The world of reserved nature of Crimea. Crimean reserves

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Many with the word "Crimea" represent only the sea and the beach, but this is only a small part of the peninsula. Its main wealth is nature. It is unique, and therefore most of the territory of Crimea has long become wildlife preserves, nature reserves and national parks. The southern coast, the mountainous Crimea and the steppe are, in fact, three different Crimeas, but all together they make up an amazing land, mysterious and beautiful in all seasons.

The cape is located on the northern coast of the peninsula and is washed by the Sea of Azov. The place is unique not only in nature, but also in the relief and structure of the cape. The cape itself is an ancient limestone reef with indented shores, which continue to be destroyed by the sea and winds, and its surface is covered with virgin steppe. Cold and windy in winter, in spring it is covered with bright stars. amazing beauty tulips Schrenk and Scythian. It was from these Crimean steppes that the flower spread throughout the world, and if the Dutch tulips are the pinnacle of evolution, then the Crimean tulips can be called the progenitors.

The fauna of the Kazantip Reserve is famous for its large number waterfowl and fish of valuable species, and on the seemingly lifeless cliffs lives a very beautiful and rare butterfly - marigold.

Opuk Nature Reserve

On the southern part of the Kerch Peninsula, there is a no less famous reserve - Opuksky, which got its name from the name of the mountain. Mount Opuk is surrounded by tectonic faults, and this, as it were, divides the entire territory into isolated areas, where their natural complexes were formed, which have no analogues in the Crimea.

The primeval steppe, as it was thousands of years ago, has retained its endemics, among them Crimean saffron, Schrenk tulips, Mithridates katran and an endless sea of feather grass.

The fauna of the reserve is rich in all kinds of animals: mammals - well-known to all hares and foxes and rare Mediterranean bats and large horseshoe bats, fish - Black Sea salmon and dolphins of the azov and bottlenose dolphins, birds, of which there are 200 species, and among them are the rarest pink starling, ruddy shelduck and black-headed bunting , and reptiles - yellowbellies and steppe vipers.

But the largest "pearl" of the reserve is considered. amazing view opens before travelers: a narrow spit, on the one hand, a bright blue sea, and on the other, a bright pink lake! It acquired its amazing pink color due to Dunaliella algae, and its silt in its own way medicinal qualities almost the same as the mud of Lake Saki.

Karadag Reserve

Of all the reserves and parks of Crimea, he is the most famous. The thing is that Kara-Dag is an extinct volcano, and on its slopes one can still see frozen lava flows, mineral veins and even a channel through which molten lava flowed millions of years ago. This is, in fact, the geological book of the Earth, because here you can find rock crystal and agates, amethysts and opals, a huge number of different minerals.

Among all the reserves and national parks of Crimea, there is no other place where the rarest, nowhere else found plants would be collected on the same territory: the Poyarkova hawthorn and the Koktebel tulip, the Transhel anthemis, which grows only on volcanic rocks, and the Bieberstein sapling, also called the Crimean edelweiss , relict Pallas sainfoin and underdeveloped limodorum - a rare orchid, relict juniper and pistachio, which are more than one thousand years old.

The animal world is no less rich: hundreds of different species of crustaceans and molluscs, arachnids and butterflies coexist on this land, many birds, reptiles and mammals: a squirrel, a permanent resident of the Crimean forests, and a rare stone marten, hedgehogs and wild boars, hare and roe deer, foxes and rock lizards.

The water area has become home to 80 species of fish and dolphins traditional for the Black Sea, the bottlenose dolphin, the owner of these places, the butterfly dolphin and the azov dolphin, looking into the Black Sea from the Sea of Azov.

Legends are loved in Crimea, and every famous place has its own story. But sometimes they turn out to be very similar to the truth, in any case, no one has yet proven otherwise. One such legend is connected with the Kara-Dag monster. It is known that the underwater part of Kara-Dag has many caves, but even the most experienced divers go down there infrequently. According to legend, it is in one of them that a monster lives. Stories about him came from ancient times, when the Greeks and Byzantines, who settled on the Crimean shores, saw a huge gray snake with a terrible toothy mouth, which easily overtook their sailing ships. The monster was seen by both the Turks and the Russian Admiral Ushakov, who even reported this to the emperor. And of the facts confirmed in our time, there are only two, when fishermen pulled out a dead dolphin in the nets with bite marks that a huge animal could inflict.

And Kara-Dag was also called the Holy Mountain for its ability to heal the sick. Scientists explain this by the fact that geomagnetic energy accumulates in this place, which positively affects all living things.

