i : Ovidius Ovid(name of a Roman poet) - Ov-di, filius-fili .

Exercise 4

Most nouns II cl. on the - er have a fluent vowel: in oblique cases it disappears: N. sing. ag e r- G. sing. agriculture(cf. Rus. wet e p - wind). However, there is a small group of words in which the declension is preserved (cf. Rus. vech e r - vech e ra): these are the words

puer(G. sing. puri) - boy
socer(G. sing. socri) - father-in-law
vesper(G. sing. vespri) - evening
generation(G. sing. genri) - son-in-law

NB: short, so the accent in indirect cases is placed on the 3rd syllable from the end: puri, puro etc. (Besides puerMrum).

Formally D. sing. and Abl. sing. words of the II declension are the same, but they differ in the length / brevity of the final about: D. sing. ends in O (short), Abl. sing. - on M (long).

Exercise 5. Exercise 6

Dictionary form of nouns

In Latin, it is not uncommon for nouns belonging to different types of declension to have the same endings in N. sing. (for example, lupus - wolf II declension, tempus time- III fold. , a fructus fruit- IV fold.). Therefore, to determine the type of declension of a word, along with the form N. sing., it is also necessary to know the form G. sing. ending G. sing. differ in words of all declensions (each declension has its own ending G. sing.). End G. sing. is a practical sign of declination; for example, words of the I declension end in G. sing. on -ae, II declension - on i.

The system of case endings of a word is also influenced by its gender (cf.), which should also be remembered.

Thus, in order to correctly decline the word, you need to know:

 its form N. sing.

 form G. sing.

All these three elements are reflected in the dictionary form of nouns. In addition, it includes the Russian translation of the word: lac, lactis n milk(this word is III cl.).

If the form G. sing. differs from the form N. sing. only the ending, then the word is written like this: terra, ae f earth (ae- ending G. sing.). The entry is read as follows: "terra, terre, femininum" (the form G. sing. and the designation of the genus are reproduced in full).

If the form G. sing. has some other differences from N. sing. (except for the ending), then the final part of the form G. sing., which has undergone changes, or the entire word in G. sing. : consuetkdo, tud-nis f habit; lex, legis f law .

Nouns only singular and only plural

In Latin, as in Russian, there are nouns that have only the singular form (including a significant part of proper names): Ovidius, ii m Ovid, or just the plural: liberi, Mrum m children; castra, mrum n(military) camp. Unlike the Russian language, words that have only plural forms have a gender (see examples) that affects their case endings: N. sing. castr(n), but libri(m).

Adjectives I and II declensions. Dictionary form of adjectives
I - II declensions

Like Russian, Latin adjectives change by gender. There is a large group of adjectives that are inflected in the masculine and neuter forms according to the second declension, and in the feminine form according to the first declension. N. sing. such masculine adjectives end in - us or - r, in the female - on - a, on average - on -um: bonus, bona, bonum good, good, good.

In the dictionary, these adjectives are written as follows: the masculine form is given in full, and then the feminine and neuter endings are given separated by a comma (or the final elements of these forms, if they differ from the masculine form not only by the ending). Only the mascul+num form is translated: bonus, a, um good(we read "bonus, bona, bonum"), pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful(we read "pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum").

Among the adjectives in N. sing. the ending - r, most lose the vowel in the N. sing forms. feminine and neuter. This is reflected in the dictionary notation: niger, gra, grum black(read "Niger, Nigra, Nigrum"). However, among them there is a group of words in which it is preserved during declension (cf. the same phenomenon in II cl. nouns); this is:

liber, ra, rum - free
miser, ra, rum - unhappy
asper, ra, rum - rough, difficult(in a figurative sense)
tener, ra, rum - gentle

singularis
m	f	n	m	f	n

pluralis

singularis			pluralis

Notes on the table

Vocat + vus sing. for masculine adjectives on - us has an ending. In all other cases, the vocative coincides with the nominative.

Vowel sound in adjectives liberal- short, unstressed; the stress falls on the previous syllable, i.e. 3rd from the end of the word (except for the forms G. plur. on - Mrum): libri, librum etc.

N.B. The following words, similar in spelling and sounding, but different in meaning, should be distinguished:

libr, ra, rum - free(adj.)
libri, mrum m - children(n., word only plural)
librum, i n - scales(n.)
liber, libri m - book(n.)

Turning adjectives into nouns

Some nouns are adjectives by origin (cf. Rus. "bathroom" -> "bathroom"): Romnus, a, um Roman -> Romnus, i m Roman , Romna, ae f. Especially often adjectives of the middle gender turn into nouns: bonum good -> bonum, i n good, good .

Possessive pronouns

Latin possessive pronouns

meus, mea, meum - my
tuus, tua, tuum - yours
noster, nostra, nostrum - ours
vester, vestra, vestrum - yours
suus, sua, suum - one's own

like adjectives, they change by gender, decline according to I - II declension and are recorded in the dictionary: meus, a, um my etc.

The pronoun meus in Voc. sing. takes the form mi: O mi fili! O my son!

Unlike the Russian language, in Latin the pronoun suus, a, um own used only in relation to the third person ( he, she, it, they) both numbers; with first person me, we) the pronoun is used meus, a, um my(with singular) and noster, stra, strum our(with plural). With a second person you you) is used tuus, a, um is yours(with singular) and vester, stra, strum your(with plural).

In all cases, these pronouns

References

Miroshenkova V.I., Fedorov N.A. Latin textbook. 2nd ed. M., 1985.

Nikiforov V.N. Latin legal phraseology. M., 1979.

Kozarzhevsky A.I. Latin textbook. M., 1948.

Sobolevsky S.I. Grammar of the Latin language. M., 1981.

Rosenthal I.S., Sokolov V.S. Latin textbook. M., 1956.

General information about the Latin verb

The Latin verb is characterized by the following concepts:

modus - inclination;
tempus - time;
genus - pledge;
num_rus - number: singul_ris - singular, plur_lis - plural;
persona - person;
conjugation - conjugation.

The face of the verb shows who is doing the action:

first person (persMna pr + ma) - the action is performed by the speaker or those with whom he unites himself: I walk, we walk;
second person (persMna secknda) - actions are performed by the interlocutor (interlocutors): you walk, you walk;
third person (persMna tertia) - the action is performed by one or those who are not participating in the conversation: he, she, it walks, they walk.

Bases of the Latin verb (general information). Infection basis

The basis of the infect serves to form forms of different tenses with the meaning of an action unfinished in time ( infectus - "unfinished").

4 Latin verb conjugations

In verbs of I conjugation, the stem of the infect ends in;

at II conjugation - on _ ;

in III conjugation - into a consonant or into m;

at IV conjugation - on + .

Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi

Infinit + vus praesentis act + vi is translated into Russian with an indefinite form of the verb (for example ., walk). It is formed from the base of the infection with the help of the ending - re:

I ref. orn_-re decorate

II ref. doc_-re teach

III ref. a connecting vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending _ :

III ref. tag-_-re hide

statu-_-re install

IV ref. aud+-re listen

NB: It is necessary to distinguish between the infinitives of verbs of II and III conjugations: in II sp. _ long and, therefore, stressed, in III sp. _ short and, therefore, the stress falls on the previous syllable: doc_re, but tag_re.

Exercise 1

Praesens indication+vi act+vi

N.B. The names of tenses should be memorized in full, tk. all characteristics are important.

