Rule on the topic of spelling endings. Case endings of nouns

Spelling parts of speech.

Dear friends, we have finished talking about the spelling of roots and prefixes. We will devote further lessons to the basic spellings associated with the spelling of suffixes and endings in various parts speech.

I do not aim to consider theoretical questions for each part of speech. The basic concepts of what this or that part of speech is, you received in the process of studying the course RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.
We will consider those spellings that cause the greatest difficulties.

So let's start from the beginning:

NOUN.

Spelling case endings of nouns

You all know that, depending on the endings, nouns are divided into 3 declensions .

Consider this proposal:

Tell about the courage..., heroism... and bravery... of the defenders of the Brest Fortress...

We see that out of 7 words - 4 are nouns in which unstressed The endings are almost the same. But in order to correctly insert the desired ending, you need to know the spelling rule -E and -I in unstressed noun endings.

First of all, I will introduce you to lifesaver words that give you the opportunity to very easily determine the case of a noun in any sentence.
These are the words:

and. who what? dog, horse, mouse, doubt
R. (no) someone what? dogs, horses, mice, doubts
(I will give or go if an excuse is needed) to someone? dog, horse, mouse, doubt
in. (see) someone what? dog, horse, mouse, doubt
t. (happy) with someone or something?) dog, horse, mouse, doubt
n. (think) about a dog, horse, mouse, doubt.

Let's remember how nouns are divided into declensions.

1 cl. - nouns feminine and masculine in -A and -Z : mother, uncle

2 cl. - nounsmasculine gender with zero ending and in -b and neuter gender in -O and -E.
: horse, ball, window, sea...

3 fold. - nouns female on -b: cloth, mouse...

In addition, there are nouns ending in: -II, -IA, -IE: sanatorium, station, doubt...

And further inflected nouns in MY and noun. path
: name, flame, path...

Each of them contains unstressed ending . Regularity when writing -I, and when -E next:

Let's start with 3 declensions, because in it there is no ending -E never in rod.p, date.p. predl. P.

and. mouse
R. mice
mouse
in. mouse
t. mouse
n. about the mouse

In 2 cl. in the prepositional case only -E is possible

and. horse, window
R. horse, window
e. horse, window
in. horse, window
t. horse, window
n. about the horse, about the window

In 1 cl. endings meet and -E, and - I.

This is where the difficulty sometimes comes in. How to facilitate the task of determining the end of 1 cl?

There is a way - word substitution 1 skl, which has a stressed ending.
I usually recommend the words earth (inanimate) and sister (animate)

For example a sentence:

A squirrel jumps from branch to branch.

Substitute in the same case, with the samepretext: from the ground and So in the word
with branches and the ending is the same -AND

I drove through the desert...We substitute the wordon the ground

So let's write through the desert.

Mary's letter ...: (substitute: sisters -E ) Letter Mary e

(but! Mary, since the word Mary ends in ia, and this is completely different)

So our proposal would look like this:

Tell about courage (2 p.), heroism (2 p.) and courage (1 p.) (land) of the defenders of the Brest Fortress (3 p.)

Nouns on -IY, -IE, -YA in the prepositional case have an ending only -I

about the sanatorium AI, doubtful AI, station AI

Attention! It is very important to distinguish the endings on -IE from occurring in the middle gender 2 declension endings IE :
Live in Zapolyar ye (neuter gender, 2 fold. etc.), =
to be in thought - (cf. genus 2 cl. Prov. p.)

Please note: in oblivion (under stress)

Inflected nouns havein rod.p. , dates P. , suggestion P. graduation -AND (like 3 cl.)

At the banner, in the tribe, on the stirrup, on the way

And now a few words about nouns plural: unstressed endings on -YA, -E
have in genitive case graduation -II: naughty - naughty, wrist - wrist ..

and on the hit - HER: bench - bench; but! --- spear - copies

What are the problems with noun endings?

need to know that Russians surnames on -OV - ЁВ; - EV, -IN, -YN have in creative p. units. ending numbers -YM:

Nekrasov, Ptitsyn, Solovyov...