You can get to Kara-Dag only with a tour, and then only in the area accessible to tourists, most of the reserve is absolutely closed to the public due to its uniqueness.

Crimean Reserve

Of all the reserves and national parks of Crimea, this is the most extensive. It covers 44 thousand hectares, and here you can see almost the entire nature of the peninsula: flat and mountain streams, passes and gorges, mountains and yayly, forests and waterfalls.

The central part of the reserve is the main ridge of the Crimean mountains, the slopes of the internal mountains and the valleys between them. This also includes the Gurzuf and Yalta yayly, Chatyr-Dag and Babugan-yayly, and the highest mountains - Roman-Kosh, Black and Bolshaya Chuchel. Among all the reserves and national parks of Crimea, there are the most mountain springs and rivers, lakes and waterfalls, some of them dry up in summer, but there are also those that are full of water all year round.

The mountains of this largest of all the reserves and national parks of Crimea are made of the most ancient rocks of the Jurassic period: limestone, sandstone, shale, so this part of Crimea is replete with gorges and caves, grottoes and karst wells.

Among all the reserves and national parks of Crimea, almost half of all species of flora and fauna of the peninsula are concentrated in this one. Vegetation on the slopes of the mountains is located in belts: up to 450 meters you can see a rocky and fluffy oak, Crimean pine or Pallas, beech and hornbeam, pine and ash, euonymus, dogwood and mountain ash grow higher, and already from 1100 meters yayly begin, as they call it in Crimea high mountain meadows. And these are very special places - such a lush kingdom of flowers in the spring is nowhere else! Bright yellow adonis and lilac crocuses, amazing colors of irises and violets, adonis and Crimean edelweiss cover the ground with huge carpets, and the purest mountain air is filled with the smell of thyme, lemongrass and oregano.

To say that there are many animals in this reserve of Crimea is to say nothing:

160 species of birds, including owl and pheasant, nightingale, starling and woodpeckers, rare black vulture and griffon vulture, buzzard and hawk, and even the endangered black stork, which was once exterminated in the Crimea, but now there is hope that they will nest again in the Crimean forests;
many large ungulates: red deer and roe deer, mouflon and wild boar; the most numerous hedgehogs, foxes, badgers, weasels and hares, mice different types and earthmovers.

That is why this place is considered the largest reserve and the national park of Crimea. And all this despite the fact that during the Great Patriotic War, thousands of hectares of protected forests burned down and almost all large animals were exterminated.

What nature reserves, national parks, sanctuaries are still in Crimea? There are many of them, and they are all different, but it is the magnificent combination of sea and mountains, meadows, forests and steppes that creates an amazing landscape and climate of the Crimea, which not a single person has resisted yet.

Crimean nature reserve: creation

Almost a hundred years have passed since the date of its formation. It was in the pre-revolutionary year of 1913 that the tsarist government decided to create the “Imperial Hunting Reserve”. At the same time, such rare artiodactyls as bison, Dagestan tur, Corsican mouflon, bezoar goat, Caucasian deer appeared on its territory.

Another 10 years have passed. The passions associated with the revolutionary events subsided a little, the civil war died down. The Council of People's Commissars of the young Soviet country issued a special Decree on the transformation of the former tsarist reserve into a nature reserve. Initially, its territory had an area of 16 thousand hectares, but by the end of 1923 it was increased by 7 thousand hectares. Reserves and national parks of Crimea are increasingly attracting vacationers who are supporters of eco-tourism.

At the end of the 50s, the reserve changed its status, with the light hand of Khrushchev, it became the Crimean state reserve and hunting economy, where only high-ranking officials could be located. Only in 1991, the government of the Ukrainian SSR signed a decree, thanks to which the territory again turned into a state reserve. It is located in the center of a group of mountain ranges under the general name of the Main Crimean Ridge. At the moment, the national park of Crimea occupies almost 33.4 thousand hectares.

Climate and flora of the reserve

The climatic conditions of the Crimean Reserve cannot be called stable. This factor is greatly influenced by the exposure of the mountain slope and altitudinal zonality. For example, on the uppermost belt, negative temperatures can last up to four months during the year. In the highlands, atmospheric precipitation falls in large quantities (more than 1000 millimeters per year), due to which the sources of many Crimean rivers appeared in the center of the reserve, including Tavelchuk, Alma, Kacha, etc. There are almost three hundred springs in the mountains of the Crimean reserve. Many of them are healing, the famous spring Savlukh-Su stands out especially - its water is saturated with silver ions.

