Climatic zones of Eurasia - description, features and interesting facts. Climatic conditions of Eurasia Moderate continental climate of Eurasia

General Features climate of Eurasia

Definition 1

Eurasia is the largest and highest continent on the planet, which is washed by all the oceans of the Earth, and most of it is located between the equator and the Arctic Circle.

The climate of this continent is very diverse - its northern part is cold, and the southern part, on the contrary, is extremely hot, the central regions are rather arid, and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts are mostly humid.

The main reason for this heterogeneity is related to the position of the mainland in all geographical zones Northern Hemisphere, which in turn leads to an uneven supply of solar radiation to the surface.

The second reason is different types of circulation air masses. Most of the mainland is under the influence of western transport. The tropical belt lies in the zone of action of the trade winds, and the extreme south and east are under the influence of monsoons.

The western transport of air masses intensifies in winter period At this time, Atlantic cyclones dominate the entire territory of Europe. As a result, the air temperature in northern and southern regions the mainland differs little and the zonal temperature distribution is disturbed.

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This phenomenon led to the formation of the region high pressure, called the Asian High.

Continental moderate air masses from here spread in all directions. At this time, areas of low atmospheric pressure are formed over the Indian and Pacific Oceans, so it is here that especially powerful air currents. This is the principle of dry and cold winter monsoons.

With the onset of the summer period, the western transfer of air masses weakens, and the zonal temperature distribution becomes more noticeable, which is manifested in the latitudinal strike of the July isotherms.

Figure 1. Climatic conditions of Eurasia. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The Indo-Gangetic lowland, isolated by mountain barriers on all sides, becomes the place where the highest temperature on the mainland is established, an area of ​​​​very low atmospheric pressure is formed here, called the South Asian Low.

The water surface of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, unlike most of Asia, is still cool in summer, so areas of high pressure arise above them, and air masses move from the oceans to land. This forms a powerful warm and humid summer monsoon.

The annual amount of precipitation on the mainland from its outskirts to the central regions naturally decreases and reaches its minimum. The reason is that the activity of western transport cyclones and monsoons is weakening, and the influence of dry continental air masses from the interior of Eurasia is increasing.

Climatic zoning of Eurasia

The belts and regions that stand out in the climatic zoning of Eurasia have the following types of climates: on the northern coast of the mainland in the polar belt, a severe arctic climate has formed. The temperatures of this belt vary from 0 degrees in summer to -40 degrees in winter, precipitation here falls from 100-200 mm, and sometimes less.

A narrow strip in front of the Arctic Circle is occupied by a transitional subarctic climate. Iceland is located within it, and part of the islands to the west of Scandinavia is the maritime region of the subarctic. Precipitation falls up to 700 mm. The winter temperature is -5…-10 degrees, and the summer is cold +10 degrees.

Approaching the Bering Strait, the belt expands. The July temperature here is not higher than +12 degrees, and the winters are harsh and long. There is also little precipitation - in the west, under the influence Atlantic Ocean falls about 300 mm, and in the north-east of Siberia - less than 100 mm.

The temperate zone occupies a large area. Its border runs from the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay in the west and reaches the northern part of the Korean peninsula and the middle of the island of Honshu. Winds of temperate latitudes dominate here throughout the year.

Within Russia, the belt is divided into three regions:

• temperate continental,
• continental,
• monsoon.

The continentality of the climate increases from west to east of the mainland.

Within Europe, two subregions of the temperate zone are distinguished - northern and southern. In the northern subregion, summers are cool and short, with heavy rainfall, frequent fogs, and almost constant cloudiness.

In the southern subregion on the Atlantic coast, winters are mild without negative temperatures, and summers are moderately warm.

In the depths of the continent, summer is hot and humid, with a temperature of +22…+24 degrees.

A subtropical climate zone runs through the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It captures the southern part of Europe, the highlands of Western Asia, the northern part of Arabia, Tibet and the Yangtze basin. A feature of this belt is dry and hot air in summer time both humid and warm in winter.

I must say that the climatic zones of the mainland are divided into smaller areas, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich depends on the proximity of water bodies and the nature of the relief. In the subtropics, zones are also distinguished:

marine Mediterranean - Apennine, Balkan Peninsula with hot summers and mild winters;

continental mediterranean - southern countries this subbelt, the western and southern coast of the Asia Minor peninsula. Both sub-belts are similar, the winter temperature here is +2 ... +12 degrees, precipitation is 500-600 mm, and in the mountains up to 3000 m;

continental covers the highlands of Western Asia and the north of Arabia. Annual temperature fluctuations here reach 90 degrees.

Tibet is an alpine subregion with dry and cold summers and little snow in winters. Precipitation falls in the east of the mountains, brought by the monsoons from the Pacific Ocean.

High humidity is characterized East End the Yangtze basin. Rains in the summer period bring monsoons from the Pacific Ocean, the amount of which varies from 700 to 2000 mm during the year depending on the relief.

The tropical zone also has its differences: the tropical trade winds are the Thar (Tar) desert, located in the southeast of Pakistan, the south of Arabia, the south of the Iranian highlands. During the year, tropical air masses dominate here, so summers are hot and winters are warm. Daily temperature fluctuations are high and there is an acute lack of precipitation, not exceeding 100 mm.

The Yemeni mountains are an exception - on the slopes falls from 400 to 1000 mm.

The transitional subequatorial belt occupies the island of Sri Lanka, two peninsulas - Hindustan, Indochina, southern China and other islands. In winter, dry air coming from the continent dominates here, and in summer wet air from the Indian Ocean. The hottest time of the year is spring. Precipitation time - summer and autumn, i.e. dry and wet seasons alternate.

In the south of the mainland, on most of the islands and peninsulas, an equatorial belt has formed, where precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year. Their total number is 1500-4000 mm. Average annual temperatures are very high here.

Climatic anomalies of Eurasia

On this vast continent there are places whose climatic conditions are of great surprise.

For example, a third of the Arabian Peninsula is the largest sandy desert world, located on the territory of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen.

The temperature in this hot desert reaches + 56 degrees. The climate is very dry and rainfall is less than 3 cm per year.

Iran is home to the hottest place on the planet, the Dashti Lut Desert. In 2005, a thermometer recorded an air temperature of +70.7 degrees here. The desert attracts with the beauty of its dunes, reaching a height of 500 m.

