Groundwater is formed. How does groundwater form?

Groundwater is formed by filtration into the soil precipitation and water penetrating from open reservoirs. As well as water vapor condensate formed in the soil from the atmosphere. During filtration, a slow destruction of the soil occurs - washing out of its small particles (suffusion). In hydrogeology, there are 2 types of it:

Negative impact of groundwater.

Mechanical suffusion - detachment small particles rocks with a stream of water and their removal, in suspension, into the pores of another layer of rock.
Chemical suffusion is the dissolution of salts and carbonates found in the soil. As a result, the salinity of groundwater increases.

As a result of prolonged filtration, the soil settles, forming dips.

An aquifer is a soil that, when opened by a mine, is capable of releasing water. Waterproof - soil through which water is not filtered.

There are practically no impervious soils, since each layer contains voids, which are gradually filled with water filtered from atmospheric precipitation.

This is how groundwater is formed. This is especially true during periods of snowmelt and heavy rains.

Soils such as gravel, limestone, pebbles, sandy and weathered rocks have high water permeability. Clay layers and non-weathered rocks are considered impermeable. Semi-permeable rocks include loams, loess, clayey sands, and marls.

Regardless of water permeability, each upper layer of rock is the roof of the layer below. A decrease in groundwater reserves occurs in the absence of precipitation in the form of rain or winter with little snow and the presence of vegetation cover. If there is a slope on the terrain, then the vegetation cover delays its runoff and it, filtering into the ground, replenishes water supplies.

Classification

Classification is underway:

according to the method of occurrence,
by mineralization,
on chemical composition.

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Method of occurrence

Leadership scheme.

Verkhovodka is soil moisture. Groundwater is formed and replenished due to atmospheric precipitation and replenishment from nearby reservoirs. In dry years, due to lack of precipitation, it practically disappears. Usually it is located above the first water-resistant layer of soil. Use it for public water supply drinking water it is impossible, as it is polluted with organic suspensions. In places where the first water-resistant layer ends, the perched water disappears, flowing into the lower horizons. If the waterproof layer comes to the surface, then there is a possibility of the formation of swamps. Reclamation of this area is required.

When voids are completely saturated with water, layers of soil water are created in the soil:

Groundwater - partially polluted, occupy the first aquifer from the surface of the earth.
interstratal waters. They lie in the aquifer, between 2 waterproof layers: the underlying and the roof.
Artesian groundwater.
Soil water completely fills all the voids in the aquifer and, when it is opened by a mine, rises in it above the opening mark. This level, established in the well, is called piezometric. If created high pressure, then groundwater is ejected from the mine by a fountain.

When conducting prospecting work, it is determined in the spring, when it is the highest and the snow melts intensively. Basically, it is determined by measuring the distance from the soil surface to the water surface in the nearest wells, wells.

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Definition of mineralization

For determining physical and chemical properties groundwater is examined for color, smell, taste, temperature and impurities.

Before attributing the studied groundwater to any class, a study is carried out for the presence of bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride anions and calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium cations in it.

» new types of water. Visiting today - The groundwater. We will talk about what groundwater is, where it comes from and where it goes. Along the way, we will dispel a couple of common misconceptions about groundwater.

Groundwater is the collective name for various deposits of water underground. Underground water can be fresh, very fresh, brackish, salty, super-salty (for example, in cryopegs, which we touched upon in the article “Variety of water in the world“).

Common to all types of groundwater: they are located above the impermeable layer of soil. The impermeable soil layer is the soil that contains a large number of clay (impervious to water) or solid rock soil with a minimum number of cracks.

If you go outside and spread a sheet of polyethylene on the ground, you get nothing more than a model of a waterproof soil layer. If water is poured onto polyethylene, it will collect in depressions and flow from higher places to lower ones. A model of groundwater distribution will be obtained. And if you make several holes of different sizes in polyethylene, you get a model for the penetration of upper water into the underlying horizons.

Similarly, groundwater reserves are formed where the impermeable layer creates depressions. Underground rivers are formed from higher depressions to lower ones. In places where the waterproof layer is interrupted, the upper waters descend to the lower level.

In the form of a figure, this can be represented as follows:

Now about where the groundwater comes from.

