How to distinguish the genitive from the genitive. How to distinguish the Nominative from the Accusative

You will need

Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases.
Knowing the definition of cases.
Knowledge of questions defining cases.

Instruction

Genitive
According to the definitions in , Genitive stands for:
Belonging to someone or something, for example, "a fox skin", "teacher's journal";

If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (R.p.)”;

Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example, “wish happiness (R.p.)”, “avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;

If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;

If the noun is the object of a measurement, or a genitive date, such as "a spoonful of sour cream" or "Day of the Paris Commune".

Accusative
According to definitions in Russian accusative stands for:
Transition of the action to the subject in full, for example, “flip through a magazine”, “drive a car”;

Transfer of spatial and temporal relations "walk a mile", "rest";

In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on, for example, "it's a shame for a friend."

In order to never confuse a noun, it is important to remember that each case in the Russian language corresponds to a universal question, asking which this noun, as a result, we get the corresponding case.
The genitive case corresponds to the question “no one?” for the animate and “there is nothing?” for inanimate nouns.
The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.
It is extremely difficult to determine the cases of nouns according to its definitions. Let's say that remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings of nouns quite often coincide.
Let's give an example using an animate noun in plural:

Nearby I noticed people (see who? - V.p.)

There were no people around (there was no one? - R.p.)
As you can see, the word is inclined in both cases in the same way.

But, in order to finally make sure that the definition of the case is correct, mentally substitute an inanimate instead of an animate noun.
For example:

Nearby I noticed a pole (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no pillars around (there was no one? - R.p.)
The example shows that an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case.

From this we can draw the following conclusions:
1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a qualifying question.

2. If you determine the case of an animate noun, because the question "who?" applies to both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it a qualifying question. For the genitive, it will be “there is nothing?”, And for the accusative, “I see what?”. If the word looks like in , then your noun's case is accusative.

In most cases, distinguishing between the forms of the genitive and the accusative case does not present any difficulties: you just need to pay attention to case endings. If the endings of both forms coincide, you need to act according to the following algorithm.

Instruction

If you have inanimate in front of you, then you should ask a question about it. Nouns in

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive and nominative?

Perhaps the most interesting of all the cases of the Russian language is the accusative. Because all the rest answer themselves calmly to their questions and do not cause difficulties. With the accusative case, everything is different. It can be very easily confused with nominative or genitive. After all The accusative case answers the questions “Whom? What?" The accusative case denotes the object of the action. A noun, being in the accusative case, experiences the action of another noun, which in this proposal- predicate. Everything becomes clear on the example: "I love my brother." The noun "brother" will be in the accusative case. And he will experience a feeling of love from the pronoun “I”. What you should pay attention to when determining the case, so as not to confuse it with the nominative, is the endings. Below is a table:

To distinguish the accusative from the genitive, we will use auxiliary words and questions. For the genitive - there is no (whom, what), for the accusative - I see (whom, what). As you can see, there are different questions for animate and inanimate objects. Let's play on this.

Consider an example:

"Grandma is not at home." Let's substitute an inanimate object - "there are no keys to the house." No one, what? Grandma, keys. Genitive.

"I don't see a plate on the table." Let's substitute an animated object - "I don't see my brother on the table." I don’t see anyone - my brother, I don’t see what - a plate. Whom, what - accusative case.

Features of the accusative case.

The accusative case is used with such prepositions as "In, for, about, on, through." Difficulties can still arise with the accusative case when temporary concepts are indicated in sentences. Let's give an example "All night to rewrite the abstract." The nouns "night" and "abstract" are in this sentence in the accusative case. With such proposals, you need to be extremely careful. Along with the confusion of accusative and nominative, it can also be confused with the genitive. Let's give an example: "Wait for mother" and "Wait for a message." In the first case, the case will be genitive, and in the second - accusative. There is a difference due to the declination of animate and inanimate objects, as we have already written above.

Changing the endings of parts of speech that have a case category makes it possible to use the necessary forms of words for communication in a sentence. The accuracy and literacy of speech depends on the ability to correctly use words in the right case. Distinguishing the genitive from the accusative is easy if you know what each of them serves for.

Genitive:

indicates that the subject of speech belongs to someone or something (oriole's nest; friend's advice; city streets);
reflects the ratio of the part and the whole (a cup of tea; a loaf of bread; a lock of hair);
used if there is a comparison without indicating the object of comparison (harder than steel, softer than silk, colder than ice);
indicates a connection with a verb that is used with a particle not (not to be afraid of the dark; not to see the horizon, not to love a neighbor);
indicates a connection with a verb denoting desire or intention (to wish good; wish good luck, avoid responsibility).