There are also the coldest places in Eurasia - this is the village of Oymyakon, located on the territory of Russia. It is the real cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere. The village is located in a hollow where cold air flows in winter. The weather is calm, but this stagnant cold penetrates through and through. According to measurements, the temperature minimum is from -77.8 to -82 degrees. The difference between summer and winter temperatures reaches 104 degrees.

The highest temperature was recorded here in the summer of 2010 and amounted to +34.6 degrees. Snow in Oymyakon lies from 213 to 229 days. There are streams here that do not freeze at -70 degrees and there are icings that do not melt at a temperature of +30 degrees.

Remark 1

The wettest place on the planet is also in Eurasia - a small town in India called Cherrapunji. The average annual air temperature in it is +17.3 degrees. During the year, 12 thousand mm of precipitation falls in this town. There is no wetter place on earth.

Sections: Geography

The course of the lesson is fully consistent and built in accordance with the requirements of an innovative form of student-centered learning. The student is recognized as the main subject of the learning process. During the lesson, the creation of the necessary conditions for recognizing the individuality of the student, his experience, the possibility of self-education, self-development and self-expression in the course of mastering knowledge is constantly traced. Conditions have been created for dialogue and polylogue, as well as situations for choosing educational tasks and forms for their implementation

Lesson Form- combined, with the use of research materials.

Lesson Objectives:

• Coordinate the independent work of students, taking into account their personality traits in order to create the most favorable conditions for their manifestation.
• Think over the main types of communication, forms of cooperation between students, students and the teacher, taking into account personal interaction, equal partnership in the classroom.
• In the conditions of student-centered learning, to provide each student, based on his abilities, inclinations, interests, subjective experience, with the opportunity to realize himself in the knowledge of the characteristics of the climatic regions of Eurasia and the climate of our territory.

Tasks:

1. Using the subjective experience of each student about the climate, the ability to independently obtain information using maps, to form knowledge about the features of the climatic regions of the temperate zone of Eurasia.
2. Encourage students to independently choose and use the most significant for them ways of in-depth study of the material about the marine, continental and monsoon types of climate in Eurasia
3. To stimulate the student to self-development and self-expression when choosing, performing practical tasks, solving problematic issues.
4. Help creative team in studying the climate of our area, its influence on economic activity population, taking into account the problems of pollution and protection of the atmosphere.
5. Conduct reflection, assessment of acquired knowledge.

Equipment:

Map “Climatic zones and regions of the world”,
- geographic atlases,
- textbook "Geography of the Belgorod region" Part I, M .: Education, 1980.,
- “Anthology on physical geography”, compiled by N.A. Maksimov.

During the classes

I. Frontal conversation:

Which main reason climate change?
- What is the largest climatic zone in Eurasia?
- name climatic regions temperate zone?

List the causes that affect climate change from west to east: (the influence of constant winds, ocean currents, relief, massiveness of material, remoteness of the territory from the oceans - the growth of continentality).

II. Group work.

Teacher: using the climate characterization plan, characterize the climatic regions of the temperate zone:

1. Nautical
2. monsoonal
3. Continental

The creative team, using maps of the Belgorod region, characterizes the climate of our area.

Characteristic plan.

1. Belt, region.
2. Position.
3. Temperatures average January and July.
4. prevailing winds.
5. Annual precipitation and their regime.

Students characterize the climatic regions of the temperate zone of Eurasia.

Teacher: We have learned that the formation of climatic regions is greatly influenced by the massiveness of the material and its length from west to east, therefore four climatic regions have formed in the temperate zone.

A significant role is played by constant winds, terrain, ocean currents and remoteness of the territory from the oceans.

Teacher: We will deepen our understanding of each climatic region of the temperate zone with the help of advanced tasks that our students have prepared from additional literature.

I want to dwell in more detail on the maritime climate of temperate latitudes. Now we will all visit “cheerful green England” together, as English poets have sung of their country from time immemorial. And in fact, nowhere you will find such a non-residential, eye-caressing greenery. And the reason for this is the maritime climate. Moisture-saturated winds from the ocean hit the British Isles with heavy rains - they do not allow the rivers to become shallow. In London, half the days of the year are rainy, in the west and north of the country it rains even more.

The weather in England is very unstable, often deceives all expectations and becomes the most malicious violator of traditions. white winter with snow-covered cottages can only be seen on Christmas cards, often it turns into a string of endless rains.

Sometimes in November, when, according to the laws of nature, you expect wet or dense fog, golden, summer-like warm days suddenly fall out. The humid climate usually and gently explains the emerald color of the English landscape - meadows and trees, bushes and lawns. Fog and smog are frequent in England, which last for several days, adversely affecting people's health and traffic. But, of course, after fogs and smog, it attracts the most sea ​​air. The sea is felt everywhere in England.

Why does England have a lot of rain throughout the year? (influence of warm current and constant westerly winds).
- What is the reason for the formation of strong fogs? (collision of humid warm air from the sea with colder air on land).
- What is smog? (mixture of mist and solid particles).

Together with me you will go to the east coast of Eurasia. There, the climate is influenced by other climate-forming factors and, of course, the climate will be completely different, gentle in the west. The main factor affecting the climate in the east of Eurasia is the monsoon winds, which, as you know, change their direction 2 times a year. I want to dwell on the summer monsoons in more detail.

When the monsoon rains come, a person is full of joy. And not only a person experiences these feelings and animals, and birds, plants.

With the arrival of the monsoon, monsoon showers come from the Pacific Ocean. They bring coolness to the earth, restore its beauty, fill ponds, streams, rivers with water. For another day, everything is covered with a green carpet, bushes and trees begin to sparkle with emerald foliage. Animals and birds waited for food, and, in short term from thin, exhausted, they become strong and well-fed. Shower doji come not for a day or even for a week, for the whole summer from May to September. Heavy rains not only enliven nature, but are also a moment of distress and anxiety for residents of coastal areas and those living in river basins. The water level rises strongly, filling the surrounding territories, floods come with rains, which often take the lives of people and animals, even at this time fishing stops, since work at sea is not possible, hurricanes and storms are planned, the wind blows from the sea to land.

Name the rivers that are influenced by monsoon rains (Amur, Songhua, Huang He, Yangtze, Indus, Ganges).
- What do you think, what pressure is formed over the territory? (low).

