Memo on making a fire and rules of conduct in case of forest fires. Bonfire: fire safety and breeding rules in the forest Where you can’t make fires
Experienced Tourists, fishermen, hunters are well aware of how important fire is in extreme conditions and they know how to get it and support it perfectly. There are many types of bonfires with different purposes and breeding methods. Some are ideal for heating, some for cooking and each has its own tricks for breeding.
Bonfires can be divided into three types:
— fiery. They create a large flame and burn out quickly.
— Flame. They burn for a long time and create a good heat. Suitable for heating and drying.
— Signal. Designed for signaling. It can also be used to repel mosquitoes.
The main types of fires
People away from travel and active rest, may not realize that there are a considerable number of types of fires with different characteristics and purpose. In various weather conditions and situations, one or another type of fire may be needed, so you need to know and be able to make them.
Bonfire "hut"
This type the fire is known to many. The most affordable fire that can be built for cooking or heating.
To make such a fire, firewood is laid out in a hut. In the middle of such a fire, where the kindling will be placed, thin branches are placed, and then thick ones. The campfire "hut" is ideal for warming up, cooking, drying.
The fire flares up quickly, gives a good heat, but it is not very economical, it will take enough a large number of firewood. This is one of the reasons why it is not suitable for an overnight stay.
The fire "hut" can be used to give a signal. To do this, put raw grass, branches on top to get a lot of smoke. It can also be used to create a smoke screen or to repel mosquitoes and midges.
Another type of bonfire "hut" is the "pyramid". It is an enlarged copy. For construction, two large logs are taken and laid parallel to each other. Why do they begin to lay smaller logs across until a pyramid is formed. Such a fire gives a lot of light.
Taiga bonfire
This type of fire burns for a long time up to 6-8 hours. "Taiga bonfire" is common name for such fires as "gun" and "hunter's hearth". These fires are mainly used for heating.
The fire "gun" is laid out as follows:
- on a large log (the so-called subyurlock) lay out several smaller logs
- lay the upper logs in a fan and slightly push above the main log, while on the log they should be together and on the ground apart
- as it burns, it pushes the upper logs forward so that the fire does not go out
The “hearth of the hunter” is arranged with a slightly different way. Between two large logs lays out thinner firewood. It turns out something similar to a brazier. Large logs limit the burning of small ones.
Bonfire "nodya"
This type of fire is ideal for heating. It is laid out from several large logs. Thick logs can burn up to 36 hours.
The fire is placed next to the bed. To do this, lay next to 2 dry logs with a diameter of 30 cm and a few meters long. Be sure to leave a small space of 10 cm between the logs. Kindling is placed in this space - dry leaves, branches, brushwood. Sometimes logs can be secured with pegs to keep them from coming apart.
When the main logs flare up, another one is placed on top. If necessary, a reflective screen can be built on one side. For this, snow, an awning, a foil blanket are suitable.
"Nodya" can be made up of 1, 2, 3, 4 or more logs.
Special types of fires
In addition to the main bonfires listed above, there are special ones. They can be a combination of fires or very specific designs.
Made from large logs. It makes cuts with a depth of 3/4 of the length of the log. The core is cleaned and a fire is kindled in it.
There is another option for preparing a “Finnish candle”. The log is sawn into 4 parts and the core is scraped out. In the lower part, at the junction of logs, you can make a chute, it is needed to feed the fire with oxygen. Logs are tied with wire. Kindling is placed in the core and set on fire.
"Kamelek"
This type of fire is used in conditions where there is little good firewood, but stones or bricks are present. Firewood from 3 sides is covered with stones or bricks. This type of fire is suitable for boiling water.
"Trench"
This type of fire is used to obtain coals for subsequent cooking on them. For the preparation of coal, they dig a ditch 1m * 0.5m and a depth of about 30 cm. Line the bottom of the pit with stones. Firewood is placed in the hole and set on fire. The resulting coals are used for cooking. You can also fill up the trench and place your overnight stay above it.
Exotic types of campfires
Not the most common types of fires. They may not be used in all situations and are often not particularly effective.