The flora of the territory under state protection is quite diverse, the number of species exceeds 1200. Forests grow separately from each other, where one of the following types of trees predominates:

Crimean pine and Scotch pine;
hornbeam;

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of the forest areas of this protected area in terms of soil protection and water conservation. Not all locals know what national parks are in Crimea.

Who lives in the main reserve of Crimea?

Animals of the class of vertebrates are represented by more than two hundred species. A red deer or a moufflon, a swiftly rushing Crimean roe deer, should not come as a surprise. Black vultures, griffon vultures and owls, of which there are several species, feel at ease. The state has taken under protection fifty-two species of animals, and thirty are listed in the Red Book of Europe. These include:

black stork;
bustard;
gray crane;
owl;
Crimean scorpion;
etc.

The rivers of the protected area cannot boast a large number of species of freshwater inhabitants. But among them there are such rare fish as the Crimean barbel and brook trout. There are not so many corners of the planet where you can find freshwater crab. The nature reserves and national parks of Crimea are the natural heritage of all the people, so people should take good care of such magnificent places.

Here, specially for tourists, they once created ecological trails and recreational areas. Anyone who wants to get to know rich nature Crimea, given a unique opportunity to see it with my own eyes.

Yalta Mountain Forest Nature Reserve

The starting point of the reserve with an area of 14 thousand 176 hectares is 1973. What nature reserves and national parks are in the Crimea excites many vacationers. AT Soviet time this area was the main health resort, so people are wondering if there are forests and ecologically clean corners today.

On the slopes of the mountains of this reserve, trees with rather high trunks grow - Crimean and ordinary pines. Thickets of oak and beech are sometimes replaced by undergrowth, which consists of evergreen representatives of the Mediterranean. And this is not surprising, since the climate at the foot is the same as in the resorts of the Mediterranean Sea. The higher the slope, the greater the contrast.

Protected plants of the reserve

The number of species of those plants that need protection from the state is 78. Here is some of them:

adenophora Crimean;
maidenhair (or venus hair);
small-fruited strawberry;
Crimean cistus;
Crimean peony;
Crimean violet;
Bieberstein's splinter, etc.

There are also such species that have become widespread only within the protected area (the scientific term is “endemic species”), for example:

bindweed Crimean;
carnation low;
Crimean geranium;
dubrovnik yaylinsky;
Crimean peony, etc.

Such national parks of Crimea should be under special protection. A list of names of park areas can be found in this article.

Animals of the reserve

In the sparse grass, reptiles crawl or bask on the stones: the Crimean lizard, the Crimean gecko, snakes, yellow-bellied copperfish (from the family of already-shaped). Under the reliable protection of the state are animals from the genus of bats: bats, night bats, horseshoe bats and evening bats.

Employees of the Yalta Reserve pay special attention to educating the population in environmental matters. This purpose is served by ecological trails and routes for everyone who wants to get more information about local attractions. The national parks of Crimea are becoming more and more famous. The names of these places were approved in the distant times of the USSR. It is important to treat these places with care so that our ancestors can also appreciate the natural beauties of Russia.

Azovo-Sivash National Natural Park

This park appeared almost twenty years ago - in 1993. Before that, there was the Azov-Sivash Reserve. Although the natural park is considered Crimean, however, some of it is located within the Kherson region. In other words, it occupies the west coast of 57,400 hectares.

The lion's share of the park's territory is located on the sea spit called and other small islands located nearby. Almost fifty species of fauna that live in the Azov-Sivash National Park have been included in the Red Book. Of course, the main national park of Crimea cannot be compared with this territory.

Reserve "Cape Martyan"

If you drive a little eastbound famous, you will definitely meet the Mys-Martyan reserve on the way. The entire area of its territory, including the Black Sea area, is 240 hectares. The status of the reserve was assigned to it in 1973, although the state took it under protection back in 1947.

The visiting card of the reserve is a relict forest, where at least five hundred species of vegetation grow, mostly belonging to the Mediterranean type. The name "Red Strawberry" (or "Small-fruited Strawberry") can be found in the International Red Book. This is the rarest representative of broad-leaved evergreen trees, which are found mainly in the eastern part of the European continent. This is also a national park of Crimea, so the inhabitants and plants of this area are treated in a special way.

Reserve "Swan Islands"

In the Karkinitsky Gulf - a part of the Black Sea, limited by the northwestern Crimean coastline - there are Lebyazhy Islands and a reserve of the same name. Its total area is 9612 hectares.

The reserve is part of the trajectory along which birds fly from Europe to the south (to Asia, Africa). Cormorants, flamingos, herons, etc. have chosen the islands to build their nests. In total, there are up to 265 species of birds.