Creative group: characteristics of the climate of the Belgorod region (map page 19).

1. Moderate continental climate which contains all the seasons.
2. southern part Central Russian Upland.
3. The temperature in summer is from +18.5 0 in the west to +19.5 0 C in the southeast.
4. An area of ​​high pressure passes through the territory of the Belgorod region - the Voikov Axis. The northern part is dominated westerly winds, bringing moisture, softening the climate, and to the south of the axis, eastern steppe dry winds, acting withering.
5. The amount of precipitation is from 600mm in the west to 400mm in the southeast.
6. AT winter time and in spring, the influence of Arctic air masses is possible, which bring low temperatures in winter and possible frosts in spring even in May, which can negatively and even disastrously affect crops.

The climate has a major impact on employment in agriculture. The territory of the Belgorod region is divided into 3 agro-climatic regions (map p. 23)

I region. These are the western and northern regions, the most moisture-provided. The conditions are favorable for the cultivation of spring, winter crops, grain crops, perennial grasses, sugar and fodder beets, potatoes and sunflowers, fruit and berry crops, and dairy and meat cattle breeding.

II region. These are the southwestern regions, which have a lower level of moisture but a high heat supply. Corn is grown here, for silage, sugar and fodder beets.

III district. These are the southeastern regions, more arid, steppe. Spring grain crops, corn for grain, essential oil crops prevail here. (anise, coriander, hops), meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding.

In what agro-climatic region is our village located? (2nd district)
- What crops are grown on the fields of the agricultural firm "Pushkarnoye"? (wheat, barley, beets, corn for fodder, sunflower, dairy and meat cattle breeding).

Research report of the environmental team.

The environmental team of our school, and its members are students of our class, was held local monitoring around the school about air pollution.

Impact on car air pollution. More than 100 cars drive along the school every day, if we take this into account, 1 car emits 1 kg of exhaust gases per day, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, lead compounds, sulfur compounds, etc. affecting health.

Qualitative assessment of air dust content.

1. Conducted a qualitative assessment of the dust content of the air. The studies were carried out using adhesive tape. Within a week the tape was covered with dust, but in different places the layer of dust was different. The most dusty part in front of the entrance to the school, least of all in the school garden. After all, trees have the ability to purify the air.
2. Our detachment is fighting against spontaneous bonfires, which the villagers make in the fall after harvesting, and in the spring, cultivating their gardens.

Teacher: We have traced on local material about the influence of various climate-forming factors on climate change, about how climate affects human economic activity, and we also see from the work of the environmental team: human activity is detrimental to the atmosphere, and at the same time affects health the people themselves.

III. Fixing the material.

Verification of the actual material.

1. What are the winds that blow off the Atlantic Ocean called?
2. What effect does the warm North Atlantic Current have on the climate of Eurasia?
3. How does relief affect the climate of the Pacific coast of Eurasia?

Ability to work with diagrams.

1. Using the map, characterize the Tropical Belt of Eurasia (according to the plan page 312).
2. Using a map, describe the climate of the Indian subcontinent
3. Determine the type of climate from the climate diagrams.

Causal relationships.

1. On what slope Ural mountains will there be more precipitation? Why?
2. Why did the Arabian Desert form on the Arabian Peninsula?
3. Explain why the foothills of the Himalayas have the most a large number of precipitation?

Creative application of knowledge.

1. On the map of natural zones, find the deserts of Eurasia and explain the reasons for this location.
2. Find on the map areas of the lowest temperatures and explain the reasons.
3. Determine the types of climates of the following objects: Great Britain, Iceland, Kamchatka Island, explain the reasons for different temperatures.

Tasks for everyone:

Determine the type of climate from the description of the weather.

“Winter weather is unstable, sometimes frosts, sometimes thaws. Dry and frosty air cooled over the expanse of snow. It is even colder when the air masses come from the icy Arctic. The thermometer drops to -30 0 C, the snow creaks, no breeze, the sun in a clear sky is a red circle. But the sky was covered with a gray veil of clouds, Atmosphere pressure falls, noticeably warmer. A damp wind is blowing, snow has fallen.

Where did the raw wind come from?
- What is it called?

IV. Summarizing.

What did you learn new today?
- What have you learned?
- How do you rate yourself?

Eurasia is the largest of the 6 world continents. A distinctive feature of the Eurasian climate is diversity. Eurasia includes all climatic types of the world and occupies 7 climatic zones. In each of the zones, climatic regions are distinguished. The temperate and subtropical zones contain the maximum number of regions. Towards the center of Eurasia, the climate becomes drier and warmer.

The interior regions are characterized by high climatic continentality. In the temperate and subtropical zones, there is an increased continentality. The Eurasian climate is characterized by contrast and diversity. Mountain coastal barriers contribute to the limitation of maritime climate zones. The Eurasian Plain occupies a vast territory. The European plain is softened and moistened by the waters of the Atlantic.

The North Atlantic current with warm waters plays a large role in the formation of the Eurasian climate. It contributes to the spread of precipitation into the continental depths and warms the European west. The climate at high latitudes is cold and harsh. Inside the continent, a sultry and arid climate dominates, as well as a cold continental climate. The southern and eastern borders of Eurasia are distinguished by a humid climate with an abundance of precipitation. The temperate and subtropical zones are the most favorable for human habitation and farming.

Climate types of Eurasia

The Eurasian territory has a large extent from north to south. It covers all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere. All the world's climatic types are found on the Eurasian continent. On the northern islands and the continental coast of the Arctic Ocean, an arctic type of climate reigns.

Every year, cold air masses predominate here. A sharply continental climate type is observed in Iceland and northern Scandinavia. Winters are long and harsh, while summers are short and warm. The most extensive territory is occupied by the temperate zone. It has 4 climate areas. A moderately maritime type of climate is observed in the Far West, off the coast of the Atlantic. The winter season is warm here, and the summer is cool. There is rainfall all year round. Cyclones cause weather changes: thaw in summer, cooling in winter. The temperate continental type of climate dominates in the east.

With distance from the ocean, precipitation decreases, winters become more severe. Continental climate is found in Central Asia and in . During the year, the dominance of continental air masses is observed here. Winter is long and very cold. Summer is very hot. The seasons here are very contrasting in temperature.