Praesens indicat+vi act+vi corresponds in meaning to Russian present tense. It is formed from the base of the infect with the help of personal endings of the active voice:

Personal endings of the active voice:

Latin for physicians: lecture notes by A. I. Shtun

1. Four conjugations of verbs

Depending on the nature of the stem - the final sound of the stem - verbs are divided into four conjugations.

In I, II, IV conjugations stems end in a vowel, and in III - most often in a consonant.

Infinitive- indefinite form. In order to correctly identify the stem and determine by its final sound which of the four conjugations this or that verb belongs to, it is necessary to remember the infinitive of this verb. The infinitive is the original form of the verb; it does not change in persons, numbers, and moods. The sign of the infinitive in all conjugations is the ending -re. In conjugations I, II and IV it is attached directly to the stem, and in III it is connected by means of the connecting vowel -e-.

Samples of the infinitive of verbs I-IV conjugations

In II and III conjugations, the vowel [e] differs not only in brevity or longitude: in II conjugation it is the final sound of the stem, and in III it is a connecting vowel between the stem and the ending.

The stem of the verb is practically determined from the form of the infinitive by separating the ending -re from the verbs of I, II, IV conjugations and -ere from the verbs of the III conjugation.

Unlike the usual complete dictionaries of the Latin language, in educational dictionaries for medical students the verb is given in an abbreviated dictionary form: the full form of the 1st person singular. the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice (ending -o), then the ending of the infinitive -re is indicated together with the preceding vowel, i.e. the last three letters of the infinitive. At the end of the dictionary form, the conjugation is marked with a number, for example:

Imperative mood

In prescriptions, the doctor's appeal to the pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine has the character of an order, an inducement to a certain action. This meaning of the verb is expressed in the imperative or subjunctive mood.

As in Russian, the order is addressed to the 2nd person. Only the 2nd person singular form of the imperative is used in the recipe. This form completely coincides with the stem for verbs of I, II and IV conjugations, for verbs of III conjugation, -e is added to the stem. In practice, to form an imperative, one must discard the infinitive ending -re for verbs of all conjugations, for example:

Imperative mood in the form of the 2nd person plural. h. is formed by adding the ending -te: for verbs of I, II, IV conjugations - directly to the stem, for verbs of III conjugation - with the help of the connecting vowel -i-(-ite).

Subjunctive mood

Meaning. The recipe uses only one of the many meanings of the Latin subjunctive mood - an order, an inducement to action. In Russian, conjunctive forms with this meaning are translated by a verb in combination with the word let or an indefinite form of the verb, for example: let it be mixed or mixed.

Education. The conjunctive is formed by changing the stem: in conjugation I, -a is replaced by -e, in II, III and IV, -a is added to the stem. Personal endings of verbs are added to the modified stem.

Formation of the basis of the conjunctiva

Latin verbs, like Russian ones, have 3 persons; in medical terminology, only the 3rd person is used. Personal endings of verbs in the 3rd person are shown in the table.

Examples of conjugation of verbs in the conjunctive of the active and passive voices.

The verb fio, fieri in prescription formulations

If the prescription contains several ingredients that must be given some specific dosage form, the doctor turns to the pharmacist with the standard wording: “Mix to make (ointment, emulsion, etc.).” In each such formulation, the verb fio is used in the conjunctiva form, fieri - “to be obtained”, “to be formed”.

The verb is incorrect: it has only a passive meaning, and endings have only an active voice. The conjunctiva is formed by adding the suffix -a- to the stem fi-: 3rd person unit. h. - fiat, 3rd person pl. hours - fiant. These forms are used in the clauses of purpose with the conjunction ut (to), beginning with the verb misce. Usually the conjunction ut is omitted but implied.

Prescription formulation model with the verb fio, fieri – “obtain”, “form”: misce (ut) fiat + the name of the dosage form in Nom. sing. Misce, ut fiat pulvis. - Mix to make a powder.

The verb itself and the name of the dosage form are put in units. h. when prescribing powders, ointments, pastes, liniments, emulsions, suppositories and many others. h. - when issuing fees. The word species, -erum (f) in the meaning of "collection", referring to the V declension, is used only in plural. h.

Prescription formulations with the verb fio, fieri.

Misce, fiat pulvis. - Mix to make a powder.

Misce, fiat unguentum. - Mix, let it turn out ointment.

This text is an introductory piece.

General information The Latin verb distinguishes the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, mood and voice. In Latin, two pledges are distinguished: real (genus actīvum); passive (genus passivum); and three moods: indicative (modus indicatīvus); imperative (modus imperativus); subjunctive (modus conjunctivus). The meaning of the indicative and imperative moods is the same as in Russian. The verb can also be in the perfective or imperfective form.

In the morphological system of the Latin verb, two groups of tenses are distinguished, symmetrically combined according to the method of formation around the opposing stems - the stem of the infect and the stem of the perfect. The group of infect tenses (unfinished in time) includes: Praesens (present tense); imperfectum (past tense imperfective); futūrum primum (future first, futūrum I denotes only the relation of an action to the future, regardless of its completion). The group of perfect tenses (completed in time) includes: perfectum (denoting a completed action, regardless of its duration); plusquamperfectum (denoting an action that took place before the onset of another action in the past); futūrum secundum (future second; it denotes an action that will be done before the onset of another action, also related to the future).

Signs of the verb form: suffixes that serve to indicate time and mood; inflections, with the help of which the person, number and (in most cases) the voice of the verb are expressed. These formants are attached to the stem of the verb, in which the synthetic structure of the Latin language finds its expression. However, the verb forms of the passive voice of the perfect system are formed in an analytical (descriptive) way - with the help of the participle of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb "to be". E.g. Laudātus est - he was praised.

FOUR CONJUGATIONS OF THE LATIN VERB Regular Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations depending on the final vowel of the stem of the infect: 1. ā (ornā); 2. ē (monē); 3. ĕ (mittĕ); 4. ī (audi).

The infinitive (infinitīvus) is formed with the suffix rĕ attached directly to the stem: ornā rĕ - to decorate, monē rĕ - to convince, audī rĕ - to listen, mittĕ rĕ - to send. The dictionary designation of verbs in Latin begins with the form of the 1st l. units the present tense, which is formed by adding the personal ending ō to the stem of the verb. Infinitive I. ref. orna re - decorate II. monē re – to convince III. mittĕ re - send IV. audī re – listen Stem ornā monē mittĕ audī l e l. units h. temp. ornō - I decorate Mone ō - I convince Mittō - I send audi ō - I listen

BASES AND BASIC FORMS OF THE VERB To form the tense forms of the Latin verb, its stems, of which there are three, serve. All stems are presented in the so-called basic forms of the verb. There are 4 main forms of the verb in Latin: 1. 1st person singular. h. praesentis indicatīvi actīvi. It is formed from the stem of the infect by adding the ending ō. (E. g. ornō, moneō, mittō, audiō.) The stem of the infect serves to form all tenses of the infect system of both voices of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. 2. 1st person singular h. perfecti indicatīvi actīvi (past completed tense of the active voice). This form always ends in ī (E. g. ornāvī, monuī, mīsī, audīvī – I decorated, persuaded, sent, heard). Removing the ending ī, we get the basis of the perfect (ornāv, monu, mis, audiv), from which all tenses of the perfect system of the active voice are formed. 3. Supīnum (supin) is a verbal noun ending in um (E. g. ornatum, monĭtum, missum, audītum). Removing the final um, we get the basis of supin (ornāt, monĭt, miss, audīt). It serves to form the past participle of the passive voice (participium perfecti passīvi), which is necessary for the formation of analytical forms of the passive voice of the perfect system. 4. Infinitīvus praesentis actīvi is formed from the same stem of the infect as the first form, by adding the suffix rĕ to the stem (ornārĕ, monērē, mittĕre, audīre).