And foreign ones on -OV, -IN endings -OM:

Darwin, Green...

Settlements on : -OV. -EV, -IN, -UN, -OVO. -EVO, -INO, - NNO have in the instrumental

endings -OM. :

Behind Lvov, near Borodino...

Nouns husband. and avg. kind with suffix - ISCH - have in names. - case singular end date E :

house - houses E, swamp - swamp. ..

and y- female kind of ending A: hand - hand, dirt - mud ..

endings -A masculine words, animated: grandfather, father, boy...

endings -o for masculine words, inanimate: bread, house, polyushko. coat

This concludes the lesson. All the best. Baba Olya, who loves you.

1. In nouns that have a vowel before case endings and , written in the prepositional case singular(for feminine words also in the dative case) letter and , for example: about genius and, in Gogol's "Vi and”, under papa Pi and X, on the pool ki and, sisters and and or and, along the river B and, on the blade and (but: on sharp yo - under stress).

2. In neuter nouns - ye in the prepositional case of the singular, the letter is written e , for example: dream of happiness ye, on the Riga coast ye, live in Transcaucasia ye (but: in forget and - under stress).

3. Nouns with unstressed - me and - ye have an ending in the genitive plural - uy , and on the hit - ya and - yo - the ending - her . For example: naughty ya- naughty uy, wrist ye- wrist uy; scam ya- scam her, rouge yo- rouge her (but: cop yo- cop uy ).

Note. About forms of the genitive plural of words top ye, bottom ye, mouth ye, outback ye and others see § 155, paragraph 3.

4. In the genitive plural of nouns in - nya with a preceding consonant (hard or soft) or th letter b at the end is not written, for example: vish nya- vish en, sleeping nya- slept en, the battle nya- bo en.
Exceptions: young ladies b, boyaryshen b, villages b, kitchens b.

5. Russian surnames on - ov (yov), - ev, -in, - yn have the instrumental singular ending - ym , foreign surnames on - ov and - in - the ending - ohm . For example:
a) Nekrasov th, Solovyov th, Pleshcheev th, Nikitin th, Ptitsyn th;
b) Bülow ohm, Virchow ohm, Darwin ohm, Chaplin ohm.

The names of the settlements - ov, - ev, -in, - yn, -ovo, - evo, - ino, - yn have an ending in the instrumental case - ohm . For example: for Lviv ohm, near Kyiv ohm, for Tikhvin ohm, over Bykov ohm, for Ukleev ohm, near Borodino ohm, for Golitsyn ohm.

6. Masculine and neuter nouns with a suffix - seek- have the ending in the nominative singular - e , feminine nouns - ending - a . For example:
a) home home ische, swamp - swamps ische;
b) hand - hand looking for, dirt - dirt looking for.

In the shape of nominative case plural such words of feminine and masculine gender have the ending - and , and the average - a . Thus, in the plural, the onomic forms of the nominative case of the singular of masculine and neuter nouns are differentiated. Wed: hatchet - hatchet and (large axes) - ax handle a (axe handles); hillfort - hillfort and (big cities) - settlements a (ancient settlements).

For nouns with suffixes - ear-, -yushk-, -yshk-, -chic- in the nominative singular it is written:
a) ending - a - for masculine words denoting animated objects, and for feminine words, for example: grandfathers a, father a, boy a; mother a, share a, small things a;
b) ending - about - for masculine words denoting inanimate objects, and for neuter words, for example: bread about, house about; polyushka about, grain about, coat about.

Note. About the difference of forms sparrow donut- sparrow ears and under. see § 159.

7. Animated masculine and generic have after the suffix -l- in the nominative singular ending - a , for example: refuel la, bison la ; neuter nouns - ending - about , for example: teeth lo, urine lo.

What are the case endings for nouns? You will find the answer to this question in the materials of the presented article. We will also tell you about how the case endings of different declensions differ, and give some examples.