Precipitation is scarce. There is no snow cover, causing deep soil freezing. The Eurasian east is distinguished by a monsoon type of climate. It is characterized by sharp temperature differences. Summer monsoons bring moisture from the Pacific coast, in connection with this, the summer season is rainy and warm. Winter monsoons bring cold continental air masses, which increase atmospheric pressure. Winters are dry, cold and windy.

The zone of the subtropical belt runs through the whole of Eurasia. The subtropical Mediterranean climatic type is observed in the southwestern part of Eurasia and on the Mediterranean coast. Summer here is dry and hot. Winter is rainy and warm. The subtropical continental type of climate is found in the central regions of the subtropics. Summers are hot here, winters are cold, with little rainfall.

In the eastern part of the subtropical zone, a subtropical monsoon type of climate occurs. Such a climate prevails in and. The territory of the Arabian Peninsula and the Iranian Highlands are characterized by a dry desert tropical type of climate, with hot summers. In the equatorial zone, a maritime equatorial climate is observed. It is characterized by abundant rainfall and high temperatures. Continental climatic types prevail on the territory of Eurasia.

Climatic zones of Eurasia

Due to its vast extent, the continent is located in seven climatic zones:

— Arctic;

— Subarctic;

- Moderate;

- Subtropical;

- Tropical;

– Equatorial

- Subequatorial.

The Arctic belt includes the northern territory of the mainland, the islands and the part bordering the Arctic Ocean. There are low temperatures, piercing winds, little rainfall. The subarctic belt includes Chukotka and the northern part of Scandinavia and Iceland. It's warmer here than in the Arctic. In summer it can reach +15 degrees. Precipitation is scarce.

The largest Eurasian belt is the temperate belt. It stretched from the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay to Korea. Winters are dry and cold, summers are hot and humid. The western territory of the Iberian Peninsula and the eastern Pacific are part of the subtropical zone. The summer periods of the subtropics are dry and hot, the winter periods are wet and cool.

The tropical zone includes the territory of the Arabian Peninsula. Precipitation here is scarce or completely absent. Winters are warm, and in summer the heat reaches the fifty-degree mark. The Greater Sunda Islands are part of the equatorial belt. Here all year round reigns summer weather and an abundance of rainfall. The territory of the subequatorial belt includes Indochina with Hindustan and the Philippine Islands. Summers are humid and hot, while winters are warm and dry.

The climate of the natural zones of Eurasia

The entire set of natural zones of the world is located on the Eurasian territory. The zone of the desert of the Arctic, tundra with forest tundra stretches in a narrow strip that crosses the mainland. Climate in arctic wilderness very harsh. Vegetation is sparse. Vast areas of the earth are characterized by a complete lack of vegetation.

The tundra is characterized by low rainfall and low temperatures, the dominance of permafrost, in connection with this, there is a swampy area. The taiga zone is distinguished by sedge and peat bogs and high humidity. Summer is hot. Winter with severe frosts reaching -50 degrees and below. Taiga is rich in flora and fauna. Coniferous trees, birches and oaks are massively distributed here. reside brown bears, foxes, wolves.

The zone of mixed forests is located on the territory of the East European Plain. To coniferous trees added here deciduous trees. There are fewer swamps here. The climate here is temperate continental. Summers are warm and humid. Short and snowy winter. Leso steppe zone is transitional from forest to steppe. It is located in the south of the Russian Plain.

The steppe zone extends to the west. The climate of the forest-steppe is warm and dry. Summer is not hot, with frequent dry winds. A wet year alternates with a dry year. The climate of the steppes is characterized by frosty winters and hot and dry summers. Precipitation is scarce. Desert and semi-desert zone of the temperate zone. Runs through Asia. In the semi-desert, the soil cover is brown, and in the deserts it is gray and brown.

The desert climate is arid with little rainfall. There is little or no vegetation. Zone subtropical forests stretches along the coast of the Mediterranean. Summer here is hot and dry. Winter is warm and rainy. The vegetation is dominated by pines, cypresses, and olives. In China and Japan, there is a zone monsoon forests. The climate is characterized by wet summers and dry winters. The zone of deserts and semi-deserts of the tropics and subtropics is characterized by a sultry and arid climate. Precipitation is scarce.

Zone equatorial forests is distinguished by the diversity of flora and fauna. It includes the Sunda Islands. The forest here is evergreen. The climate is hot and very humid. The seasons are little different from each other. The climate of the Eurasian savanna is observed on the territory of Indochina. It differs by the alternation of dry and wet periods, every six months. Winter is cold and dry. Summer is very humid, with plenty of rain. The vegetation is dominated by palm trees with acacias.

Factors affecting the climate of Eurasia

The climate-forming factors in the Eurasian territory are the following:

- Large length and continental dimensions;

- varying degrees solar radiation depending on the latitude occupied;

- The terrain;

- Ocean currents. The climate of Hindustan is dependent on the monsoons brought from the waters of the Indian Ocean. The mainland east and south are adjacent to the oceans, which contributes to the temperature and baric contrast;

- Caucasian, Himalayan and Andean mountain ranges are a natural barrier to winds and moisture;

- The predominance of the temperate zone on the continent contributes to the dominance of continental climatic types.

Features of the climate of Eurasia

Basic hallmark The Eurasian continent is the presence on it of all possible climate zones with belts. In its northern part, in the arctic and subarctic zones, the climate is characterized by extreme severity and the predominance of low temperatures. To the south, the temperate zone extends. It has several zones:

— Western zone maritime climate;

— Moderately continental;

— Continental;

— Monsoon zone.

To the south, there is a belt of subtropics. 3 zones divide it into different climatic types:

- Mediterranean;

— Continental;

- Monsoon.

At the southernmost point of the mainland, there are tropical with subequatorial belts. The Eurasian Islands are located in the equatorial belt. The northern Eurasian part has the coldest climate, the southern part is extremely hot, the eastern and western parts have high humidity, and the central part is arid.

In winter, the dominance of Atlantic cyclones is observed throughout Europe. In the north and south, the temperature indicators, in this regard, are equalized. The central territories are distinguished by an area of ​​high pressure - the Asian maximum.

temperate climate of Eurasia

The temperate zone stretches from the Bay of Biscay to the Korean north. Moderate winds circulate here throughout the year. Temperate climate there are several types. The territory of the East European Plain lies in a temperate continental climate, dominated by moderate air currents.