Bonfire "well"
Short logs are folded in a rectangle, forming a semblance of a well. Kindling and small branches, logs are placed inside. Such a fire is suitable for cooking, drying. Over time, it fails, so the bowler must be hung up.
Bonfire "star"
To prepare such a fire, the logs are stacked with a star. You may need 3-5 logs. The structure takes up a lot of space. It burns slowly, gives but without heat. As the burnout, the logs are pushed inward.
Polynesian bonfire
On the territory of Russia, a rather exotic version of the fire. For cooking, you need a hole 30 cm deep. The walls are lined with stones. Firewood is stacked in the middle, it can be a hut. Such a fire burns for a long time.
Every person who had a chance to go hunting, fishing or a regular hiking trip had to deal with making a fire. Of course, it is better to know the basics and rules of its breeding, because there are different kinds fires, depending on its purpose, as well as the method of laying logs and branches. Once in the forest in winter, you need to keep in mind that it is necessary to make a fire different from the one that was kindled in summer, because there were other conditions. About what types of fires are and their purpose will be discussed further.
Consider known species bonfires and the differences between them:
The most common in hiking trips a kind of fire, when the logs are folded at an angle to the center, while the logs burn out quickly enough in the middle in the upper part, collecting the main coals in the center. This look is good for fast food food in field conditions, warming up the kettle. It is not suitable for warming at night, since the main heat is concentrated in the middle in one place.
It differs from the "hut" in that it allows you to cook food in several containers at the same time. Its design consists of two long logs located at a short distance parallel to each other, across which two more logs are placed on top. Thus, the structure is laid out until the required height is reached. Cooking several dishes at the same time is possible due to the fact that the necessary oxygen supply and uniform distribution of fire along the length of the firewood are provided. It should be borne in mind that this type is best kindled in calm weather, because otherwise the fire will spread unevenly.
If you need to build a fire that will burn all night, giving off a large amount of heat, a taiga fire will be a suitable option. For its construction, you will need two rows of thick long logs, in each of which you need to place 2 or 3 logs. These rows should intersect at a slight angle just above the coals. Moreover, the first row must be laid with a dense arrangement of logs to each other on the coals, and the second above it from above at an angle. The burning of logs is achieved along their entire length, but the main part of the heat falls on their intersection.
The purpose of a “candle” fire is to heat water for tea or cooking while hunting, fishing or hiking during a short halt. Such a fire is not capable of heating large area around itself, because the heat is concentrated in its very center. For its construction, a log is used, the top of which is cut into 6-8 parts, depending on its thickness. Inside the split, tinder with logs is placed and kindled. The candle is able to burn for about eight hours, releasing uniform, comfortable heat around it over a small area. This species is suitable for breeding in warm, dry weather, as the group does not need much heating, and the fire is safe for environment.
Nodia is able to heat a group of people during a hike throughout the night without adding firewood, even in winter when low temperatures. It consists of three thick and long logs at least two or three meters long. To ignite the node, coals are used, obtained during the ignition of an ordinary fire, which is bred nearby. They are poured over the entire length of one laid out log, which is closed from above with brushwood or spruce branches. When they flare up, two more logs are placed on both sides of the first log. To make them start fire faster, you need to make notches with an ax and roll this side inside the fire. When they light up, another log is placed on top with notches towards the fire. Logs with a diameter of more than 40 cm are able to burn throughout the night.
The "fireplace" is also used to heat the night camp. It provides long-term burning of logs, since its design is such that as the lower logs burn, the upper ones roll down and begin to burn. The design of the "fireplace" consists of four short logs, which are laid in the form of a well, and on one of its sides a wall two logs high is laid out. To hold them, two pegs are driven in with an outward slope. As the logs in the "well" burn, those that are in the "wall" roll down. Directly, the fire itself is lit inside the "well".
The Polynesian bonfire is most often used during the rain, when the weather is damp and chilly. For the construction of the structure, it is necessary to make a cone-shaped pit, tapering downward, up to one meter deep. The walls of the pit are laid out with logs, and a fire is made at the bottom. The Polynesian type of fire gives a lot of coals that keep warm for a long time, and are convenient not only during rain, but also strong wind.