General information

Knowing how words change by case is extremely important. After all, the spelling of case endings brings a lot of problems during the creation of a competent text. It should be noted that the choice of a particular letter in nouns depends entirely on which particular declension they belong to. By the way, spelling errors -and or -e occur only in some case forms: dative, genitive and prepositional cases. That is why it is recommended to remember them.

What is declination? Declension types

Nominal inflected according to the adjectival type, as well as substantive and pronominal. In this article, we are only interested in the substantive declension. It is divided into three subtypes. Let's consider them in more detail:

1. According to the 1st declension, nouns (in the singular) of the common (cry-baby), masculine (father) and feminine (mother) gender change, which have the endings -я or -а in the nominative case.
2. According to the 2nd declension, nouns (in the singular) of the masculine gender, having (nail, house) or the ending -е, -о (house, house), as well as the middle gender with endings -ё, -е and -о ( field, spear, window) in the nominative case.
3. According to the 3rd declension, feminine nouns (in the singular) change, which end in a hissing or soft consonant (for example, pride, thought, branch). If such a word has a hissing consonant at the end, then its belonging to the 3rd declension should be indicated soft sign(for example, mouse, rye, oven, etc.).

Case endings of singular nouns

In order to correctly write, for example, a letter, it is desirable to know all the possible endings of nouns of different declensions. To do this, decline the corresponding words in cases.

Nouns of the 1st declension

1. Nominative case (who? What?) - dad (a), willow (a), Kol (ya), Yul (ya).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - dad (s), willow (s), Kol (s), Yul (s).
3. Dative case (what? to whom?) - dad (e), willow (e), Col (e), Yul (e).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - dad (y), willow (y), Kol (y), Yul (y).
5. Instrumental case (what? by whom?) - dad (oh), willow (oh), Kol (s), Yul (s).
6. Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about dad (e), about iv (e), about Kol (e), about Yul (e).

The case endings of nouns of the 1st declension are the same for all similar words. That is why, if you have difficulties while writing them, then you can safely look into this table and determine the correct ending.

Nouns of the 2nd declension

1. Nominative case (who? What?) - deer (_), watermelon (_), floor (e), sky (o).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - deer (I), watermelon (a), gender (I), sky (a).
3. Dative case (what? to whom?) - deer (y), watermelon (y), floor (y), sky (y).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - deer (I), watermelon (_), floor (e), sky (o).
5. Instrumental case (what? by whom?) - deer (eat), watermelon (oi), floor (eat), sky (om).
6. Prepositional case (about whom? about what?) - about deer (e), about watermelon (e), about gender (e), about sky (e).

Nouns of the 3rd declension

Unstressed case endings for nouns

In order not to make mistakes while writing the text, teachers recommend that their students remember the endings of all three declensions. However, it is not as simple as it seems at first glance. It is especially difficult to remember those words that have unstressed case endings. But even in this case, there is a separate rule in Russian. Let's imagine it right now.

If the case endings of nouns are in unstressed position, then their correct writing is determined by checking words of the same type of declension that end in the same stressed letter. Here's an example:

• knee, field, lake (face, window, chisel);
• about the book, (about the hand);
• horses, bowls (stumps, tables);
• watchman, house, field, glue (knife, table, point, window);
• lake, chair, stone (window, table, stump);
• about the watchman, about the teacher, in the field, about the dress, (about the knife, about the horse, in the window, about the linen);
• songs, servants, windows (teachers, cities, seas).

Plural nouns

About what case endings have singular nouns, we examined above. But sometimes it is required to correctly decline the words in the plural. It should be especially noted that their case endings do not depend on what declension it has. However, they can differ markedly for inanimate and animate objects (not always).

Inanimate nouns in the plural

1. Nominative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
2. Genitive case (of what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
3. Dative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
4. Accusative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
5. Instrumental case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
6. Prepositional case (about what?) - about chair(s), watermelon(s).

