Presentation on the topic "ecological factors of the environment and their influence on the body." Presentation "Ecology

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IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY

Results of research work in natural science

Completed by: 1st year student, gr. 102

Bazhov Nikita Sergeevich

Scientific adviser:

Efremov Alexander Yurievich,

PhD, Associate Professor

federal state budgetary educational institution higher education

"RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF JUSTICE"

Faculty continuing education for the training of specialists for the judiciary

Department of General Educational Disciplines

Voronezh - 2015

Introduction

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY.

Conclusion

List of used literature.

Introduction.

Research topic:

"Influence of environmental factors on the human body".

Research objectives:

Definition of the most acute environmental issues Russian Federation and performance analysis existing laws in the field of environmental law.

Environmental problems in Russia are extensive and multifaceted.

Object of study:

Ecology.

Subject of study:

The impact of environmental factors on the human body.

Research methods:

Search, accumulation, analysis and systematization of the necessary information.

The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction

The problem of unauthorized solid waste dumps is relevant both for rural areas, …

Research objectives:

1. Drawing up a thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic, object and subject of research.

2. Determination of the most acute environmental problems according to state statistics and theoretical studies.

3. Determining the most effective ways to solve environmental problems.

The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction

… and for large cities.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY

Heliocentric system of the world

It is known that human health and condition environment are closely interconnected. Interaction, harmony of factors surrounding nature and the factors that make up human health ensure the normal functioning of the body and the preservation of human health. Violation of the functioning of any of these components entails a failure in the "man - habitat" system.

Index of ecological efficiency of some regions of Russia.

Environmental problems arose simultaneously with the advent of man and developed in proportion to the pace of development of civilization. Long years man provoked their development and the prerequisites for the ecological apocalypse are already clearly distinguishable. In our country, due to the slow pace of development of environmental legislation, ecological situation even more critical.

Environmental issue is change natural environment, as a result of anthropogenic impact or natural Disasters leading to disruption of the structure and functioning of nature.

Ecology is the science of the relationship of living organisms and the communities they form with each other and with the environment.

The solution of the first task of the study involved the compilation of a Thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic, goal.

Its solution showed that in the topic under study: "The impact of environmental factors on the human body" the necessary scientific concepts are:

Activity;

Study;

Human organism; Right;

Problem;

Ecological problem;

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution 1 problem.

Wastewater treatment plant Wastewater. Voronezh

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution 1 problem.

The key term of the Thesaurus is the concept of an ecological problem (the definition is given above). From a cognitive point of view future profession, important is also the meaning of the term "Law" - a description of stable relationships in nature between recurring processes under certain conditions in the surrounding world. In the natural science understanding, the term "Theory": a doctrine, a system of ideas or principles, is also an important concept.

NLMK is the largest "exporter" of environmental problems in the Lipetsk region.

The solution of the second task of the study showed that environmental problems are one of the main, difficult to eliminate and most actual problems modernity. In our country, environmental problems are most pronounced, numerous and topical. Despite the fact that in recent times The Russian government pays great attention to the problems of environmental pollution, their severity and relevance is not decreasing, but, on the contrary, is growing. This greatly complicates their solution, but the search for the most effective ways to eliminate the problems of environmental pollution can bring society, science to a new qualitative level, since the search for a solution to the problem stimulates the development of natural science (ecology), society, and law enforcement practice.

The consequences of the accident at the plant for processing and storing nuclear fuel "Mayak" - an environmental disaster that entailed no less catastrophic consequences

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution 2 of the problem.

And ordinary citizens, including those in power, especially do not feel remorse, in one case - organizing unauthorized dumps, in the other - signing documents establishing a new solid waste landfill or even a repository of any hazardous substances.

One of characteristic features environmental problems is that they not only give rise to a number of other, no less important issues, but also generated by them ( a prime example impact on the economy is that due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, our country annually loses about 4-6% of GDP - such a conclusion was made by the Minister natural resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy).

CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS NEGATIVELY AFFECTING THE ORGANISM AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTION.

