Atmos pressure. Atmosphere pressure

Have you ever thought about why on some days you feel worse and lethargic, although everything seems to be going on as usual? Perhaps you even associated this with worsening weather conditions, noticing that bad weather exacerbates diseases. However, it remains unclear exactly how bad weather affects health. The answer is simple - it's all about the effect of atmospheric pressure on a person.

about atmospheric pressure

Atmosphere pressure- this is the force with which air presses on the surface of the Earth, as well as on all objects that are on it. It is constantly changing and depends on the height and mass of air, its density, temperature, direction of circulation of flows, height above sea level, latitude.

It is measured in the following units:

• torr or millimeter of mercury (mm Hg);
• pascal (Pa, Ra);
• kilogram-force per sq. cm;
• other units.

Which atmospheric pressure is low and which is high

The impact of the atmosphere decreases as the temperature rises (in summer) and increases as it falls (in winter). It also decreases after 12 hours and after 24 hours, and rises from morning to evening.

A smaller layer of air presses on high points on the Earth's surface than on low ones, so the severity of the atmosphere at such points is less. At points closer to the poles, the atmosphere presses harder due to the cold. Therefore, it became necessary to define a starting point. As a norm, it is customary to consider an indicator at sea level and a latitude of 45 °.

Important! Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art. or 101 325 Pa.

Video: atmospheric pressure Accordingly, if the pressure is more than 760 mm Hg. Art., it will be increased for meteorologists, if less - reduced. However, this statement does not apply to specific people. Normal atmospheric pressure is a conditional concept, it does not mean optimal for a person.

People live in different climate zones different latitudes, at different heights above sea level, therefore they feel different gravity of the air, so it is impossible to determine the optimal level for everyone.

One can only say that for specific person the optimal level will be the one that is the norm (taking into account the height above sea level and other factors) for the area in which he lives.

In other words, the pressure that would be considered normal for the inhabitants of Africa in the equatorial region may be lowered for the inhabitants of the Arctic if they come to Africa on an excursion.

Influence and relationship with the human body

About ¾ of the world's population are weather dependent and react to a decrease in atmospheric pressure with a deterioration in well-being. Weather-dependent people feel the fluctuations of the mercury column when it is about 10 mm.

The deterioration of well-being at low atmospheric pressure is primarily associated with a reduced oxygen content in it and an increase in air pressure inside us.

Important! An average of 12 to 15 tons of air presses on each person, which does not crush people due to the fact that there is also air inside us that presses with equal force.

The liquid boils in the presence of air resistance at +100 ° C, when it weakens, the temperature drops. If you rise to a height of 19,200 m above sea level, the blood in the body will boil.

Distinguish 3 types of addiction:

1. Straight- when blood pressure rises following an increase in atmospheric pressure, and vice versa. This type is familiar to hypotensive patients, whose blood pressure is usually below normal.
2. Reverse- when blood pressure falls when atmospheric pressure rises, and vice versa. Basically, this is typical for hypertensive patients.
3. Incomplete reverse- when only the upper or lower blood pressure changes. Thus, changes in meteorological conditions can affect people who are not normally familiar with hypertension or hypotension.

The gravity of the atmosphere decreases before the deterioration of weather conditions, this is manifested in humans by the following symptoms:

• nervousness;
• migraine;
• lethargy;
• aches in the joints;
• numbness of fingers and toes;
• labored breathing;
• accelerated heartbeat;
• vasospasm, circulatory problems;
• blurred vision;
• nausea;
• suffocation;
• dizziness;
• rupture of the eardrum.

Why is low atmospheric pressure dangerous?

The mechanism of influence of the reduced gravity of air manifests itself in the following way:

1. The humidity in the air rises and it becomes more difficult to breathe.
2. The air becomes lighter because there is less of it, that is, the amount of oxygen contained in it also decreases. Oxygen starvation sets in.
3. Brain cells, heart, blood vessels, and respiratory organs suffer from a lack of oxygen.
   
