Climate and man summary. Professor Znaev

Plan-compendium on geography in grade 8.

Topic : Climate and man.

Goals: 1. determine what agro-climatic resources are, climate comfort, what natural phenomena are associated with climate; continue to form the ability to work with an atlas, a textbook, sources of additional information, analyze the material, make a table. 2. Develop attention, memory, ability to analyze, generalize.

3. To form interest in the study of the subject, to cultivate love for one's country and the small Motherland, tolerance.

Lesson type: combined.

Equipment: climate map of Russia..

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment.

2.Checking homework

2.1Front survey:

What type of climate corresponds to the description. Oral geographical dictation.

1. Winter is very frosty and long. Polar night. Summer is cold average temperature around "0". Precipitation is not much, but moisture is excessive. (arctic)

2. Westerly winds and cyclonic activity prevail. Winter is not very cold, summer is warm. From +12ºС, +14ºС in the north to +22ºС in the south. ( temperate zone, temperate continental climate)

3. In winter, frosty clear weather sets in - an anticyclone. It is especially cold in the basins. Continental air prevails. Summer is warm +16ºС, +18ºС. (sharply continental)

4. In this zone, the most severe winter, the average temperature is about - 40ºС, the summer is cool. (subarctic)

5. Winter is cold and dry. There is almost no snow on the hills. In summer, sea air comes and brings rain. (monsoon)

3. Actualization of basic knowledge.

- What do you think, what components of the climate most strongly affect a person?

Why is a weather forecast necessary?

- Representatives of what professions (weather forecast) is especially needed

4. Formation of new Z.U.N.

4.1. Story with elements of conversation:

1. Climate comfort.

Yes, indeed, we all need to know the weather by different reasons. In geography, there is such a term as climate comfort. Write down what it is.

Climate comfort is the degree of its favorableness for normal human life.

Nazarevsky Oleg Rostislavovich (1910 - 1984) - Soviet climatologist, who compiled a table of climate comfort and the degree of its favorableness for humans.

Assessment of the impact of climate on human health is based on four elements: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation. The duration of the seasons is also important, which varies by region. For example, it is considered that Western Siberia winter lasts from 240 days a year in the north to 135 days in the south, and summer, respectively, from 30 to 140 days. Summer is defined as a period with average daily air temperatures above + 100 C, and winter - below 0. Selected by this criterion the summer period lasts up to 240 days a year on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, about 180-200 days in the North Caucasus, 120-150 days in the Moscow region and about 90 days in Arkhangelsk.

The climate must be taken into account in housing construction. There is a building-climatic zoning of the territory of Russia, where for each of the regions the requirements for housing are determined: what is the thickness of the walls, the nature of the glazing, heating, etc. To ensure a comfortable microclimate in a dwelling in different areas, a different degree of its isolation from the external environment is necessary. For example, in the Far North, windows must have triple glazing, houses must have powerful heating and mechanical supply ventilation (heated air inflow), natural exhaust. And on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in summer, housing should only protect from rain, and the weather in winter allows you to keep the windows open in the houses. It is clear that the cost of heating houses in the Far North will be many times higher than in the subtropics of the Caucasus, and this must be taken into account and planned. Climatic conditions affect both the need for living space and the layout of apartments. How most time a person spends in his apartment, the more spacious it should be. Thus, in the Far North per inhabitant there should be one and a half times more living space than in middle lane Russia, and the number of rooms should be one more than the number of family members. In hot climate areas, summer rooms are needed: verandas, unglazed terraces, and houses must have through ventilation.

What conclusion can be drawn: the most comfortable climate (the one in which a person feels best) is in the south-west of Russia; the least favorable are in the northeast, and they predominate in terms of area.

the climatic conditions conducive to any kind of human activity are called climate resources. They belong to the category of practically inexhaustible resources, their use does not lead to their reduction.

2. Agro-climatic resources

Climate resources include wind energy, solar energy, precipitation, etc.

Climatic conditions conducive to the treatment and rest of people are called recreational climatic resources (recreation - from Latin, I restore - restoration of the forces expended by a person during labor). Recreational climatic resources may include sunny spring weather with snow cover, typical for spring, when it is possible to practice skiing; hot summer on the coast of seas and lakes, favorable for swimming, etc. For the treatment of certain diseases, an even, cool climate is useful Central Russia, others - the warm and dry climate of semi-deserts, the third - the climate of the middle and high mountains.

From various areas Human activities are most closely related to climate agriculture. Climatic conditions that affect agriculture are agroclimatic resources, which are studied by agroclimatology.

Write in your notebook: agro-climatic resources are the sum of active temperatures (the sum of average daily temperatures for the period when, according to long-term data, the average daily temperature exceeds + 100C) necessary for the cultivation of certain plants.

Why don't they grow citrus fruits in Russia?

– Vineyards in our country are grown on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Why?

- Conclusion on the issue: agro-climatic resources (light, heat, moisture) determine the possibilities for growing certain crops, and a person decides how to take advantage of these opportunities.

3. Adverse climatic phenomena in Russia.

Using the textbook, p.110 fig 87, write down the natural phenomena associated with climate in your notebook (work with the textbook).

Security atmospheric air: acid rain, ozone holes, smog.

Cities with the most polluted air in Russia (according to Roshydromet)

The climate of Russia is so cold that during the winter for heating one inhabitant is spent in:

Moscow 3 tons hard coal, in Khabarovsk - 4, in Norilsk - 7.

In one day, a person living in the center of a large city inhales as many toxic substances with the air as are contained in two packs of cigarettes.

Among the dirtiest cities in Russia is Angarsk. Its petrochemical plants annually emit more than 650 tons of sulfuric acid, 110,000 tons of hydrocarbons, and 140,000 tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.

