What are paronyms in Russian definition. What are paronyms? Division by morphological feature

One philologist girl once refused a date with a guy who said: “Tomorrow, put on your best dress.” It seems that the young man did not say anything criminal, but the mistake turned out to be fatal. Say the young man “put it on”, everything would work out in the best way. Unfortunately, many people cannot use certain words correctly.

The words “put on” and “put on” are paronyms, it is precisely such lexical traps that lie in wait for us at every step. These words are often similar in sound, this leads to confusion - confusion, which happened in our example. To avoid mistakes in speech, we will talk about what paronyms are and how they are used in Russian.

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Meaning

Paronyms are single-root words that are similar in sound, phonetically synchronous, differing in lexical meaning. The term came from the Greek language, literally it means adjacency (similarity) of names. Twin words outwardly can differ only in one or two signs, sounds. With all the “sameness”, the difference in meanings can be cardinal and insignificant. Paronyms form pairs, which are called "paronymic". Constructions containing more than two paronyms form rows.

In Russian, there are dictionaries with explanations of paronyms as independent lexical forms, they contain more than a thousand rows . Online services on the Internet also provide an opportunity to get examples and descriptions of paronyms as parts of speech, get advice on the use of words - paronyms in speech. This is necessary for those who are inclined to confuse a student with a diplomat. Any dictionary will help to avoid such confusion (confusion), as well as teach you how to use words and phrases correctly.

In quantitative terms, most of the paronyms are nouns, a little less are adjectives and, in descending order, verbs and adverbs.

Nouns

In Russian speech, nouns are the most paronymic. Let's look at some interesting examples.

Adjectives

Examples of adjectives - paronyms. There are fewer of them, but they are often used in speech. Examples: supreme - supreme, harmonic - harmonious, long - long, businesslike - businesslike. Consider the example of a pair of long - long. Long - this word belongs to the category of measure of length, describes the visual perception of the dimension of something (someone). "Long pole", "long rope", "long torso" - these examples are the most obvious.

Long. This word-definition refers to the category of time. Long vacation, long walk, long journey. And by no means a "long ride!"

Verbs and adverbs

Verbs and adverbs are used less often and their number is less. Let's bring a few examples. Activate - activate, drive - beat, rude - rude, dare - dare. When the meaning of one word is far from another, there are fewer mistakes in speech. Even the most uneducated person will not be able to say "beat a nail in the hay" instead of "drive a nail into the wall."

Annoying - annoying, satisfying - full, lucky - successful. These examples are more complicated and require explanation. Words are close in lexical meaning, confusion is possible. Their use must be careful. Annoyingly - a mimic or gesture image of emotion. Annoyingly wrinkle your nose, annoyingly spread your arms, that is, portray an emotion. Annoyingly - a deep, emotional experience, without the obligatory external expression. For yourself, you need to be able to quickly determine the meaning of the word.

Satisfying - satisfying to eat, then now, in the present tense, experience satiety. Full - a full life, full to live, means to be provided for for a long time (it does not necessarily mean food).

Division by morphological feature

Morphologically, paronyms fall into three categories:

1. Formed by suffixes (suffixes). Basically, these are adjectives: spectator, visual, offensive, touchy, etc.
2. Formed by attaching prefixes to the root. Examples: turn - turn, circle - take away, pour - roll back and others.
3. Having different roots, but consonant: ice cream - frosty. But their use is rarely wrong.

Lexical division

According to the semantics of paronyms, there are also three types of paronyms.

1. Paronyms in pairs and rows line up randomly, due to the mere similarity in pronunciation. They have different roots and do not coincide in meaning: an excavator is an escalator. These are root paronyms. Their use is easy without mixing, since the meaning of these words is obviously different.
2. They have a common root, but suffixes, prefixes do not match. Such paronyms are called affixal. For example: economic - economical.
3. Etymological. These words line up in pairs and rows of paronyms according to their origin, confusion of meanings, and they are taken from different languages: single - ordinary.