The stems of the perfect and supine are formed differently for different verbs. There are 6 ways to form perfect stems from a verbal root. The types of formation of perfect stems are as follows: 1. For verbs of 1 and IV conjugations, the norm is the perfect on vi (suffix v attached to the stem of the infect, + ending ī), supine on tum. E.g. ornо, ornāvī, ornātum, ornārĕ - to decorate; audio, audīvi, audītum, audīre - to listen. To designate the main forms of such verbs, it is enough next to the form of 1 gol. sing. praesentis put a number indicating the conjugation: laudo 1 to praise; clamo 1 scream; paro 1 cook; audio 4 listen, hear; finio 4 finish; servio 4 serve. 2. For most verbs of II conjugation, the norm is the perfect for uī (suffix u + ending ī), supine for ĭtum or tum. The final sound of the stem of the infect ē is absent in this case. E.g. moneō, monuī monĭtum, monēre 2 to convince; doceō, docuī, doctum, docēre 2 teach. A number of verbs of II conjugation lack supin: studeō, studuī, – studēre 2 strive. 3. In verbs of III conjugation, in which the thematic vowel in the stem of the infect is preceded by an anterior or posterior consonant, there is often a perfect on sī (suffix s + ending ī), supiy on tum or sum. At the same time, consonants in the position before s experience various phonetic changes. A posterior g before s and t is stunned. In writing, the combination with [k] with the sound s is denoted by the letter x: ducō, duxī (from duc + si), ductum, ducĕrĕ 3 to lead. Voiced labial b is also stunned before s and t: scribō, scripsī (from scrib + si), scriptum, scribĕre 3 to write. The front lingual d and t are assimilated to the subsequent sound s, and the double s after a long vowel is simplified: cedō, cessī (from ced + si), cessum, cedĕrĕ 3 to step.

4. In a significant number of verbs, the stem of the perfect is formed not by adding a suffix to the stem of the infect (v, u, s), but by lengthening the root vowel. Supin, as usual, ends in tum or sum. This type is represented in verbs of various conjugations: vĭdeō, vīdī, vīsum, vĭdērĕ 2 see mŏveō, movī, mōtum, mŏvērĕ 2 move lĕgō, lĕgī, lĕctum, lĕgĕrĕ 3 read vĕniō, vēnī, vĕntum of the indicated verbs: come in vĭdē , mŏvē , lĕgĕ , vĕnī perfect stem vīd , mov , lĕg , vēn If the short ă is the root vowel, then its lengthening often leads to the appearance of a new quality vowel - long ē. This phenomenon is observed in the following very common verbs: āgō, ēgī, actum, ăgĕrĕ 3 drive, act căpiō, сēpī, căptum, căpĕrĕ 3 take făciō, fēcī, făctum, făcĕrĕ 3 do jăciō, jēcī, jăctum3 : infect stem: ăgĕ, căpĕ, făcĕ, jăcĕ perfect stem: ēg, сēp, fēc, jēc

5. Some Latin verbs have retained the ancient form of the Indo-European perfect, formed by doubling the initial consonant. The vowel ĕ was the syllable-forming element. However, under the influence of the root vowel, it often assimilated with it: dō, dĕdī, dătum, dărĕ to give mordeō, momordī, morsum, mordērĕ 2 verbal root (perfect in the simplest stem): statuo, statui, statūtum, statuĕre 3 set.

The infect system The tenses included in the infect system (praesens, imperfectum, futūrum 1) denote the action in its incompleteness, are formed from the same stem and have the same personal endings. They differ in the absence of a suffix (praesens indicativi) or its presence (all other temporary forms of the infect system).

Personal endings of the verb All tenses of the Latin verb, except for the perfectum indicatīvi actīvi, have in the active voice, regardless of the type of conjugation of the verb, tense and mood, the following personal endings (verb inflections): 1 e l. 2 e l. 3 e l. Singularis o or m s t Pluralis mŭs tĭs nt

The forms of the passive voice (passīvum) of the tenses of the infecta system differ from the forms of the active voice only in special (passive) endings: 1 e l. 2 e l. 3 e l. Singularis or or r rĭs tur Plurālis mur mīnī ntur

Forms formed from the stem of the infect Praesens indicatīvi The meaning of the Latin praesens indicatlvi completely coincides with the meaning of the present tense in Russian. It expresses both an action that is simultaneous with the moment of utterance, and generally constantly lasting: puella cantat the girl sings (at the moment of utterance); amat victoria curam victory loves care (i.e. victory requires effort) is characterized here by a constantly ongoing action (victory always requires effort). The present tense is used, as in Russian, in the meaning of the past (praesens historĭcum) to make the narrative more lively and concrete in the image. Pugnam heri in somnis vidi: tubae canunt, terra consŏnat, equi currunt, gladii fulgent Yesterday in a dream I saw a battle: trumpets sound, the earth responds, horses gallop, swords flash.

In verbs of all conjugations, the present tense forms of the indicative mood of the active voice (praesens indicatīvi actīvi) are formed by adding ordinary personal endings to the stem of the infect. For verbs III and IV conjugations in 3 m l. plural h. personal ending is attached with the thematic vowel u: capiunt, audiunt.

During the formation of the present tense forms of verbs of the third conjugation, the thematic vowel of the stem ĕ/ŏ underwent phonetic changes, which boiled down to the following: 1. In 1 m l. units h. thematic vowel merged with the ending ō, as in I conjugation; 2. In 3 ml. pl. h. thematic vowel ŏ changed to ŭ: mitto nt > > mittunt; 3. In other persons, the thematic vowel ĕ was reduced to a short ĭ. The evolution that the thematic vowel ĕ/ŏ undergoes can be reduced to an easy-to-remember formula: § before the vowel is absent (mitt o) § before nt u (mittu nt) § before r ĕ (mittĕ re) § otherwise ĭ (mittĭ s, mittĭ t, mittĭ mus, mittĭ tis).

Conjugation pattern Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. ornā re decorate II sp. monē re to persuade III ref. mittĕ re send IV sp. Audī re listen to ō ornā s orna t ornā mŭs ornā tĭs orna nt mone ō monĕ monĕ monĕ tĭs mone nt mittĭ s mittĭs mittle nt audi ō audi ō audi ōudi ō audi ō Audi' u nt

The conjugation of verbs in the present tense of the passive voice (praesens indicatīvi passīvi) follows the usual rules: 1. In 1 m l. units hours of verbs of I conjugation, the final vowel of the stem merges with the ending: orna or > ornor. 2. In conjugation III, the thematic vowel is absent before a vowel (1 s. unit : mitt or), is retained as ĕ before r (2 s. s. : mittĕ ris), passes into u before nt (3 e l. pl.: mittu ntur), is reduced to ĭ in all other cases (for example, in 3 ml. sg.: mittĭ tur). 3. In the third conjugation, the stem vowel ĭ turns into ĕ before r (2 l. singular capĕ ris from capĭ ris, as sarĕre from sapĭre); 4. In 3 ml. pl. Parts III and IV of conjugations are preserved, as in the asset the thematic u (from o). Forms are obtained: capiuntur, audiuntur.