Main source: rain. Rain falls, soaks into the ground. Water penetrates through the loose upper loose layers of soil and accumulates in the depressions of the upper waterproof layer of the earth. This type of water is called "perch water". It strongly depends on the weather - if it rains often, there is water. If it rains less often, there is little or no water at all. It is also the most polluted layer of underground water, since filtration through the soil was minimal, and the water contains everything - oil products, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. etc. The depth of occurrence of this type of water is mainly from 2 to 10 meters.

Further, in places of rupture of the upper waterproof layer, rainwater enters lower aquifers. Their number is different, the depth of occurrence is also very different. So, the upper limit starts from 30 meters and can reach 300 and deeper. By the way, for example, in Ukraine, individuals are prohibited from using water deeper than 300 meters, since this is the country's strategic reserve.

An interesting pattern is that the deeper the aquifer is located, the less often there are places of connection with the upper layers. So, for example, in the Sahara Desert, groundwater is used that has fallen underground in Europe. Another pattern is that the deeper the water, the cleaner it is and the less it depends on precipitation.

It is often believed that groundwater is located in voids. It happens, but mostly groundwater is a mixture of sand, gravel, other minerals, and lots of water.

It was said where groundwater comes from, how it is moved, but it was not said where it goes. And they disappear either even deeper underground, or pour out to the surface in the form of springs, springs, geysers, springs and other similar phenomena. So, for example, the Dnieper originates from underground somewhere in Belarus. Near Cape Aya (Crimea, not far from Sevastopol), there is a source fresh water beating into the sea. I didn’t see it myself (he is kept secret :), but the diver said: you dive with a bottle, open it under water with the neck down, fresh water is drawn in there.

In addition to the natural types of groundwater outlets, there are also artificial ones. These are wells. And this is connected with wells interesting phenomenon like artesian water. For a long time, in France, in Artez, a well was drilled in search of water. And the water began to beat from the well in a fountain. That is, artesian waters are waters that rise from the ground without the help of pumps. There are few such cases, most often non-pressure wells come across.

So, like everything in nature, groundwater has a beginning, a change and an end - it gets underground with rain, travels underground from layer to layer and eventually pours out to the surface.

Groundwater cycle, so to speak 🙂

Groundwater includes all waters located in the earth's crust, regardless of their state of aggregation.

Groundwater is formed mainly as a result of infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, as well as by condensation of water vapor, which penetrates with air into fractured and porous rocks. In addition, there are buried, or relic (otlat. relictus- abandoned), waters preserved from ancient sea basins and buried during the accumulation of thick layers of sediments, as well as thermal waters formed at the last stages of magmatic processes.

Water in rocks is in different forms: in the form of free and sorbed water vapor molecules, weakly sorbed polymolecular films, capillary water and, finally, water capable of moving under the influence of its own weight - gravitational water. The listed forms of water are closely related to different types of pores and cracks.

All rocks have porosity, which is measured by the ratio of the total volume of all types of pores to the total volume of the rock, expressed as a percentage. The porosity of rocks ranges from 20 to 30%.

An important property of rocks is their permeability - the ability to pass water through them. In rocks, gravitational water can move most actively, which moves along the largest pores and cracks. Taking into account the possibility of its movement, permeable and impermeable rocks are distinguished. The former include sands, pebbles, fissured limestones and other rocks, while the waterproof ones include clays and massive crystalline rocks.

A permeable rock containing water is called an aquifer, or a reservoir, a waterproof rock is called an aquifer. The impermeable rock that covers the aquifer from above is called roofing, and the underlying from below - his sole.

The gravitational water that fills the pores of the collector can be under pressure, and then they talk about pressure waters, or pressure aquifers. If there is no pressure, then the aquifers are called non-confined. In this case, water can move only under the influence of its own gravity. Water under pressure is able to rise to a height that balances this pressure (the effect of communicating vessels).

The absolute height of the rise of pressure water is called the piezometric level. As a rule, the pressure value in the aquifer is due to the relatively high position of the horizon feeding area. If such a horizon is opened by drilling, then the water in the borehole will rise to the level at which the feeding area is located. Such waters are called artesian (after the name of the province of Artois in northwestern France, where such a well was first drilled).

