The meaning of the word protectorate. What is a protectorate in the past and present? Special form of state government

One of the forms of dependence of states, established by an unequal treaty, in which one state (protector) assumes the representation of another state in foreign relations and determines its foreign policy.

Watch value Protectorate in other dictionaries

protectorate M.- 1. A form of subordination of a weak state to a stronger one, in which the weak state loses its independence. 2. The form of the one-man dictatorship exercised by ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Protectorate- (lat. protector patron) - 1) the form of government in England (at the time of O. Cromwell) in 1653-. 1659, when the republic was headed by P. the life lord protector; 2) pre-existing ........
Political vocabulary

Protectorate (patronage)- One of the forms of dependence of economically and politically weak states on large ones, a country that has received the state-legal statute of P. from a protector ("patron") country, ........
Political vocabulary

Protectorate- -a; m.
1. A form of dependence in which a weak country, while formally maintaining its independence, is actually subordinate to a stronger state.
2. State located ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov

Protectorate- - the previously existing semi-colonial form of dependence, in which the semblance of statehood was formally preserved, but wide ........
Economic dictionary

Protectorate- - in the XIX-first half of the XX century. form of semi-colonial dependence of states. The protector state usually took over such areas of state activity as ........
Law Dictionary

Protectorate- one of the forms of state dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Protectorate- a protectorate form of colonial dependence, in which the dependent state retains only some independence in internal affairs, while its ........
Geographic Encyclopedia

Protectorate — 1
Soviet historical encyclopedia

Protectorate- (from lat. protector - covering, protecting) - eng. protectorate; German protectorat. 1. Dominance established as a result of an unequal treaty and characterized by the preservation of ........
sociological dictionary

Oil River Protectorate- (Oil River Protectorate) - from June 1885 Briton, a protectorate on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, from 1893 - a protectorate of the Niger Coast. Post office open in Nov. 1891 in Calabar. Use brands........
Dictionary of the philatelist

PROTECTORATE- PROTECTORATE, -a, m. (Special). 1. A form of dependence, with a swarm of a weak country, formally maintaining its state structure and some independence in internal ........
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

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The meaning of the word protectorate

protectorate in the crossword dictionary

protectorate

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

protectorate

protectorate, m. (from Latin protector - patron). A form of colonial enslavement, in which the supreme administration in a colonial country, which formally retains its former state structure and its own administration, belongs to some. imperialist state.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

protectorate

A, m. (special).

A form of dependence, in which a weak country, formally retaining its state structure and some independence in internal affairs, is actually subordinate to another, stronger power.

A country that is in such dependence. in the protectorate.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

protectorate

A form of subordination of a weak state to a stronger one, in which the weak state loses its independence.

A form of sole dictatorship exercised by a person ruling the state until the age of majority of the heir to the throne or under special circumstances.

A state under the sovereignty of another country.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

protectorate

one of the forms of state dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, defense, etc. carried out by the metropolitan state.

Big Law Dictionary

protectorate

in the XIX - the first half of the XX century. form of semi-colonial dependence of states. The protector state usually took over such spheres of state activity as foreign relations, the supreme military command, justice, and the collection of certain taxes. Often, P. was only a transitional stage to complete colonial dependence. Nazi Germany installed its P. in the Czech Republic, Moravia and Slovakia after subjecting them to military occupation. At present, P. (as well as other forms of colonial dependence) does not exist.

Protectorate (disambiguation)

Protectorate :

• A protectorate is a form of interstate relations in which one country recognizes itself as the supreme sovereignty of another, primarily in international relations, while maintaining autonomy in internal affairs and its own dynasty of rulers.
• Protectorate - the name of some dependent states, colonies and occupied territories.
• The Protectorate is a period in the history of England from 1653 to 1659.

Protectorate

Protectorate another state. A protectorate is also called a protected state. The state exercising a protectorate is called a protector. At the same time, the sovereignty of the protected state is partially delegated to the protector: the protected state is not completely sovereign in foreign policy affairs, while sovereignty in internal affairs is almost completely preserved (in particular, the form of government is preserved and, for example, its own dynasty of rulers). The protectorate shares features with, but is distinct from, a vassal state and a puppet state.

