Excursion on the topic “Aquatic and coastal plants. Presentation on the topic: Natural community
Sections: Primary School
Class: 4
Target: formation of a holistic picture of the “bog” ecosystem and awareness of a person’s place in it; education of a citizen.
Tasks:
- reveal knowledge about natural communities;
- expand and systematize knowledge about the swamp as an ecosystem;
- to develop the ability to observe the life of the swamp, to establish cause-and-effect relationships;
- ensure the development critical thinking through the interactive inclusion of students in educational process;
- develop the ability to find information in the text (cognitive UUD)
- education of ecological, informational culture.
Subject results.
establish links between inanimate and living nature, give examples of plants and animals characteristic of a swamp, use a textbook, atlases to search for information, evaluate your own behavior and the behavior of other people in nature, arrange your knowledge in the form of a cluster, model environmental situations evaluate their consequences.
Metasubject results:
The student will have the opportunity to learn: to form the ability to build logical reasoning, draw conclusions, justify the correctness or error of the result, the ability to reason logically, organize and build educational cooperation, the ability to work in a group, the ability to listen to a partner.
Personal UUD:
to form an interest in the knowledge of the world around; understanding the moral content of one's own actions, the actions of people around; acceptance of the value of the natural world, nature protection, understanding of the beauty of the nature of Russia and the native land.
Regulatory UUD:
to act in educational cooperation; control and evaluate their actions when working with visual material.
Cognitive UUD:
find ways to solve a problem in collaboration with classmates; compare and classify objects according to independently selected criteria; bring the analyzed objects under the concepts of different levels of communication.
Communicative UUD:
focus on the partner's position in communication and interaction; ability to negotiate common decision when working in a group; consider other opinions.
Characteristics of the activities of students:
- set the learning task of the lesson;
- extract necessary information from the textbook and additional sources about the natural community and discuss the information received;
- characterize the human impact on natural communities;
- analyze the impact modern man on nature
Equipment: textbook "The World Around" by Poglazov, 4th grade, computer, projector, screen, presentation, audio recording, herbaria, atlas, physical map of Russia.
Software:
- Multimedia Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius.
- Multimedia encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius for children.
Lesson type: combined lesson on an activity basis.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
Psychological mood for the lesson (1-2 min.)
We start right on time
Our favorite lesson.
Let's take hands together,
And we smile at each other.
II. Updating of basic knowledge(5 - 7 min.)
III. Formulation of the problem(topics) (1 – 2 min.) CHALLENGE STAGE
1. Riddle:
Everyone bypasses this place:
Here is the land
Like dough;
There are sedges, hummocks, mosses…
No leg support.
(Swamp.)
2. Lead-in dialogue
- What did you imagine when I said "swamp"? Reception "Cluster"
Why did I put a question mark?
- The task of our lesson: Find out if the swamp will be a natural community.
–
How do we start work on the topic of natural communities? (You need to make a plan or algorithm)
- Remember the algorithm of work on the topic " natural community»
- What is a swamp?
- Vegetable world swamps
- Animal world swamps
- Food chains and natural balance
- Man and swamp
- Ecological page
- In the world of interesting.
- What does an ecosystem consist of?
IV. "Discovery" of knowledge. STAGE OF REFLECTION
1. Working with the text of the textbook:
Using the technique "Insert": group work
– Reading with notes of the text in the textbook
1 group "Botany" p.25 - 26 - What is the peculiarity of swamp plants?
2 group "Zoologists" p. 27 - 28 - What is the peculiarity of swamp animals?
3 group "What swamps give to a person" p. 29
4 group "Environmentalists" p. thirty
The second stage - REMEMBER CONTENTS(aimed at maintaining interest in obtaining new information, gradual progress from knowledge of the "old" to the "new").
– Each group presents its answer in the form of a cluster or a table.
"Zoologists"
"Nerds"
- Using the herbarium, they talk about the plants of the swamp. Conclusion: moisture-loving.