In each of these cases, the nouns used in the genitive case are dependent words. From the main ones, one can pose questions to them: there is no one? or not what?

Accusative stands for:

an action aimed at the subject of speech (read a book, stroke a dog, eat a sandwich);
spatial and temporal relationships (overcome an obstacle; take a barrier; work a week).

From the main word to the noun in the accusative case, one can pose questions: I see whom? or see what?

Findings site

Inanimate nouns have different endings and answer the question (no) what? in the genitive case, (see) what? in the accusative.
For example:
I can do without (what?) an umbrella. (R. p.)
I will plant (what?) a tree. (V. p.)
The endings of animate nouns in the genitive and accusative cases may coincide. In this case, cases should be distinguished according to the meaning of the sentence.
For example:
I can't do without my father's help. (whom? auxiliary question: no one? - R.P.)
We remember my father as young and energetic. (who? secondary question see who? - V.P.)
The case of immutable nouns is also determined by context.
For example:
I want to buy a new coat. (whom? what? - V.P.)
The cage was without a kangaroo. (whom? what? - R.P.)

The grammar of the Russian language is incredibly extensive and at the same time extremely complex. However, if you properly understand the topic that presents a problem for you, in the end everything will fall into place.

In this article, we will talk about how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive, and a few more difficulties in declension of nouns and pronouns. Let's start with the basic concepts and rules.

The meaning of cases in Russian

To connect words in sentences, all independent parts of speech can take the necessary form: verbs change in tenses, numbers, persons and voices, and nouns, numerals, adjectives, participles and pronouns - in numbers and cases. So they carry out their own in sentences, but for this it is necessary to decline them correctly.

There are only 6 cases in Russian, each of them has auxiliary questions and its own endings. However, when choosing the latter, it is strictly necessary to take into account Plus, all adjectives, participles and numerals associated with the words of this part of speech also depend on it. Thus, in order to learn how to change all these morphological units by case, you first need to study this category in detail.

declination

The permanent features of nouns as parts of speech include gender (feminine, masculine, neuter), declension (1st, 2nd, 3rd, indeclinable and dissimilar words). It is also necessary to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns, common nouns and proper ones. And it is on the second category that the change in cases depends, or rather the addition of the necessary ending.

You need to know that the first declension includes nouns both masculine and female with the endings "-a" and "-ya", for example, rainbow, fox, man. In the second - male with a zero ending (son-in-law, genius, yogurt) and everything (window, grief, bed), and in the third - only those feminine words that end in "b" (mother, night, lynx). However, for case change, noun declension matters only in singular, since in the plural all words of this part of speech have the same endings ("-s / -i, -a / -ya"), for example, foxes, yogurts, mothers, banks, anchors.

The role of cases

Each of the six cases in Russian has eigenvalue and purpose of application in the text. So, with their help, words fulfill their syntactic role, forming a connection with in phrases.

Also, by case, you can determine which member of the sentence it refers to given name noun: if it is in the nominative case - this is the subject, if in the prepositional and answers the question “Where?”, in the genitive (“where from?”) or in the accusative (“where?”) - this is a circumstance, in other cases - an addition .

As for adjectives and participles, they, regardless of the case, are definitions, as well as quantitative ones - always circumstances with the meaning of measure and degree and answer the question "how much?".

Not subject to case change

Indeclinable and indeclinable nouns require special attention. The first of these are words mainly borrowed from foreign languages. For example, a casino, a popsicle, a scarf, a cache-pot, coffee, etc. Their form is unchanged, that is, they cannot be declined by cases, since their ending will remain the same. In this regard, the problem of how to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive or which ending to choose when writing does not concern this category of words, and therefore it is easy to use them in the text.

I. p .: what's in the cup? - tasty coffee

R. p .: there is nothing? - delicious coffee

D.p.: add to what? - for delicious coffee

V. p .: want what? - tasty coffee

Etc.: smells like what? - delicious coffee

P. p.: think about what? - delicious coffee

Change in cases outside the rules of declension

However, heterogeneous words present a significant difficulty, there are only 11 of them (path + 10 for “-mya”: seed, udder, burden, crown, stirrup, tribe, time, name, flame, banner). When they change in cases, they take the endings of different declensions. In addition, only a noun in the accusative or nominative case from a number of words ending in "-my" does not require the addition of the suffix "-en" when declensed in the singular. In other cases, it is necessary.

However, this is precisely why the question of how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive case does not apply to dissimilar nouns, since their form in. n. is identical to and. n. In the plural of the genitive case, the suffixes "-yon" ("names, tribes") and "-yan" ("stirrups, seeds") are added to them. It’s easier to remember this visually: according to the attached photo, “a table of cases of dissimilar nouns.”