Protectorate examples:

• Protectorates of the Ottoman Empire in the XVI-XIX centuries: the Crimean Khanate, Algeria, Tripolitania under the protectorate;
• Rzeczpospolita in 1775 - 1791,
• Kartli-Kakhetian kingdom in 1786 - 1801 under the protectorate of Russia;
• India of the Great Mughals in 1803 - 1858 under the protectorate of Great Britain;
• Junior Zhuz of the Kazakh Khanate under the protectorate of the Russian Empire

Bahrain, Bechuanaland (modern Botswana), Aden, Uganda, and others were also British protectorates.

After the First World War, a special type of protectorate arose - the mandated territory of the League of Nations. Unlike the protectorate state, the state to which a mandate was given was limited to an obligation to the League of Nations; part of the mandated territories did not actually have sovereignty in internal affairs and were completely controlled by the state that received the mandate. These were: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Togo, Cameroon, Southwest Africa, Ruanda-Urundi, Tanganyika, Marshall Islands, Western Samoa, Nauru.

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1939 - 1945, dependent on Germany, despite the name, was de facto a classic puppet state. Karachay in 1828-1834 under the protectorate of Russia, and from 1834-1865.

At present, the “associated states” are a kind of analogue of the protectorate.

Examples of the use of the word protectorate in the literature.

Unfortunately, the Empire became a republic, and Ronald Morrison offered his services to the Yemeni border that separated this medieval land from Aden protectorate.

It is only thanks to the Marxist-Leninist line of our Party that Albania has not become and will never become protectorate Russians or anyone else.

West Africa, washed by the Atlantic Ocean Bern, the capital of Switzerland Burton, a bay on Lake Tanganyika, in Africa Bechuanaland, protectorate Great Britain in South Africa, now - the state of Botswana Bilaspur, a state in India, on the Deccan Plateau Burma, a state in Southeast Asia off the coast of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.

The laughing ghoul was dragged into some basement, from which the powerful snoring of an unknown beast was heard, and, blocking it, the Gugutse brontosaurus yelled something about the Red Book, under protectorate which is located.

African possessions of Spain and protectorates Ifni, Rio de Oro and Fernando Po, the Canary and Balearic Islands, with the exception of Menorca, fell into the hands of the Moors and the foreign legion, raised by traitor generals to revolt against the government of the Spanish Republic.

Probably if English protectorate continued for some time and the Ionian Islands would not have become part of the Hellenic kingdom, all the streets of Corfu would have been lined with statues of the governors of these islands.

True, it cost the Czechs quite dearly - a bunch of hostages, Lidice - but didn’t Heydrich all hate protectorate, didn’t any inhabitant of Prague wish him dead?

Mazepa, supporters of the independence of Ukraine under protectorate Poland or Sweden.

Moreover, it is a great historical happiness that Tolstoyism did not take root in our country, otherwise we would, at best, slide back to the era of Vladimir Monomakh, as happened in Iran in our own style, and at worst, we would turn into Franco-Anglo-German protectorate, like China during the decline of the Manchurian dynasty, from where bread and oil would be exported to the metropolis, and opium and chewing gum would be imported.

By and large, he does nothing more than put the existing utilitarian ethic under protectorate categorical imperative.

If the Fijians finally decided to submit to the British protectorate, it was only because in 1859 they were threatened by the invasion of the Tongans, which the United Kingdom prevented by sending here the notorious Pritchard, the same Pritchard who operated in Tahiti.

They wanted to convince the Sultan to hold elections, to give the monarchy a modern look, to abandon protectorate and grant Brunei independence.

The Greenland tank divisions, partly made up of the legendary Russian T-72 vehicles, partly from Salvarsan self-propelled guns invulnerable to missile weapons, heavily crawled over the eternal ice of the Robson Strait, overcame these two Danish miles, if you count in the old way, and if you count in the present, then twenty kilometers - and entered the meager soil of Ellesmere Island, which for some reason the simple-minded Canadians not only considered their territory, but generally laughed at the Greenlandic threats to delay not only the ancient Inuit Ellesmere, not only all the so-called islands of the so-called Queen Elizabeth, but also Baffin Land to the Hudson Strait, inclusive - if Canada decides to resist, then take it all to Alaska and Vancouver and turn it into a Greenland protectorate.

If Brukhovetsky refuses, then Doroshenko thinks under the protection of the Turkish protectorate to mine the Left-Bank Ukraine by war, but he, Mazepa, in fact, is against such a plan.

A few days ago, Canaris accompanied Hitler on his trip to the capital of the new protectorate.