Sample conjugation Number/person I ref. II ref. base orna S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. stem monē orn or ornā rĭs ornā tur mone or monē rĭs monē tur ornā mĭnī orna ntur monē mur monĕ mĭnĭ mone ntur III ref. IV ref. base mittĕ base audī mitt or mittĕ rĭs mittĕ tur audi or audī rĭs audī tur mittĕ mĭnī mittu ntur audī mĭnĭ audi u ntur Ornor - they adorn me; mittuntur - they are sent

Imperfectum indicatīvi Imperfectum indicatīvi (corresponds to the Russian past tense of the imperfective form or indicates the beginning of the action) of both voices of verbs I and II of conjugations is formed by adding the suffix bā to the stem of the infect, and the suffix ēbā and the corresponding personal endings of verbs III and IV of conjugations. The thematic vowel of verbs of III conjugation (mittĕ re), as a general rule, is absent before the vowel of the suffix: mitt ēba m. To form the forms of the passive voice, respectively, passive personal endings are taken. Activum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. I ref. III ref. Passivum I ref. ornā ba m ornā bā s ornā ba t Pl. 1. 2. 3. mitt ēba m mitt ēbā s mitt ēba t ornā ba r ornā bā rĭs ornā bā tur ornā bā mŭs ornā bā tĭs ornā ba nt mitt ēbā mŭs ntur Ornābam - I decorated; mittēbar - they sent me. III ref. mitt ēba r mitt ēbā rĭs mitt ēba tur mitt ēbā mĭnĭ mitt ēbā ntur

Futūrum I (primum) indicatīvi Futūrum I (primum), future first, corresponds to the Russian future tense of both imperfect and perfect forms. Futūrum I indicatīvi of both voices for verbs of I and II conjugations is formed by adding the suffix b (orna+b, monē+b) and personal endings (respectively active or passive) to the stem of the infect. In 1 ml. units h. the ending is attached directly to the suffix, and in other forms by means of thematic vowels, as in the present tense of the active or passive voice of verbs of III conjugation. Futūrum I indicatīvi of both voices for verbs of III and IV conjugations is formed by adding 1 m l to the stem of the infect. units h. suffix a, in other forms - the suffix ē and the corresponding personal endings. Verbs of III conjugation have no thematic vowel before the vowel suffix.

Sample conjugation Passīvum Actīvum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. III ref. ornā b ō ornā bĭ s ornā bi t mitt a m mitt ē s mitt e t ornā b or ornā bĕ rĭs ornā bĭ tur mitt a r mitt ē rĭs mitt ē tur ornā bĭ mŭs ornā bĭ tĭs ornā mit bu nt mitt ēt t e t e mŭ nt ornā bĭ mur ornā bĭ mĭnī ornā bu ntur mitt ē mĭnĭ mitt e ntur Ornābo - I will decorate (decorate); mittar - they will send me.

Praesens conjunctīvi (present subjunctive) of both voices for verbs I of the conjugation is formed by replacing the final vowel of the infect stem a with the suffix ē and adding personal endings (respectively active or passive). Praesens conjunctīvi of both voices for verbs of II, III and IV conjugations is formed by adding the suffix ā and ordinary personal endings (respectively active or passive) to the stem of the infect. Some verbs of conjugation III have no thematic vowel before the vowel of the suffix.

Conjugation pattern Voice Actīvum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. III ref. orne m ornē s orne t mone a m mone ā s mone a t mitt a m mitt ā s mitt a t ornē mŭs ornē tĭs orne nt mone ā mŭs mone ā tĭs mone a nt mitt ā mŭs mitt ā tĭs mitt a nt Ornem - I would decorate; moneam - I would convince; mittam - I would send.

Sample conjugation Voice Passīvum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. orne r ornē rĭs orne tur ornē mĭnī orne ntur II ref. mone a r mone ā rĭs mone a tur mone ā mĭnī mone a ntur III ref. mitt a r mitt ā rĭs mitt a tur mitt ā mĭnī mitt a nt Orner - they would decorate me; monear - I would be convinced; mittar - they would send me.

Imperfectum conjunctīvi (past unfinished subjunctive) of both voices for all verbs is formed by adding the suffix rē to the stem of the infect and the usual personal endings (active or passive, respectively). In verbs of conjugation III, the final vowel of the stem ĭ passes before the suffix rē into ĕ: sarĭ + rē + m > > sarĕrem.

Sample conjugation Actīvum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. Passivum III ref. ornā re m ornā rē s ornā re t mittĕ re mitĕ rē s mittĕ r ornā rēs ornā re ornā rē tĭs ornā re nt mittĕ rē tĭs mic mĭnī ornā re ntur Ornārem - I would decorate; mittĕrem - I would send. III ref. mittĕ re r mittĕ rē rĭs mittĕ re tur mittĕ rē mĭnī mittĕ re nt

Imperatīvus praesentis (imperative) Imperatīvus has both singular and plural forms. The singular form coincides with the stem of the infect. In verbs of conjugation III, the final stem vowel ĭ becomes ĕ. The plural form is formed by adding the ending tĕ to the stem of the infect (cf. in Russian te). In verbs of III conjugation, the thematic vowel ĕ becomes ĭ. Singularis I ref. III ref. IV ref. orna! mone! mitte! audī! Pluralis decorate! convince! send! listen! orna tĕ! monē tĕ! mittĕ tĕ! audī tĕ! decorate! convince! send! listen! There are also forms of the passive imperative, usually in a reflexive sense: they are formed by adding the endings rĕ (for singular) and mĭnī (for plural) to the base of the infect.

To express the prohibition in Latin, a special descriptive form is used. It is formed from the imperative from the irregular verb nolo (I do not want) in the appropriate number and the infinitive of the verb with the main lexical meaning. Sing. : noli ornārĕ, (monērĕ, mittĕrĕ, audīrĕ)! do not decorate (persuade, send, take, listen). , Pl. : nolītĕ ornāre, monēre, mittĕre, audīre! do not decorate, do not convince, do not send, etc.

Non-finite (non-conjugated) forms of the verb The infect system also includes the following non-finite forms of the verb: infinitīvus praesentis actīvi, infinitīvus praesentis passīvi, participium praesentis actīvi, gerundīvum, gerundium. Infinitlvus praesentis passīvi (present infinitive of the passive voice) is formed by adding the suffix rī to the stem of the infect for verbs of I, IV conjugations and the suffix ī for verbs of III conjugation. The final vowel of the stem of the verbs of the third conjugation is absent. Ornā rī Monē rī Mitt ī Audī rī be adorned, be adorned be convinced, be persuaded send, be sent be heard, be heard, be heard

Participium praesentis actīvi (present participle of the active voice) is formed by adding the suffix nt to the stem of the infect for verbs of I and II conjugations and the suffix ent for verbs of III and IV conjugations. Nominativus sing. - sigmatic and, as a result of phonetic changes, ends in ns or ens. Morphologically, these participles belong to adjectives III cl. one ending, like sapiens. However, in abl. s. they usually end in ĕ. Participium praesentis actīvi corresponds in meaning to both the Russian participle and the gerund participle: ornā ns decorating, decorating; monē ns convincing, persuading; mitt ēns - sending, sending; sari ēns taking, taking; audi ēns listening, listening. Gen. s. : orna nt is, mone nt is, mitt ent is, capi ent is, audi ent is. In Latin, nouns I cl are formed from stems in nt. type scientia, potentia (from participles: sciens, scient is; potens, potent is).