4. Oxygen starvation of brain cells causes changes in the mental state - euphoria is replaced by apathy and depression.
5. As a result, the head begins to hurt, and conventional medicines cannot relieve this pain. The person feels dizzy, nauseous, weak.
6. A reflex reaction of the body to a decrease in oxygen supply is rapid breathing.
7. On the other hand, the intense work of the respiratory organs causes an increase in oxygen demand. At the same time, due to the greater number of exhalations, more carbon dioxide. In response to this, the respiratory center weakens the load, the number of breaths decreases.
8. An accelerated heartbeat leads to an increase in the number of heart attacks. Blood starts with greater strength flow through the vessels, blood pressure rises.
9. On the other hand, in response to a decrease in oxygen in the blood, more red blood cells are produced to carry more oxygen. The blood thickens internal organs increase, it becomes more difficult for the heart to pump blood, it flows more slowly through the vessels, blood pressure drops.
   
10. A drop in blood pressure worsens the well-being of not only hypotensive patients, but also hypertensive patients who take medication to lower it.
11. Thickening of the blood impairs its flow through small vessels, the blood supply to the joints and extremities worsens, aching joints and numbness of the extremities appear.
12. The deterioration of blood supply and brain function reduces visual acuity.
13. The air pressure inside the body increases - in the gastrointestinal tract, this causes the diaphragm to rise and the lungs to contract, that is, breathing becomes difficult. The same reason can cause a rupture of the eardrum.
14. The resistance of the skin increases, the body feels stress, produces more stress hormones, and the number of leukocytes in the blood increases.

Did you know? Blaise Pascal calculated that the mass of the entire atmosphere of the Earth is 5 quadrillion tons.




What to do with low atmospheric pressure

Most often, weather sensitivity problems occur in people with overweight, leading sedentary image life and malnutrition.




Did you know? If the Earth's atmosphere disappears, the air temperature will be -170° C, there will be no sound, the sky will turn black.

Thus, the indicator of reduced atmospheric pressure will be different for residents of different areas, so there is no optimal indicator for everyone.
A decrease in the gravity of the air negatively affects the well-being of most people, so such indicators should be carefully monitored. To reduce the negative influence, on such days one should lead a more calm and healthy lifestyle life.

Man has learned to use the force of air pressure for a very long time. This manifested itself in all areas of his activity: people forced the wind to move boats under sails, wings rotated with the help of air currents. windmills. But the most amazing thing is that for centuries no one could prove that air has weight. Only in the seventeenth century did they set up an experiment, as a result of which it was established that air, after all, has weight.

The Duke of Tuscany back in 1640 came up with a fountain, which he wished to install on the terrace of his own palace. For this structure, it was supposed to take water from a lake located nearby. But, no matter how hard the workers tried, the water did not want to rise above ten meters. A strange phenomenon disturbed the duke, and he turned to the wise old man Galileo. But even the great scientist could not immediately find the cause of this phenomenon. Then Torricelli, a student of Galileo, got down to business, who, after lengthy experiments, was able to prove that air has mass. A little later, thanks to this discovery, the barometer was invented.

Human well-being and atmospheric pressure

The influence of atmospheric pressure on our body is inevitable, but this can be dealt with: do not be nervous, do not exert yourself physically, take herbs.

Needless to say, the influence of atmospheric pressure on a person could not but interest scientists. Researchers have long noticed that the well-being of a person living in a certain area long time, normal pressure doesn't have much of an impact. Even staying in conditions of high atmospheric pressure does not affect health and well-being. But, nevertheless, doctors have proven that with high pressure in a person, the pulse rate is noticeably reduced, and there is also a decrease in blood pressure. Breathing becomes deep, but more rare. Smell, hearing deteriorates a little, and the voice sounds muffled. The skin seems a little numb, dryness of the mucous membranes of the nose, eyes and oral cavity. It should be noted that all of these phenomena are tolerated by the body quite easily. Adverse phenomena are observed with changes in atmospheric pressure. It will be better for people if the pressure starts to change gradually. In this case, the body will have time to adapt to new conditions without consequences. At low atmospheric pressure, breathing increases, the heart rate also increases, but the force of the heart beats becomes weaker. The number of red blood cells in the blood increases. With a decrease in atmospheric pressure, a phenomenon such as oxygen starvation is possible. This is due to the fact that during the normal functioning of the circulatory and respiratory system, less oxygen enters the body.

What atmospheric pressure is considered normal?