A tectonic trough, in the geological structure of which there is one or usually several confined aquifers, is called an artesian basin.

An example is the Moscow artesian basin, in the cavernous limestones of the Carboniferous age of which there are three pressure aquifers of high quality fresh water, separated by water-resistant clays.

The upper groundwater horizon is called the groundwater horizon. This horizon has only an underlying water-resistant layer and is formed due to infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, which lingers on the water-resistant layer. Therefore, the mirror (upper level) of groundwater is located at different depths depending on the terrain and the amount of precipitation.

Above the water table during rainy or snowmelt periods due to slow filtration of rain or spring melt water a “hanging” (without aquiclude) thin horizon of the so-called perched water may appear. This horizon exists for a short time in certain seasons of the year.

Groundwater confined to a system of aquifers separated by layers of water-resistant rocks is called interstratal, or simply reservoir. As noted earlier, they can be pressure and non-pressure.

AT mountainous countries there are fissure waters associated with fractured areas of crystalline massifs, as well as juvenile waters associated with post-volcanic processes. The sources of these waters, enriched with various mineral compounds and often possessing increased radioactivity, such as, for example, the sources of the district Mineralnye Vody in the North Caucasus, are used for therapeutic and Belneological purposes.

In those places where aquifers come to the surface, springs are formed. Among them, there are sources of groundwater and non-pressure interstratal waters, which are called descending, and sources of pressure waters, called ascending.

On the continents, they form a continuous shell, which is not interrupted even in areas of dry steppes and deserts. Like surface waters, they are in constant motion and participate in the general water cycle in nature.

The construction and operation of most surface structures and all underground structures are associated with the need to take into account the movement of groundwater, their composition and condition. Physical and mechanical properties and the state of many rocks depend on groundwater. They often flood construction pits, ditches, trenches and tunnels, and, when they come to the surface, they contribute to the swamping of the territory. Groundwater can be an aggressive environment in relation to rocks. They are the main cause of many physicogeological processes that occur in vivo, in the process of construction and operation of engineering structures.

Distinguish:

drinking water- water, according to its quality in natural state or after processing that meet regulatory requirements and are intended for drinking and domestic needs of a person, or for the production of food products. This type of water also includes mineral natural table water, which includes groundwater with a total mineralization of not more than 1 g/dm3, which does not require water treatment or does not change its natural composition after water treatment.

Technical groundwater - waters of various chemical composition (from fresh to brines) intended for use in production, technical and technological purposes, the quality requirements of which are established by state or industry standards, technical conditions or consumers.

Groundwater is also divided into:

Groundwater is mainly formed as a result of infiltration (infiltration) of precipitation and surface water into the earth's crust. Water passes through permeable rocks to an impermeable layer and accumulates on it, forming an underground pool or stream. This underground water is called infiltration. The amount of infiltration water depends on climatic conditions terrain, topography, vegetation, rock composition of the upper strata, their structure and texture, as well as the tectonic structure of the area. Infiltration groundwater is the most common.

Underground water can also be formed by condensation of vaporous water constantly circulating in the pores of rocks. Condensation underground water is formed only in summer and partially in spring and autumn, and in winter it is not formed at all. A.F. Lebedev explained the formation of significant reserves of underground water in the zones of deserts and semi-deserts, where the amount of precipitation is negligible, by condensation of water vapor. Not only atmospheric water vapor can condense, but also water vapor released from magma chambers and other high-temperature zones of the earth's crust. Such groundwater is called juvenile .

Juvenile groundwater is usually highly mineralized. In the course of geological development in the thickness of the earth's crust, buried water basins. The water contained in the sedimentary strata of these basins is called relic.

Groundwater generation is a complex process that begins with the accumulation of precipitation and is closely related to geological history district. Very often, groundwater of various origins mix with each other, forming mixed on the origin of water.

The upper part of the earth's crust from the point of view of the distribution of groundwater is usually divided into two zones: the aeration zone and the saturation zone. In the aeration zone, not all pores of rocks are always filled with water. All waters of the aeration zone are fed by atmospheric precipitation, intensively evaporate and are absorbed by plants. The amount of water in this zone is determined by climatic conditions. In the saturation zone, regardless of climatic conditions, all the pores of rocks are always filled with water. Above the saturation zone there is a subzone of capillary moistening. In this subzone, thin pores are filled with water, while large pores are filled with air.