Gerundīvum (gerund) is a verbal adjective formed by adding the suffix nd to the stem of the infect for verbs of I and II conjugations, the suffix end for verbs III and IV of conjugations and the endings of adjectives of I and II declension. Orna nd us, a, um; mone nd us, a, um; mitt end us, a, um; capi end us, a, um; audi end us, ah, um. Gerundium (gerund) is a verbal noun denoting the process of action. It is formed using the same suffixes as the gerund, having the form of only indirect cases of the singular of the II declension. Gen. orna nd i ornaments, Dat. Abl. orna nd o, Ass. (ad) orna nd um.

The perfect system The tenses included in the perfect system (perfectum, plusquamperfectum, futūrum II) are parallel to the three tenses of the infect system. Their belonging to the same species is morphologically expressed by the commonality of the formation of verb forms. However, unlike the infect system, the active and passive forms of the tenses of the perfect system differ not in endings, but in the very principle of their formation. The active voice of these tenses is formed synthetically from the basis of the perfect. The passive voice is formed in an analytical (descriptive) way with the help of the participium perfecti passīvi of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb esse. Since the participium perfecti passīvi is formed from the supine, in the system of the perfect there are different forms formed: a) from the basis of the perfect; b) from soup. All verbs, regardless of whether they belong to one or another conjugation, are conjugated in the same tenses in the perfect system.

Forms formed from the basis of the perfect Perfectum indicatīvi actīvi The Latin perfect has two meanings: 1) The perfect expresses an action that ended in irrespective of its duration (perfectum historicum). past, Vēni, vīdi, vīci - I came, I saw, I conquered (Julius Caesar's report about a quick victory over the Bosporan king Farnak). This statement states a single fact that took place in the past for a relatively short period of time. Ego semper illum appllavi inimīcum meum - I always called him my enemy. It also refers to an action related to the past, but covering a relatively large period of time, and this is emphasized by the adverb always (semper). In Russian, in the latter case, the use of the perfect form is impossible. This applies to most cases when the perfect is characterized by an action, additionally determined by an indication of its duration (so many years, days, always, often, long). In eā terrā diu mansi I stayed in this country for a long time.

b) The perfect expresses a state that continues in the present as a result of an action that took place in the past (perfectum parasens). Consuēvi - I'm used to (and still keep the habit). Sibi persuāsit - he became convinced (and still remains convinced). More often in this meaning, the perfect form of the sufferer voice is used: illud mare Aegaeum appellatum est - this sea was called the Aegean (and is still called).

Perfectum indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding special personal endings to the stem of the perfect, which are the same for all conjugations: Singularis 1 el. 2 e l. 3 e l. ī ĭstī it Plurālis ĭmŭs ĭstĭs ērunt ______________________________________ Person/number I ref. , stem in ornāv (perfect in vi) S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. III ref. , base on cēp (perf. with vowel lengthening) I sp. , the basis on dĕd (perf. with doubling) ornāv ī - I adorned ornāv ĭstī ornāv it cēp ī - I took Cēp ĭstī cēp it dĕd ī - I gave dĕdī dĕd it ornāv ormŭs ornāv ēmŭs crt ĭmŭs crt ĭmŭs crt ĭmŭs dĕd ĭstĭs dĕd ērunt

Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi actīvi Plusquamperfectum (past tense) means an action completed before another action in the past. Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĕrā to the stem of the perfect and the usual personal endings in the active voice. Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕra m – I decorated (before) 2. ornāv ĕrā s 3. ornāv ĕra t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrā mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrā tĭs 3. ornāv ĕra nt Monu ĕra m, mīs ĕra m, сĕр ĕra m, dĕd ĕra m, fu ĕra m, potu ĕra m are formed similarly.

Futūrum II (secundum) indicatīvi actīvi Futūrum II (future second) means an action that will happen in the future before another action transmitted by the future first. Futūrum II is translated into Russian by the future tense of the perfect form. Futūrum II indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffixes ĕr for l gol to the perfect stem. units h., ĕrĭ for all other persons and the usual personal endings of the active voice (l e l. o). Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕr ō – I will decorate (earlier) 2. ornāv ĕrĭ s 3. ornāv ĕri t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrĭ mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrĭ tĭs 3. ornāv ĕri nt Monu ĕr ō, mīs ĕr ō, sĕp ĕr ō, fu ĕr ō, audīv ĕr ō are formed similarly.

Perfectum conjunctīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĕrĭ to the stem of the perfect and ordinary personal endings. Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕri m – I would decorate 2. ornāv ĕrĭ s 3. ornāv ĕri t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrĭ mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrĭ tĭs 3. ornāv ĕri nt Monu ĕri m, mīs ĕri m, сĕр ĕri m, fu ĕri m, audīv ĕri m are formed similarly.

Plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĭssē to the perfect stem and the usual personal endings. to Sample conjugation S. 1. ornāv ĭsse m – I would decorate (before) 2. ornāv ĭssē s 3. ornāv ĭsse t Pl. 1. ornāv ĭssē mŭs 2. ornāv ĭssē tĭs 3. ornāv ĭsse nt Monu ĭsse m, mīs ĭsse m, сĕр ĭsse m, fu ĭsse m, audīv ĭsse m are formed similarly.

Infinitīvus perfecti actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĭssĕ to the stem of the perfect: ornav ĭssĕ – to decorate (in the past), mīs ĭssĕ, fu ĭssĕ. It is usually used in infinitive phrases.

Forms formed from supin Supinum (supin) is a verbal name formed from the verbal root by adding the suffix tu, and refers to the names of the IV declension. Supin has only two cases: Accusatīvus (captum - supīnum I) and Ablatīvus (captū supīnum II), here its belonging to the IV declension is clearly visible. The neuter form participium perfecti passīvi (passive past participle) coincides with the accusative case of supina: captus, capta, captum – taken, taken, taken. Therefore, a rule arose according to which participium perfecti passīvi is formed from the stem of supine I by adding the generic endings us, a, um. In this case, the supine form I without the final um is taken as the basis of the supine. Samples of participium perfecti passīvi (base of soup + us, а, um): omatus, а, um – decorated, aya, oe; being decorated; monĭtus, a, um - convinced, oh, oh; being convinced; missus, a, um - sent, oh, oh; being sent; audītus, a, um - (u) heard, oh, oh; being heard.

With the help of the participium perfecti passīvi of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb esse, forms of the passive form of the tenses of the perfect system are formed. Since the meaning of the perfect (the completion of the action) is already contained in the participium perfecti passīvi itself, the auxiliary verb esse is taken in the tenses of the infect system, namely: for the perfectum passīvi, the paraesens of the verb esse is taken; for plusquamperfectum passīvi imperfectum of the verb esse; for futūrum II passīvi – futūrum I of the verb esse.

Examples of conjugation of tenses of the perfect system in the passive voice Perfectum indicatīvi passīvi S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a sum I was adorned es est sumus esit sunt Similarly, monĭtus are formed, a, um sum, est - I was convinced, etc., monti, ae, a sumus, estis, sunt - we were convinced, etc.

S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a eram I was decorated (before) eras erat erāmus erātis erant Similarly, monĭtus are formed, a, um eram, eras, erat; monti, ae, but erāmus, erātis, erant. Futūrum II indicatīvi passīvi S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a ero I will be decorated (earlier) eris erit erĭmus erĭtis erunt Similarly, monĭtus are formed, a, um ero, eris, erit; monti, ae, but erĭmus, erĭtis, erunt.