5. Consolidation and generalization.

1. Group work: Using the maps of the atlas “Agro-climatic resources”, determine the sum of active temperatures for cities, and what crops are grown here (work with the atlas):

Group 1: Murmansk

Group 2: Yakutsk

Group 3: Novosibirsk

Group 4: Moscow

Group 5: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

2. What adverse climatic phenomena are typical for cities:

Group 1: Murmansk

Group 2: Yakutsk

Group 3: Novosibirsk

Group 4: Moscow

Group 5: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

Summing up the lesson. When answering a question, each group received one point. Sum up your scores and rate each in your group. The amount should not exceed the number of points.

6. Homework

§22, put on the contour map the dirtiest cities in Russia

7. The result of the lesson.

The climate has a huge impact on everything that surrounds us: flora and fauna, soil, rivers, seas and other bodies of water. And, of course, a person as a biological species is under the direct influence of climate. Let us consider in more detail what is the impact of climate on human life and economic activity.

Climate is a stable weather pattern in a certain area that does not undergo major changes over many years. It is determined by many factors, including air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind strength and direction, rainfall, and many others.

Rice. 1. Climate and people.

No matter how far man advances in scientific and technological progress, he still remains a creation of nature, largely dependent on external conditions. Climatic conditions largely determine:

• well-being and physical activity of a person;
• life expectancy;
• organization of economic activity;
• organization of recreation and leisure.

The state of the human body directly depends on heat sensations. The most comfortable state occurs at a temperature in the range of 17-23 degrees Celsius, with moderate humidity.

Climate and lifestyle

The variety of climatic zones creates different conditions in which people live. Each of them affects a person in its own way.

• Maritime climate. An abundance of sunny days, humid fresh air, saturated sea ​​salt, combined with pacifying landscapes, has a beneficial effect on the nervous system. The absence of sharp temperature fluctuations normalizes physiological processes. This climate recommended for people to restore mental and physical strength, strengthen the body's defenses.

Rice. 2. Maritime climate.

• Mountain climate. High peaks, rich nature, crystal clear air, low atmospheric pressure, abrupt change temperatures day and night have a stimulating effect on the human body. In such climatic conditions, all the resources of the body are activated, the nervous system is mildly excited, and labor productivity is increased.
• Desert climate. The combination of hot dry air, sudden changes in temperature during the day, hot dust makes the human body work in an enhanced mode. Such a climate causes increased fluid excretion, about 8-10 liters daily.
• Northern climate. Extremely low temperatures, frequent strong winds, short cold summers create not the most favorable conditions for people to live and work. Protracted frosts have a significant burden on the economy, requiring the construction of warm buildings and their full heating. In the northern regions, energy consumption in agriculture, in industry, transport are very high.

The Chukotka Territory is one of the places on earth that seems to have been created to test a person for strength. Over the years, indigenous peoples have been able to adapt to the harsh environment. However, until now, the way of life and the whole life of these people pursue one goal - to survive at any cost.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Higher and Professional Education of the Russian Federation

Krasnoyarsk State University of Trade and Economics

Department of Ecology

"Climate and Man"

Performed:

Student group TOP 05-12 Rudamanenko I.N.

Checked:

Teacher Efremov A.A.

Krasnoyarsk 2005

Introduction

At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, the dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this interference has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity.

The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy, so cities and factories are being built on them. Man has to intervene more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be distinguished, none of which improves the ecological situation on the planet.

The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment by substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing.

Further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also alarmed by the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface.

Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the considered factors, which can be attributed to the polluting effect, have a significant impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.

1. Chemical pollution of the biosphere

pollution anthropogenic biosphere oil products

I will start my essay with a review of the factors that lead to the deterioration of one of the most important components of the biosphere - the atmosphere. Man has been polluting the atmosphere for thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used throughout this period, were insignificant. I had to put up with the fact that the smoke interfered with breathing and that soot lay in a black cover on the ceiling and walls of the dwelling. The resulting heat was more important for a person than clean air and unfinished cave walls. This initial air pollution was not a problem, for people then lived in small groups, occupying an invariably vast, untouched natural environment. And even a significant concentration of people in a relatively small area, as was the case in classical antiquity, was not yet accompanied by serious consequences.

This was the case until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only in the last hundred years has the development of industry "gifted" us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first man could not yet imagine. Million-strong cities arose, the growth of which cannot be stopped. All this is the result of great inventions and conquests of man.

Basically, there are three main sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boilers, transport. The share of each of these sources in total air pollution varies greatly from place to place. It is now generally accepted that industrial production pollutes the air the most. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into the air; metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic into the air; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter the air as a result of the combustion of fuel for industry, home heating, transport, combustion and processing of household and industrial waste. Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary, entering directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, resulting from the transformation of the latter. So, sulfur dioxide entering the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms droplets of sulfuric acid. When sulfuric anhydride reacts with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed. Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physico-chemical reactions between pollutants and atmospheric components, other secondary signs are formed. The main source of pyrogenic pollution on the planet are thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, which consume more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuels. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:

a) Carbon monoxide. It is obtained by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of combustion. solid waste, with exhaust gases and industrial emissions. At least 250 million tons of this gas enters the atmosphere every year. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with constituent parts atmosphere and contributes to an increase in temperature on the planet, and the creation of a greenhouse effect.

b) Sulfur dioxide. It is emitted during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfurous ores (up to 70 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere was 65 percent of the global emissions.

c) Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and exacerbates human respiratory diseases. The precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical enterprises is observed at low cloudiness and high air humidity. Leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 1 km. from such enterprises, they are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where droplets of sulfuric acid have settled. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.

d) Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil refineries, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.

e) Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, and celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons. in year.

f) Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or dust of sodium and calcium fluoride. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.

g) Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, soda. In the atmosphere, they are found as an admixture of chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, during the smelting of pig iron and during its processing into steel, various heavy metals and poisonous gases. Thus, in terms of 1 tonne of saturated pig iron, in addition to 2.7 kg. sulfur dioxide and 4.5 kg. dust particles that determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, resin substances and hydrogen cyanide.

Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and cause specific diseases in humans. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, haze or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic km enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. dust particles artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people. Information about some sources of man-made dust is given below:

PRODUCTION PROCESS DUST EMISSION, MMT/YEAR

1. Coal combustion 93.60 2. Iron smelting 20.21 3. Copper smelting (without purification) 6.23 4. Zinc smelting 0.18 5. Tin smelting (without purification) 0.004 6. Lead smelting 0.13 7 Cement production 53.37

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, enrichment plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are very diverse. chemical composition. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - oxides of metals: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, salts of acids. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises. Permanent sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial mounds of redeposited material, mainly overburden, formed during mining or from waste from processing industries, thermal power plants. The source of dust and poisonous gases is mass blasting. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. conditional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust. Main technological processes these industries - grinding and chemical processing of charges, semi-finished products and products obtained in hot gas streams is always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. Atmospheric pollutants include hydrocarbons - saturated and unsaturated, containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after being excited by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, compounds of hydrocarbons with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are formed, often in the form of aerosol particles. Under certain weather conditions, especially large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities can form in the surface air layer. This usually happens when there is an inversion in the air layer directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warm air, which prevents air masses and delays the transfer of impurities upwards. As a result, harmful emissions are concentrated under the inversion layer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which becomes one of the reasons for the formation of a photochemical fog previously unknown in nature.

Photochemical fog (smog) Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The composition of the main components of smog includes ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, numerous organic peroxide compounds, collectively called photooxidants. Photochemical smog occurs as a result of photochemical reactions under certain conditions: the presence of a high concentration of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants in the atmosphere, intense solar radiation and calm or very weak air exchange in the surface layer with a powerful and increased inversion for at least a day. Sustained calm weather, usually accompanied by inversions, is necessary to create a high concentration of reactants. Such conditions are created more often in June-September and less often in winter. In prolonged clear weather, solar radiation causes the breakdown of nitrogen dioxide molecules with the formation of nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen give ozone. It would seem that the latter, oxidizing nitric oxide, should again turn into molecular oxygen, and nitric oxide into dioxide. But that doesn't happen. The nitric oxide reacts with the olefins in the exhaust gases, which break down the double bond to form molecular fragments and excess ozone. As a result of the ongoing dissociation, new masses of nitrogen dioxide are split and give additional amounts of ozone. A cyclic reaction occurs, as a result of which ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. This process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with olefins. Various peroxides are concentrated in the atmosphere, which in total form oxidants characteristic of photochemical fog. The latter are the source of the so-called free radicals, which are characterized by a special reactivity. Such smog is not uncommon over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. According to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory system and are often the cause of premature death of urban residents with poor health.

The problem of controlling the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises (MPC)

The priority in the development of maximum permissible concentrations in the air belongs to the USSR. MPC - such concentrations that a person and his offspring are directly or indirectly affected, do not worsen their performance, well-being, as well as sanitary and living conditions for people. The generalization of all information on MPC, received by all departments, is carried out in the MGO - the Main Geophysical Observatory. In order to determine air values ​​based on the results of observations, the measured values ​​of concentrations are compared with the maximum single maximum allowable concentration and the number of cases when the MPC was exceeded, as well as how many times the largest value was higher than the MPC, is determined. The average value of the concentration for a month or a year is compared with the long-term MPC - medium stable MPC. The state of air pollution by several substances observed in the atmosphere of the city is assessed using a complex indicator - the air pollution index (API). To do this, the MPC normalized to the corresponding values ​​and the average concentrations of various substances with the help of simple calculations lead to the value of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, and then summarize. The maximum one-time concentrations of the main pollutants were the highest in Norilsk (nitrogen and sulfur oxides), Frunze (dust), Omsk (carbon monoxide). The degree of air pollution by the main pollutants is directly dependent on industrial development cities. The highest maximum concentrations are typical for cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants. Air pollution with specific substances depends on the type of industry developed in the city. If enterprises of several industries are located in a large city, then a very high level of air pollution is created, but the problem of reducing emissions of many specific substances still remains unresolved.

2. Chemical pollution of natural waters

Every body of water or water source is associated with its surroundings. external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that degrade water quality. Pollution entering the aquatic environment is classified in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and tasks. So, usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution. Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it, both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).

Inorganic pollution The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and marine waters are various chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activities. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred through the food chain to more highly organized organisms. The toxic effect of some of the most common hydrosphere pollutants is presented in the table:

SUBSTANCE PLANKTON CRUSTACEANS FISH

Dangerous pollutants of the aquatic environment include inorganic acids and bases, which determine a wide pH range of industrial effluents (1.0 - 11.0) and can change the pH of the aquatic environment to values ​​of 5.0 or above 8.0, while fish in fresh and sea ​​water can exist only in the pH range of 5.0 - 8.5. Among the main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere with minerals and biogenic elements, enterprises Food Industry and agriculture. About 6 million tons are washed out from irrigated lands annually. salts. By the year 2000 it is possible to increase their weight up to 12 million tons/year. Wastes containing mercury, lead, copper are localized in separate areas off the coast, but some of them are carried far beyond territorial waters. Mercury pollution significantly reduces the primary production of marine ecosystems, inhibiting the development of phytoplankton. Wastes containing mercury usually accumulate in the bottom sediments of bays or river estuaries. Its further migration is accompanied by the accumulation of methyl mercury and its inclusion in the trophic chains of aquatic organisms. Thus, Minamata disease, first discovered by Japanese scientists in people who ate fish caught in the Minamata Bay, into which industrial effluents with technogenic mercury were uncontrollably discharged, became notorious.