In the aeration zone, soil water and perched water are formed. soil water lies directly at the surface of the earth. This is the only water that does not have an aquiclude under it and is represented mainly by bound and capillary water. Soil water is in a complex relationship with animals and plants. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature, the presence of microorganisms and humus. Builders encounter soil water only in wetlands.

Verkhovodka formed in the aeration zone on waterproof lenses. Verkhovodka is also called any temporary accumulation of water in the aeration zone. Atmospheric precipitation penetrating this zone can temporarily linger on poorly permeable or compacted layers. Most often this happens in the spring during the period of snowmelt or during the period of heavy rains. During dry periods, the perch may disappear.

The characteristic features of perched water are the inconstancy of existence, limited distribution, low power. Verkhovodka often creates difficulties for builders, since the presence or possibility of its formation is not always established during engineering geological surveys. The resulting perched water can cause flooding of engineering structures, swamping of territories.

Ground called water, lying on the first permanent water-resistant layer from the surface of the earth. Groundwater is always present. They have a free water surface called groundwater mirror, and waterproof bed. The projection of the groundwater table onto a vertical plane is called groundwater level (U G V). The distance from the aquiclude to the groundwater level is called the thickness of the aquifer.

The level of groundwater, and, consequently, the thickness of the aquifer, is not constant and can change throughout the year depending on climatic conditions. Groundwater is fed mainly by atmospheric and surface waters, but they can also be mixed, infiltration-condensation. The area of the earth's surface from which surface and atmospheric water flows into an aquifer is called food area ground water. The area of groundwater recharge always coincides with the area of their distribution. Groundwater, due to the presence of a free water surface, is free-flowing, i.e., the water level in the well is set at the same level at which water was encountered.

Depending on the conditions of occurrence of groundwater, groundwater flows and pools are distinguished. Ground flows have an inclined mirror and are in continuous motion towards the slope of the aquiclude. Ground pools have a horizontal mirror and are much less common.

Groundwater, being in constant motion, has a close relationship with surface watercourses and reservoirs. In areas where precipitation prevail over evaporation, groundwater usually feeds rivers. underground drinking aquifer artesian

In arid regions, very often water from rivers enters the groundwater, replenishing underground streams. may exist and mixed type connections, when groundwater feeds the river from one bank, and water from the river enters the ground stream from the other. The nature of the relationship may vary depending on climatic and some other conditions.

When designing and constructing engineering structures, it is necessary to take into account groundwater regime, i.e., the change in time of indicators such as fluctuations in the level of groundwater, temperature and chemical composition. The level and temperature of groundwater are subject to the greatest changes. The reasons for these changes are very diverse and often directly related to the construction activities of man. Climatic factors cause both seasonal and long-term changes in groundwater levels. Floods on rivers, as well as reservoirs, ponds, irrigation systems, canals, drainage structures lead to a change in the groundwater regime.

The position of the groundwater table on the maps is depicted using hydroisohypses and hydroisobats. Hydroisohypses-- lines connecting points with the same absolute groundwater levels. These lines are similar to the contour lines of the relief and, like them, reflect the relief of the groundwater table. The hydroisohypse map is used to determine the direction of groundwater movement and to determine the value of the hydraulic gradient.

The direction of groundwater movement is always perpendicular to the hydroisohypses from higher to lower elevations. The directions in which groundwater moves during a steady motion that does not change in time are called current lines. If the streamlines are parallel to each other, then such a stream is called flat. The flow can also be convergent and divergent. The smaller the distance between hydroisohypses, the greater the hydraulic gradient of the soil flow. Hydroisobats- lines connecting points with the same depth of groundwater.

Interstratal Groundwater refers to aquifers that lie between two aquicludes. They may or may not be pushy.

Interstratal non-pressure waters are rare. By the nature of the movement, they are similar to groundwater. Interstratal pressure waters are called artesian. The occurrence of artesian waters is very diverse, but the most common is synclinal.

