Flora and fauna of the temperate zone of the earth. Temperate continental climate: characteristics, flora and fauna

An impressive part of Europe lives in a temperate continental climate. Its uniqueness is in the presence of only one hemisphere - the Northern. What features distinguish temperate continental What animals and plants are characteristic of it? Understanding this is quite easy.

Key Features

The temperate continental climate is located only in the Northern Hemisphere. It is characteristic of both the Cordillera region and Central Europe. The temperate continental climate of Russia is manifested in Yakutia, the Magadan region, in Siberia and Transbaikalia. Moving inland, the air loses moisture, making the climate more severe. Therefore, the more distant the location of the region from the sea or ocean, the stronger the continentality of the climate will manifest itself.

winter months

The temperate continental climate is characterized by pronounced seasonality. The main seasons - summer and winter - should be considered separately. In the cold season earth's surface and the atmosphere cool down, leading to the formation of the Asian High. It extends to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, and sometimes reaches the south of Eastern Europe. As a result, a harsh winter occurs with strong air fluctuations within just a few days, when the thaw abruptly turns into frost down to minus thirty. the form of snow that persists in the areas east of Warsaw. The maximum height of the cover can reach ninety centimeters - such snowdrifts occur in Western Siberia. A large number of snow protects the soil from freezing and provides it with moisture when spring comes.

summer months

The temperate continental climate of Russia and Eastern Europe is characterized by a fairly rapid onset of summer. The increasing amount of solar heat warms coming to the mainland from the ocean. Average monthly temperatures in July are just under twenty degrees. The annual amount of precipitation, most of which falls on summer period, is in these regions from three hundred to eight hundred millimeters. The number changes only on the slopes of the Alps. There can be more than two thousand millimeters of precipitation. It is worth noting the decrease in their number in the direction from west to east. AT North America the situation is inversely proportional. In Asian areas, evaporation exceeds natural precipitation and droughts can occur.

Vegetation features

The temperate continental climate is characterized by deciduous forests. They consist of two tiers - trees and shrubs. The herbaceous cover is distinguished by a greater number of species than other flora variants. In addition, it is also divided into several tiers. forests are branched with a dense crown. The seasons are not conducive to year-round vegetation. shed leaves - simple, serrated or lobed, thin and not able to tolerate either drought or frost. The temperate continental climate of the temperate zone can be distinguished by both broad-leaved and small-leaved species. The former include ash, maple, oak, linden, and elm. The second - aspen, alder and birch.

In addition, the forest can be divided into such types as monodominant and polydominant. The first are typical for Europe - a specific species prevails there. The latter are found in Asia, North America and Chile: the forest consists of many different species. In warm areas, among deciduous trees, there are evergreen species, as well as lianas - grape, legume, honeysuckle or euonymus. Despite the annual fall of leaves, the forests of these zones are characterized by underdeveloped litter: the temperate continental climate contributes to its rapid decomposition. This creates excellent conditions for bacteria and earthworms. At the same time, the layer of foliage becomes an obstacle to moss, which grows in such a forest only at the roots of trees and in places protruding from the soil. The earth in this climate is podzolic, brown, carbonate or gley.

characteristic animals

The fauna of the continental climate is located in the forests very homogeneously. This is a combination of arboreal, terrestrial, herbivorous, carnivorous animals. In the zones of deciduous forests there are a lot of amphibians and reptiles - there are twice as many of them as in the tundra. The abundance of light, dense undergrowth, lush grasses become excellent conditions for various animals. Here there are animals that feed on seeds and nuts - rodents, squirrels, numerous birds, such as blackbirds, western nightingales, small robins, great tits, blue tit. In almost every forest you can meet a chaffinch and greenfinches, an oriole, and in remote corners - a wood pigeon. Larger animals are represented by ermines, badgers, wolves, foxes, lynxes and bears. They live throughout Europe and a large area of ​​Asia. In deserted corners there are unique species - wild cats, pine martens, ferrets. The presence of herbivores - red deer is great, there are bison and chamois.

LESSON PLAN

vegetable and animal world temperate zones

The purpose of the lesson: To organize the search and cognitive activity of students aimed at establishing cause-and-effect relationships natural features temperate zone. Contribute to the acquisition of the ability to work with various sources of knowledge.

Tasks: Form UUD:

- Personal UUD: formation of a respectful attitude towards Russia, native land nature of our country, the formation of an evaluative, emotional attitude to the world (the ability to determine one's attitude to the world), moral and ethical regulation. Foster a culture of behavior front work, individual work.

Regulatory UUD: independently discover and formulate the topic of the lesson, set and solve educational problems, the ability to manage one's activities, show initiative and independence, express one's assumption (version) and determine the success of one's task in a dialogue with the teacher; learn to distinguish between a correctly completed task and an incorrect one, etc.