Atmospheric pressure is considered to be the pressure of air on the earth's surface and all objects located on it. At any point in the atmosphere, the pressure will be equal to the weight of the higher column of air with a base equal to unit surface area. According to international system units, base unit The measurement of atmospheric pressure is considered to be the hectopascal. But it is also allowed to use the old units of measurement - millibar and millimeter of mercury. As you know, normal atmospheric pressure is a pressure of 760 mm Hg at a temperature of zero degrees Celsius. In addition, the measurement of atmospheric pressure helps to predict weather changes. There is a direct relationship between weather changes and changes in atmospheric pressure.

When answering the question of what atmospheric pressure is considered normal, it should be noted that pressure can also change with height. The gas is highly compressible, therefore, the more it is compressed, the higher its density, respectively, the pressure will be greater. The layers of air below are compressed by all the layers above. The farther from earth's surface the thinner the air. Its density decreases, which means that atmospheric pressure will be low. All weather stations are at different altitudes relative to sea level. Therefore, in order to create a unified measurement system, it was customary to present the obtained indicators taking into account the height above sea level.

It is also worth knowing that the pressure undergoes changes during the day. It rises at night and falls during the day. This happens due to temperature fluctuations. With increasing latitude, the amplitude of changes in atmospheric pressure decreases, but closer to the poles, non-periodic changes in blood pressure become more noticeable to humans. Due to the different distribution of blood pressure over the Earth's surface, there is a movement atmospheric fronts and air masses which determines the speed and direction of the wind.

Of course, we cannot change the influence of atmospheric pressure on a person, but it is not so difficult to help our own body. To survive a difficult period, you need to calm down, if possible, reduce physical activity and not panic. People who have a particularly difficult time adapting should consult a doctor for advice. The doctor will prescribe medications and give individual recommendations.

It is determined by the weight of the air. 1 m³ of air weighs 1.033 kg. For every meter of the earth's surface, there is an air pressure of 10033 kg. By this is meant a column of air from sea level to the upper atmosphere. If we compare it with a column of water, then the diameter of the latter would have a height of only 10 meters. That is, atmospheric pressure is created by its own mass of air. The value of atmospheric pressure per unit area corresponds to the mass of the air column above it. As a result of an increase in air in this column, an increase in pressure occurs, and with a decrease in air, a drop occurs. Normal atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at t 0 ° C at sea level at a latitude of 45 °. In this case, the atmosphere presses with a force of 1.033 kg for every 1 cm2 of the earth's area. The mass of this air is balanced by a mercury column 760 mm high. This relationship is used to measure atmospheric pressure. It is measured in millimeters of mercury or millibars (mb), as well as in hectopascals. 1mb = 0.75 mm Hg, 1 hPa = 1 mm.

Measurement of atmospheric pressure.

measured with barometers. They are of two types.

1. A mercury barometer is a glass tube that is sealed on top and open end immersed in a metal bowl with mercury. A scale is attached next to the tube, showing the change in pressure. Mercury is affected by air pressure, which balances the column of mercury in a glass tube with its weight. The height of the mercury column changes with pressure.

2. A metal barometer or aneroid is a corrugated metal box that is hermetically sealed. Inside this box is rarefied air. The change in pressure causes the walls of the box to oscillate, pushing in or out. These vibrations by a system of levers cause the arrow to move along a scale with divisions.

Recording barometers or barographs are designed to record changes atmospheric pressure. The pen detects the vibration of the walls of the aneroid box and draws a line on the tape of the drum, which rotates around its axis.

What is atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric pressure on the globe varies over a wide range. Its minimum value - 641.3 mm Hg or 854 mb was registered over Pacific Ocean in Hurricane Nancy, and the maximum is 815.85 mm Hg. or 1087 mb in Turukhansk in winter.

Air pressure on the earth's surface changes with height. Average atmospheric pressure value above sea level - 1013 mb or 760 mm Hg. The higher the altitude, the lower the atmospheric pressure, as the air becomes more and more rarefied. In the lower layer of the troposphere, up to a height of 10 m, it decreases by 1 mm Hg. for every 10 m or 1 mb for every 8 meters. At an altitude of 5 km, it is 2 times less, 15 km - 8 times, 20 km - 18 times.