Animated plural nouns

1. Nominative case (who?) - lan (s), lionesses (s).
2. Genitive case (of whom?) - lan (s), lionesses (_).
3. Dative case (to whom?) - lan (yam), lioness (am).
4. Accusative case (who?) - lan (s), lionesses (_).
5. Instrumental case (by whom?) - lan (s), lionesses (s).
6. Prepositional case (about whom?) - about lan (s), lionesses (s).

Disparate words (nouns)

As mentioned above, nouns have one or another case endings, depending on which of the three declensions they belong to. However, in Russian there are often dissimilar words. These include nouns that, after changing in cases, have endings of different declensions.

So, ten nouns that end in -mya belong to variant nouns. Let's call them in order:

• burden;
• banner;
• tribe;
• time;
• stirrup;
• udder;
• crown;
• flame;
• seed.

Among other things, the masculine word "way" belongs to the heterogeneous. In order to correctly decline such nouns, you should know that when they change, they have a suffix -en- or -yon (for example: banner - banners, crown - crown, name - names, etc.).

Note

Nouns that end in -iya (series, army, Maria, line, etc.) are a special variant of declension. Thus, in the forms of the prepositional, genitive and dative cases, they have the ending -i. Here's an example:

• Genitive case (what? whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Dative case (what? to whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about the series (and), about the army (and), about Mari (and), about the line (and).

It should be noted that these words are not recommended to be confused with nouns ending in -ya (for example, Natalya, Marya, Sophia). After all, they are leaning general rules, and also have the ending -e in the forms of the prepositional and dative cases (Natalia, Marya, Sofya).

By the way, proper names, which are called settlements (Kashin, Borodino Kalinin), have special form in the instrumental case (singular). Thus, the presented words are declined according to the pattern of nouns of the 2nd declension and have a case ending -om (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin). It is impossible not to say that such words should not be confused with Russian surnames (Kashin, Borodin, Kalinin), which in the instrumental case have the ending -y (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin).

The declension is a collection of nouns that have the same set of endings in all cases. The ability to attribute any noun to a particular declension in order to determine a specific ending in a given context is the basis for spelling endings.

This does not mean that the position of the vowel in the ending has become an identifying feature of the spelling. The reason for the spelling is still the same lack of stress. Just checking for a stressed vowel requires not a selection of single-root words, but a selection of stressed "single-ending" forms of words.

Russian nouns in school grammars are divided into three declensions, which are determined on the basis of gender and ending in the nominative singular:

There is a group of inflected nouns: burden, time, name, crown, stirrup, tribe, banner, flame, seed, udder– 10 words per me neuter, isslovo path male .

There are two approaches to studying case endings. The simplest and at first the most difficult is to memorize all the endings of each declension, and then all the exceptions. That's what they usually do in school. Then, when repeated, the most difficult endings are highlighted e and and :

Another approach is also possible, in which

the endings of nouns are determined by oral substitution into the given context of a noun-example of the same declension with a stressed ending: lies on the books..(I sk.) - lies on the earth- e; rook -e, pulls out of bags .. - pulls out of the ground -and, rook-i,; story about neighbor .. (II fold.) - story about goat; talk about life..(III fold.) - talk oh love, deaf etc.

This method is used when checking the endings of adjectives using a question. "which?". :

In the dative and prepositional cases of the first and second declensions after the non-root And instead of E spelled And: he was in the army, was on a date. excl.:about cue, snake, chee, hrie,Wie, Kie, Pie, Ie, Lie, Zie, Bie(river), Gie, Alie, Zulfie.

When relying on declination patterns, the following formulation is also sufficient:

After non-root And instead of E (but not instead Oh Yo!)do not write under stress And (with the same exceptions).

It helps not to confuse the dative and prepositional cases with the nominative and accusative of neuter nouns: was in the building and(window e – instead of E after AND)– entered the building e (in the window about, bel yo –Oh Yo on the And not replaced, remains E). You can, finally, highlight words with such endings, as it were, in a special declension, taking the word for substitution being. But exceptions like about cue will still be exceptions. This approach requires an impeccable ability to determine the declination and special education substitutions.