organic pollution. Among the soluble substances introduced into the ocean from land, great importance for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment, they have not only mineral, biogenic elements, but also organic residues. The removal of organic matter into the ocean is estimated at 300 - 380 million tons/year. Wastewater containing suspensions of organic origin or dissolved organic matter adversely affects the condition of water bodies. When settling, the suspensions flood the bottom and delay the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms involved in the process of water self-purification. When these sediments rot, harmful compounds and toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, can be formed, which lead to pollution of all water in the river. The presence of suspensions also makes it difficult for light to penetrate deep into the water, and slows down the processes of photosynthesis. One of the main sanitary requirements requirements for water quality is the content of the required amount of oxygen in it. Harmful effects have all the pollution, which, one way or another, contribute to the reduction of oxygen in the water. Surfactants - fats, oils, lubricants - form a film on the surface of the water, which prevents gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the degree of saturation of water with oxygen. A significant amount of organic matter, most of which is not characteristic of natural waters, is discharged into rivers along with industrial and domestic wastewater. Increasing pollution of water bodies and drains is observed in all industrial countries. Information on the content of some organic substances in industrial wastewater is provided below:

POLLUTANTS QUANTITY IN THE WORLD FLOW MILLION T/YEAR

1. Petroleum products 26.563 2. Phenols 0.460 3. Wastes from the production of synthetic fibers 5.500 4. Vegetable organic residues 0.170 5. Total 33.273

In connection with rapidly urbanization and somewhat slow construction of sewage treatment plants or their poor operation, water basins and soil are polluted with household waste. Pollution is especially noticeable in slow-flowing or stagnant water bodies (reservoirs, lakes). Decomposing in the aquatic environment, organic waste can become a medium for pathogenic organisms. Water, polluted organic waste, becomes almost unsuitable for drinking and other needs. Household waste is dangerous not only because it is a source of some human diseases (typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera), but also because it requires a lot of oxygen for its decomposition. If domestic wastewater enters the reservoir in very large quantities, then the content of soluble oxygen may drop below the level necessary for the life of marine and freshwater organisms.

3. The problem of pollution of the World Ocean (on the example of a number of organic compounds)

Oil and oil products

Oil is a viscous oily liquid that is dark brown in color and has low fluorescence. Oil consists mainly of saturated aliphatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of oil - hydrocarbons (up to 98%) - are divided into 4 classes:

a) Paraffins (alkenes) - (up to 90% of general composition) - stable substances, the molecules of which are expressed by a straight and branched chain of carbon atoms. Light paraffins have maximum volatility and solubility in water.

b) Cycloparaffins. - (30 - 60% of the total composition) saturated cyclic compounds with 5-6 carbon atoms in the ring. In addition to cyclopentane and cyclohexane, bicyclic and polycyclic compounds of this group are found in oil. These compounds are very stable and difficult to biodegrade.

c) Aromatic hydrocarbons. - (20 - 40% of the total composition) - unsaturated cyclic compounds of the benzene series, containing 6 carbon atoms in the ring less than cycloparaffins. Oil contains volatile compounds with a molecule in the form of a single ring (benzene, toluene, xylene), then bicyclic (naphthalene), polycyclic (pyrene).

d) Olefins (alkenes). - (up to 10% of the total composition) - unsaturated non-cyclic compounds with one or two hydrogen atoms at each carbon atom in a molecule that has a straight or branched chain.

Oil and oil products are the most common pollutants in the oceans. By the beginning of the 1980s, about 6 million tons were entering the ocean annually. oil, which accounted for 0.23% of world production. The greatest losses of oil are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergencies, discharge of washing and ballast water overboard by tankers - all this leads to the presence of permanent pollution fields along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment as a result of accidents. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons are lost annually. oil. Large masses of oil enter the seas along rivers, with domestic and storm drains. The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. Every year, 0.5 mln.t. oil. Getting into the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of various thicknesses. By the color of the film, you can determine its thickness:

APPEARANCE THICKNESS, MKM QUANTITY OF OIL, L./SQ.KM.

1. Barely noticeable 0.038 44 2. Silvery reflection 0.076 88 3. Traces of coloring 0.152 176 4. Brightly colored stains 0.305 352 5. Dullly colored 1.016 1170 6. Darkly colored 2.032 2310

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into the water. Light transmission of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280nm), 60-70% (400nm). A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms an emulsion of two types: direct "oil in water" and reverse "water in oil". Direct emulsions, composed of oil droplets with a diameter of up to 0.5 microns, are less stable and are typical for oils containing surfactants. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions, which can remain on the surface, be carried by the current, wash ashore and settle to the bottom.

Pesticides are a group of man-made substances used to control pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides - to combat harmful insects, fungicides and bactericides - to combat bacterial plant diseases, herbicides - against weeds. It has been established that pesticides, destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. In agriculture, there has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control. Currently, more than 5 million tons. pesticides enter the world market. About 1.5 million tons. of these substances has already entered the composition of terrestrial and marine ecosystems by ash and water. The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. In the aquatic environment, representatives of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are more common than others. Synthesized insecticides are divided into three main groups: organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbonates. Organochlorine insecticides are obtained by chlorination of aromatic and heterocyclic liquid hydrocarbons. These include DDT and its derivatives, in the molecules of which the stability of aliphatic and aromatic groups in the joint presence increases, various chlorinated derivatives of chlorodiene (eldrin). These substances have a half-life of up to several decades and are very resistant to biodegradation. In the aquatic environment, polychlorinated biphenyls are often found - derivatives of DDT without an aliphatic part, numbering 210 homologues and isomers. Over the past 40 years, more than 1.2 million tons have been used. polychlorinated biphenyls in the production of plastics, dyes, transformers, capacitors. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enter the environment as a result of industrial wastewater discharges and incineration of solid waste in landfills. The latter source delivers PBCs to the atmosphere, from where they precipitation drops in all areas globe. Thus, in snow samples taken in Antarctica, the content of PBC was 0.03 - 1.2 kg/l.