Summer period cool, winter period with slight frosts, not lower than -10. Annually, precipitation is not more than 700 mm. The temperate marine type is characteristic of the western coast of Europe. Summers are cool, and winters are warm, with positive temperatures. Annual rainfall is plentiful. The Trans-Urals is located in the zone of temperate sharply continental climatic type. The summer period is hot, up to +30 degrees. The winter period is cold, frosts reach -45 degrees and below. The annual rainfall is average. The temperate climate is the most widespread in the Eurasian territory.

Monsoon climate of Eurasia

On the eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean, in the Far East, there is a moderate monsoonal climate type. In the summer, the Pacific monsoons bring in moist currents of sea air, which contributes to an abundance of humidity. Annually, there is an abundance of precipitation, up to 2000 mm, which is more than in other areas. Summer temperatures do not exceed +20 degrees, and winters are frosty, with frosts down to -30 degrees and below and with little snow. The winter season of the Japanese islands is warmer thanks to warm waters Kuroshio Current.

Continental climate of Eurasia

On the Eurasian territory, continental climates are predominant. The main signs of climatic continentality are a large temperature difference during the year and the insignificance of precipitation. Continental climates are widely spread in the temperate zone. The farther from the waters of the Atlantic, the degree of continentality increases. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is increasing.

Inner Eurasian regions acquired continental climatic features. The regions of Siberia and Central Asia lie in a continental climate. Throughout the year, the action of continental air masses takes place here. During the winter period, soil freezing occurs, and during the summer period, the soil heats up from the heat, which creates sharp temperature differences between the seasons. Oceanic air currents do not get here, precipitation is scarce. Winter is characterized by the absence of snow cover, which contributes to deep soil freezing.

Subtropical climate of Eurasia

The subtropics are characterized by dry and hot summers and wet and cool winters. There are 3 climatic types of subtropics. The Mediterranean type reigns in the European south.

It is characterized by a hot summer season and a warm, wet winter season. The central subtropical regions are in the zone of the continental type. Summer figures exceed the thirty-degree mark, and winters are warm. There are few rainfalls. The East is a realm of the monsoon type. Summer and winter are cool, high humidity.

Climate of southern Eurasia

The European south is distinguished by the Mediterranean climate of the subtropics. In winter, moist air flows from the Atlantic act, which gives warmth and rainfall. Summer is dry and hot. The west of South Asia lies in the tropics. Here the dominance of dry continental air, cloudiness is absent. Some regions do not receive rainfall for years. In the summer season, the temperature is heated up to +50 degrees. In winter, the temperature does not drop below twenty degrees Celsius.

In summer, typhoons form over Pacific waters. They contribute to floods and downpours. South Asia lies in the subequatorial belt. Tropical air currents dominate in winter, while humid air currents dominate in summer. Humidity and heat reign here.

The peninsulas with islands of the mainland south lie within the equatorial belt. The dominance of sultry and humid air currents contributes to elevated temperatures and heavy rains all year round. Here reigns eternal summer.

Climate of Western Eurasia

The Western Eurasian territory is characterized by high humidity. Western Europe lies in the temperate zone. The Scandinavian Peninsula has a maritime climate with northern Great Britain. The summer period is short and cool.

Precipitation is rain and snow. It is constantly wet, cloudy and windy. The continental climate is typical for Sweden and Finland. Winter is frosty, with snow cover. Summers are short, rainy and cool.

Eurasia climate records

Eurasia occupies all climatic zones, has all existing natural areas washed by all the oceans of the world. The Arabian Peninsula has the highest temperatures. +52 degrees is recorded here. In the Yakut Oymyakon, on the contrary, the lowest temperature indicators. It recorded -68 degrees below zero. The wettest place on the mainland is the Himalayan Cherrapunji in India. The driest place is the desert of the Arabian Peninsula Rub al-Khali.

In the climate Eurasia shows features associated with huge size her territory. The position of the main part of the mainland between the equator and the Arctic Circle, the massiveness of the eastern and central parts, the dissection of the western and southern margins, the influence of ocean basins, and the complex structure of the surface create an exceptional variety of climatic conditions in Eurasia.

Annual total radiation in Eurasia, it varies within the following limits (Fig. 5): on the Arctic islands it is 2520 MJ / m 2 (60 kcal / cm 2), in the western part of Europe - from 2940 to 5880 (from 70 to 140), in the south and south -East of Asia - 5000-7570 (120-180), and in Arabia reaches the maximum value on Earth - 8400-9240 (200-220).

Rice. 5. Total solar radiation in a year

The annual radiation balance varies within Eurasia from 420 to 3360 MJ/m 2 (10-80 kcal/cm 2). In January, to the north of the line Brittany - the north of the Adriatic - the center of the Black Sea - the south of the Caspian - the north of the Korean Peninsula - the north of the Japanese Islands, the radiation balance is negative (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Radiation balance for the year

Main atmospheric process for most of Eurasia - west-east transport and associated cyclonic activity. With the western transfer to the mainland throughout the year, air enters from the Atlantic Ocean and spreads to its eastern outskirts. As it moves east, the Atlantic air transforms, giving off moisture, cooling in winter and warming up in summer. Due to the large horizontal dissection of the western part of Eurasia and the absence of sharp orographic obstacles, the process of transformation of air masses over Europe is relatively slow, and therefore climatic conditions change gradually. Only beyond the Urals, within Asia, is the predominance of continental air masses observed throughout the year. Sharp contrasts in heating and in pressure conditions between the mainland and the Pacific Ocean, intensified by the peculiarities of the orography of Central and East Asia, determine the monsoon circulation typical of the east of Eurasia, which is most pronounced here in comparison with all other regions of the Earth. The circulation over the southern parts of Eurasia also has a monsoon character, only here it manifests itself in the interaction between the mainland and the Indian Ocean.

Consider how meteorological conditions change in Eurasia by season.

in winter the contrasts in heating and pressure distribution over the mainland, on the one hand, and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, on the other, are especially pronounced. The January isobar maps over Eurasia and neighboring oceanic basins clearly show the following baric regions ( rice. 7).