Perfectum and plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi passīvi are formed according to the same rule, only the auxiliary verb esse is taken in the conjunctiva: to form the perfect in the present tense, the conjunctiva, to form the pluperfect in the imperfect. S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. Perfectum conjunctīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a sim I would be adorned sis sit simus sitis sint Plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a essem I would be adorned (before) esses esset essēmus essētis essent

Non-finite (non-conjugated) forms of the verb The perfect system also includes the following non-finite forms formed from the stem of the supine: infinitīvus perfecti passīvi, participium futūri actīvi, infinitīvus futūri activi, infinitīvus futūri passīvi. Infinitīvus perfecti passīvi (passive past infinitive) is formed from participium perfecti passīvi and the infinitive esse. It is used only in infinitive turns, and the passive participle included in its composition is consistent in case, number and gender with the logical subject of turnover. Therefore, the participium perfecti passīvi can take here the nominative or accusative form of any gender and number. S. ornatus, a, um (um, am, um) esse PI. ornati, ae, a (os, as, a) esse - to be decorated (in the past). Participium futūri actīvi (future participle of the active voice) is formed from the stem of the supine by adding the suffix ūr and the generic endings of adjectives I II cl. (us, a, um). It expresses the intention to perform the action indicated by the meaning of this verb: ornāt ūr us, а, um intending (intending) to decorate, monit ūr us, а, um intending (intending) to convince, miss ūr us, а, um intending (intending) to send.

Participium futūri actīvi combined with the infinitive esse forms the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi (future infinitive of the active voice), which is used only in infinitive phrases. Part of infinitīvus fut. act. the active participle of the future tense, consistent with the logical subject of turnover in case, number and gender, can here have the form of a nominative or accusative case of any gender and number. S. ornatūrus, a, um (um, am, um) esse Pl. ognatūgi, ae, a (os, as, a) esse decorate (in the future). Infinitīvus futūri passīvi (passive future infinitive) consists of two verb forms: supine on um and īrī, which is the present passive infinitive of the verb īrĕ to go. Ornātum īrī – to be adorned (in the future), missum īrī, captum īrī.

Descriptive conjugation of the active voice By combining participium futūri actīvi with the forms of the auxiliary verb esse, special analytical (descriptive) forms are formed, with the help of which intention is expressed, in accordance with the main meaning of participium futūri actīvi. Sing. ornatūrus sum (es, est) I (you, he) intend to decorate; Plur. ornatūri sumus (estis, sunt) we (you, they) intend to decorate. This combination of participium futūri actīvi with the forms of the verb esse is commonly called the descriptive conjugation of the active voice (conjugatio periphrastĭca actīva). In descriptive conjugation, all forms of the verb esse are possible, except for the imperative. Epistŭlam sciptūrus sum (es, est. . .) I (you, he. . .) intend (I suppose...) (on) to write a letter. Epistŭlam sciptūrus eram (fui, fuĕram) I intended (intend) (to) write a letter. Epistŭlam sciptūrus ero (fuĕro) I will intend (want) (to) write a letter. In a number of cases, participium futūri actīvi in conjunction with the forms of the verb esse is used not to express intention, but to indicate an action that will happen in the future. This is the meaning of the participle in ūrus in the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi. Similarly, participium futūri actīvi in conjunction with the conjunctive forms of the verb esse (ornatūrus, a, im sim, sis, sit; ornatūrus, a, um essem, esses, esset), used in certain types of subordinate clauses, serves only to denote an action, upcoming in relation to the action of the control proposal. In this case, the descriptive forms of the conjunctiva are translated into Russian with the indicative of the future tense.

Depositional verbs (Verba deponentia) Depositional verbs, as a rule, have only passive forms, moreover, with a non-passive meaning (some active forms). This peculiar group of verbs is presented in all four conjugations: arbĭtror, arbltrātus sum, arbltrāri I believe, count, think rolliseog, rollicĭtus sum, rollicēri II promise utor. usus sum, uti III use partior, partītus sum, partīri IV divide Depositional verbs have three basic forms; they do not have a perfect stem, from which forms are formed only of the active voice. As for supin, its base is contained in the form of 1 gol. units h. perfectum passīvi: arbitrātus sum; in participium perfecti arbitrātus, it is sufficient to replace the final us with um to obtain the supine form arbitrātum.

In the correct transitive Latin verb, each form of the active voice corresponds to the form of the passive voice, for example, in the indicative: Actīvum Passīvum orno - I decorate Praesens: Imperfectum: ornābam - I decorated Perfectum: ornāvi - I decorated ornor - I decorate, I decorate ornābar - I decorated , I was adorned ornātus sum – I am adorned, I was adorned In deferred verbs, there is no such opposition: only passive forms that exist in them have a non-passive meaning: praes. ind. arbĭtror I suppose, imperf. ind. arbitrābar I thought, fut. I ind. arbitrābor I will assume perf. ind. arbitrātus sum I assumed, etc. The deferred verb is conjugated, like any regular verb of the corresponding conjugation in the passive voice: arbĭtror, like ornor; utor, like mittor, etc. The imperative mood (imperatīvus) of depositional verbs also has a passive form; in the singular it ends in rĕ, coinciding with the form infinitīvus praesentis actīvi of the corresponding conjugation; in the plural it coincides with 2 ml. praes. ind. passīvi in mĭnī: arbitrāre, arbitrāmĭni.

From the general characteristics of suspensive verbs, it follows that the participium perfecti of suspensive verbs usually has the meaning of the active voice. Such a discrepancy between form and meaning becomes especially clear when comparing the participles of synonymous verbs, of which one is a regular transitive verb, and the other is a depositional: part. perf. from dicĕre - dictus said; part. perf. from loqui - locūtus who said. However, in some depositional verbs participium perfecti passīvi has the meaning of both active and passive voice: from medĭtor I to ponder meditātus pondered and pondered, from popŭlor I to devastate populātus devastated and devastated.

Verbal nouns that do not have the corresponding forms in the passive voice (participium praesentis actīvi, gerundium, supīnum, participium futūri actīvi) are formed in depositional verbs, as in the active voice of ordinary verbs: participium praesentis arbĭtrans, gerund arbitrandi, participium futūri actīvi arbitratūrus, a, um, supin arbitrātum. Since depositional verbs have participium futūri actīvi, they also have the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi formed with its help: arbitratūrus, a, um esse (this form can only be found in infinitive phrases). The only form of deferred verbs that retains a passive meaning is the gerund: arbitrandus the one you should think about.

Semi-depositional verbs (Verba semideponentia) Verbs that have the features of deferential (i.e., a passive form without a passive meaning), but not in all tenses, are called semi-deponents. Usually, in semi-depositive verbs, the infective tenses have the form of the active voice, and the perfect tenses have the form of the passive voice. Audeo, ausus sum, audēre 2 dare; gaudeo, gavīsus sum, gaudēre 2 rejoice; confīdo, confīsus sum, confidĕre 3 trust. In some semi-determinant verbs, on the contrary, the infecte is passive, while the perfect is active: revertor, reverti 3 return. c Attention should be paid to the coincidence of two forms: perfectum indicatīvi, l e l. units h .: reverti I returned; infinitīvus praesentis: reverti to return.