Synthetic surfactants. Detergents (surfactants) belong to an extensive group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of synthetic detergents (SMC), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with wastewater, surfactants enter the mainland waters and the marine environment. SMS contain sodium polyphosphates, in which detergents are dissolved, as well as a number of additional ingredients that are toxic to aquatic organisms: flavoring agents, bleaching agents (persulphates, perborates), soda ash, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium silicates. Depending on the nature and structure of the hydrophilic part of the surfactant molecules are divided into anionic, cationic, amphoteric and nonionic. The latter do not form ions in water. The most common among surfactants are anionic substances. They account for more than 50% of all surfactants produced in the world. The presence of surfactants in industrial wastewater is associated with their use in processes such as flotation concentration of ores, separation of products chemical technologies, obtaining polymers, improving the conditions for drilling oil and gas wells, combating equipment corrosion. In agriculture, surfactants are used as part of pesticides.

Compounds with carcinogenic properties. Carcinogenic substances are chemically homogeneous compounds that exhibit transforming activity and the ability to cause carcinogenic, teratogenic (violation of embryonic development processes) or mutagenic changes in organisms. Depending on the conditions of exposure, they can lead to growth inhibition, accelerated aging, disruption of individual development, and changes in the gene pool of organisms. Substances with carcinogenic properties include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The maximum amount of PAHs in the current sediments of the World Ocean (more than 100 μg/km of dry matter mass) was found in tectonically active zones subject to deep thermal action. The main anthropogenic sources of PAHs in environment- this is the pyrolysis of organic substances during the combustion of various materials, wood and fuel.

Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial productions, therefore, despite the treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. Mercury, lead and cadmium are the most dangerous for marine biocenoses. Mercury is transported to the ocean with continental runoff and through the atmosphere. During the weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks, 3.5 thousand tons are released annually. mercury. The composition of atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons. mercury, and a significant part is of anthropogenic origin. About half of the annual industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) ends up in the ocean in various ways. In areas polluted by industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspension is greatly increased. At the same time, some bacteria convert chlorides into highly toxic methyl mercury. Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of the coastal population. By 1977, there were 2,800 victims of the Minomata disease, which was caused by waste from the production of vinyl chloride and acetaldehyde, which used mercury chloride as a catalyst. Insufficiently treated wastewater from enterprises entered the Minamata Bay. Pigs are a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: in rocks, soils, natural waters, the atmosphere, and living organisms. Finally, pigs are actively dispersed into the environment during human activities. These are emissions from industrial and domestic effluents, from smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. The migratory flow of lead from the continent to the ocean is coming not only with river runoff, but also through the atmosphere. With continental dust, the ocean receives (20-30) * 10 ^ 3 tons of lead per year.

Discharge of waste into the sea for the purpose of disposal (dumping).

Many countries with access to the sea undertake marine disposal of various materials and substances, in particular soil excavated during dredging, drill slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemical substances, radioactive waste.

The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean. The basis for dumping in the sea is the ability of the marine environment to process a large amount of organic and inorganic substances without much water damage. However, this ability is not unlimited. Therefore, dumping is considered as a forced measure, a temporary tribute to the imperfection of technology by society. Industrial slags contain a variety of organic substances and heavy metal compounds. Household waste contains on average (by weight of dry matter) 32-40% organic matter; 0.56% nitrogen; 0.44% phosphorus; 0.155% zinc; 0.085% lead; 0.001% mercury; 0.001% cadmium. During the discharge, the passage of the material through the water column, part of the pollutants goes into solution, changing the quality of the water, the other is sorbed by suspended particles and goes into bottom sediments. At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic substances often leads to a rapid consumption of oxygen in water and is not caustic to its complete disappearance, dissolution of suspensions, accumulation of metals in dissolved form, and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide. The presence of a large amount of organic matter creates a stable reducing environment in the soil, in which a special type of interstitial water appears, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and metal ions. Benthic organisms and others are affected to varying degrees by the discharged materials. In the case of the formation of surface films containing petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactants, gas exchange at the air-water interface is disrupted. Pollutants entering the solution can accumulate in the tissues and organs of hydrobionts and have a toxic effect on them. The dumping of dumping materials to the bottom and prolonged increased turbidity of the given water leads to the death of inactive forms of benthos from suffocation. In surviving fish, mollusks and crustaceans, the growth rate is reduced due to the deterioration of feeding and breathing conditions. The species composition of a given community often changes. When organizing a system of control over the discharge of waste into the sea, the definition of dumping areas, the determination of the dynamics of pollution of sea water and bottom sediments is of decisive importance. To identify possible volumes of discharge into the sea, it is necessary to carry out calculations of all pollutants in the composition of the material discharge.

Thermal pollution. Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater from power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of ​​hot water patches in coastal areas can reach 30 sq. km. A more stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers. The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature, the activity of aerobic bacteria that decompose organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire flora of algae is increasing.

Based on the generalization of the material, it can be concluded that the effects of anthropogenic impact on the aquatic environment are manifested at the individual and population-biocenotic levels, and the long-term effect of pollutants leads to a simplification of the ecosystem.