Everyone should visit the national parks of Crimea, a list of which is presented in this article. These places delight and amaze with their naturalness.

MUSEUM OF NATURE

The first Museum of Nature on the territory of the Crimean Reserve was opened in 1926 in the Central Basin. The museum had two spacious halls: botanical and zoological, and about 2300 exhibits. An enclosure for wild animals and an aquaterrarium were subsequently created next to the museum. In November 1941, the German-Romanian occupation units passed through the territory of the reserve, which burned all the buildings and structures on the territory of the reserve. This is how the first museum died.

After the war, it was decided to place the administrative services of the reserve in Alushta. For this purpose, on the outskirts of the city, they picked up a surviving house that belonged to the merchant I.S. Igumnov before the revolution. The building was repaired and one of the rooms was allocated as a museum. For the general public, the second, revived, museum opens in 1957 (Putsatov St., 29). The zoologist Yu.V. Kostin became the head of the museum, and two years later, E.A. Pyasetskaya became the head of the museum. The museum had its own taxidermy workshop, and around the administrative building there was a small but wonderful park with old cedars, pines and cypresses. There was a small pool in the park where swans swam.

In 1973, under the leadership of the director of the reserve V.A. Lushpas are building a new three-story office building not far from the old one, where the first floor is given over to a new, third, museum (Alushta, Partizanskaya st., 42). A team of researchers headed by the arborist VG Mishnev is creating a new scientific project for museum expositions. Designers were V.A.Sokolov (member of the Union of Artists of the USSR), B.N.Chernyaev, N.G.Bozhko, P.N.Chistilin, V.G.Smirnov, B.A. Nikolin, V.I. Protsenko. On April 15, 1976, the third, renovated museum of nature of the reserve was solemnly opened. Realistically made dioramas of protected areas, stuffed animals give a complete picture of the nature of the Reserve.

Dendrozoo

In 1981, an arboretum with a total area of 6 hectares was created on the territory adjacent to the administration of the reserve. The Arboretum was created in a landscape style, the enclosures harmoniously fit into the environment without disturbing its picturesque views.

Currently, 370 species of plants grow on this territory, including the Red Book high juniper, yew berry, pistachio tupolist, imodorum underdeveloped, Crimean cistus, snowdrop folded, etc. 15 species of animals are exhibited in the enclosures of the arboretum: red deer, European roe deer, mouflon European, wild boar, European fallow deer, rabbits, teleutka squirrel, griffon vulture, mute swan, black-throated goose, ducks, pigeons, pheasants, guinea fowls, buzzards.

The Museum of Nature and Arboretum of the Crimean Natural Reserve is an interesting and attractive sightseeing object, which has been visited by more than 1.2 million people since its opening.

ANIMAL WORLD

Invertebrates of the reserve There are about 3 thousand species and are represented by the following orders: spiders, ticks, centipedes, mollusks, insects. Among spiders, the largest, up to 35 mm, tarantula lives in deep burrows lined with cobwebs. Ticks are represented by a large number of species, of which special attention should be paid to wood tick- as a carrier of tick-borne encephalitis. Tick-borne viral encephalitis is an acute viral disease characterized by the development of severe clinical forms with damage to the brain and spinal cord, the development of persistent neurological disorders leading to disability and mortality. Prevention is a mandatory examination of the whole body within 3 hours after visiting the forest and contacting a doctor in case of a bite.

Insects are the most numerous and diverse class of animals, a characteristic feature of which is the presence of 3 pairs of jointed legs in its representatives. Among the most interesting squads the following can be noted: dragonflies (arrow, yoke, beauty), praying mantises. Of the Orthopterans - short-whiskered fillies, long-whiskered grasshoppers and crickets, the chirring of which begins to be heard that hour after sunset. The largest species is the steppe dybka, the body length of which reaches up to 120 mm. Hemiptera include various bugs. The most famous of the order of beetles is the Red Book Crimean ground beetle, which is a Crimean endemic. It feeds on snails, caterpillars and even the remains of human food. The Red Book stag beetle also looks very impressive. From the family of longhorn beetles in the reserve there are a large oak longhorn beetle from the lower vegetation belt and an alpine longhorn beetle from the upper belt. Hymenoptera are wasps, bees, bumblebees, and hornets, as well as ants, whose huge anthills can be found in the Yalta forestry. Butterflies, or Lepidoptera, attract the most attention. Among the most spectacular species, one can note the white-black subdalirium and the yellow-black swallowtail from the family of sailboats, and among the simple, background species, the burdock is most common. From the order of flies or Diptera, it is more often necessary to pay attention to horseflies, bloodsuckers and deer flies.