Rice. 7. Air pressure and winds in January

In the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean there is a closed area of ​​low pressure(North Atlantic, or Icelandic, low), due to the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current and the frequent passage of deep cyclonic depressions moving from the coast North America to the East. Due to the influence of the warm current and the deep penetration of sea basins into the interior of the continent, the reduced pressure also extends to the southern part of the Arctic Ocean and the western coast of Europe.

The boundaries of the greatest distribution of floating ice (in March, April - for the northern hemisphere, in September for the southern hemisphere) Areas for which the values ​​of the radiation balance have not been determined: mountainous areas continental ice lakes and seas areas with marine

To the south, 30° N, there is high pressure area(North Atlantic, or Azores, maximum), which is part of the subtropical high pressure zone of the northern hemisphere. The interaction of these baric regions is of particular importance for the formation of meteorological conditions in Europe. The air flowing along the northern and eastern periphery of the North Atlantic Maximum is drawn into the area of ​​low pressure over the North Atlantic and the western margin of Europe, creating in temperate latitudes a system of cyclonic winds of the western and southwestern direction, blowing from the relatively warm ocean to the mainland and bringing a lot of moisture. In the polar latitudes, winds with an easterly component prevail at this time. The main routes of movement of cyclonic depressions in winter pass through Iceland, the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Barents Sea. Over the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, which accumulate a large amount of heat, local cyclogenesis develops in winter. Most often, cyclones form over the Ligurian Sea and the Gulf of Lion, over the southern part of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the island of Cyprus. From here they head east and northeast, penetrating in some years up to the Indus Valley.

Passage of cyclones in Europe it is accompanied by cloudy weather with rain or sleet, typical of the Western European winter. Often the sea air of temperate latitudes is replaced by arctic air, causing a sharp decrease in temperature and a decrease in precipitation. Arctic air spreads to the south, but relatively rarely penetrates into the southern part of Europe, as it is delayed by sublatitudinally located mountain ranges. The farther to the east, the more frequent and longer the arctic air intrusions.

When driving western air flow over the continent is its cooling and drying. In the interior of Asia, in connection with the cooling of the surface layers of the atmosphere, an area of ​​increased pressure is created, above which a hollow is formed in the upper troposphere. Transformed air coming from the west is drawn into this hollow, cools and settles, replenishing the high pressure area in the surface layers. The influence of the relief of the inner parts of Asia also has an effect: high mountain structures rising south of the maximum formation region prevent the spread of cold air masses and contribute to their concentration in a relatively limited space. As a result of the interaction of all these processes, the largest high-pressure area on Earth, the Asian quasi-stationary maximum, is created over the interior of Eurasia in winter.

Along the northern and eastern periphery of this maximum, cold and dry continental air flows towards the Pacific Ocean, which is warmer at this time. The resulting northerly and northwesterly winds are known as the winter monsoon.

Asian High can form a spur, which sometimes extends as far as Western Europe, causing severe cooling there.

Southern Asia in winter it is under the influence of the trade wind circulation. The Arabian Peninsula, together with the neighboring Sahara, is influenced by the eastern periphery of the North Atlantic High and the dry northern winds associated with it. Over Hindustan and Indochina, on the island of Sri Lanka, the Philippines and in the north of the Sunda Islands, the northeast trade wind dominates, flowing from the North Pacific maximum towards the equatorial trough, shifted to the south at this time. In the countries of South and Southeast Asia, it is called the winter monsoon.

Despite the negative radiation balance north of 39-40° N, in areas, adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, the average January temperature is much higher than 0 ° C, since in winter the Atlantic air is a relatively warm air mass. The January isotherms extend submeridionally over most of the temperate zone of Eurasia and take a sublatitudinal direction only to the east of the Yenisei (Fig. 8).

Rice. eight. average temperature air in Eurasia at ground level (January)

off the west coast In the Scandinavian Peninsula, the zero isotherm of January rises up to 70° N, fixing the highest positive anomaly of mid-latitude winter temperatures (over 20°). The farther to the east, the lower the average winter temperature becomes. Already in the eastern part of foreign Europe, it acquires a negative value.

Atlantic air brings a large amount of moisture to land, which falls in the west of Europe in the form of rain or sleet. Especially a lot of precipitation occurs on the mountain slopes of the western exposure. Winter cyclonic precipitation is also characteristic of the Mediterranean coast and the western regions of Asia. Their number sharply decreases from west to east due to the weakening of frontal activity in the inner parts of the continent.

For the most part overseas Asia winter precipitation missing. In the interior, this is due to the anticyclonic state of the atmosphere and strong supercooling of the surface. On the eastern edge of the mainland, the reason for the lack of precipitation is the continental monsoon, which carries dry cold air towards the ocean. In this regard, Central and East Asia is characterized by low winter temperatures with a pronounced negative anomaly, which is felt up to the tropic, where temperatures can drop to 0 °C. In the north, the average January temperature is -20, -25 °C.

In the southern peninsulas and islands of Asia, where trade winds operate in winter, dry weather also prevails. Precipitation occurs only in those areas where the trade winds or northern winds bring enough moisture (windward slopes of the Philippine Islands, the southeastern tip of Hindustan and the islands of Sri Lanka). On the Sunda Islands, located on the equator and south of it, convective rain falls. The January temperature in the entire southern part of Asia is high: 16 ... 20 ° C, on the islands of the Malay Archipelago it reaches 25 ° C in places.

Summer meteorological conditions in Eurasia and its neighboring oceans are changing significantly. The Asian maximum disappears, and low pressure is established over the warmed mainland with a closed center in the Indus River basin and on the banks Persian Gulf(South Asian Low). It is the northern margin of the equatorial trough, which in Eurasia extends farthest from the equator (up to 22-28° N). The pressure rises towards the oceans. The Iceland Low is weakening and the North Pacific Low is disappearing. An area of ​​high pressure persists over the polar basin. The North Atlantic and North Pacific highs intensify and widen to the north. In the Indian Ocean, south of the tropic, the South Indian High grows in the winter season of the southern hemisphere. This distribution of pressure in the surface layers of the atmosphere creates conditions for the transfer of air masses to Eurasia from the surrounding oceans ( rice. 9).