Main difficulty

To learn how to cope with the task of how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive, you need to learn how to correctly ask questions to words and determine morphological features nouns. This will help you take advantage a little trick by replacing difficult words to those that are clearly different in these two cases, i.e. to any example of the 1st declension.

So, if you see in the text an animate noun in the plural, then instead of it you should mentally use an inanimate in the same form. For example, "I see who? - people" ("I see what? - books" - since it is not a subject, it is not an SP, which means we choose a VP), "no one? - people" ( "there is nothing? - books" - r.p.).

If the problem is an animated masculine noun of the 2nd declension, then substitute “mother” instead of it, and then ask questions of the accusative case and the genitive co. For example, I see whom? - donkey (see who? - mom - vp), no one? - donkey (no one? - mom - r.p.). A similar trick should be used to distinguish between accusative and genitive (personal and reflexive), and possessives should be declined based on the nouns associated with them.

Russian language lesson

Topic: The difference between the nominative and the accusative

Goals:

develop the ability to recognize the nominative and accusative cases; practice the ability to determine the case of a noun;
formation of communicative competencies (dialogue, discussion)
bring up

Equipment: computer, multimedia installation.

DURING THE CLASSES:

1.Organization of the class(mood slide)

2. Repetition of the studied material

Slide: words by mark

At the mark

mark

About mark

Read the entry. Tell me what is written here? (word mark used in different cases)

Name these nouns in declension order. (Mark, at the mark, by mark, mark, mark, about mark)

What is noun declension? (this is a case change of nouns)

How many cases are there in Russian? Name all cases and questions to them.

3. A moment of calligraphy

Today, in a minute of calligraphy, we will write three letters. The first is a suffix in the word mark. What letter is this? (TO)

The second letter is the ending in the noun mark used in I.p. What letter is this? (BUT)

The third letter is the ending in the noun mark used in V.p. What letter is this? (U)

Children determine the order of the letters and write them down in a notebook. (KUA. UAK, AKU, ...)

4. Vocabulary - spelling work

Take a close look at this entry: Slide

season cog umbrella

Nod indicated?

Name the word from the dictionary that we will get acquainted with in the lesson. What is this word? How did you define it?

(This is the word station. To determine it, we learned how the word umbrella is formed. For its compilation, the last syllables of the first two words of the top line were used. This means that the desired word must be composed of the last syllables of the bottom line.)

Children write the word in a notebook, highlight spellings, work on the meaning of the word)

Make sentences with the word station.

5. physical minute (to the music)

6. New theme

And the heroes from our book, Masha and Misha, also made sentences. Here they are. SLIDE.

The station is located on the outskirts of the city.

The station received a message about the arrival of the train.

Passengers approaching the city see the station.

Read the first sentence and underline the main parts of the sentence.

Determine the case of the noun that is the subject of the sentence. (The word station is in I.p.)

Noun in I.p. Is it used with or without a preposition? (no preposition)

Read the second and third sentences, underline the main members in them Determine which member of the sentence is the noun station in this sentence? (minor member)

Determine the case of the noun station in the second and third sentences. (stands in V.p.)

Noun railway station in the accusative case is it used with a preposition or without a preposition? (used with and without a preposition)

Draw a conclusion how to distinguish a noun in I.p. from a noun in V.p.

Group work: Use the plan: slide

What member of the sentence is a noun in I.p.?

Is a noun used with a preposition in I.p.?

What member of the sentence is the noun in Vp?

How a noun is used in V.p. with a preposition or without a preposition?

Reading the rules from the textbook

7. Fizminutka (vision)

8. Fixing.

a) Work according to textbook No. 101. (1 person works at the blackboard)

B) Children write the text in a notebook (commented letter). Determine the declension, case and number of nouns underlined.

Squirrel lived in the hollow of an owl. hunter tracked down squirrel . Approached the platform

locomotive . Vanya saw for the first time locomotive . The car drove into steppe. spring

steppe covered with a green carpet of herbs.

Self-test. Micrototal.

9. Independent work

Read. Write sentences, insert desired letters. Specify

cases of nouns. Slide.

Alder, linden, s (a.o) sleep have soft (g, x) dr (e, u) weight. L(e,i) sleepy viper

He chooses a dense tr (a, o) vu for rest. Frogs and toads spawn in

water, on the ground and even on your own lower back.

What signs helped you to distinguish nouns in I.p. from

nouns in Vp?

10. Homework No. 102, learn the rule.

Outcome:

What topic did we learn in class today?

Which of the guys did you like at the lesson?

How do you rate your work?

How do you rate a teacher's performance?