–
Can we now conclude that a swamp is an ecosystem? Recall the full definition of an ecosystem (the unity of animate and inanimate nature, in which the community of living organisms different professions able to work together to support matter cycle). Prove that the circulation of substances in the swamp exists.
group work
The teams in the envelopes have pictures of representatives of different "professions" of the swamp. Make up a food chain.
Two teams have the names of representatives of different swamp professions. You need to decide who will be who in the food chain and show a “living” chain.
- So, what conclusion can be drawn? The swamp is an ecosystem, because all its parts are present in it and there is a circulation of substances.
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Slides captions:
ba i k a l t r o s t n i c flaming water meter
NATURAL COMMUNITY - SWAMP.
A swamp is a special natural community that is formed due to excess water in the soil.
Vasyugan swamp
moss sphagnum
Plan: 1. What is a swamp? 2. What plants and animals live in the swamp? 3. What is the importance of swamps for nature and man?
Preview:
The world 4th grade
Topic: The natural community is a swamp.
Goals: 1. To form an idea about the natural community - a swamp, the diversity of plants and animals of the swamp, about the relationship between them.
2. develop attention, ecological thinking, the ability to identify cause-and-effect relationships and dependencies, search for and highlight information, goal setting, planning.
3. foster a sense of responsibility for the preservation of the beauty and diversity of nature.
Lesson type:
Lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge
Used equipment:
Herbariums of swamp plants, map of natural areas, individual cards.
Used CORs:
multimedia presentation,
During the classes:
Organizing time
What is the name of the section in the textbook we are studying? ("Journey Through Natural Communities")
What natural communities do we already know? (seas, oceans, lakes)
Do you think the natural community still exists?
And what is it called, you will find out by solving a crossword puzzle.
- Name the most large lake Russia (Baikal)
- what kind of lakes plant does a person use like construction material? (cane)
- Name a rare beautiful lake bird (flamingo)
- A bug that runs on the surface of the water and hunts for midges and mosquitoes. (water strider)
- Waterfowl (duck)
- Small omnivorous lake fish (roach)
So what's the word? What natural community will we learn about today?
Read the topic of the lesson (slide 3)
Based on the topic, set learning objectives. What should you learn in class today?
So, today in the lesson we will find out: (slide 4)
1. What is a swamp?
2. What plants and animals live in the swamp?
3. What is the importance of swamps for nature and man?
New topic
1 .- What does a person represent with the word "swamp"? (dirt, bog, insects, etc.)
It's in literally, and in figurative meaning What meaning do people put into this word? (something bad)
- So what is a swamp?(children's guesses) (bog slides)
Open textbook page 26 read 1 paragraph
So what is a swamp?
(A swamp is a special natural community that is formed due to excess water in the soil. (slide)
- What do you think, in what naturalswamps are most common in the zone? Why? (because there is a lot of moisture, tundra, forest - show on the map)
She prepared a short message for us about one of these places ... (a child’s message about the Vasyugan swamp
In the very center of the Siberian federal district the Great Vasyugan swamp is spread. It is the largest swamp in the globe. Its area is 53 thousand square kilometers. In such a space, the state of Switzerland would easily fit. Vasyugan swamp is located on the territory of the Tomsk region. It originated about nine thousand years ago. Initially, 19 separate swamps were located on its territory, which have now merged into a continuous water massif and the swamping process continues.)
- What did you learn from the message?
2.- What types of plants are found in swamps?(herbaceous: reed, sedge, reed, cattail; shrubs: rosemary, blueberry, cranberry - herbarium display)
Which common property in all swamp plants? Why? (moisture-loving, because the soil is highly moistened)
She prepared a message for us about another such plant ... (child's message about moss)
(Almost the entire surface of the swamps is covered with moisture-loving plants. Moss is one of the most ancient plants; instead of roots, they have small outgrowths with which they attach to the soil. What seems to us to be leaves, the moss actually has its branches, on which scales are located - leaves Mosses do not bloom, reproduce by spores, All year round mosses are green. When drought sets in, sphagnum moss turns white. But if it rains, it will turn green again. Moss can go without water for several years. You can use this plant in construction. In villages, when laying log houses, moss is laid between the logs to insulate the dwelling.