Artesian water always fills the entire aquifer from the bottom to the roof and does not have a free water surface. The area of distribution of one or more levels of artesian aquifers is called artesian basin. The areas of artesian basins are huge and are measured in tens, hundreds, and sometimes thousands of square kilometers.

In each artesian basin, there are areas of nutrition, distribution and discharge. The feeding area of artesian basins is usually located at greater distances from the center of the basin and at higher elevations.

It never coincides with the area of their distribution, which is sometimes called the pressure area. Artesian waters experience hydrostatic pressure due to the difference in the elevations of the supply area and the discharge area, according to the law of communicating vessels. The level at which artesian water is established in the well is called piezometric.

Its position is determined piezometric line, or a pressure line, a conditional straight line that connects the supply area with the unloading area. If the piezometric line passes above the surface of the earth, then when the aquifer is opened by wells, flowing will occur, and the pressure is called positive.

When the piezometric level is located below the surface of the earth, then the pressure is called negative, and water does not pour out of the well. Artesian waters tend to be more mineralized and less connected to surface streams and water bodies than groundwater.

Fractured waters called groundwater confined to fractured igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The nature of their movement is determined by the size and shape of cracks. Fissure waters can be non-pressure and pressure. They are unstable and can change the nature of the movement. The erosion and dissolution of rocks lead to the expansion of cracks, and the crystallization of salts and the accumulation of sediments - to their narrowing. Fissure water flow can reach 500 m3/h. Fissure waters create significant difficulties in the construction of underground structures.

Groundwater sources

As a result of the overflow of the aquifer, water is poured onto the surface of the earth in the form of groundwater sources (springs, springs). Some sources appear only after heavy rains and dry up quickly after the end of precipitation.

Hundreds of millions of liters of water flow from artesian basins to the surface every day.

The springs are not limited to surface waters. Recently, scientists have discovered hot springs in the oceans at a depth of about 2.5 km, mainly along mid-ocean ridges. Hot water(over 300 degrees Celsius) from these springs is rich in minerals and sulfur, creating a unique ecosystem where the unusual and exotic thrive. undersea world.

How are sources formed?

Groundwater sources can flow from various aquifers. There are many small springs and springs.

The largest springs are formed in karst...

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Underground water sources

general characteristics underground water sources

Groundwater is water that is found in the upper layers of the earth's crust. Groundwater is formed as a result of infiltration of atmospheric and surface water into the ground.

These waters practically do not contain suspension, in most cases they are colorless, but almost always highly mineralized, containing salts of calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese. Groundwater is classified both by individual characteristics and by the nature of their movement in the thickness of the aquifer.

Based on qualitative and quantitative characteristics, they can be classified according to the nature of occurrence, temperature, chemical composition, and degree of mineralization.

According to the nature of occurrence, groundwater can be divided into perched water (water of the aeration zone), groundwater and artesian.

Verkhovodka, lying near the surface of the earth (1 - 5 m), cannot serve as a reliable source ...

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These are waters located in the rocks of the earth's crust. There are much more underground waters than surface waters of land - rivers, lakes, swamps. They arise due to the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation into the depths of the earth. The most important condition groundwater formation - the ability of rocks to pass water. Distinguish between permeable and impervious (impervious) rocks.
Water permeability of rocks
Rocks that allow water to pass through are called permeable. These are loose porous (sand, pebbles, gravel) or hard but fractured rocks (limestone, sandstone, shale). The larger the particles and pores, the better the water permeability. Rocks that do not allow water to pass through are impervious, or waterproof. These are clays or any non-cracked hard rocks.Water from the surface seeps through permeable rocks until it encounters impervious layers in its path. Here it lingers, gradually filling the pores or cracks of permeable rocks. Layers saturated...

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The groundwater

Underground water. There are underground rivers, seas and lakes on the planet.
There are rivers that flow underground only occasionally appearing on the surface of the planet. There are many such rivers all over the world. Underground there are rivers, lakes and even seas.

How is groundwater formed?

When rains and downpours fall over earthly spaces, water enters the soil. Part evaporates again into the sky, and the rest penetrates deep into the earth. Seeping through the thickness of rocks, water slowly moves down. When it reaches the granite layers, it is in this place that water accumulates. A river is formed when the granite layer is at an angle, and lakes are formed when streams meet a basin in their path.