It should be noted that the difficulty of solving environmental problems is that they have many of their own, unique features, consisting in the features of the economy, society, culture, worldview, national composition and other spheres of life of Russians. For example, one of the features that complicate the solution of environmental problems is, oddly enough, the vast territory of our country. Strictly speaking, the problem here is not in the area of ​​our country, but in the worldview of the Russians.

The solution of the third problem showed that an unfavorable ecological situation affects the physical and mental performance, a person's resistance to diseases. In adolescents living in conditions of severe environmental pollution, the process of puberty, growth of the body is delayed, they are more likely to get colds, and study worse. Every person should deal with the problem of ecology. Also, a huge role is played by regulatory legal acts that guard the health of citizens, including children and adolescents.

CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTION. Solution 3 of the problem.

The only honest and incorruptible defender of the ecological well-being of Russia.

Conclusion

The ongoing study was aimed at identifying the most critical environmental problems for human health and analyzing the consequences of exposure to adverse environmental factors on the human body. The urgency of the problem led to the choice of the research topic in the subject plane of natural science and socio-psychological aspects of the impact of ecology on human health. The study was carried out as part of a creative task in the study of the discipline "Natural Science", as an integral component general education lawyer specialty: "Law and organization of social security" and involved the following tasks: compiling a thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic, object and subject of research; determination of the most acute environmental problems according to statistics and theoretical studies; revealing the characteristic features of their solution.

Enterprise for the processing of solid waste (the village of Khlevnoye, Khlevensky district, Lipetsk region).

The tasks were solved using natural science methods of searching, accumulating and systematizing the necessary information.

Scientific analysis practical research on this topic made it possible to identify distinctive features environmental problems and their impact on the human body.

Question 4. Conclusion

President of Russia V.V. Putin not only takes an active part in the creation and provides support in the promotion of NPAs with an environmental focus, but also finds time to provide all possible physical assistance in preserving the ecology of our Motherland. This fact confirms that the environmental problems of Russia are relevant and require utmost attention and urgent solutions.

The urgency of the problem was considered in the subject plane of the natural science aspects of the impact on the human body of adverse environmental environmental factors.

The study was carried out as part of a creative task in the study of the discipline "Natural-Knowledge", as an integral component of the general educational training of a lawyer with a specialty: "Law and organization of social security."

Question 4. Conclusion

Norilsk is the most polluted city in Russia and one of the most polluted cities in the world.

Used Books

1. Akhmedova T.I., Mosyagina O.V. Natural science: Textbook. – M.: RAP, 2012. – 463 p. 2. Researched in Russia [Electronic resource]: multi-subject. scientific magazine / Moscow. physics and technology in-t. – Electron. magazine - Dolgoprudny: MIPT, 1998. -. – Log access mode: http://zhurnal.mipt.rssi.ru. - Zagl. from the screen. - No. state. registration 0329900013 (date of access: 03/01/2015). 3. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/r/rossija.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 4. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/i/1-issledovanie.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 5. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/d/dejatelnost.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 6. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/e/ekologija.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 7. Laptukhin M.S. School dictionary Russian language: A guide for students / M.S. Laptukhin; Ed. F.P. Owl. – M.: Enlightenment, 1981. – 463 p. 8. Linchenko S.N. Ecological state environment and human health. - Krasnodar, 2007. - 126 p. 9. Monitoring, control and management of environmental quality. Environmental control [Electronic resource]: tutorial/ A.I. Potapov [i dr.]. – Electron. text data. - St. Petersburg: Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 2004. - 290 p. - Access mode: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/12504. - ELS "IPRbooks", by password. 10. Morozova L.A. Theory of state and law [Text]: textbook. for university students / L.A. Morozov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Eksmo, 2008. - 15 p.