During the war, doctors used moss instead of bandages and cotton. Moss pulled pus from wounds, disinfected them. So many Soviet soldiers were saved.)
- So what plant were you talking about?speech? What interesting things did you find out?
Fizminutka
Back to our plan, what's the next question we need to answer? (animals that live in swamps)
The swamp is a paradise for breeding various insects.
- What groups of animalsstill live in the swamp, we will find out from the textbook article on page 26 starting from paragraph 2 to page 27(independent reading)
Now open TPO on page 9 No. 15 . What do they propose to do?
Write out the representatives of these groups from the article you read.
- So name the representatives different groups animals that live in swamps.
- What do you think, and on the territoryAre there swamps in our area? (area map)
How are swamps marked on the map? (dotted lines)
Look at the map of our region and tell me where swamps are most common?
(Bogs occupy 28% of the region's territory. They are widespread in the southeast within the Middle Amur lowland, as well as along riverbeds, penetrating into mountainous areas.)
3. - We came to the conclusion that a variety of living organisms live in swamps, but we need to find out how these organisms are related to each other. Make a food chain. (work in pairs)
- Think and say, can we break this relationship? What happens if one link is removed from the food chain?
Back to our plan, what is the third question we need to answer? (plan slide)
So, we got acquainted with the plants and animals of the swamps. Let's think about what role swamps play, do they need nature?
D / s you will find the answer to this question at home on page 28, and also discuss the meaning of swamps by completing the task in TPO on page 9 No. 16
Outcome: What are the learning objectives we set for ourselves today?
What new and unexpected things did you learn?
What is a swamp?
What common property do all marsh plants have?
What animals live in the swamp?
The swamp is a natural community widespread in our country. Look at physical map Russia: what a significant area is occupied by swamps. Wet place, hummocks, bog, reed thickets, rare bushes.
How was the swamp formed? Once upon a time there was a small lake in this place, which had no runoff, its banks were quickly overgrown with reeds and cattails. Water lilies and lilies rose from the bottom. Every year, reeds and reeds grew, more and more protruded from the banks to the water, intertwined with stems, closing the water, mosses settled on the stems, they absorbed moisture and the water stagnated. Several decades passed, and the plants completely captured the lake and closed the water. Every year the thickets became thicker. And now a thick layer has formed almost to the very bottom. That is why, when you walk through the swamp, the bumps are so springy, your legs get stuck, just look - you will fail. Maybe the forest stream flowed slowly and gradually overgrown with herbs in the lowlands, or a spring spouted from the ground and soaked everything around with water. That's how water piggy banks appeared in these places - swamps.
A lot of water means that moisture-loving herbs and shrubs began to grow, and animals with birds settle down such as you can only see in the swamp. The surface of some swamps is densely covered with mosses. Especially a lot of water is able to absorb sphagnum moss, which means “sponge” in Greek (Fig. 2).
Sphagnum has a special ability to kill microbes. Therefore, the remains of dead organisms are not completely processed, they accumulate under a layer of moss, compact, and as a result, peat is formed - a combustible mineral. Peat thickness can reach 3-4 meters or more. It is on this peat cushion that other inhabitants of the swamp live. Peat is very saturated with water, and it contains almost no oxygen necessary for the respiration of the roots. Therefore, only a few plants can grow in swamps. Most often, wild rosemary, sedge, and cranberries settle on a thick carpet of moss (Fig. 3-5).
Rice. 3. Marsh rosemary ()
Among swamp plants, cranberries are especially valued. People have been collecting this healing berry for a long time. In addition to cranberries, other tasty berries grow in swamps: blueberries (Fig. 6), cloudberries.
Rice. 6. Blueberry ()
Such herbaceous plants as cotton grass, reed, calamus, bulrush and cattail have adapted to the swamps (Fig. 7, 8).