When there is very little firewood, you can make a so-called star fire. It is very economical in terms of fuel consumption, but it cannot be left unattended, for example, at night, since it is necessary to move the logs as they burn from the outskirts to the center. The star is laid out in such a way that logs are laid out along the radius of the fire in length, on coals, starting from the very center. If you need to keep the fire burning slowly, periodically moving new firewood to the old, then this type is the most suitable.
The "gun" burns for a long time, maintaining a sufficiently large amount of heat. For its cultivation, coals are first prepared, then a thick log is placed near them. Several logs are laid out on it at one end, so the coals are directly under them. They flare up and long time give good warmth. As they burn out, they can be replaced with new ones.
"Pyramid" can be used for night heating of the camp. For this, two thick logs are used, parallel to each other. Across them, you need to put a few more similar logs, this will be the basis of the entire fire. Then you need to find smaller logs and put them in the same sequence on top of the first ones, then even smaller logs are placed on top, until the top is in twigs and small brushwood. When a fire breaks out, you can safely leave it all night.
Types of fires OBZH
Other types of bonfires are used to send distress signals than those described above:
smoke
The purpose of such a fire is to send a distress signal with strong smoke, which will be visible from the aircraft. For this, the construction of a bonfire-hut is used, which is covered with a large number of fresh spruce, pine and other evergreen branches. In the absence of this, thick leafy branches or long grass can be used.
Pioneer
This is a signal fire, giving a distress signal with its bright flame, which can be seen from afar. It ignites on high open areas terrain, is made of three thick branches, installed vertically in the form of a triangle or tripod. The rest of the branches rest on them, blocking the side parts of the fire. In addition to the fact that it will give a high flame, you can add branches, leaves and grass to it to create a large amount of smoke.
Types of fires and what they are used for
6th grade
Topic:"Making fire, making a fire"
Lesson Objectives: 1) learn how to choose and prepare a place for a fire.
2) to familiarize students with the types of kindling, various types bonfires and mandatory fire safety regulations.
Lesson type: combined (testing knowledge and explaining new material).
Equipment: a textbook, a notebook, wooden blanks for making incendiary sticks or ready-made incendiary sticks, sticks for making fires.
During the classes
Organizing time
The teacher names the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Checking homework
But in order to understand how you learned the material on the topic: "The device of temporary shelters", I will conduct a test.
Before you cards with tests. Let's answer their questions. For each correct answer a token.
1 test.
What is the most important requirement for a place to build a temporary shelter (long-term camp)
A) The presence of water nearby.
B) Picturesque nature.
C) Parking lot security.
D) Absence of mosquitoes and midges.
2 test.
The boys from the 6th "A" class set up a tent on the river bank near the water, so as not to go far for water. At night they woke up from dampness. It turned out that the water in the river rose and flooded the tent. Why did it happen?
A) It was necessary not to sleep, but to monitor the condition of the water in the river.
B) The guys forgot to put piles under the tent.
c) The tent was pitched too close to the water.
D) The tent had to be waterproof.
3 test.
What kind of shelter will you make in the winter in the taiga in the absence of a fire:
A) a hut from spruce branches and poles.
B) I will break the spruce branches and make a bed out of it under the spruce.
B) snow hole
D) Snow cave or lair.
4 test.
During the winter holidays, the guys from the 6th "B" went on a hike. With the onset of dusk, they began to prepare for the night. Knowing that the shelter is best done so that it is protected from the wind, the guys placed it under a rock canopy. In the morning they woke up in a huge snowdrift. Why did this happen?
A) The wind changed direction and they were covered.
B) A bear walked by at night and chose a den in the neighborhood, filling up the tent.
C) A snowball fell on the guys, falling from a rock canopy.
Well done! You have mastered the material well.