Irregular verbs (Verba anomăla) Irregular verbs include (with their derivatives): sum, fuī, –, essĕ be ēdō, ēdī, ēsum, ĕdĕrĕ (or ēssĕ) eat, eat fĕrō, tŭlī, lātum, fĕrrĕ bear vŏlō, vŏluī, –, vĕllĕ wish eō, iī, ĭtum, īrĕ go fiō, făсtus sum, fiĕrī become, become

Irregularities in the conjugation of the listed verbs are found almost exclusively in the infect and are reduced mainly to the following phenomena characteristic of the ancient stage of the development of the Latin language: a) alternation of stems in the infect system: ĕs / s for the verb sum, ĕ / ī for the verb eo. b) the formation in some cases of the so-called athematic forms, in which personal endings were attached directly to the root, which is also the basis of the verb. Athematic forms were retained in these verbs, as a rule, before r, s and t. Eg. : with stem ĕs (verb esse) 3 e l. units hours and 2 e l. pl. h. temp. have the forms es t, es tis without the thematic vowel conjugation characteristic of ordinary verbs III; similarly with the stem fĕr (verb ferre) 2 e and 3 e l. units hours and 2 e l. pl. h. temp. have the forms fer s. fertis. In most cases, the forms infinitīvus praesentis actīvi (es se, fer re from fer se, vel le from vel se, ī re with transition s > r), imperative (es be! Es te be! fer carry! fer t bear! ī go! ī te go.,), imperfectum conjunctīvi (es se m, fer re m, vel le m, i re m). c) formation of praesens conjunctīvi with the help of the optative suffix ī: sim, edim, velim. The verbs sum and fero are also characterized by the formation of a perfect system from a different root than in infskte: fu and tŭl.

The verb sum, fui, -, esse The verb esse may have an independent meaning in Latin. In terrā est vita there is (exists) life on earth. However, much more often the verb esse is used as a link of a compound nominal predicate. Terra est stella - earth (is) a planet. The tenses of the infective system of the verb esse are formed from the stem ĕs, which alternates with the stem s. Praesens indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding ordinary personal endings to the indicated stem. The forms formed from the stem ĕs are athematic. In the same forms where the stem is s, it is extended as the thematic vowel ŭ. As a result, the conjugation of the verb esse in the indicative mood takes the following form: Singulāris 1. 2. 3. Plurālis su m ĕs ĕst sŭ mŭs ĕs tĭs su nt present tense

Imperfectum indicatīvi of the verb esse is formed by adding the suffix ā and the usual personal endings to the full stem of the infect: stem ĕs + suffix ā + personal ending m = esam; according to the law of rotacism, intervocalic s becomes r: esam > eram, esas > eras, etc. I was, etc. Futūrum indicatīvi of the verb esse is formed from the stem of the infect ĕs. In 1 ml. units h. the personal ending ō is directly attached to it: ĕs + ō > ĕrō (s > r according to the law of rotacism). From the 2nd l. units h. personal endings are joined by means of the corresponding thematic vowels ĭ and ŭ; therefore, the conjugation is no different from the present tense conjugation of third conjugation verbs: ĕr ō, ĕr ĭ s, etc. I will, etc. Praesens conjunctīvi of the verb esse is formed from the stem s by adding the suffix ī and the usual personal endings: s i m, s ī s, etc. I would be, etc. The Imperfectum conjunctīvi of the verb esse retains the ancient form of the imperfect suffix sē, since this suffix is attached directly to the final consonant of the infect stem ĕs (there is no reason for rotacism): ĕs se m, ĕs sē s, etc. I would, etc.

Imperatīvus praesentis is formed athematically: 2 e. units h.: ĕs be! 2 e l. pl. h.: ĕs tĕ be! Participium praesentis from the verb esse does not exist. To convey the philosophical concept of “existing”, Julius Caesar introduced the form ens, entis, which became widespread in late Latin. The forms of the verb esse in the perfect system are formed from the stem fu in the same way as the forms of regular verbs. Participium futūri actīvi is also formed from the stem fu: vi futūrus, a, um future. With the help of the latter, infinitīvus fut is formed. act. : act futūrus, a, um (i, ae, a) esse. Another form inf. foot. act. fŏrĕ.

Verbs Compound with esse In Latin, a small group of compound verbs is often used, formed by adding one or another prefix to the verb esse. The most common: ab sum, a fui, -, ab esse be absent, be at a distance, defend ad sum, ad fui (affui), -, ad esse be present, help de sum, de fui, -, de esse lack, miss , not to be inter sum, inter fui, -, inter esse to be among (what dat.), participate; intĕrest important; there is a difference prae sum. prae fui. –, prae esse to be ahead (of which dat.), to be at the head (of which dat.) pro sum, pro fui, –, prod esse to be useful, to help (prosum

Other irregular verbs The verb ĕdō, ēdĭ, ēsum, ĕdĕrĕ (or ēssĕ) eat, eat has parallel (thematic and more ancient athematic) forms in ēssĕ infect. In athematic forms, before the endings s (se) and t (tis), the stem ĕd becomes ēs. The athematic forms of praesens conjunctīvi are formed with the suffix ī: ēd i m, etc. The rest of the forms follow the usual III conjugation (like the verb mitto, ĕre). Verbs that are complex with ĕdō show features characteristic of a simple verb, for example: comĕdō, сomēdī, сomēsum (comestum), comĕdĕre and сomēsse eat, eat.

The verb fĕrō, tŭlī, lātum, fĕrrĕ carry. The infective stem fĕr is opposed by the perfect stem tŭl and the supine stem lāt, ascending to the verb tollo raise. The sounds r, s and t of endings and suffixes are attached to the base of the infect directly, without a thematic vowel (athematic formation of forms). Praes. ind. : fĕrō, fĕrs, fĕrt, fĕrĭmŭs, fĕrtĭs, fĕrunt. The remaining forms are formed correctly according to the third conjugation: Praes. conj. : feram, ferās, etc. ; ferar, ferāris, etc. Imperf. ind. : ferēbam, ferēbas, etc.; ferēbar, ferēbāris, etc. Fut. I: feram, ferēs, etc.; ferar, ferris, etc. Participium praes. : ferēns, entis. Gerundium: ferendi. Gerundivum: ferendus, a, um. Passive forms of the 3rd l. present temp. fertur, feruntur are used in the meaning they say. The forms of the verb fero in the perfect system are formed from the stem tul in the active, from the stem lat in the passive, similarly to the forms of regular verbs.