The cattail has large, dark brown heads that are densely built of raw hairs. Seeds ripen under the hairs, in autumn, when the seeds ripen, the hairs dry out and the head itself becomes very light. You touch it - and light fluff flies around you. On parachutes, cattail seeds scatter in different directions. Even in the last century, life jackets were made from this fluff. And a round packing fabric was made from the stalk of cattail.
Unusual plants are also found in the swamps. Sundew (Fig. 9) and pemphigus are predatory plants.
Sundew catches and eats insects. Insects are fast and mobile, how can this plant threaten them? The small leaves of sundew are covered with small hairs and droplets of sticky juice, similar to dew, which is why the plant was called sundew. The bright color of the leaves and droplets attract insects, but as soon as a mosquito or a fly sits on a plant, it immediately sticks to it. The leaf shrinks, and its sticky hairs suck out all the juices from the insect. Why did the sundew turn into a predator plant? Because on poor marshy soils she lacks nutrients. A day sundew is able to swallow and digest up to 25 mosquitoes.
In a similar way, the Venus flytrap catches prey (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Venus flytrap ()
It has leaflets that close like jaws when one touches the hairs on the surface of the leaves. Since these plants are rare, they need to be protected.
Another trap was invented by pemphigus, they named this plant for the sticky green bubbles that densely cover its thin, thread-like leaves (Fig. 11, 12).
Rice. 11. Vesicles of pemphigus ()
Rice. 12. Pemphigus ()
All the leaves of the plant are in water, there are no roots, and only a thin stalk rises above the surface with yellow flowers. The plant needs bubbles for hunting, and this grass hunts for aquatic inhabitants: small crustaceans, water fleas, ciliates. Each bubble is a cunningly arranged trap and at the same time a digestive organ. A special door closes the vial until some creature touches the hairs of this hole. Then the valve opens and the bubble sucks in the prey. You can't get out of the bubble, the valve, like a door to a room, opens only in one direction. Inside the bubble are glands that produce digestive juice. In this juice, the prey is dissolved and then absorbed by the plant. Bladderwort is very gluttonous. After about 20 minutes, the bubble is ready to capture a new victim.
How did the animals of the swamps adapt to life in wet places? Among the inhabitants of the swamps, a frog is known. The dampness helps the frogs keep their skin constantly moist, and the abundance of mosquitoes provides them with food. Beavers (Fig. 13), water rats settle on the swampy banks of the rivers, you can see the snake and the swamp viper.
Have you heard the saying: "Every sandpiper praises his swamp"? Kulik is a slender bird, similar to a seagull. This bird has protective plumage; with its long beak, the sandpiper finds mosquito larvae hiding there in the mud (Fig. 14).
Often in the swamps you can meet herons (Fig. 15) and cranes (Fig. 16), these birds have long and thin legs, this allows them to walk through the cold mud without falling through.
Herons and cranes feed on frogs, molluscs, worms, which are abundant in the swamp. White partridges love to feast on sweet berries in the swamp, and moose and roe deer like to eat juicy parts of plants.
In the evenings and nights, someone's roar is heard in the swamp, reminiscent of the roar of a bull. What people didn't say about it! As if the water one is screaming or the goblin quarreled with him. Who roars and laughs in the swamp? A small-sized bittern bird roars and hoots terribly (Fig. 17).
The bittern has a very loud cry, spreading for 2-3 kilometers in the vicinity. Bittern lives in reed beds, in reeds. Bittern hunts for crucians, perches, pikes, frogs and tadpoles. For hours, the bittern stands motionless in the thickets near the water and suddenly throws its beak, sharp as a dagger, with lightning speed - and the fish cannot escape. You start looking for a bittern in the swamp - and you will pass by. She will raise her beak vertically, stretch her neck, and you will never distinguish it from a bunch of dry grass or reeds.
But not only the bittern screams at night in the swamp. Here is a bird of prey eagle owl sitting on a branch. It is almost 80 centimeters long (Fig. 18).