Communicative UUD: to form skills: to perform various roles in the group (leader, performer, critic); express your point of view and try to substantiate it, giving arguments; make the necessary adjustments to the action after its completion; adequately perceive proposals for correcting mistakes made; respect the position of the other, try to negotiate; highlight the main.

Cognitive UUD: formulation cognitive purpose, search for information, analysis to highlight features, independent creation of ways to solve problems of a creative nature; ability to work with information: ability to work with textbook material, presentation slides, handouts.

Basic concepts, terms: biosphere, steppe, taiga, deciduous forests.

Planned educational results:

subject– Know and explain the essential features of the concepts "steppe", "taiga", deciduous forests.

Be able to give examples of typical plants and animals of the temperate zone. Identify, describe and explain the essential features of plants and animals of the temperate zone. Be able to argue the connection between climatic features and distribution of animals and plants.

metasubject- Ability to work with text, to highlight the main thing in it. Conduct independent search geographic information: climate, plants, animals of temperate zones.

personal– formation of motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity, the ability to set the learning task of the lesson, plan their work in a group. Education of the aesthetic perception of nature.

Lesson type- a lesson in the "discovery" of new knowledge

Lesson Form: "exploratory journey"

Necessary technical equipment: PC, multimedia projector, interactive board, map of vegetation, cases with tasks for groups.

Structure and course of the lesson:

Organizational moment. (1 min)

Everyone is ready

Everything is fine

And textbooks

And notebooks.

Stage 1. Motivation to learning activities(7 min)

We continue our journey around our planet Earth.

“The long-awaited moment has come again -

It's time for us to go.

He calls us to mysterious world,

The mysterious world of nature»

Updating of basic knowledge .

To travel, we need a certain baggage - knowledge. Let's check if we are ready for the journey.

1. What belts of illumination are distinguished on the surface of the earth?

2. What lines limit the Earth's illumination belts? show.

3. We have already made a trip to the hottest zone, it is called ....

4. what natural areas we can meet there.

4. Let's remember the main points of the trip. Remind us what issues we considered. (HP, climate, moisture, plants and animals, adaptations)

5. Poll, learn from the description and continue the story about the natural community of the tropical zone. How do animals and plants manage to exist in such conditions?

The sun bakes mercilessly. From the top of the dune on which we are standing, only free-flowing sands are visible in all directions. It seems that we are surrounded by high waves of a suddenly frozen sea. A lizard flashed by at the top of the dune. Only in the oases everything smells fragrant ......

These are plains covered with grasses. Among animals, herbivores predominate quantitatively. There is a dry and wet season....

Plants are presented in several tiers. Under the canopy of the forest is humid, stuffy and damp. The tree trunks are entwined with vines. Most animals live in trees....

Equatorial forest, savanna, desert.

The game"Settled the residents at home" Students correlate animals and plants with the zone in which they live. (Interactive whiteboard) why did the residents stay?

6. Why are natural communities so diverse? causes (adaptation of animals and plants to the illumination of the territory, moisture)

7. what science studies the patterns of geographical distribution of plants and animals? (biogeography)

8. Where, in our life, knowledge of the tropical zone will come in handy - indoor plants. What plants came to us from the tropics. Know growing conditions

Monstera, tropical begonia. Forest (heat and moisture), pelargonium, violet, chlorophytum - moderate watering in winter) - savannah, aloe, cactus - desert (heat and light, sand)

9. Test task

I affirm that:

1. In the equatorial forest, summers are hot and winters are cold.

2. there are 2 seasons in the savannah.

3. There are very few animals in the savannah.

4. winds often blow in deserts

5. equatorial forests difficult to pass, because a lot of cereals grow there.

6. deserts occupy especially arid regions of the Earth

7. The rainforest is the poorest in species natural community.

8. Desert animals hunt during the day.

9. The largest animals are found in the savannah.

mutual verification

Stage 2. Goal setting.

Today, another thermal belt will reveal its secrets to us.

Listen to an excerpt. (Nikolai Matveevich Gribachev "Tales about the hare Koska")

Hare Koska accurately determined when to prepare for what. If there are green leaves on the maple and strawberries are ripe, you can enjoy the warmth and warm your gray coat in the sun. If the maple leaves turn red, it will soon become cold and the fur coat will have to be replaced with a white and warm one. Koska greatly appreciated the help of the maple, but he always persuaded the tree not to shed its leaves.

1. Name the phenomenon. (Change of seasons.)

2. How do the laws of nature explain this phenomenon? (The reason for the change of seasons is the rotation of the Earth around the Sun.)