The use of paronyms must be literate. You can’t “put on” a dress, you can “put on” it. And, in general, we only put on ourselves! This applies to any clothing and to all inanimate things (ring, necklace, chain). But we dress someone else (animate objects). Examples: “I will dress the child warmly”, “dress yourself in the latest fashion”. Mixing paronyms leads to lexical errors in speech.

Therefore, when trying to insult the person who nudged you and did not apologize, consider which word is better to choose: "ignorant" or "ignorant." The use of any word should be meaningful, but it is better if it is aimed at reconciliation. You can also refuse paronyms, saying: "Sir, you are wrong, but this time I forgive you."

Paronyms are well illustrated in the statements of great people. For example, Dmitri Shostakovich distinguished between people who can listen to music and those who can hear it. Marina Tsvetaeva also has a similar statement. The great classic of Russian literature Alexander Griboedov in his creation "Woe from Wit" wrote the famous phrase about the fact that serving is a joyful thing, but serving is nauseating.

Paronyms (gr. para- near + onima- name) - these are single-root words that are similar in sound, but do not match in meaning: signature - painting, dress - put on, main - capital. Paronyms, as a rule, refer to one part of speech and perform similar syntactic functions in a sentence.

Taking into account the peculiarities of word formation of paronyms, the following groups can be distinguished.

1. Paronyms differing in prefixes: about seals - from seals, at to pay - about to pay;

2. Paronyms differing in suffixes: no response n th - no answer stvenn oh, noun natural o - noun ness; commander ovann th - commander vegetable th;

3. Paronyms that differ in the nature of the stem: one has a non-derivative stem, the other has a derivative. In this case, the pair can be:

• a) words with a non-derivative stem and prefixes: growth - WHO rast;
• b) words with a non-derivative stem and non-prefixed words with suffixes: brake - brake enenie;
• c) words with a non-derivative stem and words with a prefix and suffix: cargo - on the cargo to a.

Semantically, there are two groups among paronyms.

1. Paronyms that differ in subtle semantic shades: long - long, desired - desirable, maned - maned, vital - worldly, diplomatic - diplomatic and under. There are a majority of such paronyms, their meanings are commented in linguistic dictionaries (explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties, dictionaries of single-root words, dictionaries of paronyms). Many of them are characterized by features in lexical compatibility; compare: economic effects - economical farming, wealthy inheritance- heavy heritage; fulfill exercise - perform song.

2. Paronyms that differ sharply in meaning nest - nest, defective - defective. There are few such units in the language.

A special group of paronyms are those that differ in functional and stylistic fixation or stylistic coloring; compare: work(common) - work(simple and special) live(common) - reside(official).

Some authors interpret the phenomenon of paronymy in an expanded way, referring to paronyms any words that are close in sound (and not just single-root ones). In this case, paronyms should also recognize such consonant forms as drill - trill, lancet - tweezers, minced meat - farce, escalator - excavator, turn - stained glass etc. However, their convergence in speech is of an accidental nature and is not fixed by the whole variety of systemic relations in the language. In addition, the comparison of heterogeneous consonant words is often subjective in nature (words seem similar to one turn - stained glass, another - bend - mirage)

Lexical norms (use of the word).

This task tests your ability to distinguish paronyms.

Paronyms Words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

Lexical norms of the Russian language are called the rules for the use of words and phrases in strict accordance with their meanings. Violation of lexical norms leads to the fact that statements become ambiguous, as well as to serious speech errors. Compliance with the lexical norms of the Russian language involves the ability to choose the right word from a number of close or identical in content, i.e., synonymous words, as well as the ability to distinguish paronymic words.

Paronyms are:

prefixed;

suffix;

differing in final letters.

Prefixed paronyms.

In task A2, they are quite rare, so they are not so difficult to remember.

Distinguish!

Suffix paronyms.

Rule.

Most of the paronyms are associated with the difference between the same-root adjective and participle.