Now listen riddle
Tourists will come to their camp,
He will be divorced in the evening
It will burn for a long time
Warm them with your warmth (bonfire)
That's right, fire. And the topic of our lesson is "Making fire, making a fire." Written in front of you on the board plan lesson. (read and write in notebook).
1. Campfire site
2. Making fire
3. Kindling a fire
4. Types of fires. Saving fire.
3. Explanation of new material
introductory word teachers
After building the shelter, you need to take care of the fire. His meaning extremely large because it is a possibility:
Warm up, dry clothes and shoes;
Prepare food;
Give a signal to the rescuers;
Scare off predators;
Feel more secure, calm down.
Why is it so important to be able to choose a place for a fire?
This is the first point of our plan.
Because in the worst case, with the wrong choice of place, a fire can start.
Where are you not allowed to make fires?
Answer please.
Let's get acquainted with memo.(on the tables of the students). Read out.
You can not make a fire in the field among the dry grass, especially if the wind is blowing. The grass will catch fire, and the flame will be carried by the wind to neighboring areas of the field.
Fires must not be lit in dry pine forests during the dry period.
It is impossible to build a fire on stony placers during a dry period, if twigs, dry grass, and dust have accumulated between the stones. The fire can spread under the stones through these dry layers of fuel, and a fire occurs.
You can not build a fire under the roots of trees, at the roots - all this can catch fire.
Please remember this.
Where can you build a fire? What do you think?
Let's take a look at the memo. Read out.
A place for a fire is prepared away from trees and bushes (no closer than 4-6 meters).
The site is thoroughly cleaned of forest debris.
The top layer of turf is removed.
The place is lined with stones (so that the fire does not spread)
In winter, the place is cleared from snow to the ground, the snow is trampled down, and the flooring is made of damp logs and branches.
So, we have chosen a place for a fire, now we are learning how to make fire.
Lighting a fire is an art. Life often depends on the presence of fire. There are several ways making fire with the help of improvised means:
1. Fire can be made with a magnifying glass, but this method will require two watch glasses, and this may not always be at hand.
2. You can get fire by friction. But for this you need a lot of effort and make a bow from the trunk of a young birch, a drill from a pine stick and a support from a dry pine log.
The easiest way:
3. With the help of two hard rock stones. Stones hit each other and make fire.
So, you can use any of these methods and get fire for kindling a fire.
This is the third question of our plan.
Wood preparation. What is suitable for this?
Gather plenty of dry firewood, brushwood, and enough dry kindling before starting a fire. The best firewood for a solid fire is considered to be the wood of pines, spruces, oaks, aspens, stumps dried on the vine. coniferous trees.
Kindling. What is needed for this?
Everyone knows birch bark. Ribbons of dry birch bark light up instantly. If there is no birch bark, look for Christmas trees.
Kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid in order to make it convenient to kindle a fire.
You should not build a fire under the branches of trees: in summer they can catch fire, and in winter snow can fall from them, extinguishing the fire.
Work with the textbook. Open page 74.
Read the memo“Preparing fuel for a fire” (p. 74.) - (students read aloud).
But you have to remember: When leaving, put out the fire, fill it with water, cover it with earth, cover it with turf.
And now we will get acquainted with the types of fires:
On the board types of fires.
Smoke Flames Flames
(diagram on the board and writing in notebooks)
smoke- in order to drive away mosquitoes and midges, to signal your location.
Zharovoy- for cooking, drying things, for heating.
fiery- for lighting the place, heating food, boiling water.
The board shows the types of fires . Let's consider them.
"Hut"
Short dry firewood is stacked obliquely towards the center, they partially lean against each other. With this design, the firewood burns out mainly from above, and the flame is high and hot. This type of fire is handy when you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pot. If you need to use several vessels, it is better to separate the "well".
"Well"
Put two logs parallel to each other at some distance, across them - two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along the entire length. This fire is good in wet weather.
"Star"
Lay the logs along the radii from the center. Combustion occurs mainly in the center. And as the firewood burns, they should be moved to the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision, otherwise it will go out, so it is quite fireproof.
"Taiga"
It consists of several logs laid along or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent laying of firewood.
"Nodya"
This fire bonfire consists of three large logs 2-2.5 meters long. Put two logs (the thicker the better) close together, achieving a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. After the kindling flares up well, put the third log on top. It is desirable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.
Such types of fires exist. And now we will check how you learned the material.
4. Consolidation of the studied material
Open the tutorial on page 78
1.Test. Where is the best place to make a fire? (Page 78)
2. What methods of making fire do you know? (using a magnifying glass, using friction (bow, drill, support), using two stones.
3. Fun test ( page 80)
5. Practical task"Put down the fire"
From the prepared sticks, add the types of fires you know (p. 77)
6. Summing up the lesson
What did you learn new in the lesson?
And so we must remember that when leaving, the fire must be put out.
Rating with comments. Who got the most tokens? Who was active in the class?
Paragraph 16, questions to the paragraph.
When extreme situation autonomous existence A bonfire lit on time can be of great benefit. It will provide an opportunity to warm up at low air temperatures, prepare hot food and drink, which is especially important if there are wounded in the group. A bonfire is also a purely psychological calmer, from which one breathes hope, confidence in the successful outcome of the case. In a word, it is very important to be able to make a fire in any place and under any weather conditions.
But there are situations when none of the victims has lighters, matches, or they are hopelessly damp, i.e. one of the elements of the "triangle of fire" is missing (see 1.3). In this case, you will have to make fire in one of the ways indicated in figures 140-144.
The easiest way to make a fire is by inflicting glancing blows on a hard rock (silicon, sulfur pyrite, etc.) with a flintlock. Can be used as a chair metal objects: file, reverse side knife blade, ax blade. The direction of blows should be such that sparks fall on
tinder - a flammable or smoldering material (Fig. 140). The success of the business depends on its quality. Therefore, tinder can be prepared in advance and carried with you in an airtight package.
You can make tinder from a piece of medical cotton wool by soaking it concentrated solution potassium nitrate and dry well. Tinder can also be made from a piece of pure wool or cotton fabric. It is dried over low heat until it starts to burn around the edges. Without letting the fabric ignite, it is removed from the fire and placed in a sealed package.
If there is no pre-prepared tinder, then it can be made in an extreme situation, using fine dry birch bark, primary pine or cedar bark, wood dust from a trunk eaten by insects, reed and bird fluff - in a word, everything that begins to smolder or ignite when sparks hit them.
If possible, tinder can be moistened with gasoline, alcohol, or some other combustible material before use.
Several other methods of making fire are based on the effect of heat generation from friction. The most productive of them is the drilling method. To do this, it is necessary to make a bow, a “drill”, a support and a thrust bearing (Fig. 141). A bow can be made from any branch about a meter long, 2-3 cm in diameter. As a bowstring, it can have a strong rope, a narrow strip from a cut belt.
To make a support, you need to split a block of hardwood in half ( best material- dry larch). It is desirable to make a “drill” from the same type of wood. For this, a dry branch with a diameter of 1 - 2 cm and a length of 15 - 20 cm is suitable. The upper part of the "drill" should be turned into a sphere or cone with an angle of about 60 °, the lower one - in the form of a cone with an angle of 30 °. At the same angle, on the surface of the support, 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge, a small recess is made, where the “drill” is inserted with the lower end. The “drill” is pressed against the support with a thrust bearing. Therefore, it should also be made of hard wood, and it is better to use a stone with a slight indentation. After that, the “drill” is overwhelmed with a bowstring.
To rotate the “drill”, moving the bow back and forth, it is necessary at first slowly, gradually increasing the speed. In this case, the “drill” is not pressed too hard through the thrust bearing to the support. First appears in the place of deepening of smoke. But the work must be continued for some time, until a certain amount of brown powder appears in the recess. The heated powder may flare up along the edges of the recess. If this does not happen, then you should carefully inflate the powder, attach a pre-prepared tinder to it. Working together (Fig. 142), you can do without a bow. The rest of the workflow remains the same.
The simplicity of this method does not guarantee quick success. And it depends on many factors: the correct selection of wood, the quality of the tinder, the force of pressure on the “drill”, the weather, etc. As a rule, this method can only be successful in summer in dry weather.
If the victims have a gun, you can set fire to the tinder with a shot. To do this, a bullet or shot is removed from the cartridge, as well as part of the gunpowder. The sleeve is clogged with cotton wool, dry moss, a ball of fabric or small birch bark. A shot is fired into the ground next to the laid tinder. You can pour some of the gunpowder onto tinder and try to set it on fire, carving sparks with flint.
If during an accident vehicle the battery or batteries remain intact, then they can be used to produce fire (Fig. 143). Shorting the positive and negative contacts will give a powerful spark that can ignite the tinder.
The task is greatly simplified in a clear sunny weather. Using a lens from a camera, binoculars, glasses, you can focus the sun's rays on tinder and thereby ignite it. Focusing the rays on the tinder, the lens should be kept still (Fig. 144). To do this, you can pre-prepare some kind of emphasis for the hand.
There are also chemical methods making fire, based on spontaneous combustion of various mixtures. In the event of a motor vehicle accident, you can use antifreeze (radiator coolant) and potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), which should be in the car's first aid kit. To do this, pour a teaspoon of potassium permanganate onto paper or cloth, drip 2-3 drops of antifreeze onto it. After that, the sheet must be tightly rolled up, put on the ground, put tinder on top. During the oxidation process, a large amount of heat is released that can ignite the paper and set fire to the tinder. Do not pour a lot of liquid - this reduces the heating rate. The heating rate also decreases when the paper is loosely folded.
The same effect is produced by the combination of potassium permanganate with glycerin, which can be found in a medicine cabinet as a remedy used to soften the skin and mucous membranes in case of its illness. In this case, potassium permanganate is poured onto a dry surface, a few drops of glycerin are dripped onto it. After the appearance of smoke, a few more drops of glycerin are added, which may turn out to be critical - a bright flash occurs, from which the cooked tinder is set on fire.
In all cases of making fire, one must first carefully prepare. To do this, it is necessary to prepare tinder, small kindling, small and large branches for the subsequent fire after the tinder has been ignited. A place for a fire must also be prepared.
When lighting a fire, one must take into account weather and try to eliminate them as much as possible. negative impact. In case of wind, find a quiet, sheltered place or build a windbreak. It is difficult to start a fire when it rains, because the humidity of the air is very high and the tinder cannot be kept dry. In such a situation, the methods of making fire by friction become ineffective, and if it is not possible to use another method, then it is worth waiting for the rain to stop.
Building a fire without matches requires skill, a lot of patience, and sometimes this process takes quite a long time. Once having kindled a fire, one must try to keep it for the entire period of autonomous existence. So did our ancestors, regarding the preservation of fire as a sacred duty. Keeping a fire in place is easy. Constant duty is required to maintain it (firewood should always be at hand). At night, you need to collect smoldering firebrands and coals in a heap, cover them with a layer of ash, and heat dry earth from above. In case of rain, you can cover the fire place with an awning. In the morning, it is enough to rake up the earth and ashes and inflate the firebrands. After that, it is easy to re-light the fire. Care must be taken that in the evening firewood is used that gives good coals, and does not burn out completely. You can use a knotted log or the root of a small tree for this.
It's harder to keep the fire going if the group (or one person) is on the move. Smoldering coals covered with ash can be carried in a pot, bucket or tin can. In the absence of containers, another method is used. The bark is removed from the birch for its entire thickness - to the wood. A layer of dry earth is poured onto the straightened bark, then a layer of ash. It is necessary to lay smoldering coals on the ashes and cover them with a layer of ash, then earth. After that, the birch bark must be carefully rolled into a roll, tightly tied and the ends of the roll closed with birch bark, wooden plugs (Fig. 145). It is necessary to transfer such a roll in a vertical position, protecting it from shaking.
A torch is also used, in which thin splinteres are shifted with dry moss, tightly wrapped in bark. Such a torch, up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long, will keep the fire for about 6 hours.
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