4. Soil pollution

The soil cover of the Earth is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere.

The most important importance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, as well as energy. The soil cover functions as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted. That is why it is extremely important to study the global biochemical significance of the soil cover, its state of the art and changes under the influence of anthropogenic activities. One of the types of anthropogenic impact is pesticide pollution.

Pesticides as a polluting factor. The discovery of pesticides - chemical means of protecting plants and animals from various pests and diseases - is one of the most important achievements of modern science. Today in the world on 1 hectare. applied 300 kg. chemicals. However, as a result of long-term use of pesticides in agricultural medicine (vector control), there is an almost universal decline in effectiveness due to the development of resistant pest races and the spread of "new" pests, natural enemies and whose competitors have been destroyed by pesticides. At the same time, the effect of pesticides began to manifest itself on a global scale. Of the huge number of insects, only 0.3% or 5 thousand species are harmful. Pesticide resistance has been found in 250 species. This is exacerbated by the phenomenon of cross-resistance, which consists in the fact that increased resistance to the action of one drug is accompanied by resistance to compounds of other classes. From a general biological point of view, resistance can be considered as a change in populations as a result of the transition from a sensitive strain to a resistant strain of the same species due to selection caused by pesticides. This phenomenon is associated with genetic, physiological and biochemical rearrangements of organisms. Excessive use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, defoliants) negatively affects soil quality. In this regard, the fate of pesticides in soils and the possibilities and possibilities of neutralizing them with chemical and biological methods. It is very important to create and use only drugs with a short lifespan, measured in weeks or months. Some progress has already been made in this area and drugs with high speed destruction, but the problem as a whole has not yet been resolved.

Acid atmospheric impacts on land. One of the most acute global problems of our time and the foreseeable future is the problem of increasing acidity precipitation and soil cover. Areas of acidic soils do not know droughts, but their natural fertility is lowered and unstable; they are rapidly depleted and yields are low. Acid rain causes not only acidification of surface waters and upper soil horizons. Acidity with downward water flows extends to the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human activities, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon. These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfurous, sulfuric, nitrous, nitric and carbonic acids, which fall in the form of "acid rain" on land, interacting with plants, soils, waters. The main sources in the atmosphere are the burning of shale, oil, coal, gas in industry, agriculture, and at home. Human economic activity has almost doubled the release of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Naturally, this affected the increase in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, ground and ground waters. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic representative measurements of atmospheric pollutant compounds over large areas.

Conclusion

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the dangers that threaten the environment, but so far many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light. However, human impact on the environment has taken on alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient environmental policy will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, sound knowledge of the interaction of important environmental factors, if he develops new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused to Nature by Man.

Literature

1. Gorshkov S.P. Exodynamic processes of developed territories. - M.: Nedra, 1982.

2. Grigoriev A.A. Cities and the Environment. Space research. - M.: Thought, 1982.

3. Nikitin D.P., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and man. - M.: 1986.

4. Odum Yu. Fundamentals of ecology. - M.: Mir, 1975.

5. Radzevich N.N., Pashkang K.V. Protection and transformation of nature. - M.: Enlightenment, 1986.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

Pollution of the waters of the oceans with oil and oil products, radioactive substances. Influence of sewage on water balance. The content of pesticides and synthetic surfactants in the ocean. The international cooperation in the field of water protection.

term paper, added 05/28/2015


Threatening scale of pollution of the world's oceans by oil and oil products. Source of water pollution. Basic methods of atmospheric air quality management. Waste management, sanitation and disposal. Types of environmental taxes.

abstract, added 11/07/2014


Acquaintance with the consequences of pollution of the hydrosphere by oil and oil products, heavy metals and acid rain. Consideration legislative regulation the issue of protecting the ecological environment of the oceans. Description of the methods of sewage treatment.

presentation, added 05/09/2011


Analysis of the current state of anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. Ecology of natural areas, the consequences of the destruction of biocenoses and environmental pollution. Anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere with greenhouse gases and the impact on the biosphere of physical factors.

test, added 03/09/2011


Forms of interaction between society and nature and their development at the present stage. Usage natural environment and its consequences. Anthropogenic pollution of the environment. Chemical pollution of natural waters. The impact of nuclear power plants on nature.

presentation, added 03/10/2015


Vernadsky's doctrine of the biosphere. The "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity as a growing ultimatum factor in relation to man. Global problems of protecting the environment from the harmful effects of anthropogenic impact.

term paper, added 11/12/2013


Environmental pollution and the organization of security activities aimed at saving nature. The unity of the biosphere and the entire environment. Distribution on Earth of man as a biological species. Global environmental problems of our time.

presentation, added 03/29/2014


River runoff as a basis water resources Russia. Principles of using water for economic purposes. Characterization of sources of pollution of inland waters. Environmental consequences pollution of the ocean and, in general, the entire hydrosphere with oil and oil products.

report, added 07.12.2009


Environmental protection at the international level. Holding the Convention in London in 1973. General obligations to prevent pollution from ships of the marine environment by oil products. Oil Pollution Emergency Plan.

abstract, added 12/26/2013


Human pressure on the biosphere. Activation of economic and industrial activity of a person. Pollution of the oceans. The supply of oxygen to the Earth's atmosphere as a result of photosynthetic activity. Chemical and radiation pollution.

The weather is important not only for citizens leaving their homes, but also pilots and sailors use it every hour. There are three serious problems for the navigation of ships and aircraft: strong air currents, low temperatures and fogs. Airports are closed for several hours and even days in case of runway icing, heavy snow or fog. In the Novorossiysk bay, the winter wind descending from the mountains (boron) causes glaciation of ships and port facilities.