Rice. 9. Air pressure and winds in July

In the northwest of Europe, between the area of ​​high pressure in the Arctic and the spur of the North Atlantic High, there is a band of relatively low pressure. Cyclonic activity associated with the Arctic front takes place within its limits. In this regard, western and northwestern winds prevail, which carry relatively cold air from the ocean to the mainland. Over the warmed mainland, it quickly transforms into a continental one. At the same time, the marine Arctic masses are undergoing transformation. This increases not only the temperature, but also the moisture content of the air due to evaporation from the underlying surface. July isotherms in Europe extend sublatitudinally everywhere, with a slight deviation to the south near the coast of the ocean. The average July temperature in the west varies from north to south from 12 to 24 °С, in the east it sometimes reaches 26...28 °С (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Average air temperature in Eurasia at ground level (July)

Summer in Europe rains are less plentiful than in winter, as cyclonic activity weakens. In Southern Europe and Western Asia, where winds blow from the eastern periphery of the North Atlantic High, carrying tropical air, there is almost no precipitation.

Ascending the average July temperature and a decrease in precipitation due to the transformation of the Atlantic air when moving from west to east is felt almost throughout the mainland. It is especially dry and hot in the inner parts of the mainland (Central Asia), protected by mountain rises from moist air currents from the oceans. Dryness and high temperature average july up to 32 °C) are also characteristic of most of the Arabian Peninsula, which is under the influence of the northeast trade wind flowing from the North Atlantic High.

In other conditions are eastern and southern suburbs mainland adjacent to the Pacific and Indian oceans. The temperature and baric contrasts between them and the vast landmass of Eurasia are especially strong in summer. Humid and relatively cold air enters Asia along the western periphery of the Pacific High. As a result of its interaction with continental air masses, heavy rain showers fall. This air current is called the summer monsoon in East Asia.

In the south of Asia(Indostan, Indochina) the role of the summer monsoon is played by the flow of equatorial air, carrying huge masses of moisture from the Indian Ocean. Due to the configuration and size of Eurasia and the expansion of the equatorial trough, the equatorial air in the form of a monsoon of the prevailing southwesterly direction penetrates very far to the north. Where the monsoon flow meets mountain uplifts, precipitation is especially abundant (for example, on the southeastern slopes of the Himalayas, on the southern slope of the Shillong massif, Cherrapunji has a maximum amount of precipitation on the globe- 10719 mm per year, etc.). On equatorial islands, convective intramass precipitation is of great importance (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Average annual precipitation in Eurasia, mm

in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are born annually from June to November tropical cyclones, or typhoons, bringing great disasters to the population of the countries of East and South Asia. These are the strongest cyclonic eddies, the speed of which over the open ocean in exceptional cases can reach 100 km/h (usually 30-50 km/h). They are accompanied by downpours, during which 150 mm of precipitation or more can fall. On the coasts, surge waves pose a great threat, which, together with showers, cause catastrophic floods. The Philippines and the Japanese islands are especially affected by typhoons, but sometimes the disaster also captures the outskirts of the continent right up to the south. Far East. In the Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones move north and northwest to the northern coasts of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

According to its size and geographical position, Eurasia with the islands adjacent to it is located in all climatic zones of the northern hemisphere, and within each zone all the climatic regions inherent in it are represented. Thus, we can say that in Eurasia there are all types of climates known on Earth.

northernmost islands Eurasia, and in the east and the strip of the mainland adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, are located within arctic belt. Of the foreign territories of Eurasia, the Arctic climate is typical for the Svalbard archipelago and small oceanic islands. Due to the geographical position and the influence of warm currents, the islands have a maritime arctic climate with relatively high winter temperatures (from -16 to -20 ° C) and a significant amount of precipitation (about 300 mm).

In a narrow strip, capturing Iceland and Scandinavia north of the Arctic Circle and expanding somewhat in the east, it crosses Eurasia subarctic belt. It is located between the summer and winter position of the Arctic front and is characterized by the predominance of westerly circulation in summer and cold eastern Arctic winds in winter. In the west of Europe, especially in Iceland, the subarctic regions are characterized by relatively mild (-5, -10 °С) winters, cool (not more than 10 °С) summers and a large amount of precipitation (300-700 mm) falling in all seasons in the form of rain and snow.

The widest and most massive part of Eurasia lies within temperate climate zone, whose southern boundary, determined by the summer position of the polar front, runs from the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay through the middle of the Black and Caspian Seas to the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and the middle part of the island of Honshu. Despite the dominance of the west-east transfer throughout the year, the temperate zone within Eurasia is characterized by large differences in climatic conditions, which gives reason to consider it by region.

Region oceanic temperate warm climate includes the south of Iceland, the western outskirts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the British Isles and the extreme west of the mainland - the Jutland Peninsula, the west and north of France. There are reasons to attribute the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula to this region of the temperate zone. Throughout the year, the Atlantic air, brought by the western winds, prevails there, and cyclonic activity is manifested. Winter is characterized by unstable rainy and foggy weather with an average temperature of the coldest month from 1 to 6 ° C, frosts and snowfalls are rare, and there is no stable snow cover. The average summer temperature is 10 ... 18 "C. Precipitation falls throughout the year, with a maximum in winter due to especially intense cyclonic activity. Annual precipitation in almost the entire region is more than 1000 mm, and evaporation does not exceed 800 mm per year. Therefore the Atlantic regions of Europe are characterized by excessive moisture ( rice. 12).

Rice. 12. The difference in precipitation and evaporation for the year

The climate of the rest of the temperate zone of Europe up to the Ural Mountains can be called transitional, from oceanic to continental. The most important role in climate formation belongs to the transformation of the Atlantic air and the ever-increasing influence of continental air masses that form over the mainland itself. Compared to the previous one, this area is characterized by less precipitation, large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations, and the presence of a frosty period of various durations. Within the area under consideration, more than in the previous one, differences between north and south are expressed. Scandinavia and Finland are characterized by long and severe winters. The Scandinavian mountains enhance the transformation of the Atlantic air and at the same time do not prevent the penetration of cold air masses from the Arctic. Therefore, the temperature in Sweden and Finland can drop to -40 °C, and in exceptional cases even to -50 °C, with an average January temperature of -10, -15 °C. Summer north of the 50th parallel is cool, with maximum precipitation at its beginning. Annual rainfall of 500 to 1000 mm with evaporation less than 600 mm provides excessive moisture throughout the year. The southern part of the region is characterized by less sharp temperature amplitudes, moderately cold winters with an average January temperature only slightly below 0 °C. The duration of snow cover and freeze-up on the rivers is short, it increases from west to east. Summer is warm, with an average July temperature of 12...20 °C. The maximum precipitation occurs in the first half of summer, evaporation increases to 800 mm, and moisture compared to northern regions decreases.