Due to air movement, temperature change, season change Atmosphere pressure constantly changing. Twice a day, morning and evening, it rises and falls the same number of times, after midnight and in the afternoon. During the year, due to cold and compacted air, atmospheric pressure has a maximum value in winter, and a minimum in summer.

Constantly changing and distributed over the surface of the earth zonally. This is due to uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the Sun. The change in pressure is affected by the movement of air. Where there is more air, the pressure is high, and where the air leaves, the pressure is low. The air, warmed up from the surface, rises and the pressure on the surface decreases. At altitude, the air begins to cool, condenses and sinks to nearby cold areas. There, the pressure rises. Therefore, the change in pressure is caused by the movement of air as a result of its heating and cooling from the earth's surface.

Atmospheric pressure in equatorial zone constantly lowered, and in tropical latitudes - increased. This is due to constant high temperatures air at the equator. The heated air rises and goes towards the tropics. In the Arctic and Antarctic, the surface of the earth is always cold and the atmospheric pressure is high. It is caused by air that comes from temperate latitudes. In turn, in temperate latitudes due to the outflow of air, a zone of low pressure is formed. Thus, there are two belts on Earth atmospheric pressure- low and high. Decreased at the equator and at two temperate latitudes. Upgraded to two tropical and two polar. They can shift slightly depending on the time of year following the Sun towards the summer hemisphere.

polar belts high pressure exist all year round, however, in summer they are reduced, and in winter, on the contrary, they expand. All year round areas of low pressure persist near the Equator and in the southern hemisphere at temperate latitudes. Things are different in the northern hemisphere. In the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere, the pressure over the continents increases greatly and the field low pressure as if "torn": it is preserved only over the oceans in the form of closed areas low atmospheric pressure- Icelandic and Aleutian lows. Over the continents, where the pressure has noticeably increased, winter maxima are formed: Asian (Siberian) and North American (Canadian). In summer, the low pressure field in the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere is restored. At the same time, a vast area of ​​low pressure is formed over Asia. This is the Asian low.

In the belt elevated atmospheric pressure- tropics - the continents heat up more than the oceans and the pressure over them is lower. Because of this, subtropical highs are distinguished over the oceans:

• North Atlantic (Azores);
• South Atlantic;
• South Pacific;
• Indian.

Despite large-scale seasonal changes in their performance, belts of low and high atmospheric pressure of the Earth- formations are quite stable.

The standard atmospheric pressure for a person is 760 millimeters of mercury. If we translate this value into units of measurement that are more understandable for a simple layman, it turns out that the mass of the air column above each square meter the earth's surface is 10,000 kilograms! Impressive, isn't it? The dense airy “blanket” that envelops our planet exerts powerful pressure on all objects near us and on ourselves. How does a person manage to cope with such a huge load?

The fact is that air presses on objects from all sides. The forces are balanced, and we do not feel any discomfort. However, this rule only works on the earth's surface. The human body is adapted to exist under just such pressure, so if it plunges into water or climbs to the top of a mountain, it will feel unwell. However, sometimes people do not feel well under normal conditions.

Atmospheric pressure rises over the continents during periods high humidity: in spring, autumn and winter, as water drops in the air make it heavier. In summer, during dry weather, atmospheric pressure above the earth's surface in the interior of the continents usually decreases as the air becomes drier. Temperature also affects atmospheric pressure. As you know, warm air is lighter than cool air. Much also depends on geographical location and altitude above sea level.

Since people are born and live in the most different corners planets and at various altitudes, it is impossible to say that there is an ideal atmospheric pressure for a person.

Normal atmospheric pressure for a person

The optimal atmospheric pressure for a person is the pressure to which he has adapted well, living in a particular area under certain conditions. climatic conditions. For example, the normal atmospheric pressure for a person in Moscow will be 748 millimeters of mercury. Art. To the north, for example, in St. Petersburg, this value will be 5 mm Hg more. The difference is easily explained: Moscow is located on a hill and, compared to St. Petersburg, is somewhat higher above sea level. In this example, Tibet will be indicative, where the normal air pressure for a person is 413 millimeters of mercury. Art., although for tourists from the same Moscow to live in such conditions will be quite difficult. That is why it is possible to determine which atmospheric pressure is considered elevated and which atmospheric pressure is considered reduced, only in relation to a specific person.