Verbs complex with fĕrō: af fĕrō, at tŭlī, al lātum, af fĕrrĕ bring au fĕrō, abs tŭlī, ab lātum, au fĕrrĕ take away, remove, separate con fĕrō, con tŭlī, col lātum, con fĕrrĕ take away (to one place ), gather; compare dif fĕrō, –, –, dif fĕrrĕ differ ef fĕrō, ex tŭlī, e lātum, ef fĕrrĕ endure in fĕrō, in tŭlī, il lātum, in fĕrrĕ bring in, begin of fĕrō, ob tŭlī, ob lātum, of fĕrrĕ suggest prae fĕrō, prae tŭlī, prae lātum, prae fĕrrĕ offer, carry, prefer re fĕrō, re tŭlī, re lātum, re fĕrrĕ carry back, carry back; restore; report, inform refert (res + ferre) important, matters

The verb vŏlō, vŏlui, -, vĕllĕ want, desire. This verb has alternating vowels ĕ/ŏ (vĕl /vŏl) at the base of the infect. Forms of the indicative are formed from the stem vŏl, forms of the subjunctive and infinitive are formed from the stem vĕl. Several forms of athematic conjugation have been preserved: 3 e l. units h. vult from vŏl t, 2 e l. pl. h. vŭltis from vŏl tis, infinitive vĕllĕ from *vĕl sĕ (s > l as a result of complete progressive assimilation). Praesens conjunctīvi is formed with the optative suffix ī : velim, etc. Derivatives of this verb: nōlō, nōluī, –, nōllĕ not to want; mālō, māluī, –, māllĕ want more, prefer. The remaining forms are formed correctly according to the III conjugation. Imperatīvus is used only from used to express prohibition. nolo: nōlī, nōlītĕ – and

The verb eō, iī, ĭtum, īrĕ go. A feature of this verb is the alternation in the stem infect: ĕ before vowels (exception part. praes. iēns), ī before consonants. Suffixes: in imperfectum bā, in futūrum I b (as in archaic conjugation forms IV). In tenses of the perfect system, the combination iī is preserved when the first i is stressed, ii > i when the second i is stressed (e.g., 2 e l and plural perfectum ind. : iísti > isti: iístis > istis, plusquarnperfectum conj .: iíssem > issem). Imperatfvus praes. : ī, ītĕ. Infinitivus praes. : īrĕ, perf. : īssĕ, fut. : itūrus, a, um esse. Participium praes. : iēns, euntis. Gerundium: eundi. 3 e l. units h. praes. ind. pass. used in an ambiguous sense: itur go. The form infinitīvus praesentis passīvi īrī is only used to form descriptive verbs infinitīvus futūri passīvi (ornatum īrī). In this case, the form īrī, without having a specific verbal meaning, serves to express the idea of the future.

Verbs that are complex with eo: eo ab eō, ab iī, ab ĭtum, ab īrĕ leave ad eō, ad iī, ad ĭtum, ad īrĕ approach, address ex eō, ex iī, ex ĭtum, ex īrĕ go out in eō, in iī , in ĭtum, in īrĕ enter, enter, start intĕr eō, inter iī, inter ĭtum, inter īrĕ perish pereō, per iī, per ĭtum, per īrĕ perish praetĕr eō, praeter iī, praeter ĭtum, praeter īrĕ pass by (whom , which ass.) prod eō, prod iī, prod ĭtum, prod īrĕ act, be useful red eō, red iī, red ĭtum, red īrĕ return trans eō, trans iī, trans ĭtum, trans īrĕ pass Some compound verbs acquire a transitive meaning and in this case they have completely forms of the passive voice, for example. : praetereor pass me by.

The verb fīō, făctus sum, fĭĕrī to become, to become, to occur, to happen, to be. This verb has the meaning of the passive voice to facio, although all tenses of the infect system are formed in him only in the active voice. On the contrary, tenses of the perfect system have only a passive form, for the formation of which part is used. perf. pass. from the verb facio - factus, a, um. Thus, the verb fio, fio factus sum, fiĕri is semi-depositional and, moreover, suppletive: the basis of the infect system fi (a kind of root fu to be), the basis of the passive participle fact. In the infecta system, the verb fio is conjugated according to the IV conjugation with minor deviations: inf. praes. fiĕri (an archaic form of fiĕrĕ) and imperfectum conj. fiĕrem; ī remains long in the stem before a vowel (short ĭ only in the forms: fĭt, fĭĕrī, fĭĕrem, etc.).

Verbs formed from făcio with the help of prefixes change the root vowel (ă changes to ĭ in an open median syllable, to ĕ in a closed one) and form the passive forms correctly, like III conjugation verbs with an infective stem to ĭ; e.g. , verbs: per fĭciō, per fēcī, per fĕctum, per fĭcĕrĕ to complete, inter fĭciō, inter fēcī, inter fĕctum, inter fĭcĕrĕ to kill, have the following passive forms: perfĭcior, per fĕctus sum, per fĭcī to end; inter fĭcior, inter fĕctus sum, inter fĭcī to be killed. Praesens indicatīvi passīvi: perficior, perficĕris, perficĭtur, etc. Verbs formed from facio by compounding do not change the root vowel ă and have passive forms like fīō, făctus sum, fĭĕrī. So, the first part of a compound verb is the stem of the infect of the verb pateo, ui, –, ēre to be open or the verb assuesco, suēvi, suētum, ĕre to get used to; verbs are formed by compounding: рatĕ făсiō, рatĕ fēcī, рatĕ făсtum, рatĕ făсĕrĕ open; assuē făсiō, assuē fēcī, assuē făсtum, assuē făсĕrĕ to accustom. The main forms of the passive voice: patĕ fīō, patĕ făсtus sum, patĕ fĭĕrī to open; assuē fīō, assuē făсtus sum, assuē fĭĕrī get used to. Praesens indicativi passivi: pattĕfĭo, patĕfīs, patĕfit, etc.

Irregular verbs also include the verb dō, dĕdi, dătum, dăre I to give the only one in Latin, in which the stem of the infect ends in a short ă. Long ā has only two forms: 2 e l. units h. praes. ind. act. dās and 2 e l. units h. imperative dā. Due to the shortness of the root ă in the formation of verbs derived from do, at the base of the infect ă > ĕ, and complex verbs pass into the III conjugation: trado, tradĭdi, tradĭtum, tradĕre 3 pass condo, condĭdi, condĭtum, сondĕre 3 create, found. However, in verbs with a two-syllable prefix, the root ă is preserved: circumdo, sigsumdĕdi, circumdătum, circumdăre I surround.

Insufficient verbs (Verba defectīva) Insufficient verbs are called, from which only some forms are used. The most important of them: 1. inquam I say (placed at the beginning of direct speech) Praes. ind. : inquam, inquis, inquit; , inquiunt Perf. ind. : inquit Foot. 1 ind. : inquiēs, inquiet The form inquam is the ancient subjunctive, actually I would say. 2. aio I say, I affirm; 3 e l. units h. praes. and perf. ind. : ait. 3. Verbs that have only forms of the perfect system: Perfectum ind. act. Supinum soerī I started coeptum odī I hate - memĭnī I remember - Infinitīvus coepisse odisse meminisse The form imperatīvus futūri is also used from the verb memĭnī: mementō, mementōte remember, remember. The verbs odī and memĭnī are perfectum praesens, that is, they indicate the state reached by the time of the narration.

Impersonal verbs (Verba impersonalia) Impersonal verbs are used only in 3 ml. units hours and in the infinitive. Impersonal verbs are divided into three groups: 1. Impersonal verbs, which are separate forms of the 3rd l. units hours of ordinary verbs that have other personal forms. The impersonal forms of such verbs usually mean natural phenomena: fulget, fulsit, fulgēre lightning flashes (fulgeo, fulsi, ēre 2 to sparkle); tonat, tonuit, tonāre thunder rumbles (tono, ui, āre 1 rumble). 2. Verbs that are always used impersonally: decet, decuit, decēre proper, appropriate; goes to the face; libet, libuit (libĭtum est), Iibēre you like, you want; licet, licuit (licĭtum est), licēre is possible, allowed; oportet, oportuit, oportēre is necessary, follows. 3. Verbs that have a different meaning in the impersonal form than in the personal one: constat, constĭtit, constāre known (consto 1 stand, consist); accĭdit, accidĕre happens (accĭdo 3 fall, fall); praestat, praestĭtit, praestāre is better (praesto 1 to stand in front, to surpass).