This is a night robber and there is no salvation from him for either birds or rodents. This is how he laughs in the swamp when it gets dark.
Residents of swampy places sometimes at night can watch an amazing spectacle of many bluish lights dancing in the swamp. What is it? Researchers have not yet come to consensus about this question. Maybe it's swamp gas igniting. Its clouds will come to the surface and light up in the air.
People have been afraid of swamps for a long time. They sought to drain and use the land for pastures and fields, and thus thought that they were helping nature. Is it so? The swamp is of great benefit. First, it is a natural reservoir fresh water. Streams flowing from the swamps feed big rivers and lakes. When it rains, the mosses of the swamps absorb excess moisture like sponges. And in dry years they save water bodies from drying out. Therefore, often after draining the swamps, rivers and lakes become shallow. Vasyugan swamp - one of the largest swamps in the world, its area more area Switzerland (Fig. 19).
Rice. 19. Vasyugan swamp ()
Located between the rivers Ob and Irtysh. The Vasyugan River originates in this swamp. Rivers such as the Volga, Dnieper, Moskva River also flow from swamps. Secondly, swamps are wonderful natural filters. The water in them passes through thickets of plants, a thick layer of peat and is freed from dust, harmful substances, pathogenic microbes. It enters the rivers from the marshes pure water. Thirdly, valuable berry plants grow in swamps: cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries. They contain sugar, vitamins, minerals. Also grow in swamps medicinal plants. For example, during the Great Patriotic War sphagnum moss was used as a dressing for the rapid healing of wounds. Sundew is used to treat colds and coughs. In addition, the swamp is a natural peat factory, which is used both as a fuel and as a fertilizer.
Remember: you can not approach the wetlands and peat developments in the swamp! It is very dangerous.
Bears, deer, wild boars, elk, roe deer come to the swamps, which also find food for themselves here.
The swamp is the same necessary part of nature as forests and meadows, they also need to be protected. The destruction of swamps will lead to a change in nature on the entire planet. At present, 150 swamps of Russia have been taken under protection.
Today in the lesson you gained new knowledge about the swamp as a natural community and got to know its inhabitants.
Bibliography
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. World around 3. - M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. - M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around 3. - M .: Education.
- Biofile.ru ().
- Liveinternet.ru ().
- Animalworld.com.ua ().
Homework
- What is a swamp?
- Why can't swamps dry up?
- What animals can be found in the swamp?
NATURAL COMMUNITY "BOLOTO"
Swamp... Where did it come from? Swamp... Where did it come from? There used to be a small lake here. Its shores were densely overgrown with reeds, cattails. Water lilies and lilies rose from the bottom. Every year, reeds and reeds grew more and more, stepped on the water from the banks, intertwined with stems. And they closed the water ... Several decades passed, and the plants completely captured the lake, closed the water. Every year the thickets became thicker. And now a thick layer has formed from the interweaving of stems, leaves and herbs - it reaches almost to the bottom. That's why when you walk through the swamp, the bumps spring so. So feet get stuck in liquid mud. Several decades passed, and the plants completely captured the lake, closed the water. Every year the thickets became thicker. And now a thick layer has formed from the interweaving of stems, leaves and herbs - it reaches almost to the bottom. That's why when you walk through the swamp, the bumps spring so. So feet get stuck in liquid mud. Since ancient times, people have been afraid of swamps. They said that goblin, water, kikimors and others live there. fairy creatures. Tussocks, grasses, mosses, water surface, small shrubs and trees on the islands. Everything is frozen. Everything is shrouded in mist. Since ancient times, people have been afraid of swamps. It was said that goblin, water, kikimora and other fabulous creatures live there. Tussocks, grasses, mosses, water surface, small shrubs and trees on the islands. Everything is frozen. Everything is shrouded in mist. People tried to settle away from the swamps, from the "rotten" places, where they often caught colds and got sick. But gradually people realized that the swamps should not be afraid. And the swamps revealed their secrets to man. WHAT IS TORF? The remains of mosses, grasses, stems and leaves of various marsh plants die off from year to year and lie in layers on top of each other. In the water of swamps without access to air, plant residues decompose very slowly. Several tens or hundreds of years pass - and a peat deposit appears in the swamp.