A significant part of Asia within Russia, the countries of Central Asia, as well as Mongolia and Northwestern China (Gobi and Dzungaria) are located in the region continental climate temperate zone, which is under the influence of inland air masses all year round. Due to the influence of the Asian High, the region is characterized by cold winters with sharp temperature differences from place to place. With an average January temperature from -3 °С in the west of China to -12 °С in the north of Kazakhstan and -25 °С in Mongolia, in calm and cloudless weather, there are drops to -35 ... -50 °С. Due to persistent low winter temperatures and the almost complete absence of snow in the eastern regions of the region, permafrost. Almost the entire annual amount of precipitation (about 200 mm) falls in summer in the form of frontal rains. The average July temperature reaches 30 °C in the south of the region. Humidification is insufficient.

East of the Greater Khingan Range, including Northeast China, northern Korean Peninsula, Hokkaido and northern Honshu, climate monsoonal. This whole area is characterized by sharp differences in temperature, precipitation and moisture according to the seasons of the year. In winter, dry frosty weather prevails with strong winds blowing from the Asian High and raising a lot of dust. Only on the Japanese islands do heavy snows fall, since the continental air, passing over the relatively warm Sea of ​​Japan, is saturated with moisture in the lower layers. In summer, the southeast monsoon blows, bringing humid unstable air from the southern and western periphery of the Pacific anticyclone. Approximately 70% of the annual amount of precipitation is associated with its arrival, falling in the form of showers at intervals of 4-5 days.

Subtropical the climatic zone also crosses Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Within its limits, the west-east transfer in summer is replaced by tropical circulation. Of great importance is the system of mountain uplifts of High Asia, which in winter causes the splitting of the western transport stream into two branches - northern and southern. The latter passes south of the Himalayas, causing, according to G. N. Vitvitsky, a shift in comparison with other continents of the southern border of the subtropical belt in the direction of the equator.

The Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas, the south and west of the Balkan Peninsula, the west and south of Asia Minor, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean islands, the south of the Crimean Peninsula and the north of Mesopotamia are in a subtropical climate with a dry summer ( Mediterranean). Summer dryness is associated with winds flowing along the eastern periphery of the extended North Atlantic High. The prevailing wind direction is northwest in the Western Mediterranean and northeast in the East. The average temperature in July is from 23 to 28 °C. With an almost complete absence of precipitation, the evaporation rate is 3-4 times higher than the actual evaporation. In winter, the Azores High shifts to the south and the Mediterranean falls into a system of western transport and cyclonic activity, which accounts for 75-80% of the annual precipitation. The average temperature of the coldest month increases from north to south from 4 to 12 °C. In the western part of the region of the Mediterranean climate, Atlantic air is predominant, in the east - continental. Therefore, when moving from west to east, the amount of precipitation decreases and the temperature amplitudes increase.

Inside the mainland, from the Iranian Plateau to the middle Huang He basin, including the Tarim Basin, Beishan, the south of the Gobi and other areas of the Central and Central Asia, climate subtropical continental. This area is characterized by hot summers (25...35 °C) and cool winters with an average temperature above 0 °C, although in some years frosts can reach -20 °C. Precipitation is less than 200 mm per year, the air is very dry, the daily and annual temperature amplitudes are significant. In the rainfall regime, there are differences between west and east. In the west, winter precipitation is associated with the Iranian branch of the polar front and cyclonic activity. The east is dominated by summer precipitation brought by the southeast monsoon.

Special, extracontinental The climate of the highlands is characteristic of the interior regions of Asia (Tibet), which can be attributed to the subtropical zone only by geographical location, and not by actual climatic conditions. Due to significant absolute heights, temperatures do not rise above 10 ... 15 ° C even in summer, in winter these areas are characterized by the same negative temperatures. The amount of precipitation, even in the most humid areas, does not exceed 500 mm per year, and in some places decreases to 100-150 mm, which causes aridity of the climate.

The climate of the eastern sector of the subtropical zone, as well as the temperate one, monsoonal. It extends to the Yangtze River basin and the southern part of the Japanese Islands. From the monsoon climate of the temperate zone, the subtropical monsoon climate is distinguished by a higher average winter temperature (from 4 to 8 ° C) and large annual precipitation, which exceeds 1000 mm and completely covers the evaporation rate. Winter dryness south of the Yangtze River valley is less pronounced than north of it, since there a front is created between the air flowing along the eastern periphery of the Asian high and the air of the southern branch of the western transport, and therefore rain falls. When the front breaks and the invasion of cold continental air to the south, up to the tropic, the temperature can drop to 0 °C. Noteworthy are the differences in winter conditions in the Mediterranean region and the Yangtze basin. In the first case, due to the direct influence of the Atlantic air, the winter is very warm with an average temperature of the coldest month from 10 to 12 ° C, in the second, the average January temperature is almost twice as low, and significant drops are possible. This is due to the influence of the Asian high, the air of which is carried far to the south. In this regard, the southern border of the subtropical belt in East Asia has shifted almost to the tropic.

They determine the extreme diversity and, like nowhere else in the world, the extensive distribution of continental climate types. Within the mainland, everything is represented (map of climatic zones). The climate of Eurasia is influenced by powerful centers of action, both year-round and seasonal, among which the Asian winter depression and the summer depression over South Asia stand out. In and the Subarctic, they operate throughout the year, in temperate latitudes - the polar front, in lower latitudes - cyclones of the tropical front (), which often cause.

AT belt there is a convergence of air masses flowing from the north and south, which forms heavy precipitation throughout the year. about + 25 ° С, without noticeable seasonal fluctuations.

In mountainous areas, climatic conditions are pronounced and their change depends on the exposure of the slopes. The barrier isolation of the inner regions of Eurasia is clearly manifested, which is the reason for the sharp contrasts in moistening. The chilled air stagnates over the vast uplands, and local centers of atmospheric action and peculiar variants are formed. high mountain climates(for example, the climate of high deserts and Tibet).