Underground rivers can flow many hundreds of kilometers. Such big river exists in the Sahara. Recently, scientists have reported that it is possible that an underground river flows under the Amazon.

Sometimes these rivers come to the ground in the form of a spring, a geyser and even a waterfall. River flowing under...

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610 Groundwater Sources

Groundwater is the water of the upper part of the earth's crust (up to a depth of 12-16 km)

They are in the pores and cavities of rocks in a liquid, solid or vapor state They are formed mainly from seepage into the depths of precipitation during rains or melting snow and ice from magma On plains composed of sedimentary rocks, Your property usually alternates layers of different water permeability Some of them easily pass water (sands, gravel, pebbles) and are called permeable, others retain water (clays, crystalline schists) and are called water-permeable On impervious rocks the ox lingers, fills the gaps between the particles of permeable rock and forms an aquifer. There may be several such horizons in the same area, sometimes 10-1 10-15.

Under the terms...

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Land waters are rivers, lakes, reservoirs, glaciers, swamps, and groundwater (Table 1).

Table 1. Land waters

The groundwater

Among the land waters, the largest reserves are groundwater, the total reserves of which amount to 60 million km3. Groundwater can be in a liquid, solid, or vapor state. They are located in the soil and in the rocks of the upper part of the earth's crust.

The ability of rocks to pass water depends on the size and number of pores, voids, cracks.

In relation to water, all rocks are divided into three groups: permeable (permeable to water), waterproof (retain water) and soluble.

Soluble rocks are potash and table salts, gypsum, limestone. When groundwater dissolves them, large voids, caves, funnels, wells are formed at a depth (this phenomenon is called karst).

Permeable rocks can be divided into two categories: permeable in their entire mass ...

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Textbook for grade 6

Geography
Geography

§ 41. Groundwater

Remember

What happens to water that falls to the ground with rain? Through which rocks does water seep faster - sands or clays? What are springs (keys)? Why is the water in the spring cold even in summer?

How groundwater is formed. Water in the earth's crust is in three states: liquid, gaseous and solid. Water and water vapor fill the gaps between the rock particles.

Water in the solid state is crystals and layers of ice in frozen rocks.

Groundwater is water found in the rocks of the earth's crust.

There is much more groundwater than surface water on land - rivers, lakes, swamps. They arise due to the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation into the depths of the earth. The most important condition for the formation of groundwater is the ability of rocks to pass water. Distinguish between permeable and waterproof (impervious) rocks ...

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Groundwater Groundwater

Water in the bowels of the Earth is in a liquid, solid and gaseous state. It either freely circulates through the cracks and pores of rocks and soils, obeying gravity, or is physically and chemically bound state with mineral particles of soils, soils and rocks.

Groundwater - water located in the thickness of the earth's crust in all physical states.

Theories and hypotheses of the origin of groundwater

For a long time there were two theories that denied one another - this is the theory of infiltration and the theory of condensation. In the first one, it was stated that the accumulation of groundwater is the result of atmospheric precipitation seeping into the soil and soil, in the second, that the source of groundwater is atmospheric water vapor, which, together with air, enters the cold layers of the earth's crust and condenses there.

According to Lebedev (1919), soil and soil are enriched with water both due to infiltration of atmospheric precipitation and into ...

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The groundwater

All the waters of the earth's crust, located below the surface of the Earth in rocks in gaseous, liquid and solid states, are called groundwater.

Groundwater is part of the hydrosphere - the water shell the globe. They are found in boreholes at depths up to several kilometers. According to V.I. Vernandsky, groundwater can exist up to a depth of 60 km due to the fact that water molecules, even at a temperature of 2000 ° C, are dissociated by only 2%.

Approximate calculations of fresh water reserves in the bowels of the Earth to a depth of 16 kilometers give a value of 400 million cubic kilometers, i.e. about 1/3 of the waters of the oceans.

The accumulation of knowledge about groundwater, which began in ancient times, accelerated with the advent of cities and irrigated agriculture. The art of building dug wells up to several tens of meters was known for 2000-3000 thousand years BC. in Egypt, Central Asia, India, China. In the same period, there was also a treatment ...