Vertebrates. Of the fish (6 species in total), the most famous is the brook trout, found in many mountain rivers. Occasionally comes across a Crimean barbel or marinka.

The amphibian fauna includes 4 species: lake frog - the main "singer" of mountain ponds; green toad; the IUCN Red List tree frog, or common tree frog, which spends an active life in the foliage of trees and descends from there only during the breeding season. The Red Book newt Karelin, which has a toothed crest that appears in males during the breeding season, in early summer, can sometimes be found quite far from its native reservoir - in winter it prefers to sleep under stones and snags of the forest.

Of the reptiles, lizards are most often seen: Crimean, rocky and agile. The fourth, rarer lizard, the yellow-bellied lizard, is more often mistaken for a snake by the townsfolk and, unfortunately, is persecuted everywhere. Real snakes are also found, in addition to the common snake, the common snake, so named for its color, and three types of snakes, the most common and most aggressive being the yellow-bellied snake. Its bite can be dangerous due to the infection introduced into the wound, and the size of adult specimens reaches a length of about two meters. Less common is the four-striped snake, very rarely - the Mediterranean relic leopard snake.

Birds- the most noticeable and common vertebrates. In total, 160 species of birds have been recorded in the reserve in the mountain-forest part in all seasons of the year. In the spring they delight us with their wonderful voices. Here the finch sings. His song is short, but very cheerful and provocative. The song of the blackbird is amazingly pure and melodic. However, the best forest singer is the song thrush. The woodpecker's drum roll sounds in the forest, the sonorous songs of tits and, of course, the calls of the cuckoo are heard ... In summer, the bird choir gradually fades away. Birds have a lot of trouble - it's time to feed the chicks. In the Crimean Nature Reserve, Red Book birds nest: short-toed eagle, black stork, imperial eagle, black vulture, griffon vulture, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, motley stone thrush. Common nesting species include spotted woodpecker, black-headed warbler, rattle warbler, robin, blackbird, Muscovite, chaffinch, the most numerous bird of the Crimean forests, and many others. Red-headed and yellow-headed kinglets nest in pine forests - the smallest birds in Europe, siskins and common crossbills. There are field larks, quails, motley rock thrush, the most cautious, mysterious and beautiful bird of the reserve, one of the best singers on the yayla. Bright beautiful coloration possessed only by an adult male. Here is how Alfred Brehm describes it: “The plumage on the head, on the front of the neck, on the nape and rump is a beautiful bluish-gray color, on the lower back it is whitish-blue or white, on the entire lower part of the body a magnificent bright rusty red color ... Singing stone thrushes are excellent, rich and varied, loud and harmonious, although at the same time soft and like a flute; their singing is also distinguished by the fact that clicking and even whole stanzas from the songs of other birds are woven into it. Females and young birds are more modestly colored.

The black vulture literally strikes the observer's imagination. She is one of the largest flying birds, with huge wings, up to two and a half meters in span. Vultures build their huge nests on the tops of centuries-old pines. With exceptional vision, birds are able to see carrion from dizzying heights. Without visible effort, they hover over the mountains for hours using air currents. But the most amazing thing is with what dedication the vultures incubate their only egg and care for the chick. The nesting period continues for a long four months. When the chick grows up and flies out of the nest, the “family” does not break up until next spring, the parents take care of the young vulture. Black vultures are listed on the European Red List as a globally endangered species. Given the special importance in the protection of black vultures, the Crimean Nature Reserve is included in the list of areas important for the conservation of bird diversity.

mammals represented by 6 orders, numbering 38 species. There are 5 species of insectivores. Of these, there are 3 species of voracious shrews, the smallest mammals of the Crimea: the lesser shrew, the white-bellied shrew and the lesser shrew. They have a very intensive metabolism and therefore, within a few hours, they definitely need someone to eat. The diet of shrews is based on insects and other invertebrates. Shrews easily eat food with a total weight of 2-4 times their own weight per day. The largest of the insectivores is the white-breasted hedgehog. It is not found very often, and mainly in the lower part of the reserve. Chiroptera, or bats - 16 species, the largest of the bats is quite rare - a giant evening bat, whose wingspan is slightly less than half a meter. Another species, one of the most numerous in the Crimea, is the dwarf bat.