1 . (from lat. protector - patron) - a form of dependence, in which one state ("protector") takes over the implementation of external relations of another ("protected") state (often referred to as a protectorate), the protection of its territory. and actually puts under its control its ext. business through your resident. From the end of the 19th century P.'s form was widely used by the colonizers to disguise columns. conquests and preparations for annexations. By the beginning of the 2nd World War, the following protectorates existed: England's protectorates in Asia - Aden Protectorate, Socotra, Hadramaut, Bahrain Islands, Brunei, Bhutan, Princes of Trucial Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Maldives, Muscat, Sarawak; protectorates of England in Africa - Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Gambia protectorate, Zanzibar and Pemba, Gold Coast protectorate, Kenya protectorate, Nigeria protectorate, Nyasaland, Swaziland, British Somalia, Sierra Leone protectorate, Uganda; the protectorates of England in Oceania - the Solomon Islands, the Tonga Islands; protectorates of France in Africa - Morocco, Tunisia. After the 2nd World War, many P. as a result of nat.-liberate. struggle of their peoples became independent states-you. By 1968, the islands of Great Britain remained: the Bahrain Islands, Qatar, Muscat, the 7 principalities of Trucial Oman, Swaziland, Brunei, the Solomon Islands, and the Tonga Islands - with a total area of ​​St. 190 thousand km 2 from us. approx. 1 million people 2 . military regime. dictatorship in England in 1653-59. Installed Dec 16. 1653 and enshrined in the constitution (see "Instruments of Management"), in which all power was transferred to O. Cromwell as Lord Protector. By your class. In nature, P. was a dictatorship of the gentry and the bourgeoisie, but the top of the army was directly in power, which enriched itself as a result of buying up confiscated land in England, seizing land in Ireland, forming the so. a new layer of large landowners. P. had to protect the new nobility and the bourgeoisie from attempts at restoration on the part of the royalists, and from the revolutionaries. people's speeches wt. P.'s regime was met with strong opposition both from part of the propertied classes, who did not approve of the domination of the military, and from the democratic side. circles. After the death of O. Cromwell, his eldest son Richard renounced the title of Lord Protector (May 1659), power passed into the hands of the officers' council, and in 1660 the Stuarts were restored. Lit. see at Art. Cromwell O.

- (new lat., from protector protector, patron). 1) dignity, dignity of the protector, as for example. Cromwell protectorate. 2) assistance provided by one state to another, less powerful one. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

protectorate- a, m. protectorat m., eng. protectorate, German. protectorat. 1. A form of sole dictatorship exercised by a person ruling the state for the coming of age of the heir to the throne or under special circumstances. ALS 1. Cromwell Protectorate in England… Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (protectorate) 1. The form of government in England in 1653-59, when Oliver Cromwell appointed himself Lord Protector (1653-58), and for a time under his son Richard, who became his successor. 2. The state under the protectorate ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

In the XIX first half of the XX century. form of semi-colonial dependence of states. The protector state usually took over such areas of state activity as foreign relations, the supreme military command, justice, the collection of certain ... ... Law Dictionary

One of the forms of state dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, defense, etc. are carried out by the metropolitan state ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PROTECTORATE, protectorate, male. (from lat. protector patron). A form of colonial enslavement, in which the supreme government in a colonial country, which formally retains its former state structure and its own administration, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PROTECTORATE, a, husband. (specialist.). 1. A form of dependence, in which a weak country, while formally maintaining its state structure and some independence in internal affairs, is actually subordinate to another, stronger power. 2. Country, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (from lat. protector covering, protecting) eng. protectorate; German protectorat. 1. Dominance, established as a result of an unequal treaty and characterized by the preservation in a dependent country of external signs of statehood with ... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Exist., number of synonyms: 2 state (36) protection (2) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

protectorate- A form of colonial dependence of states, in which the protector state carries out foreign relations and decides other important issues of the policy of the subordinate state ... Geography Dictionary

Protectorate- (from Latin protector, protector; English protectorate) 1) in international law, a legal relationship originally based on an international treaty, by virtue of which special mutual relations were established between strong and weak states ... ... Encyclopedia of Law

Books

• Our new protectorate. Description of the geographical, ethnographic and economic properties of Turkish Asia. Translation from English. , Mac Coan Carlisle. The book is a reprint edition of 1884. Although serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the edition, some pages may…

Is there anything in common between the Crimean Khanate, Cameroon, the Commonwealth, Bahrain and Puerto Rico? Yes there is. In different periods of history, these countries were under the protectorate of other states. This form of international relations is not a tribute to the past; it also exists in the modern world, although it is called differently. Let's figure out together what a protectorate is, what features it had in the past and what forms it has in the present.