Changes in atmospheric pressure affect weather-dependent people, of whom there are about 4 billion today. Sharp fluctuations cause a deterioration in health and the following symptoms:

• irritability, headache and drowsiness;
• increased blood clotting;
• numbness of the limbs, joint pain;
• breathing difficulties and heart palpitations;
• increased vascular tone and their spasms, circulatory disorders;
• visual impairment;
• nausea and dizziness;
• an excess of oxygen in the tissues and blood;
• rupture of the eardrum;
• problems with the gastrointestinal tract.

As a rule, fluctuations in atmospheric pressure are accompanied by changes in weather conditions, which is why weather-dependent people feel bad before precipitation, storms, and thunderstorms. That is why the importance of atmospheric pressure for a person is very important.

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How pressure affects people

Atmospheric pressure over 760 millimeters of mercury. Art. considered elevated. Many of these changes feel unsettled. It is especially noticeable in people with various neuropsychiatric diseases.

In some European countries the police keep a close eye on fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, as the number of offenses begins to increase on such days and hours. During this time, more car accidents occur as the reaction speed of drivers decreases. The concentration of attention is deteriorating, resulting in an increased risk of various kinds of emergencies in production and industrial disasters associated with the human factor. Most often on such days, people suffer from insomnia.

Hypotonic patients feel bad: the pressure decreases, breathing becomes deep, the pulse quickens. Problems with the gastrointestinal tract begin, as peristalsis decreases.

Low atmospheric pressure and well-being

Low atmospheric pressure is considered to be below 760 mm Hg. Art. A sharp decrease in pressure is dangerous for hypertensive patients and people suffering from atherosclerosis, since at such moments oxygen starvation begins, an increase in the number of blood cells and blood thickening occurs. The cardiovascular system begins to work under conditions of increased stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, arrhythmia, and an increase in heart rate. This affects the elderly. On such days, the number of strokes and heart attacks increases.

Headaches and migraines occur, which are often impossible to remove with pills. With a sharp decrease in atmospheric pressure, the risk of asthma attacks in asthmatics and allergy sufferers increases.

Less sensitive, younger and relatively healthy people feel drowsiness and lack of energy.

Most often, people suffering from weather dependence have excess weight. Also, those who poorly monitor the state of their body, move little, watch TV for a long time or work at a computer, and have reduced immunity are also susceptible to this ailment. For them, even slight deviations can be noticeable. At the same time, normal weather pressure for a person cannot be maintained even during the day, since it decreases in the morning and evening.

To get rid of meteorological dependence, first of all, you need to eat right. Vitamin B6, potassium and magnesium will help to cope with reactions to weather changes, strengthen the cardiovascular system, support the nervous system and reduce sensitivity during overload. It is also recommended to reduce the load on the body and switch to a diet with a reduced meat content. It is necessary to monitor your diet, avoid eating fatty, fried, sweet, salty foods. Refusing spices for a while will also not be superfluous. It is known, for example, that hot red pepper can increase blood pressure. Strengthen meteorological dependence nicotine and alcohol.

At times of change in weather and changes in atmospheric pressure, it is worth abandoning unnecessary physical exertion: cycling, jogging, excessive work on suburban area etc.

In the fight against weather dependence help:

• physiotherapy. For example, hardening procedures can be carried out even at home. The blood vessels and nervous system will be strengthened by a contrast shower, cold water rubdowns, swimming in the pool, mud procedures and therapeutic baths. Massage and acupuncture, of course, help you relax;
• regular classes various types gymnastics: yoga, qigong, tai chi, etc.
• walks every day in the fresh air, going out into nature and relaxing;
• the correct mode of the day, sleep and wakefulness, work and rest;
• careful attitude to your mental health and nervous system, creating a favorable atmosphere around.

To maintain health, there are natural preparations: ginseng, deer antler extract, eleutherococcus, honey and bee products. However, before taking natural supplements, you should always consult with your doctor.

Those suffering from meteorological dependence should listen more to their body and try to take care of their health, and then any barometer readings will mean good atmospheric pressure for a person.