Of the lagomorphs, the hare is the only representative of the detachment in the mountainous Crimea. A common but rare species. There are 7 species of rodents, of which the teleutka squirrel is the most noticeable - the largest squirrel in the CIS. In addition to large sizes, the teleutka has one more feature. In winter, her fur is silvery gray, her ear tufts are bright brown, and her tail is grey. In all other squirrels in winter, the color of the tassels of the ears and tail is the same. After acclimatization in the reserve in 1940, the squirrel multiplied quite well, however, during the epizootic of 1984-1986. almost completely disappeared in the reserve. At present, its number fluctuates between 60 and 110 individuals in different years. The natural enemies of the squirrel are the goshawk and stone marten.

From the family of mice, in addition to the gray rat or pasyuk, in some places a smaller, black rat has been preserved. Both live near human habitation. Trying to stay there house mouse. After the melted snow, in the foothills, one can stumble upon traces of vital activity leading an active lifestyle in winter, other mouse-like rodents - the small forest and yellow-throated mice.

Predators are represented by 5 species. Of these, 2 species from the canine family - a fox and, in 2007, a raccoon dog that appeared in the reserve. It has been noted that raccoon dogs have been found in Crimea for about the last three decades, and until recently it was believed that only along the North Crimean Canal, however, since 2000 they have been seen in Bakhchisarai, and in August 2007 - in Alma forestry of the Crimean Natural Reserve , on the border with the Pionersky forestry of the Simferopol forestry. It is quite possible that in the near future these animals can master the territory of the entire reserve. The raccoon dog is the only representative of the canine family that occurs in severe winters in hibernation. In the Crimea, true hibernation is not observed in these animals, but the metabolic rate in cold weather decreases to 25%.

Perhaps, only the fox can be called a real sedentary wild species from this family in the Crimea. Some zoologists believe that two subspecies live in the Crimea: the first - red fox, which usually lives in the steppes, but is also found in the mountainous Crimea. The second is the Crimean mountain fox (endemic subspecies). It is smaller than usual, but has more fluffy and brighter fur, on the lower back has a characteristic silvery pattern in the form of motley ripples. Hunters, for a bright red, fiery color, call it a moth. It is found only in the mountains and is quite rare.

Wolves have appeared in recent years in the steppe Crimea, and, according to some witnesses, in Karabi-yayla. Wolves have not yet been documented in the reserve. However, their niche has been successfully occupied by stray dogs for many years. The reserve is home to 3 species of the mustelid family - the stone marten, or white-headed marten, which differs from the pine marten in a lighter color and coarser fur. It is not as closely connected with the forest as the forest one, and therefore it can inhabit rocky ravines and ravines. Often settles in the buildings of people - sheds, attics. The stone marten feeds on mouse-like rodents, sometimes birds and bats, likes to feast on fruits and berries. A relatively small, but insanely brave and bloodthirsty weasel is the smallest representative of the predatory squad. For daily consumption, one mouse per day is enough for her, but obeying the hunting instinct, she pursues more than one rodent a day in the narrow labyrinths of holes, even attacking prey larger than herself!

The Crimean badger living in the reserve is considered a subspecies of the common badger. In autumn, the badger intensively accumulates fat, which is used in folk medicine to treat colds and tuberculosis. Persecuted for this quality of its fat by poachers, the badger was on the verge of extinction.

And, finally, the largest and traditionally interesting for people are 4 species of artiodactyls. When visiting the Crimean forests, you can often see huge plowed areas of the forest floor. With a high degree of certainty, we can say that a wild boar has been here. Boars in the Crimea were primordial, so to speak, indigenous people from ancient times. Fossils belonging to wild pigs were found in the Kiik-Koba and Skelskaya caves. In the historical era, they have been noted since the Scythian-Sarmatian era, up to the first half of XIX century, and around this time were knocked out. On April 23, 1957, on the territory of the Crimean Reserve, in the valley of the Piskur stream, a tributary of the Alma River, 35 wild pigs were released, including 18 males and 17 females. As part of the released batch, there were 2 adult males - billhooks (two years old), the rest - young pigs and gilts. Wild boars were caught in the Pozharsky district of Primorsky Krai in January 1957 and belonged to the Ussuri subspecies of wild boar (Sus skrofa continentalis), the largest in the territory of the former USSR. The wild boar took root well here after reacclimatization in 1957 and soon settled throughout the Crimea. In the spring-summer period, during the feeding of offspring, meetings with a wild boar can be dangerous.

European roe deer differs from the Siberian in smaller sizes. The horns, available only to the male, have no more than three processes. The characteristic alarm barking of a roe deer can often be mistaken for the barking of a dog. The main natural enemies of roe deer are the same stray dogs and foxes, from which young animals suffer the most.