Should be paid Attention that similar word forms on - IE have the usual endings: was on a date ai, but was on a date ye. After other vowels, they also write -E: to Zeya, in hoarfrost, about the hero. Letter And spelled only after And non-monosyllabic roots.

In addition, one should dissociate themselves from the influence of writing prepositions during, in the course of, in consequence of, in the end: in them after And always spelled E to distinguish them from the corresponding nouns that have and E, and And: within a month - to be in the course of the river, to rush in the course of the river. This is a conditional way of distinguishing prepositions from the conditional spelling of nouns with AND. The main thing is to determine that the noun in the prepositional combination has lost its lexical meaning(actual value flow, continuation, conclusion etc.) and the meaning of the case, that the whole combination has become a new preposition that can be replaced by another preposition: within a month - per month. An indication that the form is preserved in prepositions accusative(question into what?), in relation to the preposition is useless, since the meaning of the case is also erased, the student does not understand.

To improve spelling, all unstressed endings should be replaced - and after And on e. After all, the replacement uh on the ye in 1956 was relatively painless. At the same time, the presence in the language of transitional forms of the type on the cutting edge shows that the end and here the language eliminates itself. In addition, many words uh, uh, uy are not Old Church Slavonic, but came from other languages. The 2006 Rules' singling out of "exceptions within exceptions" only complicates matters.

Remember: combined with a suggestion on in time value (‘ by' = 'after') the noun is put in the prepositional case: upon arrival in the city, after graduation(question by what?). This rule is grammatical, not spelling: it's just that native speakers often get confused in the numerous case meanings of the preposition on.

Ex. 108. Form:

a) from nouns of the first declension of the form of the dative and prepositional cases of the singular: abstraction, autonomy, army, groceries, fable, Bashkiria, Biya (river), Borya, version, soothsayer, harmony, guest, share, guinea, cell, cell, extravaganza.

b) from nouns of the second declension, the form of the prepositional case of the singular: agrarian, disaster, fun, herbarium, gospel, health, health, salary, product, climbing, bathing, bathing, lecture hall, lithium, moratorium, morphine, opium, weapon, likeness, rosary, gorge, deepening, procession.

Ex. 109 . Determine the declension and use the following nouns in combination with a preposition in or on the in accusative and prepositional cases. For example: I – in (what?) in the alley - in (what?) in the alley.

Calamity, blessing, pain, "Viy", resurrection, Sunday, bittern, health, snakes, snakes, frost, idea, okanie, company, Zeya, Bureya and Biya rivers, station, village, privilege, seat, salting, diligence, Yuri or me.

Ex. 110. Write from whom and to whom the letters are sent. Sample : Letter from Zoya Ivanovna Shishkova to Anna Ilyinichna Osipova.

Ex. 111.Determine the case of the noun and its meaning, add the endings.

It happened upon sending .. telegrams, when leaving .. from the house, according to the measures .. passing .., I did this on my .. arrival .. to the service, according to health .. reflections .. decided, a pass on presentation .. certificates, happened to eliminate .. shortcomings, on the second .. come .., to complete .. finish .. work, to stop .. business, appear after writing .. report.

Ex. 112. Rewrite, insert the missing letters of the endings.