Remember!

Suffixes –USCH-/-YUSCH-, -ASCH-/-YASCH- refer to participle suffixes and denote the producer of the action.

COLORFUL . Characterized by bright colors.

COLORING. Serving for coloring something, containing paint (special).

Differing in final letters.

Remember!

This chapter does not present all the examples that are possible in task A2. Most often, you will have to look in a dictionary to determine the meanings of words.

Action algorithm.

1. Determine what part of speech the paronyms are.

2. Read the sentences carefully. Maybe you will find something in common in words that are combined with paronyms.

3. Think about what word they can be formed from. Perhaps the difference is in the basics!

4. Look at what part of the word the words differ: prefix, suffix, etc.

5. If possible, remember the differences in meaning.

Remember! If you suddenly come across words like subscriber - subscription, this algorithm will not work.

Parsing the task.

In which sentence, instead of the word HOSTILE, should the word HOSTILE be used?

1) Animals and plants sometimes act as HOSTILE forces in fairy tales.

2) He ended up in a world hostile to him.

3) The tank division managed to break the hostile defense of the enemy.

4) They were not prepared for such a HOSTILE reception from the locals.

Hostile and hostile refer to paronyms - adjectives. Let's try to figure out what word (s) they are formed from.

Hostile – enmity(dislike, mutual hatred, unfriendly relations) + suffix - ebn-. Meaning - expressing a hostile attitude.

Hostile – enemy(a person fighting for other, opposing interests, opponent) + suffix - esk-. Meaning - belonging to the enemy.

This means that paronyms are formed from different words, therefore, the difference should be sought based not so much on suffixes, but on the basis of words.

In options No. 2, 3, 4, the context expresses the relationship: in hostile world, hostile defense, hostile reception. And in option No. 1, according to the context, ownership should be indicated: instead of hostile forces must speak enemy forces.

In this way, Correct option #1.

Practice.

1. In which sentence should DIPLOMAT be used instead of the word DIPLOMAT?

1) Leonid Ivanovich was considered a real DIPLOMAT in dealing with people around him.

2) The success of the foreign policy of the state largely depends on the experience and talent of DIPLOMATS.

3) You speak like a DIPLOMAT, but things are not going well.

4) DIPLOMATS of the Moscow Ballet Competition took part in the final concert.

When writing or pronouncing, people quite often face what decision, like the choice of a particular word. The fact is that for a modern educated person, the use of words should not only be correct and appropriate, but also meet all standards and accurately emphasize everything that he wanted to convey to the interlocutor.

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This happens as follows: when people speak or write, they choose from their vocabulary a certain word that best helps to express the desired thought, corresponds to the genre of speech and speech situation.

The culture of speech is one of the main criteria for the level of education of a person. The smarter a person is, the greater his vocabulary. But if in some cases your active vocabulary is not enough, an explanatory dictionary will always come to the rescue.

The smarter the person, the larger the vocabulary

Links between words

Russian vocabulary is rich in words that form systemic relationships. These include:

• antonyms;
• homonyms;
• paronyms.

What are paronyms? This word comes from Greek and means words that are close in spelling and sound, but different in meaning. For example, consonant with the word subscription is subscriber.

Important! Lexical norms require a person to correctly use words that will exactly match their meaning. If you do not adhere to these rules, then there are serious errors in the statement, the speech becomes ambiguous and incomprehensible to the interlocutor.

The formation of such words occurs in different ways:

• suffix;
• prefixal;
• with different endings.

In order to better understand the meaning of similar-sounding words, you should study examples.

What are paronyms

Examples

There are a great many words that make up pairs of paronyms. Depending on the method of formation, they are usually divided into three main groups. For example, for the word life-giving companion will be a paronym tenacious. It is not difficult to see the difference in the meaning of these two words.