Crimean red deer- an endemic subspecies of the European red deer, differing from it in size and details of the structure of the horns. In March-April, the old antlers of male deer fall off, and new ones begin to grow in their place. During growth, such horns, covered with velvety skin, are called antlers. By August, after the horns stop growing, the skin dries out and flakes off. At this time, the deer scratch their antlers on the trees, getting rid of the remnants of the cover already unnecessary on the ossified antlers. Now the number of deer in the reserve is about 1300 individuals.

European mouflons, 10 of which were delivered from Corsica, through the German fur trading company Moritz, and 3 from the Askania-Nova reserve, were released in 1913 on Mount Bolshaya Chuchel, where they acclimatized quite well. By 1917, there were already 30 mouflons. In the autumn of 1917, all the animals kept in the corral were released into the wild. The civil war and poaching almost put an end to the history of the Crimean moufflons. The population had too many weapons, and gangs hunted in the forests. By 1923, when the Crimean Reserve was organized, there were only 6-8 of these animals left. Protection and care did wonders, and now there are about 300 mouflons.

senior employee

Parshintsev A.V.

ABOUT THE RESERVE

Crimean nature reserve- the largest and oldest reserve of the Crimea. The total area of the Reserve, including the Lebyazhy Islands branch, is 88,601 hectares. The reserve occupies the central part of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains from Yalta in the west to Alushta in the east. On its territory in the mountain-forest part there are the highest peaks of the peninsula - Roman-Kosh (1545 m above sea level), Demir-Kapu (1541), Zeytin-Kosh (1537). Many of the most important rivers of Crimea originate in the reserved mountains: Alma, Kacha, Ulu-Uzen, Avunda, Derekoika, etc. The slopes of the mountains are covered with forests - oak, beech, pine, and the peaks (yayly) are occupied by mountain-meadow steppes. The flora of the reserve is represented by more than 2,500 species of plants and fungi, of which 42 species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and 22 species are in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. About 250 species of vertebrates live in the reserve, including red deer, wild boar, European mouflon, and roe deer. Of the birds, the black vulture (listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation) and the griffon vulture, the largest birds of prey in Europe, attract special attention of scientists.

One of the most popular excursion routes passes through the territory of the reserve - "Crimea reserved", which follows the Romanovskaya highway, built more than a hundred years ago. The hallmark of the reserve is the Museum of Nature and the arboretum, located in the city of Alushta.

HISTORY OF THE RESERVE

The history of conservation in the Crimea, on the territory of the Crimean Natural Reserve, has more than 100 years. The first reserved territory of Crimea, fixed by state documents of Russia, was the Reserve of a mountain forest in the Crimean mountains, approved in 1896 Imperial hunting department.

In 1913 during the forest management of the Beshuiskaya forest state dacha, the Administration of the royal estates on an area of about 3700 hectares organized Reserve of the Imperial hunts.

After the February Revolution 1917. The reserve was nationalized and on the initiative of scientists of the Crimea and the Crimean regional government was created here. national reserve. The first director of the reserve was the zoologist V.E. Martino, and the assistant was the zoologist M.P. Rozanov. These dedicated people, often risking their lives, fought against poaching, protecting nature. Despite the political instability of life, devastation, civil war, in the period from 1917 to 1920, none of the six governments of Crimea canceled the status of the reserve. In 1923 (July 30) it was reorganized into the Crimean State Reserve. Its territory of 21,138 hectares was zoned: an absolute reserve (40% of the territory), a protected area (45%), and a pilot site (15%). It was the prototype of modern National Parks. In the 20-30s. research work is being intensively developed, weather stations, laboratories, and a museum of nature are being equipped. Scientific research is carried out by V.N. Sukachev, G.I. Poplavskaya, E.V. Vulf, N.D. Troitsky, L.I. Prasolov, I.I.

By 1941, there was a flourishing of activity in the reserve. Dozens of scientific articles have been published. The herd of ungulates has grown: deer by 30 times, moufflons by 29 times, roe deer by 10 times. In 1937 bison were again brought to the reserve for acclimatization. In 1940, the Altai Teleut squirrel was successfully acclimatized. The museum of nature, enclosures with animals, and a tourist route, which were popular, functioned.

During the Second World War, the employees of the reserve fought on the fronts or were in the ranks of the partisan movement. Many gave their lives for the liberation of their native land. Among them are the senior forester of the reserve A.P. Rynkovsky and senior researcher V.I. Bukovsky.