1. A change left over the bill on the tablecloth .. looked terribly lonely (I. Grekova). 2. A mass of fashionable public gathered at the closing .. in Russia of an automobile exhibition (Petersburgskaya Gazeta, 1907). 3. President Leonid Kuchma and the new Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych arrived at the closing.. Year of Ukraine in Russia.. ("Izvestia"). 4. Is all this in the legend .. about life .. Sevastyan, or created by the poet's imagination - in any case .. it is not clear, unsaid (Gonch.). 5. Currently, the majority of Sakhalin settlers in the course of .. the first two and rarely three years after their release .. from hard labor receive clothing and food allowances from the treasury .. in the amount of .. the usual prisoner's ration (Ch.). 6. On a date .. Nadia exclaimed: I don’t believe it! can't be! (Solzh.). 7. At the end of his service, O. G. Abuladze was transferred to the reserve and left for the city of Moscow (A. Weiner). 8. As it was sung in some song of my youth: “Come on a date .., I am languishing in anticipation .. ...” (B. Levin). 9. At the opening .. there were sculptors, artists (Paust.). 10. I saw a very large gathering .. at the opening .. of an exhibition of Finnish paintings (Bun.). 11. At the opening .. all scientific and public Moscow gathered. 12. Then from the province .. people are indicated on the spot who agreed to take over the running of .. canteens, and these people, according to their estimates, were sent money through the county guardianship to open .. canteens (Kor.). 13. A true noble bubble bursts publicly .., bursts publicly, bursts, regardless of any persons (S.-Shch.). 14. ... Fedka stood up to his full height on the stirrups and, putting his hat on the point .. of the bayonet, raised it high above his head (A. Gaidar). 15. ... In the background ... a Roman soldier raised and lowered a spear with a sponge on the point .. (Cat.). 16. ... In the essay .. this one rather large circumstance is omitted, which is mentioned in the annals .. (S.-SH.). 17. There were people who even gave preference to Kryukovsky over Ozerov, as a result .. of which the author of Pozharsky, soon after presenting .. his tragedy, was sent to Paris at public expense to improve .. tragic talent (S. Zhikharev).

Ex. 113. Rewrite, putting the nouns in the correct case.

1. In the (Arctic), at the end of the earth, in the evening, flowers were brought to me (Schip.). 2. Submissively to me (imagination) in (image) gray eyes. In my Tver (solitude) I bitterly remember you (Ahm.). 3. We may be the last travelers, in the sense of the Argonauts: they will still look at us, after (return), with participation and envy (Gonch.). 4. This sensitive (expectation) (Kor.) was noticeably affected in the (mood) of the blind man. 5. Softened by distance, a young, strong voice sang about love, o (happiness), o (space) (Kor.). 6. These thoughts passed through the head of a young girl while she walked next to Peter along (alley) (Kor.). 7. He seemed to forget about the (presence) of strangers (Kor.). 8. - I once sighed about (Sich), about her stormy (poetry) and (will). I even visited Sadyk in (Turkey) (Kor.). 9. ... The terrain on this (distance) changed a lot: the last spurs of the Carpathians, still visible in (Volyn) and in (Pribuzhie), disappeared, and the area passed into the steppe Ukraine (Kor.). 10. He [Garin] suggested, after (the end of) the experiments, to escape with the finished device to Sweden, take a patent there and start operating the device himself (A. N. T.). 11. And hearing that I am not alone in the world, my poor heart falls into sweet (forgetfulness) in my cold chest ... ( G. Stupin). 12. - Yes, - (revolution) little by little I sympathize! (Pl.). 13. Pukhov sat in (office) and watched. 14. Pukhov did not have an apartment, but slept on a tool box in a machine room (shed). Good thoughts do not come in (comfort), but from the intersection with people and events (Pl.). 15. He set off along his own (line) to the drilling rig (well), easily overcoming the empty happy body (Pl.). 16. Fires in Moscow started on the very first night after (leaving) the city by our troops (V. Vereshchagin). 17. In (April) at the underground (conference), it was decided to stop sabotage and go to work in Soviet institutions (A.N.T.).

6.1.2. Endings of special types of declension of nouns

Some suffixes are able to change the type of declension of a noun, the whole system of its endings. At school, only the endings of the nominative and accusative cases are studied:

Without changing the gender, all nouns with these suffixes are declined according to declension patterns with such endings. Exception: in the nominative plural of neuter nouns with a suffix ear (yushk), -ishk (yshk) - and all masculine nouns ending and(s): poles, wings, catfish, settlements, houses(unlike other neuter nouns that have -a: swamps, rafters, hillforts, shooting ranges). For example:

AND. fence rafters

R. fence rafters officers ringleaders

D.fence rafters to the officer ringleader

AT. fence rafters officer ringleader

T. fence rafters by an officer ringleader

P.fence rafters officer ringleader

I.pl.:fence and rafters a officers and turned on s.