After all, "tenacious" is capable of life, enduring, or something that persists for a long time (a tenacious animal, tenacious habits). And the word "life-giving" means something that can strengthen vitality (life-giving remedy, life-giving water). This paronymic pair refers to the adjective part of speech. As for the word "cash", the consonant with it is "presence".

To distinguish them is also quite simple, you just need to familiarize yourself with the meaning. Presence is the presence of someone or something. For example, the presence of a cat on the balcony. Cash means the amount of what is available in this period of time. An example is the phrase "cash".

Where can you find these pairs?

it words that are similar in spelling but different in meaning, but it is possible to fully understand the content of this term only with the help of examples of words that together make up the so-called paronymic pair. But not everyone has a very large number of words and phrases in their memory, in other words, a large vocabulary.

This means that you should read more, learn, and constantly exercise, because a variety of tasks to increase the level of knowledge in the Russian language were invented not only for schoolchildren. But if there is no time to learn all the subtleties now, and the word needs to be chosen right now, a dictionary of paronyms will come to the rescue, in which many consonant lexemes with the meaning of each of them are entered.

They come in handy in some situations. But still, you will have to spend time searching for the right words, so it will be much better to keep them in your memory and use them effortlessly when needed.

Mixing

The term "mixing" refers to replacing similar sounding words, which meanwhile have completely different meanings. As a result of such confusion, various stylistic incidents take place, people use sentences with paronyms that are inappropriate in this case. To understand what a mixture of paronyms is, you need to familiarize yourself with examples of the unsuccessful use of words.

So, often people kneel instead of standing. Or the artist will create high-calorie images instead of colorful ones. Such errors, although in most cases cause a smile, but, despite this, they remain errors.

So many words and phrases are confused. This is especially true for younger and middle-aged schoolchildren, whose vocabulary is not yet as rich as that of the adult population.

To prevent this from happening, a small student must always have a dictionary at hand, which will help to understand the meaning of some incomprehensible words and prevent similar mistakes in the future.

Origin story

Initially, the term itself was coined and used by Aristotle in his writings. Paronymy is the name of the phenomenon of incomplete sound similarity of words with their partial or complete semantic difference. In the middle of the twentieth century, Soviet specialists in the field of linguistics used this term to denote words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech. As an example, we can cite such paronymic pairs as:

• payment - payment;
• marsh - swampy;
• main - capital.

But other scientists call so only single-root words that have consonant prefixes and a common place. In the Russian language of the modern type of paronymic pairs, there are no more than a thousand. But one cannot neglect their role in speech, because without a correct understanding of the meaning of words it will be impossible to avoid speech errors. Although such words are most often consonant, each of them has a different meaning.

That's why in no case should one word from a pair be replaced by another. With such actions, the entire context loses its meaning and ceases to refer to one subject area. Similar words are often found both in fiction and scientific literature, and in everyday colloquial speech.

Attention! To consolidate knowledge of when to use the right word from a pair, you should solve simple exercises that can be found on various sites.

Exceptions to the rules

There are cases when similar words become synonyms. As, for example, "conduct" and "produce" are close in meaning and denote the performance of any action. But it is important to remember that this paronymic pair acquires such a feature only in some cases.

Everything else is a completely different word in meaning. You need to be very careful about this when speaking or writing. All similar-sounding words are similar in structure. It is this feature that is the reason for their semantic correlation. Words with a common root that are part of the same part of speech form the so-called closed paronymic series.

In the process of comparing similar words, special attention is paid to semantic differences. Paronymy has a systemic character at the level and lexical compatibility.

Pairs in English

In most cases, replacing a certain word with a similar one in English is considered in each specific situation. Most often, such mistakes are made by people who do not speak a foreign language at a very high level. There is even a special name for such errors - "the law of the sign."

Due to simple inattention, people who are just starting to learn English can pronounce some words incorrectly, thereby losing the very meaning of the sentence. For example, cat, which translates as "cat", can be pronounced as cap - "cap". These speech errors are typical only for those who study a foreign language, therefore words similar in sound in English are not classifiable.