- Peat is a good fuel. Peat, like coal, is a combustible mineral. But peat is also an excellent fertilizer.
SWAMP PLANTS
Sphagnum moss has the property that it absorbs and retains a lot of water. Ten times more than it weighs! Not without reason, translated from Greek, “sphagnos” means “sponge”. Arrowhead Arrowheads - perennial herbaceous plants that grow entirely in water or partially submerged in it. From a short thick rhizomes comes out trihedral stem. It reaches 20-110 cm in length, but at the same time it is completely under water and filled with air-bearing tissue.
In haymaking - bitter,
And in the cold - sweet.
What is a berry?
COWBERRY
Berries and leaves
useful.
The berries contain
a lot of vitamins
and the leaves are used
like medicinal.
Delicate, with a delicate taste. Often, she covers marsh bumps with solid carpets.
BLUEBERRY
She is a close relative of the blueberry. Blueberry bushes are taller than cranberries, and in autumn they also appear in berries.
Ledum
Marsh wild rosemary - evergreen shrub, which reaches a height of 1 meter, has strong smell, which causes instantaneous headache. Its stems are recumbent and have numerous ascending branches.
water pepper
Cotton grass Cotton grass is a perennial plant of the sedge family, with a creeping or shortened rhizome. The name comes from the Greek - bearing fluff. About 20 species are known.
medicinal plants
valerian
medicinal plants
carnivorous flower
SWAMP ANIMALS
The muskrat is a small animal, smaller than our domestic cat, and builds a hut almost a meter high. He sleeps in his hut during the day, and wakes up in the evening, combs his fur with claws and crawls out. Muskrat is listed in the Muskrat is listed in the Red Book
water vole
Swamp Viper The largest recorded chain viper was 1.66 meters in size, but the average length is 1.2 meters. Already marsh Its color is, as a rule, olive with dark spots arranged in a checkerboard pattern. Occasionally there are monochromatic olive or even black individuals. The size of the water snake is up to 1.6 m, but usually 1-1.3 m. Females are larger than males
The swamp is home to frogs.
Kulik is listed
in the Red Book
A cry is heard in the swamp:
Moaning, crying sandpiper.
He is sorry for his swamp,
It's hard to say goodbye to him.
But from close winter blizzards
He must hurry south.
white heron
gray heron
In Siberia, in the swamps, if you are very lucky, you can see the white crane - the Siberian Crane. This is a very rare bird, there are very few Siberian Cranes left, and they are carefully guarded. The Siberian Crane is listed in the Red Book.
red-throated
Shirokonoska
white-eyed
teal whistle
In the evenings and at night someone's roar is heard in the swamp. Silent and scary. As if Someone struck a huge drum - and it hummed. These sounds come from a small, chicken-sized bird called bittern.
Who roars and laughs in the swamp?
A large growth is visible on the branch. Suddenly the head turned and two round yellow eyes stared. This is an owl - a night robber. It is he who laughs so loudly In the swamp when it gets dark. The eagle owl is a very rare bird and needs to be protected.
GUESTS OF THE SWAMP
NATURAL COMMUNITY "BOLOTO" NATURAL COMMUNITY Food chains
SIGNIFICANCE OF SWAMPS FOR HUMANS VALUE OF SWAMPS FOR HUMANS
- Swamps, like huge filters, purify the water.
- Marshes support the level of many rivers.
- The remains of dead plants, decomposing at the bottom without air access, turn into peat.
- Wetlands are natural reservoirs of water.
- Peat is a fuel, fertilizer, bedding for animals, a raw material in chemical plants.