3. In what thermal zone event happening? (In moderate.)

4. What natural communities are typical for the temperate zone?

To find out about this Riddle, we need to guess now.

This is a house. Huge house.

There is enough space for everyone in it.

And the squirrel, and the hare,

And a toothy wolf cub.

What kind of forests are there? (deciduous, coniferous - taiga)

And we will talk about one more community today:

For all directions:

No forest, no mountains.

boundless surface,

Boundless space! (link to place of residence)

What areas will we explore?

5. Show this area on the map.

Watch an excerpt from the film "Forest Zone".

Let's make a research plan.

1. Location on the map.

2. The climate of the natural zones of the temperate zone.

3. Flora of the temperate zone.

4. Fauna of the temperate zone.

5. Fixtures.

Stage 3. Studying new material.10 min

We will carry out our expeditionary research in groups. Each group receives a case with tasks, a travel route, as well as a “help card”.

Work with the textbook.

Do the job within 7 minutes. The group must submit a report on their research. The golden rule of group work is to work for everyone.

I group Steppes

II group Deciduous forests

Group III Taiga

1. Find on the map the natural area in which you are.

2. What are the main factors influencing the development of life in this natural area?

3. Name the main representatives of the flora and fauna of this natural area.

4. How have organisms adapted to life in this natural area?

Guys in each group:

1. Analyze the text and illustrations of the textbook.

2. Work with the map.

3. Summarize the information received in the group.

4. Discuss.

5. Explain.

6. Issue in the form of a report.

Give a description of the natural area by filling out the table.

Before listening to reports

Health-saving stage of the lesson. Physical education minute . 2 minutes

We are like trees."

We are like trees in the thicket of the forest, (we drive our eyes behind our hands)

Branches swing under the wind in winter,

In the spring we grow higher and higher, (We raise our eyes)

And reach for the sun night and day

And in the fall, shake the leaves gradually.

And the autumn wind is spinning and spinning them. (We follow with our eyes how the leaves are spinning)

Stage 4. Discussion of the results of the work.

During the group report, keep a journal

Group I - Teacher:

What expanse and freedom is here!
Wherever you look - expanse fields!
South of the forest strip
There is a carpet of herbs and flowers.
Here is space for winds and birds,
Rodents, wolves, foxes.
Here dry winds love to sing.
And it's called... (Steppe.)

Plan team report

II group:

Report of the Deciduous Forests group.

Dressed in summer and undressed in winter.

Group 3 report: "Taiga"

Come with me to our quiet forest,
There's blueberries and cloudberries
There are all sorts of miracles
One hundred thousand - and a little more!
Sitting down under the cedar to rest,
Let's breathe in the resinous smell of cones,
And let the chest breathe evenly,
Shaking off excess fatigue.
Video “Taiga

Stage 5. Initial check of understanding(3 min)

Game "Guess the natural area"

Winters are cold here. But coniferous trees: spruce, pine, fir - have adapted to such conditions. From animals there are a bear, a wolf, an elk and others.
2. Here it is dry in summer and frosty in winter. This natural area is rich in herbaceous plants, but there are few animals here.
3. Heat-loving plants grow in this natural area. deciduous trees: oak, maple, linden. The animal world is diverse.

4. If there are many insects, then there will be many birds: gray partridge, little bustard, field lark, steppe lark, bustard, demoiselle crane. Birds build their nests right on the ground. Not large animals also live here: marmot, field mouse, jerboas, ground squirrels, hamsters. And if there are birds, small rodents, then there will be predators: the steppe eagle, steppe viper, steppe polecat.

Stage 6. Inclusion of new knowledge in the knowledge system and repetition.(8min)

What wonderful landscapes we got (landscape - a picture of nature) So I wanted to visit these places! (slides image)

Slideshow with footage of pollution. Would you like to visit these places?

What to do?

Message Nature protection Ostrovtsov forest-steppe State nature reserve"Privolzhskaya Forest-Steppe »

LESSON SUMMARY

And now I invite you to test your knowledge on the topic. Working time 5 minutes.

Base

A) Test ( individual work, mutual check)

Reflection

There is a saying by the German zoologist Alfred Brehm: “It is not enough to know that one creature lives in the forest, and another in the steppe, and the third in the sea. It is necessary to know how these forest, steppe, sea are arranged. Each individual animal is characteristic of its homeland. It is always adapted to the climate, topography and the flora that depends on them. Thus, it bears the stamp of its fatherland, and only when we compare the environment, image and living conditions of the animal, we comprehend its life.

Self-analysis and self-assessment of the student

Where in Everyday life Can we use what we have learned?

What was your favorite activity in the lesson?

What task caused problems? Why?