The hydropower potential of the territory is also directly related to climatic conditions: the full flow of rivers, periods of freezing and floods - all this is directly related to climate. For example, the energy-deficient economy of Primorye does not have hydroelectric power stations, although this region has large hydropower resources. This is due to the extreme variability of the regime of rivers under conditions monsoon climate, with regular typhoons.

Lesson topic:"Climate and Man"

The purpose of the lesson: to show the relevance (vital importance) of the climate problem for human life and economic activity.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational:
  • Build students' knowledge of diversity climatic conditions on the territory of Russia and their impact on human life and economic activity.
  • Consider the impact of adverse weather events on the economic activity of people.
  • Consider the climate features important for agriculture.
  • Show the causes of environmental problems associated with air pollution and human health.
• Educational:
  • The development of skills and abilities to highlight the main, essential in characterizing the impact of climate on human life and economic activity.
  • Continue the formation of skills in working with the text of the textbook, additional literature, atlas maps.
  • Continue the formation of skills to analyze cartographic data and draw conclusions on the material being studied.
  • The development of a culture of writing students' speeches, vocabulary expansion.
• Educational:
  • Continue the formation of a scientific worldview.
  • Show connection with real life.
  • To cultivate a positive, careful, reverent attitude towards nature, the environment, through understanding the influence of the surrounding world on a person.
  • Expanding the horizons of students: acquaintance with environmental problems, with measures to protect atmospheric air from pollution.
  • To form patriotism and love for their small homeland, a sense of camaraderie, the ability to work in groups.

Lesson type: lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge.

Type of lesson: a reproductive type lesson with a partial search method.

The main methods used in the lesson:

• verbal (teacher's story and explanation, conversation, work with a book, educational text);
• practical (filling in the table);
• visual (work with visibility, projector);
• methods of oral control (frontal conversation and conversation on new material).

The main forms of student activity in the lesson:

• work in pairs
• frontal
• individual (execution of a geographical dictation).

Lesson equipment:

• physical and climate map Russia;
• map of "population density in Russia";
• map "Agro-climatic resources";
• atlas of the 8th grade;
• table No. 1. Adverse climatic phenomena;
• table No. 2. Influence of climatic factors on human health and vital activity;
• projector (presentation "Climate and people").

DURING THE CLASSES

What does the weather depend on? -
From where you are
Its heights, its latitudes, longitudes,
And also - from the mood.

Y. Ponomareva

I. Organizational moment

1. Greeting:

- Children, attention, the bell rang, sit back, let's start the lesson as soon as possible.
How nice that we are all together today! We are calm, kind, friendly, affectionate.
– We are all healthy. I wish you good mood and careful attitude each other.

2. Determination of absentees

3. Checking the readiness of students for the lesson

II. Goal setting and motivation

Goal setting and motivation during the introductory conversation with students

1. Introductory conversation in order to update the basic knowledge of students on this issue.

Interesting fact:

Since October 1981, Moscow's special services have been providing good weather during holidays, military parades and demonstrations. How? What do you know about human intervention in atmospheric processes? (The teacher offers to remember everything that the guys know about the climate and its impact on humans)

2. Statement of the learning task

The teacher formulates the main problem of the lesson: does the climate affect a person and how? What is the feedback? The educational task is solved jointly with students.

III. Updating knowledge and skills

1. Working with a terminological map.(Attachment 1 , presentation "Climate and people")

Repetition of concepts:

• climate
• solar radiation
• total radiation
• air masses
• cyclone
• anticyclone
• atmospheric front
• Atmosphere pressure
• weather
• moisture factor
• evaporation
• amplitude
• transformation

2. Working with atlas maps

- Guys, please compare the climate map of Russia and the map of the "Population Density of Russia" and answer the questions:

1. In what climatic zones on the territory of Russia is the lowest population density? Why?
2. In what climatic zones in Russia is the highest population density? Why?
3. Do you think climate has an impact on human life?

3. Test work. (Written test work on options, contains questions from the previous topic - 7 minutes)

Option 1

1. The predominant part of the territory of Russia is located in the climatic zone:

a) subtropical b) arctic c) temperate d) equatorial

2. The amount of moisture that can evaporate from the surface under given atmospheric conditions is called:

a) evaporation b) humidification c) moisture coefficient d) evaporation

3. Name the region of Russia with a high level of comfort:

a) the lower reaches of the Yenisei b) the city of Murmansk c) the Krasnodar Territory d) the Komi Republic

4. A gradual change in the properties of air masses under the influence of the underlying surface is called:

a) circulation b) transformation c) weather d) atmospheric pressure

5. Select faithful (choose 3 correct answers)

a) The greatest amount of solar radiation enters the southern regions of the country.
b) The climate of our country is influenced by the air masses of all the oceans.
c) When warm air masses move towards cold air masses, a warm front is formed.
d) The city of Oymyakon is the coldest city in the Northern Hemisphere.
e) The islands of the Arctic Ocean are characterized by a subarctic climate.

Option 2

1. Which of the following climate-forming factors is the most important for our country?

a) geographical latitude
b) underlying surface
c) human economic activity
d) sea currents

2. A closed area of ​​low atmospheric pressure is:

a) a cyclone
b) trade wind
c) anticyclone
d) monsoon

3. Name the region of Russia with unfavorable conditions for human habitation:

a) Krasnoyarsk
b) Yekaterinburg
c) Anadyr
Moscow city

4. Determine the type of climate, if in summer there is a lot of precipitation brought from the ocean, and the winter is dry:

a) sharply continental
b) arctic
c) monsoon
d) subarctic

5. Select faithful statements about the climate of Russia: (choose 3 correct answers)

a) In the south of the Far East, maritime Arctic air dominates in summer.
b) Air masses are able to transform when moving over a certain territory.
in) Atlantic Ocean has an effect on the climate temperate latitudes less impact than Quiet.
d) The Siberian anticyclone is a vast area high pressure, plays a decisive role in the severity of winters in Siberia.
e) The greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the more heat the area receives.

Checking independent work.

Correct answers and norms

Option 1. Option 2.

1 - a 1 - a
2 - a 2 - a
3 - in 3 - in
4 - b 4 - c
5 – a, c, d. 5 – b, d, e.

Correct answers Score

5 "5"
4 "4"
3 "3"
2 "2"

IV. Learning new material

Physical education minute

To improve cerebral circulation:

Starting position - sitting on a chair. Gently tilt your head back, tilt your head forward without raising your shoulders.
Starting position - sitting, hands on the belt. Head turn to the right. Starting position. Head turn to the left. Starting position.
Starting position - sitting, hands on the belt. With a wave of the left hand, bring it over the right shoulder, turn the head to the left.
Starting position - sitting, hands on the belt. Repeat the same with the right hand, turning the head to the right.

Gymnastics for the eyes:

Blink rapidly, close your eyes, and sit quietly while slowly counting to 5.
Close your eyes tightly (count to 3), open your eyes and look into the distance (count to 5).
Pull out right hand forward. Follow with your eyes, without turning your head, the slow movements of the index finger of the outstretched hand to the left and right, up and down.
Look at the index finger of the outstretched hand, at the expense of 1-4, then look into the distance at the expense of 1-6.
At an average pace, 3-4 circular movements of the eyes to the right side, the same number to the left side.

Motivating students to learn new material by setting problem questions:

1) Does the climate affect the health, living conditions and economic activities of people? How?
2) What adverse climatic phenomena do you know?

– To solve the set tasks, we need to work out several theoretical issues.

1) Please pay attention to the board on which the diagram is shown. Working with this scheme and with the presentation slides, we will now prove that the climate really has a significant impact on human life and activity.

Depends especially on the climate Agriculture. The property of the climate that allows the cultivation of various crops is called agroclimatic resources(Students write the definition in a notebook).

The most important indicators of agro-climatic resources are:

• duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10 C (vegetation period)
• sum of temperatures for this period
• moisture factor
• thickness and duration of snow cover

Working with the map(Map "Agro-climatic resources")

– What crops make it possible to grow the agro-climatic resources of our area? (Oats, winter wheat, winter rye, flax)
- What climatic phenomena prevent growing heat-loving crops in our region? (Severe frosts and frosts)

Russia, due to its geographical position, incurs huge material costs to maintain the life of the population:

• expenses for construction and building heating
• production warm clothes and food

- What is the difference between the dwellings of the peoples of the North, who live in the subarctic climatic zone, and people living in the temperate zone? (The peoples of the North are mainly engaged in reindeer herding and lead a nomadic lifestyle, so their dwelling is a tent, which is disassembled, has a round, conical shape and is made of deer skins, which retain heat well, which is important in severe frosts in winter.)
People living in the temperate climate zone build wooden or brick houses, with double or triple glazing in Siberia, which once again indicates that Russia is a northern country, with cold winters. And in a hot climate, for example, in the North Caucasus, summer rooms are needed: verandas and glazed terraces.

– The daily weather forecast is important not only for people leaving the house, but also for people driving various types of transport. There are three serious problems for the navigation of ships and aircraft: strong air currents, low temperatures and fogs. Airports close for several hours or days in the event of runway icing, heavy snow or fog.

The climate affects people's health. How?

• at low temperatures, with strong winds, frostbite of people is possible;
• long stay in the sun, especially in the subtropical climate zone, can lead to sunstroke and burns;
• lack of iodine in the environment leads to thyroid diseases;
• in the mountains with a lack of oxygen and low atmospheric pressure possible oxygen starvation, dizziness, fainting.

Can humans change the climate with their economic activity? (Yes - this is climate warming, due to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and, above all, carbon dioxide)

Human economic activities that affect climate warming:

1. Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels (oil, coal) during the operation of thermal power plants and thermal power plants.
2. Deforestation.
3. Increase in the share of road transport.

2) Students' reports about adverse climatic conditions. Among the adverse climatic conditions for a person and his life can be called: droughts, dust storms, frosts, hail, ice, hurricanes, heavy rains.
Students listen to their comrades and enter the basic information in the table. (presentation "Climate and people")

Physical education minute

One - get up, stretch.
Two - bend, unbend.
Three - three claps in the hands, three nods with the head.
Four - arms wider.
Five - wave your hands.
Six - sit quietly at your desks.

V. Consolidation of new material

Geographic dictation(Presentation "Climate and Man")

• Air temperature drops below 0 C in spring and autumn.
• Very low air temperature with low snow cover.
• Precipitation in the form of ice particles.
• A crust of ice formed when raindrops or fog freeze in spring or autumn.
• The accumulation of water droplets in the lower troposphere.
• hot, dry, strong wind lasting several days.
• Wind of great speed (more than 30 m / s), which has destructive power.
• Long period of dry weather with high temperature air.
• Residents of which cities are affected by a long and harsh winter.
• Representatives of what professions make a weather forecast.

Checking the geographical dictation: (presentation "Climate and people")

• frost
• Very coldy
• Ice
• Fog
• Sukhovey
• Hurricane
• Drought
• Norilsk or Murmansk
• Meteorologists, forecasters

VI. Summing up the lesson

Grading the journal.

VII. Reflection

1. Today I liked the lesson ...
2. I was especially surprised that ...
3. Before today's lesson, I thought (thought) that ..., but now I know ...

IX. Homework

Paragraph 22 of the textbook and answer the questions in writing: “What adverse climatic conditions are found in your area? What climate zone would you like to live in and why?