If the noun does not have singular forms, then in the plural after the suffix search- it retains the same ending as without this suffix: money is money, gates are gates. Word eyes - in the plural has the form eyeballs and eyeballs(ROS), preferred eyes). Word chadushko the animate of the neuter gender in ROS is represented as declining according to the inanimate type.

Foreign non-Slavic surnames and names settlements ending in ov (-ev, -ev), in (un), -ovo, -ino, in contrast to the corresponding Slavic surnames and adjectives, have noun endings in the instrumental case ohm: with E. Green, over C. Darwin, outside the (city) Pushkin, near Borodino, outside Kharkov. Wed: with A. C. Pushkin, behind Petrov Val (the village where Petrov is an adjective), said G. Dimitrov, but: The city was named Dimitrov.

Both rules are not only orthographic: we are also talking about the norms for the formation of forms in the language. Here there are doubts about shock endings: how to - battle near Borodino or *near Borodino? Therefore, the identification features of such "orthograms" are not only the presence of a weak phonetic position, but also the presence of a morphological sign in connection with the form of its expression.

Ex. 114. Form the nominative singular and plural forms from the given words.

Beards .., houses .., factories .., cemeteries .., cats .., fists .., noses .., sturgeons .., hands .., boots .., strengths .., camps .., monsters. ., rods .., estates .., purgatory .. .

Ex. 115. Form the nominative and instrumental cases of the singular, the nominative plural.

Ex. 116. Form the forms indicated in the previous exercise from words with suffixes-l-, -isch-.

Swamp .., turner .., Danil .., Danilk .., fence .., wind up .., chisel .., censer .., sprinkled .., basted .., monsters .., coats .., Gavril. ., cats.., monsters.. .

Ex. 117. Add the necessary endings, insert the missing letters. Explain the exception in sentence 21, note where there is rhyme.

1. There, for the Ligov .. m, a terrible battle is in full swing (Ec.). 2. Oak ax handles are not very convenient. 3. The plot was prompted by Pushkin..m. 4. Veteran participated .. participated in the battles near Kiev ..m. 5. Father calmly waved the censer ... 6. The cottage was surrounded by a two-meter high brick fence .. . 7. Somewhere he has already seen this officer ... 8. Both villages turned into huge settlements ... 9. In all his appearance, he felt an extraordinary strength ... 10. Gavril .. do not overdo it. 11. On the banks of the Don, scientists discover more and more new settlements ... 12. The Carpathians begin right behind Lvov..m. 13. Many discoveries in the history of the Baltic and Slavic languages was done by the German neo-grammarists Franz..m Bopp, August Leskin.. and others. 14. Marie.. Ilyina..not everyone treated with respect. 15. Golitsyn heard from Katrusi a tale about Vi .., underground monster with an iron face and long eyelids lowered to the ground (D. Merezhkovsky). 16. It is no secret that Boris Berezovsky thinks he is Herzen. 17. Only ashes remained from the village ... 18. With Starchenkov..m they saw each other a year ago near Kharkov..m. 19. Your son, captain Sokolov, was killed today on the battery ... 20. The earth sleeps in Xiyan .. blue (L.). 21. And I miraculously forget .. I fettered my movements (L.). 22. In human life, at important moments, invisible images are suddenly indicated in the charm of .. feat, in malice .. of crime (K. Sluchevsky). 23. I know that unbearable longing will disappear at the wind .. the first coolness of the forest (Br.). 24. In the courtyard of the headquarters there was a large detachment of Red Army soldiers in full marching equipment .. (Pl.). 25. – So – are you with Christ or with Darwin..m? (M. G.). 26. Nothing, - I said to myself, - immediately after the end of the war, I will take up this work (M. Zoshchenko). 27. Each word relies on the silence of its opponent (V. Khlebnikov). 28. His people bombed near Kharkov ..m, near Poltava, Bogodukhov ..m, Grayvoron ..m, Akhtyrk ..y, Kovyagami and others (L Brontman). 29. After the holiday, at dawn .., the constable came. He took away Gavril .. (Cat.). 30. Darwin's discovery of evolution in the animal world inspired the German linguist August Schleicher to apply the idea of ​​evolution in linguistics .. ("Star"). 31. Mikhail Levin called his memoirs about Sakharov "Walks with Pushkin..m" (G. Gorelik). 32. Chaplin ..m and Raikin ..m father could admire, but he himself would never make people laugh ... (A. Kozintsev). 33. I was on a bus that collided at full speed with an oncoming car between Krakow and Zakopane (K. Vanshenkin). 34. For Lvov ..m, the train crosses the Carpathians, and there is no longer our land (“Ogonyok”, 1991).