- Wetlands are the habitat of plants and animals.
meadows called groups of plant communities formed by herbaceous plants that develop under average moisture conditions. The plant communities that form the meadows are very diverse. Their diversity is caused by the degree of soil moisture. For example, meadows on highly moistened soils are characterized by a plant community formed by foxtail and marsh bluegrass. For meadows with moderately moist soils, forb-legume or grass-forb plant communities are most typical.
The meadows are dominated by perennial grasses with a strong root system: fescue, bluegrass, hedgehog, foxtail, timothy and others. Lots of herbs from the legume family. Plants from other families also grow, making up the forbs of the meadow. These are bluebells, buttercups, daisies, meadowsyou cornflowers, popovnik, geranium, bedstraw and others.
Plants of forb plant communities of the meadow in most cases form a well-defined turf. The sod consists of tightly closed and intertwined roots and rhizomes of grasses and sedges.
The meadows are used for haymaking and for grazing. The most valuable hay is obtained from those meadows where more than half of all plants in the community are tall cereals and legumes. In areas of meadows where cattle graze, the grass is low. There are many plants rosette and creeping, resistant to trampling.
swamps - these are communities located on land areas excessively moistened by stagnant or running waters, occupied by plants that can develop at high humidity.
Bogs arise either when lakes are overgrown, at the bottom of which peat is formed from dead plants, or when land is swamped, if green mosses and sphagnums settle on the soil.
In the first case, the lake, if its shores are not deep, will overgrow from the edges with reeds, reeds, sedges and other plants. Their stems and leaves, dying off by winter, accumulate peat at the bottom of lakes. The lakes become shallow and gradually turn into continuous grassy swamps. If the lake is deep near the coast, then a carpet of floating plants forms on its surface - cinquefoil, watch, calla and others.
A carpet of intertwined stems of these plants sways under the weight of a person, which is dangerous and should not be stepped on.
Mosses settle on such a peculiar carpet. The lower parts of the mosses, dying, fall to the bottom and gradually fill the entire lake. The lake thus turns into a swamp.
Plants that settle on peat do not contact the soil with their underground organs, which leads to depletion of their mineral nutrition. Only plants survive for which such mineral nutrition is sufficient. A new plant community is being created from swamp shrubs and a few species. herbaceous plants: podbel, cotton grass, marsh myrtle, sundew, blueberry, wild rosemary, cranberry, sedge.
A different plant community arises in those swamps where the roots of plants reach the ground. Many plants of such swamps are of considerable size, such as cattail, horsetail, reed, and others.
The number of plant species inhabiting the plant communities of swamps is quite diverse. grow here different types sedge, rushes, water plantain, umbrella susak, long-leaved ranunculus, marigold, handrail, loosestrife, types of burdock, cinquefoil and many others.
The water in the swamps is cold and heated only from the surface. Particularly cold water in the depths of the swamp, since peat almost does not let through solar heat. Plant roots do not absorb well cold water and, being in water, suffer from its lack. Plants also suffer from a lack of air, because the swamp soil is poor for them. Therefore, only a few plants have adapted well to life in the swamp.
A special group ispond plants.They have a number of features associated with life in the water. Thus, the roots and rhizomes of many aquatic plants have a special tissue with cavities for storing air.
Underwater organs have an enlarged outer surface, which is created by dissecting the leaves into numerous lobes, as in the hornwort and water buttercup, or by forming ribbon-like leaves, as in pondweeds. This structure of organs facilitates and increases the access of oxygen to the plant from water depleted of air.
Coastal plants grow at the very shore of a pond or lake: chastukha, susak, sedge, buttercups. Further, at a shallow depth, reeds and reeds settle. Their roots and lower parts of the stems are usually submerged in water, while the upper parts form tall thickets. Even further, at a much greater depth, grow aquatic plants with floating leaves. This is a water lily with white and a capsule with yellow flowers.
At great depths, many different algae live in the water, and from the flowering ones - hornwort and narrow-leaved pondweeds.
In reservoirs live small flowering plants floating freely on the surface of the water. These are duckweed and pemphigus.
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