Used Books

11. Social science: textbook. Handbook for law school applicants / ed. A.V. Opaleva. - 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2013. – 359p. 12. Russian State Library [Electronic resource] / Center inform. RSL technologies; ed. Vlasenko T.V.; Web-master Kozlova N.V. – Electron. Dan. – M.: Ros. state library, 1997. - Access mode: http://www.rsl.ru, free. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (date of access: 03/01/2015). 13. Rumyantsev N.V. environmental law Russia: textbook / Rumyantsev N.V., Kazantsev S.Ya., Myshko F.G. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2010. - 431 p. 14. Sarkisov O.R. Ecological safety and environmental and legal problems in the field of environmental pollution: textbook / Sarkisov O.R., Lyubarsky E.L., Kazantsev S.Ya. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2012. – 231 p. 15. Sergeev K. A., Slinin Ya. A. Nature and reason: an ancient paradigm. – L.: LGU, 1991. 238 p. 16. Sizova M.G. Social ecology and human ecology in the light of modern environmental problems // Almanac modern science and education. 2009. No. 5. 239 p. 17. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on "Akademik" [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. – Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/873/definition, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 18. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on "Akademik" [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. – Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/psihologic/1415/definition, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (date of access: 01/31/2015). 19. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) [Electronic resource] / Results at-a-Glance. Global View – Access mode: http://epi.yale.edu/epi, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (date of access: 03/26/2015).

Subject ecology

• Ecology - the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel.
• Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences:

autecology studies relationships in communities;

population ecology studies the relationship of individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationship between populations;

global ecology studies the biosphere and questions of its protection.

• Another approach in the ecology division Keywords: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, ecology of plants, ecology of animals, ecology of man, space ecology .

Tasks of ecology

To study the relationships of organisms;

To study the relationship between organisms and the environment;

To study the effect of the environment on the structure, life activity and behavior of organisms;

To trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities;

Develop a system of measures for nature protection.

The value of ecology

Helps to determine the place of man in nature;

Provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows predicting the consequences economic activity human, correctly and rationally use natural resources;

Environmental knowledge is essential for development Agriculture, medicine, to develop measures to protect the environment.

Ecology methods

• observation
• comparison
• experiment
• math modeling
• forecasting

Principles of ecological classification

• Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment.
• Various criteria can be used as the basis for ecological classification: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

Classification of organisms by the nature of nutrition

1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs:

BUT). Phototrophs a) saprophytes

B). Chemotrophs b) holozoic:

- saprophages

- phytophages

- zoophagous

- necrophages

• Autotrophs organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances.
• Phototrophs- autotrophic organisms, which for synthesis organic matter use the energy of sunlight.
• Chemotrophs- autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy for the synthesis of organic substances; connections.
• Heterotrophs- organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances.
• Saprophytes- heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds.
• Holozoic- heterotrophs that have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones:
• Saprophages feed on dead plant debris;
• Phytophages consumers of live plants;
• Zoophages eat live animals;
• Necrophages eat dead animals.

History of ecology

The development of ecology was greatly influenced by:

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to habitats.

C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms.

J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important reasons evolution.

K.Rulie (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depended on the environment, stressed the need to study evolution.

Ch.Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine.

E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, coined the term ecology in 1866.

C. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology.

A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, introduced the concept of an ecosystem in 1935.

V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses.

K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis.

V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist.

V.I.Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the theory of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat

• Habitat - this is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it.
• Environmental factors:

abiotic – factors inanimate nature; biotic - factors of living nature; anthropogenic associated with human activities.

• The following main habitats can be distinguished: water, land-air, soil, living organisms.

Water environment

• AT aquatic environment great importance have factors such as salt regime, water density, flow velocity, oxygen saturation, soil properties. The inhabitants of the water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them are:

neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water;

plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the water to the body;

nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column ;

benthos - benthic organisms.

soil environment

• Soil dwellers are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and soil moisture.

Ground-air environment

Living organism

Habitat adaptations

• Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.

Morphological adaptations

• Morphological adaptations are manifested in changes in the shape and structure of organisms.
• For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are grown under low temperatures ; mimicry- imitation of some species by others in color and shape.
• Often common features structures are endowed with organisms with different evolutionary origins.
• Convergence- convergence of signs (similarity in structure), which arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations

• Physiological adaptations are manifested in a change in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability to thermoregulate in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to receive heat due to biochemical reactions

Behavioral adaptations

• Behavioral adaptations often associated with physiological, such as suspended animation, migration.