Paronyms

USE task 5 - paronyms

Conclusion

Words similar in sound and spelling must be able to recognize and distinguish. Only in this case can a person call himself literate, in other words, have language competence. It is important to remember that the use of paronyms can create some difficulties, so you should be very careful. If you still have questions related to the correct choice of a particular word, you can check it using a dictionary.

1.1. Paronyms in Russian

1.2. Paronym groups

1.3. Relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms

1.4. The use of paronyms in speech

1.5. Stylistic functions of paronyms

1.6. Dictionaries of paronyms

Chapter 2

2.1. The correct use of paronyms in the press

2.2. Misuse of paronyms in the press

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Paronyms as a phenomenon of the lexical system of the Russian language as an object of special purposeful study began to attract the attention of linguists much later than synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, categories and phenomena of word formation.

The growing interest in paronyms of the Russian language, the relatively rapid stabilization of targeted research attention to them in modern scientific literature can be explained, on the one hand, by clarifying the object of study, and on the other hand, by the significant role that patronymy plays in the arsenal of means of expression, especially fiction. and journalism.

The most common, traditional understanding of paronyms covers the comparison of words that have any sound similarity, i.e. and words with a random similarity of their phonetic appearance, and related, cognate words. Such an understanding of paronyms comes from ancient rhetoricians and ultimately comes down to paronomasia - a stylistic device consisting in the deliberate convergence of words that have some kind of sound similarity.

In the 1960s, paronyms were interpreted as words of the same root, belonging to the same part of speech or having common grammatical features and, at the same time, due to word-formation "relatedness" - usually semantically correlated with each other.

The definition of paronyms usually includes such a structural feature as the same stress of the compared words.

A refined understanding of paronyms offers their study in terms of systemic relations of the vocabulary of a particular language.

Paranomy is a problematic correctness of literary speech, a problem of cultural speech.

An in-depth study of the essence of paronyms, elucidation of certain systemically determined patterns of word-formation and semantic correlation of words compared in paronymic series, general and partial features of their compatibility, is designed to create a solid foundation for scientific, theoretical justification and further analysis of the cultural and speech aspect of paronymy and for the correct use of paronyms in journalism.

Based on the foregoing, the purpose of this work is to study the use of paronyms in journalism.

In connection with the stated goal, the following tasks were set in the work:

1. consider the concept of paronymic words;

2. study the use of paronyms in the press;

3. to investigate the frequency, correctness of the use of paronyms in the language of the press;

Analyzing such newspapers and magazines as "Arguments and Facts", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Moskovskij Zhurnal", "RF Today", "Motherhood", "Domashny Ochag", "Financial Newspaper", "MK-YUGRA" we managed to identify basic principles of the use of paronyms.

Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion, set out on 33 pages of typewritten text.

1.1. Paronyms in Russian

Paronyms (gr. para - near + onima - name) are single-root words that are similar in sound, but do not match in meaning: signature - painting, dress - put on, main - capital. Paronyms, as a rule, refer to one part of speech and perform similar syntactic functions in a sentence. (13)

Paronyms are words of different meanings, similar in pronunciation, lexical and grammatical affiliation and, as a rule, the relationship of the roots: addressee - addresser, breath - sigh, land - earth and many others. (fifteen)

Paronyms are similar-sounding words of the same root that belong to the same part of speech and the same semantic field, but, as a rule, have different meanings. The place of emphasis is not important. (eleven)

Paronyms represent a very significant layer of vocabulary. Being - along with synonyms, antonyms and homonyms - one of the components of the lexical system of the language, they occupy their special place in it. Unfortunately, there are serious disagreements between scientists in understanding the very essence of paronymy, which, of course, is reflected in the existing dictionaries of paronyms.

1.2. Paronym groups

Krasnykh V.V. identifies the following groups:

1) full paronyms (having different meanings);

2) incomplete paronyms (which are synonyms in separate meanings);

3) paronyms that are synonyms in all meanings.