A person lives on the surface of the Earth, so his body is constantly under stress due to the pressure of the atmospheric air column. When they do not change, he does not feel heaviness. But in a certain category of people experiencing real suffering. Reduced or increased atmospheric pressure does not affect a person in the best way, disrupting certain functions of the body.

Although there is no officially registered diagnosis of "weather dependence", we are still subject to weather fluctuations. Changes in the weather make people feel unwell, and in especially difficult situations, people have to visit doctors and drink medicines. It is believed that in 10% of cases, meteorological dependence is inherited, and in the rest it manifests itself due to health problems.

Meteorological dependence of children

Almost always, the dependence of children on weather changes is the result of a difficult pregnancy or childbirth. Unfortunately, the consequences of such a birth remain with the child for a very long time, sometimes for a lifetime. Respiratory diseases, autoimmune diseases, hypertension and hypotension can lead to the fact that a person will be weather dependent all his life. It is very difficult to say exactly how low atmospheric pressure affects people with the same diseases. The manifestation of meteorological dependence is individual in each person.

Increased atmospheric pressure

It is considered elevated pressure, which reaches marks exceeding 755 mm Hg. This information is always available and can be found in the weather forecast. First of all, an increase in atmospheric pressure affects people who are prone to mental illness, and also suffer from asthma. People with cardiac pathologies also feel uncomfortable. This is especially pronounced when the jump in atmospheric pressure occurs very sharply.

How to improve the condition?

It will be useful for weather-dependent people not only to know how pressure affects a person, but also about what to do when it rises. During this period, avoid physical activity and doing sports. It is important to expand the vessels and make the blood more fluid with the help of medications prescribed by the doctor, as well as with hot black tea and a small portion of alcohol, if there are no contraindications. It is better to prefer wine or cognac.

Low atmospheric pressure

When the pressure drops to 748 mmHg, weather-dependent people experience discomfort. Hypotonics become especially ill, they lose strength, nausea and dizziness appear. Reduced atmospheric pressure is also reflected in people with heart rhythm disorders. Their well-being leaves much to be desired, at this time it is more expedient to lie down at home. But worst of all, such a drop affects those people who are prone to depression and suicide. They have an increased sense of anxiety and anxiety, which can lead to sad consequences. That is why it is necessary to know such a feature of your body in order to be able to control your mood.

What to do?

Understanding how low barometric pressure affects people is only half the battle. You need to know what measures to take in this case. First of all, you need to take care of free access fresh air. You can open the window or open the balcony door if there is no way to walk. During such periods, weather-dependent people will be helped by a good, sound sleep. Nutrition also plays an important role. To equalize the ion balance in the body, you need to eat a piece of salted fish or canned cucumber.

Flying in the air

When traveling on various aircraft or climbing a mountain, a person begins to feel stressed and wonders how low atmospheric pressure affects people. The main factor is that the tension of this gas decreases in the arterial blood, which stimulates the receptors of the carotid arteries. The impulse is transmitted to the brain, resulting in an increase in breathing. Thanks to pulmonary ventilation, the body is able to provide oxygen at altitude.

But one rapid and increased breathing is unable to fully compensate for all the difficulties experienced by the body. Overall performance is reduced by two factors:

Most people, being at altitude, are faced with a violation of some physiological functions, which leads to oxygen starvation of tissues. may have various manifestations, but most often it is shortness of breath, nausea, nosebleeds, choking, pain, changes in smell or taste, and arrhythmic heart function.

Understanding how low barometric pressure affects people can help alleviate discomfort and improve overall well-being. The manifestation of altitude sickness can occur through dysfunction gastrointestinal tract. A greater amount of oxygen can be transported due to the fact that at heights a person has an increased activity of hematopoietic organs. In order to fully assess how atmospheric pressure affects, it is necessary to take into account other factors: temperature, humidity, radiation fluxes and wind speed, precipitation, and others.

Sudden changes in temperature indicators are also not the best way to reflect on the condition of people. Particularly sensitive to such changes are "cores", as well as those people who have suffered heart attacks or strokes. During these periods, it is necessary to limit physical activity and follow a low-salt diet. Air temperature is perceived by the human body in different ways, it depends on humidity. If it is elevated, the heat is worse tolerated. For air humidity big influence provide precipitation. Weather-dependent people during this period may experience weakness and headaches.