• Many adaptations have developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and diurnal rhythms, such as leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle.
• The response of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism .
• Under the influence of ecological rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of "biological clock" that provides orientation in time, preparation for expected changes.
• For example, flowers bloom at a time when it is usually observed optimal humidity, illumination and other conditions for pollination: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15; calendula - from 9 to 16-18; wild rose - from 4-5 to 19-20

Any human impact on living
organisms, the entire environment is
anthropogenic factors. They can be divided into
three groups.

First

Second

Third

Human impact on the environment

Anthropogenic factors

The intake of contaminants into the human body

How to improve environmental health?

The main organizational and technological methods of combating air pollution are as follows:

1 slide

environmental factors. environmental factors. General patterns of action on organisms.

2 slide

PLAN Environment and conditions for the existence of organisms. Classification of environmental factors. Influence on organisms of abiotic factors. Ecological plasticity of organisms. The combined action of factors. limiting factor.

3 slide

The habitat of an organism is a set of abiotic and biotic conditions of life, it is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect effect on them.

4 slide

The environment of each organism is composed of many elements: inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man. At the same time, some elements are partially or completely indifferent to the body. needed by the body. have a negative impact.

5 slide

The living conditions are a set of elements of the environment necessary for the organism, with which it is in inseparable unity and without which it cannot exist.

6 slide

Environmental factors These are elements of the environment that are necessary for the body or adversely affect it. In nature, these factors do not act in isolation from each other, but in the form of a complex complex.

7 slide

A complex of environmental factors, without which the body cannot exist, and represents the conditions for the existence given organism. Various organisms perceive and react differently to the same factors.

8 slide

All adaptations of organisms to existence in various conditions have developed historically. As a result, specific for each geographical area groupings of plants and animals.

9 slide

Classification of environmental factors. Abiotic - a complex of conditions of the inorganic environment (climatic, chemical, physical, edaphogenic, orographic). Biotic - a set of influences of the vital activity of some organisms on others (phytogenic, zoogenic, anthropogenic).

10 slide

11 slide

Influence on organisms of abiotic factors. Abiotic factors can have direct and indirect effects. The effect of environmental factors depends not only on their nature, but also on the dose perceived by the body. All organisms have evolved adaptations.

12 slide

Environmental factors can act either in the form of a direct one, or in the form of an indirect one. Each environmental factor is characterized by certain quantitative indicators: strength and range of action.

13 slide

Optimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, the most favorable for the life of the organism. Pessimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, in which the vital activity of the organism is maximally depressed.

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15 slide

The limit of tolerance is the entire interval of the influence of the environmental factor (from the minimum to the maximum impact), at which the growth and development of the organism is possible.

16 slide

Ecological plasticity (valency) The property of species to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors. The wider the range of fluctuations of the environmental factor, within which this species can exist, the greater its ecological plasticity.

17 slide

Eurybiont species (widely adapted) - able to withstand significant changes in the environment. Stenobiont species (narrowly adapted) are able to exist with small deviations of the factor from the optimal value.

18 slide

Ranges of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions

Ecology -

the science of the relationship of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment

The term " ecology"Proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.

Objects ecology may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole

Tasks of ecology

Studies the impact of the environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems

Studying the structure of the population and their number

The study of how living organisms interact with each other

Studies the impact of environmental factors on humans

Studies the productivity of ecosystems

Biotic - these are the types of influence on organisms from other animals.

Biotic factors

Direct

Indirect

Predator eats its prey

One organism changes the environment of another organism

Anthropogenic factors -

are forms of human activity that affect wildlife(these factors increase every year)

The influence of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors are constantly changing

Variability of factors

regular, periodic (seasonal temperature changes, low tides. high tides)

Irregular

(weather change, flood, Forest fires)

Numerous and diverse factors simultaneously influence the body.

Each species has its own endurance limits.

wide range endurance animals living in high latitudes have temperature fluctuations. Thus, Arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 °C.

(from +30 to -45)

Lichens can withstand temperatures from

-70 to +60

Some species ocean fish able to exist at temperatures from -2 to +2

THE ACTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM

Endurance range

organism

the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone

oppression

oppression

normal

vital activity

DEATH

DEATH

Between the optimum zone and extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, which makes life worse

The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death is the limit of endurance

Liebig (Liebig), Justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich