Natural wealth of Russia: definition, features and types. What nature gives man What wealth of nature

Having visited the Crimea, the Chilean poet and political figure Pablo Neruda enthusiastically wrote: “Crimea is an order on the chest of planet Earth!” And indeed, if you look at it from a bird's eye view, you will see that the diamond-shaped Crimean Peninsula really resembles an order attached to the European mainland by a narrow chain of the Perekop Isthmus and the Arabat Spit. Historian Neil Asherson called Crimea "the big brown diamond"; The climate and nature of the peninsula were admired by all scientists, writers, poets and artists who visited Tauris. Let's try to talk about wealth in a few words Crimean nature and its features.

Position: between geography and geopolitics

Geographically located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Crimea took a little bit from each of these parts of the world: in the north of the peninsula there are Asian steppes, and in the south - mountains and subtropics, reminiscent of the resort areas of Greece and Italy. The steppe zone, covering most of the central, western and eastern Crimea, begins in the Crimea - and stretches far to the east, up to Mongolia and Northern China. Not without reason in the Middle Ages this gigantic territory was called the Wild Field - it was from there that countless hordes of Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Khazars, Mongols and other nomads came to Europe. Crimea is connected to the continent only by a few narrow strips of isthmuses and sandbars, by waterways through the Sivash salt lakes in the north and east, as well as by a long strip of the Arabat Spit. Neil Asherson divided the Crimea into three historical zones: the steppe north, inhabited by nomads (body zone); the south, with its cities and civilizations (the zone of the mind); the mountains between them are the zone of the spirit, where the mountain principalities and monasteries were located. In his opinion, the steppe zone of the body always attacked the southern coast civilizational zone of the mind, and the buffer territory between them was mountain zone spirit. Since May 2018, in the east, Crimea has been connected to the continent by the famous “construction of the 21st century” - the Kerch (or Crimean) bridge.

The mountains

From the warm and humid southern coast of Crimea steppe zone reflect three ridges of the Crimean mountains: External, Internal and Main. Each of them looks typologically the same: gently sloping from the north, these ridges are steep from the south side. The outer (northern) ridge is the lowest (up to 350 m); The inner (otherwise - the second) ridge is up to 750 m high. The most picturesque is the Main (third, or southern) ridge with peaks more than a kilometer high: Chatyr-Dag (1527 m), Demerdzhi (1356 m) and Roman-kosh (1545 m). Another curious feature Crimean mountains is the fact that almost all of them end not with sharp peaks, but, on the contrary, with wavy plateaus, called the Turkic term "yayla" (in translation - "summer pasture for cattle"). total area yaila zones - 1565 km². AT Soviet time various projects were put forward for the reclamation of these high-mountain plateaus for subsequent use for agricultural purposes. By different reasons, they were not implemented, and now most of yayle is a nature reserve.

Water resources

The Crimean peninsula is washed by the waters of two seas - the Black and Azov. The length of the Crimean coastline is quite large - 2500 km, however, about half of this space falls on the Sivash zone, which is practically unsuitable for recreation and swimming. In general, the water resources of Taurida are more than diverse: there are also mountain rivers, and lakes, and estuaries, and waterfalls, and reservoirs, and much more. Unfortunately, all this diversity is completely insufficient to provide residents and visitors of the peninsula fresh water. The situation became doubly tense in 2014 due to the shutdown of the North Crimean Canal, cut off from Crimea by decree of the Ukrainian authorities. The longest river of the peninsula is Salgir, which stretches for 232 km from Mount Chatyrdag to Sivash, however, the longest deep rivers are Chernaya and Belbek. AT summer time many Crimean rivers almost completely dry up. Another curious specific feature of the Crimea is the abundance of salt lakes with therapeutic mud; especially a lot of them in the north of Crimea. Despite the fact that it is possible to develop a medical and tourism industry here, similar to Israel, this resource is still underused.

Flora

The flora of Crimea is amazing and diverse: in total, about 2,500 species of wild higher plants grow here, many of which are listed in the Red Book. What distinguishes and distinguishes the Crimean vegetation? Firstly, about 250 species of so-called endemics grow in the Crimea - i.e. plants that are found only in the Crimea and nowhere else. Secondly, there are also many relics in the Crimea, i.e. vegetation species that have not changed for many millions of years and have been preserved in their original form. Thirdly, the Crimean vegetation has analogues among the plants of other Black Sea and Mediterranean regions - because of the similar climate, and also because about 1000 plant species were brought to Crimea by colonists from their place of residence. It is for this reason that the flora of Crimea has its current, diverse and amazing character. Among the most remarkable plants of the Crimea, it is worth highlighting Steven's maple, Stankevich's pine, yew berry, juniper, pyramidal cypress, Crimean thyme, Poyarkova's hawthorn, wormwood, feather grass and many others.[С-BLOCK]

The Crimean flora, as well as the fauna, can also be divided into steppe, mountain and south coast. In the northern Crimea and on the Kerch Peninsula, steppe vegetation and stunted shrubs predominate. Further, in the foothills, the steppe is replaced by the forest-steppe: not only shrubs, but also trees such as oak, juniper, hornbeam and pear are already appearing here. Further south, in the zone of the Inner Ridge, the woody diversity becomes richer, with oak and beech forests, hawthorn, sumpia, dogwood, ash and linden. At an altitude of 1000 m, already in the area of ​​​​the Main Ridge, the trees disappear: the majestic spaces of the yayla are almost treeless and resemble high-altitude steppe expanses. It is there that about 25% of Crimean endemics grow. On the southern coast of Crimea you can find a belt pine forests, which, in general, is not very typical for the peninsula. In addition to natural forests, a significant part of the Crimea is also occupied by artificial plantations, parks and botanical gardens. The most famous of them are Alupka and Massandra parks, as well as the founded H.Kh. Steven in the 19th century Nikitsky Botanical Garden.

Fauna

No less unique and animal world Crimea. Since the peninsula is actually isolated from the mainland, a unique complex of animal species has formed on it, different from the species composition of nearby Ukraine and mainland Russia. A specific feature of the Crimean fauna is high level endemism, i.e. the presence of species inherent only in the Crimea. On the other hand, it is extremely curious that in the Crimea there are not many animals living in neighboring territories. In general, more than 60 species of mammals live in the Crimea. The largest of them are the Crimean red deer, fallow deer and wild boar. For a long time there were no wolves in the Crimea at all, however, in last years there is movement gray predators to the Crimea from the territory of southern Ukraine. Like a politically illiterate animal, the wolf does not pay attention to the 2014 war between Crimea and Ukraine. state border. In the Black and Azov Seas there are three species of dolphins and - extremely rarely - a monk seal. There are more than 300 species of birds in Crimea. The largest are the crane, bustard, swans, geese and large predators: steppe eagle, black vulture, golden eagle, peregrine falcon and eagle owl. The best place for bird watching in the Crimea is the reserve "Lebyazhy Islands" in the north-west of the peninsula.

Insects

Entomofauna (insects) of the Crimea has, according to various estimates, from 10 to 15 thousand species. There are about 2000 species of butterflies alone in the Crimea! It is not for nothing that the lover of Lepidoptera felt so good in the Crimea - Vladimir Nabokov - whose first article on English language was just dedicated to the Crimean butterflies. Of the most remarkable endemic insect species, it is worth highlighting the Crimean ground beetle, the Black Sea marigold butterfly, the brilliant beauty dragonfly and Smirnov's horsefly. It is especially pleasant that both among the animals and among the insects of the Crimea there are practically no poisonous ones, and those that live there (for example, centipede, scorpion, tarantula, salpuga, steppe viper) are so rare that attacks on people are rare.

This is how the natural beauties of the Crimean peninsula look in brief. There is everything for the most demanding traveler: mountains, sea, bays, waterfalls, steppes, salt and fresh lakes, natural and artificial caves, nature reserves and parks, unique endemic plants, trees, animals and insects. To make sure of this - pack your luggage, put things off, buy tickets - and explore our treasure peninsula on your own. Crimea is waiting for you!

No country in the world can compare with the Soviet Union in terms of natural wealth - in terms of land suitable for Agriculture, abundance of minerals, energy sources.

The greatest treasure of our nature is a vast fertile land, on which wheat and rice, flax and cotton, sugar beet and sugar cane, corn and grapes, tea and subtropical crops are grown. Huge pastures in all zones of the Soviet country - in the tundra, in the forest zone, in the steppes, in semi-deserts, in mountain alpine meadows - and developed field foraging make it possible to breed a variety of livestock and get meat, lard, wool, leather, milk, butter and others. products. Agriculture and animal husbandry - suppliers of raw materials for food and light industry. No wonder it is said that agriculture and animal husbandry feed and clothe us...

Everything living and dead on our planet, as you know, consists of the elements presented in the periodic table, and of their combinations. Any country always has a need for some element - iron, zinc, copper, tin or uranium, manganese, titanium, molybdenum or niobium.

Many countries are forced to import from abroad the minerals they lack. Our Motherland is an exception: in its bowels there is everything to fill all the cells of the periodic table. And everything you need national economy we have in industrial quantities.

There is, perhaps, nothing surprising in this: after all, our Motherland is a sixth part of the world. Consequently, it must also possess a sixth of all natural wealth.

But this is where the most amazing begins! It turns out that not one sixth of the forests the globe grows on Soviet soil, and one-fourth. Canada has the second largest forest area in the world after Soviet Union, but it has three times less forests than ours. The total stock of wood in our forests is determined by an astronomical figure - 50 billion m 3.

Most valuable trees represent wealth only if they benefit people, and do not rot aimlessly in the bud. The most fertile lands become valuable only when they are most occupied. useful plants. And any fossil, be it iron ore, oil, coal or peat, becomes really useful only when it serves people.

No other country in the world has such large areas under grain and industrial crops as in the Soviet Union. And from these areas we collect not one sixth, but about a third of the world harvest of wheat and beets; not one-sixth, but two-thirds of all hemp, four-fifths of all flax, and nine-tenths of all sunflowers grown on earth.

The deposits of minerals are also productively used in our country. They are also generously released to us by nature. Our country owns two thirds of the world's peat deposits. BUT iron ores in the bowels of the USSR more than in all countries of the world combined. Our country owns one-fifth of the world's coal reserves, and geological exploration finds new deposits every year. More than half of the manganese in the earth's crust is stored in our bowels.

Copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, beryllium, uranium, silver, gold - all non-ferrous and rare metals are in our country. Any wealth is usually converted into gold. But also in terms of the reserves of this precious metal there is no country equal to the Soviet Union.

However, our wealth is not limited to metals, oil, peat, coal or timber...

Such a deposit of a fertility stone - apatite, as in the Khibiny tundra, is not found anywhere on the globe. Phosphate fertilizers are obtained from apatites, and aluminum is obtained from their "waste", nepheline. We also have raw materials for phosphate fertilizers in other parts of the country, especially in Kazakhstan.

The USSR also possesses gigantic reserves of potash salts. They are nine tenths

world reserves. Grandiose deposits and table salt, mirabilite, asbestos, mica, sulfur, graphite, marble, fluorspar, asphalt, cement raw materials ... The Yakut diamond deposits are famous all over the world.

All these minerals need to be extracted from deep bowels, lifted up, extract metals from ores, process them ... For this, machines and mechanisms are needed. They are also needed in order to develop hundreds of millions of hectares of fertile lands, sow them, and harvest. Many machines and mechanisms are also necessary for the processing of our forest resources, for the development of giant peat bogs, for laying railways and highways, for the construction of factories and factories, new residential and public buildings, new cities ... Without cars, it is impossible to transport goods and people across our vast country. Many machines and mechanisms require industry.

And for all these mechanisms and machines to work, energy is needed, a lot of energy. In terms of its reserves, contained in coal, oil, peat, oil shale, gas, and in terms of water resources, our Motherland occupies a leading position among all countries of the world.

But there is another type of energy - wind, or, as it is called, "blue coal". Energy air currents over our country is fantastically great, it surpasses all the energy of our flowing waters and fuel deposits. Scientists have calculated that "on the territory of the USSR, with the help of a dense network of wind turbines, it is technically possible to produce annually about 20 trillion kWh of cheap electricity." So much energy could be given by two thousand such gigantic hydroelectric power stations as the Volga hydroelectric power stations - them. V. I. Lenin and them. XXII Congress CPSU.

One of the most important treasures of nature is water. This is the main lever of life, the basis of the country's welfare. No wonder the famous geologist A.P. Karpinsky, who from the first years of the revolution headed the Academy of Sciences, said: "There is no more precious fossil in the world than water." And our Motherland also possesses this treasure in abundance. 150,000 rivers flow through Soviet soil, among which are such mighty ones as the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Amur, Volga... There are over 250,000 lakes in our country. Among them, the deepest lake in the world - Baikal and the greatest lake of the globe - the Caspian, which is so huge that it has been called the sea since time immemorial.

1. What natural resources used by primitive man?

Primitive man used only what was close to him on the surface of the earth or in the shallow depths of water bodies. They did not yet know how to explore the bowels or great depths, to develop fossils.

They collected vegetation for food, used trees for fires and building dwellings, made tools and the same building materials from stones.

You can’t do without water, especially fresh water. Also aquatic life and earthly animals were used for food, clothing and household utensils.

2. What natural resources do people use to sustain life?

For life and development, mankind uses a lot of the riches of nature: the resources of the oceans; gifts of forests, fields; soil fertility; minerals from the bowels

All natural resources need careful use and protection. Should not be allowed complete disappearance, as well as listing in the Red Book as endangered, many species of plants and animals. The next generations of people should not only see all the possible gifts of nature, but also increase them.

3. What are the differences between natural conditions and natural wealth?

There are significant differences between these two concepts, here are some of them:

1. Involvement in economic activity. Natural resources, unlike natural conditions, are almost always involved in the economic activity of mankind.

2. The central characteristic in the concept. For natural conditions main characteristic is that they are a set of factors, but natural resources, the understanding of the term is built through the fact that this is a set of non-anthropogenic factors of production.

That is, natural wealth is the result of activities in natural conditions.

4. What natural resource is most needed by mankind?

The answer to this question is unambiguous - water. This is one of those resources without which the existence of a person is simply impossible, but at the same time, in its absence, it will not be replaced by anything, unlike other vital resources.

5. Based on Fig. 218 of the textbook, determine what types of natural resources are in our area. Give examples.

Resources can be exhaustible (forests, rivers, etc.) and inexhaustible (sun, air, etc.); renewable and non-renewable.

The Chelyabinsk region has rich and diverse natural resources.

Mineral resources are concentrated in more than 300 mineral deposits, highest value among which there are deposits of iron and copper-zinc ores, gold, refractory raw materials, talc, graphite and quartz.

The Chelyabinsk region is a monopolist in Russia in the extraction and processing of graphite (95%), magnesite (95%), talc (70%), metallurgical dolomite (71%).

The region has unlimited reserves of facing stone with a wide range of colors and varied patterns.

6. List the rich continents: oil and gas, non-ferrous metals, water resources, biological resources.

The richest continents, in terms of oil and gas deposits, include: North America and Eurasia.

Most non-ferrous metals are found in Eurasia, and also, despite their small size, Australia.

Of course, South America is the richest in water resources, Eurasia is in second place after this continent.

According to the criterion of the amount of biological resources, the leaders are also Eurasia and South America, just in a different order.

7. List the resources of the oceans that a person is able to use today and in the future.

In the future, mankind will be able to use only the inexhaustible and renewable resources of the ocean, since the exhaustible ones can be completely used up. The reserves of oil and gas, minerals mined on the shelf will run out. biological resources can only be used in the future if rational use today, i.e. it is necessary to prevent the complete extermination of many species of inhabitants of the ocean. Without restrictions, it will be possible to use the energy of tides, waves and currents, temperature differences, as well as sea ​​water and the substances it contains.

9. Establish a correspondence between the type of use of natural resources and sectors of the economy.

Directly use Natural resources – 1,2,3,4,5,8

Processing and processing of natural resources - 4,5,6,12,13

Do not use natural resources - 7,9,10,11,14

School of Geographer-Country Studies

Make a forecast of changes in the nature of the Earth, subject to the disappearance of the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.

Most of the continents of our planet will be flooded, only a small part of Eurasia will remain on the surface.

Russia occupies about 1/3 of the territory of the Eurasian continent, where about 23% of the country's area is located in the east of Europe and about 76% of the area in northern Asia. Due to the vast territories and in some places of great distance from the sea, the climate of Russia is continental, which is characterized by all four seasons with pronounced summer and winter.

Flora and fauna of Russia

The nature of Russia is diverse and has its own characteristics in different corners countries. The territory of Russia consists of different natural zones: arctic deserts, tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forests, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. Along with climatic conditions, this gives a great variety in the nature of Russia for the world of plants and animals.

The flora of nature in Russia

The plant world is a huge variety plant communities growing in all types of natural zones of Russia.

The most common types of vegetation in Russia are tundra, forest, steppe, meadow, swamp and other with characteristic climate for certain natural areas.
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Flora of Russia:

Animal world of nature in Russia

The animal world is represented by a diverse rich fauna, characterized by various types representatives of the animal world living throughout Russia.

In different natural zones, the animal world of Russia is all the more diverse when moving from north to south and from the plains to the mountains, where the number of endemic and relict animal species is more prevalent.
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Fauna of Russia:

Nature of Russia: regions, republics, territories

All plants and animals in the nature of Russia are in close relationships due to climate and geographical location throughout the country. Nevertheless, each region, region, being in certain natural zones, has its own pronounced flora and fauna, determining the unique diversity of nature in various regions of Russia.

The Central Federal District is located on the East European Plain. characteristic natural areas: mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe.

The entire territory of the district (3.8% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by moderate continental climate With cold winter and warm summer.
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Nature central district Russia:

The Northwestern Federal District is located in the Northern and Northwestern parts of Russia. Characteristic natural zones: mixed and broad-leaved forests.

The entire territory of the district (9.87% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a rather temperate continental climate with cool winters and moderately warm summers.
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Nature Northwestern District Russia:

The Southern Federal District is located in the south of the European part of Russia. Characteristic natural zones: steppe (plain), mountainous and mountainous.

The entire territory of the district (2.4% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a moderately warm climate with not cold winters and warm, sometimes hot summers.
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Nature of the Southern District of Russia:

The Volga Federal District is located in the south of the European part of Russia. Characteristic natural zones: mixed and broad-leaved forests.

The entire territory of the district (6.06% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a continental climate with pronounced seasons.
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Nature of the Volga region of Russia:

North Caucasian District of Russia

The North Caucasian Federal District is located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the central and eastern part North Caucasus. Characteristic natural zones: flat, foothill and mountainous.

The entire territory of the district (1% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a moderately warm climate with mild winters, warm and hot summers.
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Nature North Caucasus District Russia:

The Ural Federal District is located at the junction of the borders of the European and Asian parts of Russia. Characteristic natural zones: forested with an abundance coniferous forests, tundra, forest-tundra and taiga.

The entire territory of the district (10.64% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a sharply continental climate with severe winters and short hot summers.

The Far Eastern Federal District occupies the largest territory of Russia and is located on Far East, almost all subjects have access to the sea. The most diverse natural zones are characteristic: from arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, to forest-steppes with mixed and broad-leaved forests.

The entire territory of the district (36% of the entire territory of Russia) has a varied climate from sharply continental with pronounced winters and summers to monsoonal with little snow in winter and heavy rainfall in summer.
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Nature Far Eastern District Russia:

The term "nature" includes everything around: trees, lakes, mountains, seas, animals, flowers, etc. Thus, nature is something special, not controlled by people. How wonderful and rich nature!

People over time are closely connected with nature. During the pagan period, people were afraid of such natural sources like storm, thunder, earthquake and downpour. That is why they made some sacrifices to mother nature, because the ancient people believed that they could get the favor of nature and make their life easier and better.

In our century, attitudes towards it have changed. People have learned to read the sky, to avoid the dangerous results of the "wrath of nature" and to explain all phenomena from a scientific point of view. Now people know how to treat nature for personal use - they have created hydroelectric power plants, solar panels, lighting conductors, successful farming systems and other interesting things.

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Site experts Kritika24.ru
Leading school teachers and active experts of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.

We constantly use natural resources and this helps us to survive, but they are not endless, and we must not forget to take care of them.

Sometimes we forget about the beauty and richness of nature around us, because we are just used to thinking about ourselves and our interests. You can notice many wonders if you pay attention to them: the chirping of birds, the sounds of rain and wind, great mountains, green hills and bright sunlight.

I suppose that nature can be compared to a picture of art, or even to a master who creates all these beautiful and fantastic things around us. Nature is responsible for our mood and can make us happy and inspired or sad and depressed. Probably indescribable waterfalls, breathtaking meadows with flowers, mysterious mountains attract people's attention, because man is only a small part of nature and cannot exist apart from him.