Ex. 118. Check the work, classify errors, identify rules that require priority study.

The power station did not work for long: seven days after it was put into operation, it burned out. Fomin looked at the sky in that sad hour of his life. It was boring and there was no sympathy for the person. Only here, which burned in the fire, was it different; here was a world created by people in sympathy with each other, here in a small form the hope for higher life, for the change and revival in the future of all burdensome, self-depressing nature - a hope that exists, perhaps in the entire universe, only in the heart and consciousness of a person who first in sacrifice, in work and revolution made his way to such an understanding of his fate.

Peasants, builders and shareholders of the power plant made a meeting. At the meeting, they listened to Fomin's words and thought in silence. Then Evdokia Remeiko came out and timidly said that it was necessary to raise funds again. Not knowing what to do or say, he only touched Evdokia Remake. (According to A.P. Platonov. 15 errors).

E.A. Makovei, Russian teacher MOU language Secondary School No. 1 in Adygeysk,
A.I. Arkhipova, Professor of the Kuban State University

§ 4. Spelling of endings

The ending - this is a changeable part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to form a link between words in a phrase and a sentence.

4.1. Spelling of unstressed noun endings

The choice of an unstressed vowel at the end of a noun depends on the type of its declension.

In China .., in Korea .., in Germany .., in the Arctic .., in amazement ..

To find out the spelling of a noun ending, run the following actions:
1) put the noun in initial form (who what?);
2) determine the type of its declination from the table;
3) substitute in its place a test word for this type of declension (this word has a stressed ending in different cases, which will prompt the desired vowel).

* A special group of nouns includes heterogeneous nouns, as well as nouns of the 1st and 2nd declensions with special endings (the so-called nouns in -iya, -iya, iya).
In China - (China, 2 fold, in the table).
in Korea - (Korea, 1 fold, in the wall).
in Germany - (Germany, esp. gr., on the way).
in the Arctic - (Arctic, 2 fold, in the table).
in amazement - (amazement, esp. gr., on the way).

4.2. Spelling of unstressed endings of adjectives and participles

Unstressed endings of adjectives and participles are checked by the stressed ending of the test word.

In a flying ..m plane; changing .. by opinion; powerful ..th voice.

You can determine the ending by the test word - what question? (he will tell you the stressed vowel at the end):
in a rotating ... cylinder (in what? - end -om / -em) in rotating;
with changing ... wind (with what? - end -th / -im) with changing;
worried mother (what? - ending -oh / -she) worried mother;
on a sinking ship (on what ship? - end -om / -em) on sinking.

Exception:
in the form of the nominative (accusative) case m. units h. the ending of the adjective (participle) should be remembered: -YI / -IY.
The Lost Man; curling smoke.

4.3. Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings

The choice of an unstressed vowel in the personal ending of a verb depends on the type of its conjugation.

We are cle..m; you hear .. you; they fight..

To find out the spelling of a verb ending, follow these steps:
1) put the verb in the indefinite form ( what to do / what to do?);
2) determine the type of its conjugation from the table;
3) substitute the test word (the stressed ending of the test word will prompt the desired vowel).

We glue ... m (glue, II conjugation, we say) - glue
You hear ... you (hear, II conjugation, you SPEAK) - you hear
They fight ... fight (fight, I conjugation, they take) - fight

In a flying plane (in what?).
Changing opinion (what?).
Mighty voice (excl.).