What new did you learn in the lesson?

What did you remember?

Homework:

Basic level: page 136 game

Advanced level: Make a crossword "Animals (plants) of temperate zones" at least 15 words.

1. Taiga is:

a) mixed forests;

b) coniferous forests;

c) deciduous forests.

2. In the taiga you can meet

a) bear, wolf, jerboa

b) squirrel, hare, deer

c) lynx, sable, wolverine

3. Correlate the trees and the forest in which they grow.

4. Vegetation of the zone deciduous forests more diverse than in the taiga zone, since:

a) warmer

b) the soil is rich nutrients;

c) more rainfall.

5. The flora of the steppe zone is represented by:

a) cereals and herbs

b) mosses and lichens

c) shrubs

Crossword "Temperate forests"

Vertically:
1. Large herbivore.
2. Predatory beast.
4. Herbivore, rodent.
6. An animal that lives in burrows on the banks of streams and rivers builds dams.
Horizontally:
3. Valuable fur animal.
5. Wild pig.
7. Rodent stores nuts and mushrooms in hollows of trees.
8. A large ungulate animal preserved in nature reserves.

Crossword "Temperate Forests"

The complex of meadow steppes, thickets of steppe shrubs and forest pegs on the right bank of Khoper, 1.5 km from the village. Islands Kolyshl. district. During Vel. Fatherland During the war, the site was badly damaged by the felling of young trees and shrubs for firewood. In 1982, the steppe was declared a natural monument under the name "Wild Garden". became part of the reserve "Privolzhskaya forest-steppe".

This is the only forest-steppe site with a well-defined shrub component that has been preserved in the European part of Russia; it is a link between the grassy steppe, the shrub margin and the forest.

flora has many rare for Penza. region species: Romanian alfalfa, field maryannik, common dawn, as well as feather grasses pubescent and pinnate listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR. The peculiarity of the flora is in the distribution of species of trees and shrubs here, as well as real forest plants: May lily of the valley, amazing violet, common gout. 85 species noted cap mushrooms. Open spaces are occupied meadow steppes with forbs. Meet (plane maple, smooth elm and aspen). Around them, undersized forests (Tatar maple and bird cherry) and tall shrubs (euonymus, honeysuckle and continuous thickets of thorns) are well developed. Edge - thickets of steppe shrubs, cherries, almonds.

slide 2

Steppes

a plain overgrown with grassy vegetation, in temperate and subtropical zones Northern and Southern hemispheres. characteristic feature steppes is the almost complete absence of trees (not counting artificial plantations and forest belts along reservoirs)

slide 3

Steppes are common on all continents except Antarctica. In Eurasia, the largest areas of steppes are located on the territory Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Mongolia. Average temperatures winter months from 0ºС to -20ºС, and in summer from +20ºС to +28ºС.

slide 4

A characteristic feature of the steppe is a treeless space covered with grassy vegetation. Herbs that form a closed or almost closed carpet: feather grass, fescue, thin-legged, bluegrass, sheep, etc. Plants adapt to adverse conditions. Many of them are drought-resistant or active in spring, when there is still moisture left after winter.

The steppes are rich in bulbous plants (tulip).

slide 5

Animals are active in summer mainly at night. Of the ungulates, species are typical that are distinguished by sharp eyesight and the ability to run quickly and for a long time, for example, antelopes; from rodents - ground squirrels, marmots, mole rats and jumping species building complex burrows: jerboas, kangaroo rats. Most of the birds fly away for the winter. Common: steppe eagle, bustard, steppe harrier, steppe kestrel, larks. Reptiles and insects are numerous.

slide 6

Slide 7

steppe eagle

Slide 8

lark

Slide 9

Deciduous forests

forest consisting of deciduous trees and shrubs. Also called deciduous or summer green for the characteristic annual shedding of leaves before the onset of cold weather.

Deciduous forests in Europe account for 24%.

Slide 10

The forests of this type are high, 25-40 m, mainly represented by two tiers of trees, a tier of shrubs and a grassy cover, in which two or three tiers can also be distinguished according to the height of the grasses. characteristic feature deciduous forest is the predominance of the species diversity of grasses over the diversity of trees.

slide 11

Deciduous forests are divided into

broad-leaved, in which the trees of the upper tier have leaves of large and medium size, they are distinguished by high shade tolerance and exactingness to the soil, photophilous, these include oak, maple, linden, ash, elm. Broad-leaved forests grow in a relatively mild climate;

small-leaved forests, in which the prevailing tree species have small leaf blades, these are birch, aspen and alder forests. Small-leaved forests are more light-loving and less demanding on soil fertility, they are also more frost-resistant.

slide 12

slide 13

Aspen and elm