Paronyms that belong to the first group form the lexical core of the category under consideration, and paronyms from the second and third groups form its periphery. The first group includes, for example, such paronyms: fact - factor, effective - spectacular, deprive - deprive. The second group is represented, in particular, by such paronyms: artistic - artistic, polemical - polemical, tragic - tragic. The third group (very small) includes, for example, paronyms specific - specific, optimistic - optimistic, idiomatic - idiomatic.

Taking into account the peculiarities of word formation of paronyms, the following groups can be distinguished:

1. Paronyms that differ in prefixes: typos - prints, pay - pay;

2. Paronyms that differ in suffixes: unrequited - irresponsible, being - essence; seconded - business trip;

3. Paronyms that differ in the nature of the stem: one has a non-derivative stem, the other has a derivative. In this case, the pair can be:

a) words with a non-derivative stem and prefixed formations: growth - age;

b) words with a non-derivative stem and non-prefixed words with suffixes: brake - braking;

c) words with a non-derivative stem and words with a prefix and suffix: load - load.

Semantically, there are two groups among paronyms.

1. Paronyms that differ in subtle semantic shades: long - long, desired - desirable, maned - maned, vital - worldly, diplomatic - diplomatic. There are a majority of such paronyms, their meanings are commented in linguistic dictionaries (explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties, dictionaries of single-root words, dictionaries of paronyms). Many of them are characterized by features in lexical compatibility: economic consequences - economical housekeeping, rich heritage - heavy heritage; to complete the task - to sing a song.

2. Paronyms that differ sharply in meaning nest - nesting, defective - defective. There are few such units in the language. (eight)

A special group of paronyms are those that differ in functional-stylistic fixation or stylistic coloring: work - work, live - live. (16)

The distribution of paronyms by parts of speech is very uneven. In the first place are adjective paronyms, combining both adjectives proper and participles, which turned into adjectives as a result of the loss of verbal features (about 2500 units in total). The second place in terms of number is occupied by substantive paronyms (more than 1000 units). In third place are verbal paronyms (more than 400 units). (11)

Paronymic series can be both binary (they are the majority) and polynomial, numbering in some cases up to six or seven or more components. For example: elite - elite, misspelling - unsubscribe, absorb - swallow, watery - watery - watery, hunger - starvation - hunger strike, bloody - bloody - bloody - bloody, pay - pay - pay - pay, gambling - playing - playing - playful - sparkling - playful.

Some authors interpret the phenomenon of paronymy in an expanded way, referring to paronyms any words that are close in sound (and not just single-root ones). In this case, such consonant forms as drill - trill, lancet - tweezers, minced meat - farce, escalator - excavator, turn - stained glass, etc. should also be recognized as paronyms. However, their convergence in speech is random and is not fixed by all the variety of systemic relations in language. In addition, the comparison of heterogeneous consonant words is often subjective (the words turn - stained glass seem similar to one, the turn - mirage to another)

1.3. Relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms

When studying paronyms, the question naturally arises about their relationship to other lexical categories - homonyms, synonyms and antonyms. So, some scientists consider paronymy as a kind of homonymy, and paronyms, therefore, as "pseudo-homonyms", indicating their formal proximity. Paronyms differ from homonyms in the following ways. First, paronyms have different spellings; for example: dictat - dictation (paronyms), dacha 1 - a portion given at one time, dacha 2 - a country house, usually for summer holidays, dacha 3 - a piece of land under the forest (homonyms). Secondly, paronymic words never have a complete match in pronunciation; for example: paronymous Spitz - a spire and homonymous hairpin 1 - a device for pinning hair, hairpin 2 - a thin heel.

In addition, the semantic proximity of paronyms is explained etymologically: initially they had a common root. And the similarity of homonymous words is purely external, random (with the exception of those cases when homonymy develops as a result of the disintegration of the meanings of a polysemantic word). (7)