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The volume of groundwater exceeds the volume of surface water on land. Water in the earth's crust can be not only in a liquid state, but also gaseous and in the form of ice. Water turns into ice in frozen rocks.

The reason for the formation of groundwater is the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation through the rocks of the earth's crust. There are rocks that allow water to pass through, and there are those that do not. The former are called permeable, and the latter waterproof.

Rainwater that falls on the surface of the earth seeps through the permeable layers until it meets the impervious layer. As a result, just above the water-resistant layer, rocks are saturated with water and turn into aquifers.

Water-permeable rocks are sand, pebbles, gravel, limestone, sandstone, shale. These rocks are either loose or have cracks. Waterproof are clays and hard rocks in which there are no cracks.

Underground water flows as the surface is inclined - with more...

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CHAPTER 8GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GROUNDWATER

Groundwater includes all water located in the pores and cracks of mountainous cities. They are widely distributed in the earth's crust, and their study has great importance when solving issues: water supply settlements and industrial enterprises, hydrotechnical, industrial and civil construction, land reclamation activities, resort and sanatorium business, etc.

The geological activity of underground waters is great. They are associated with karst processes in soluble rocks, slumping of earth masses along the slopes of ravines, rivers and seas, the destruction of mineral deposits and their formation in new places, the removal of various compounds and heat from deep zones of the earth's crust.

Groundwater, its origin, distribution, migration, qualitative and quantitative changes over time and geological activity are the subject of study of a special science - hydrogeology, one of the branches of geology.

...

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In section: Water | and in subsections: types of water. | Author-compiler of the article: Lev Aleksandrovich Debarkader

We continue to replenish the "Water" section and the "Types of water" subsection with new types of water. Today on a visit - underground waters. We will talk about what groundwater is, where it comes from and where it goes. Along the way, we will dispel a couple of common misconceptions about groundwater.

Common to all interesting types groundwater: they are located above the impermeable layer of soil. A waterproof soil layer is soil that contains a large amount of clay (does not let water through) or solid rock soil with a minimum number of cracks.

If you go outside and spread a sheet of polyethylene on the ground, then ...

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THE GROUNDWATER

Water resources are distinguished by the degree of their suitability for use. To myself high class include those waters that are most stable in time by volume

mu and high quality. Such properties are possessed by underground waters of the upper aquifers from the so-called zone of active water exchange. In addition, there is less risk of contamination sewage, and industrial waste. The less valuable are water resources of surface runoff.

The Crimean peninsula is comparatively poor in fresh underground waters, nevertheless they are of great importance in national economy areas. The distribution and conditions of their formation depend on local, primarily climatic and geological factors. In general, the accumulation of groundwater occurs by infiltration (infiltration) of precipitation that has fallen over a given surface, either as a result of inflow from already formed groundwater, or by penetration into ...

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How does groundwater form?

Groundwater is water that is below the surface of the earth. Them physical state can be anything, but for economic purposes it is liquid liquids that are of interest water reserves. To make optimal use this resource, an answer is required, how groundwater is formed and what types they are.

Groundwater is unevenly distributed. In the deepest layers, which consist of high-density rocks formed by magmatic and metamorphic processes, there is little moisture. Its main part is located in the surface layers, consisting of rocks of sedimentary origin.

The water reserves of the upper part are divided into three more layers. The moisture of the upper layer is most often fresh and is used for various needs. Mineralized waters are found in the middle layer. Below are brines with high mineralization and a significant content of iodine, bromine and some other minerals.

...

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Types of groundwater

Underground water sources, for the most part, are considered strategic water resources.
Aquifers, moving under the influence of their own gravity, form non-pressure and pressure horizons. The conditions of their occurrence are different, which makes it possible to classify them into types: soil, ground, interstratal, artesian, mineral.

Groundwater differences

Soil water fills the pores, cracks and all the gaps between the rock particles. They are considered as a temporary accumulation of drip waters in the surface layer and are not associated with the lower aquifer.

Groundwater - form the first water-resistant horizon from the surface. This layer experiences some fluctuations in different seasons, that is, an increase in the level in the spring-autumn period and a decrease in the hot season.

Interstratal waters, unlike groundwater, have a more constant level over time and lie between two resistant layers.

Filling all...

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