Latin term

According to encyclopedias, a protectorate is a form of relations between two states in which one is under the protection of the other. First of all, we are talking about a military protectorate.

Moreover, it is not necessary for a weaker country to ask for this kind of protection. The fact is that in the event of the declaration of a protectorate, the protected state loses part of its sovereignty: by controlling almost all internal affairs, it transfers the conduct of foreign policy to the hands of the patron country.

For this reason, such interstate relations are often considered as one of the forms of colonial dependence. One cannot but agree with this, if we take into account the fact that sometimes a protectorate was established by a unilateral act without the consent of the other side. For example, in 1939 Germany declared a protectorate over Moravia and the Czech Republic.

Client States

In international relations, the military, economic and political subordination of countries to more influential powers is not uncommon. Such dependent states are called "client states". Experts divide them into several types:

• satellite state;
• puppet;
• tributary;
• associated;
• vassal;
• protectorate;
• neocolony.

Client states have been known since antiquity, but they also continue to exist today.

What is a protectorate in the past

From the end of the 15th century until the signing of the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji in 1774, the Crimean Khanate was under the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire, which not only assumed foreign policy functions, but also, at its discretion, approved or removed the khans of the Crimean Tatars.

The conclusion of the Warsaw Pact (1768) made the Russian Empire a guarantor of compliance with the fundamental laws of the Commonwealth: the rights of the gentry to own land and govern the country, the election of the king, the right to veto, etc. In fact, the mentioned treaty established the Russian protectorate over the Commonwealth.

The activities of the League of Nations, formed after the end of World War I, are associated with the emergence of mandated territories - a special type of protectorate. The state, which received the status of a mandated territory, actually lost its internal sovereignty.

Modern protectorates

Nowadays, the term "associated states" is often used in international politics. They arose in the course of the anti-colonial struggle and under the auspices of the UN. The island of Puerto Rico was the first to receive associated status in 1952. Its territory has its own self-government, but the supreme power is exercised by the US Congress. More recent examples include the island nation of Curaçao, which freely joined the Netherlands in 2010.

So what is a protectorate these days? This is a form of unification of two unequal countries on a voluntary basis. In such an association, the “smaller” state, while maintaining formal independence, transfers most of the power to the protector state.

Another meaning

Speaking about what a protectorate is, one cannot ignore the history of Great Britain. However, now we will not talk about the numerous former colonies of the English crown, but about the events within the country itself that took place in the 17th century. They are interesting in that the word "protector" at that time was used in relation to a person, and not to a state.

During the English Civil War (1640-1660), the absolute monarchy became constitutional. At this time, the figure of Oliver Cromwell, a zealous Protestant and Puritan, appears on the political scene.

He put his talent as a commander at the service of parliament, which sought to limit royal power. It was Cromwell who finally defeated the troops of Charles the First, and later initiated the execution of the monarch.

The proclamation of the republic did not bring stability, and riots began throughout the country. As the commander-in-chief and de facto ruler of England, Cromwell brutally suppressed any discontent. Suffice it to mention that his army destroyed a third of the population of Ireland.

Establishment of a protectorate in England

When the members of the English Parliament set out to secure their membership for life, Oliver Cromwell dismissed them, becoming the sole ruler of the country. The constitution, adopted in December 1653, declared him Lord Protector. A similar title was previously given in England only to prince regents.

By establishing a protectorate in 1653, Cromwell received powers that could be compared to royal ones. This once again emphasized the splendor of the ceremony of his inauguration as the Supreme Protector (this is how the title is translated). Four years later, Parliament offered Oliver Cromwell a royal crown. He refused, but the features of a tyrant began to emerge more and more clearly in him.

Often in the historical literature, Cromwell's protectorate is called a military dictatorship. He dissolved the new parliament. At the same time, he single-handedly appointed his relatives to the most important positions in the state. For example, the son of Henry received a lucrative position as governor of Ireland, the son-in-law commanded the army, and the eldest son Richard was to become the new Lord Protector after the death of his father.

By the time of the death of the dictator, an increasing number of Englishmen were thinking about returning to the throne of the Stuarts. Although Cromwell was buried with royal honors in Westminster Abbey, only three years later (1661) his remains were exhumed and put to death.