The war caused great damage to the reserve. All the cordons, the administration building, and the museum were burned. Scientific laboratories and a library were looted, most of the animals were destroyed. Special arson and logging destroyed a forest on an area of 2000 hectares.

After the war, activities in the reserve had to start literally from scratch. The reserve healed its wounds: new cordons were built, roads were repaired, the number of animals increased. In 1949, a branch was attached to the reserve - a unique ornithological complex "Lebyazhy Islands", where tens of thousands of waterfowl accumulate annually.

In 1957, the reserve was reorganized into a protected hunting economy (KGZOKH), whose tasks included, in addition to research and security work, economic activities. An example of such activity was the creation of trout ponds in the upper reaches of the river. Alma. In the spring of 1957, 35 wild pigs were brought to the reserve from Primorsky Krai in order to reacclimatize and enrich the animal world of the mountainous Crimea. At present, wild boars are typical animals not only of the mountainous Crimea, but also of some steppe areas of the peninsula.

In the 50-80s. there was a new rise and flourishing of the activities of the reserve hunting economy. During this period, such scientists as K.K. Vysotsky, P.A. Yanushko, A.A. Tkachenko, V.G. Mishnev, Yu.V. Kostin, B.E. Garin, L.A. Garina, A.I. Dulitsky and others.

In the early 70s, the scientific part of the reserve developed a project for a museum of nature, which took into account the new requirements of the time in the field of natural science and nature protection. In 1976 the museum was solemnly opened.

In November 1976, the hunting reserve and its Lebyazhy Islands became the base for the International Conference of Ornithologists, which brought together scientists from 33 countries of the world. This became possible after the inclusion in 1975 of the Swan Islands and their wetlands in the list of International Protected Areas.

In 1991, the hunting reserve was reorganized into the Crimean State Reserve, and a little later - into the Crimean Natural Reserve. As before, its main task is to preserve mountain protected forests, animal and plant diversity; research and educational activities.

SWAN ISLANDS

The ornithological branch of the Crimean Nature Reserve, "Lebyazhy Islands" is located in the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea. The area of the islands is 52 hectares. They are on the flyway of many species of waterfowl. The water area of the bay with an area of 9560 hectares is allocated for the reserve. The surrounding area of 27,646 hectares has been declared a nature reserve.

In 1947, by the decision of the Razdolnensky District Executive Committee, the Lebyazhy Islands were declared a reserve of local importance and taken under protection.

In 1949, by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 85 of February 9, the Lebyazhy Islands were declared a state reserve and attached as a branch to the Crimean State Reserve.

Already in the first years of studying the avifauna of the islands, it became clear that the protection of this most valuable natural object within the existing boundaries cannot be effective, since large concentrations of birds during molting, wintering and during seasonal migrations stay in shallow waters and on the mainland coast, that is, outside the protected district. In order to improve the living conditions of birds and more effectively protect them from poachers, the Crimean Regional Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Deputies, by Decision No. 1006 of September 29, 1961, approved a buffer zone around the islands with the inclusion of shallow waters with an area of 3500 hectares and part of the coast of Karkinitsky Bay with an area of 1500 hectares.

In connection with the construction of the Razdolnenskaya branch of the North Crimean Canal and the formation of two arrays of rice fields in the coastal part of the bay, which significantly changed the habitat conditions of birds in this zone, the Crimean Regional Executive Committee adopted decision No. Islands of the Crimean State Reserve”, according to which the area of the protected zone on the coast of the Karkinitsky Bay increased to 10,000 hectares.

The popularity of the Karkinitsky Gulf of the Black Sea as a place of concentration of a large number of waterfowl and near-water birds on molting, wintering, migration, led to the inclusion of the Karkinitsky Gulf and the Swan Islands reserve, including in the List of objects of protection of international importance (Iran, Ramsar, 1971, group " A "MAR). After the ratification of the Ramsar Convention by the Soviet Union, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 26, 1975 No. No. 1046 “On measures to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations of the Soviet Party arising from the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance mainly as Habitats of Waterfowl”, February 2, 1971. "and the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR dated February 26, 1976. No. 106 “On measures to strengthen the protection of wetlands of international importance mainly as habitats for waterfowl”. Based on these resolutions, the Crimean Regional Executive Committee issued a Decision of March 19, 1976. No. 132 on the expansion of the buffer zone of the Lebyazhy Islands reserve on the coast of Karkinitsky Bay to an area of 16,780 hectares, of which 15,960 hectares are in Razdolnensky and 820 hectares in Krasnoperekopsky districts.

In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR dated 17.01.1978. No. 43 "On the expansion of the Black Sea Reserve, the Crimean State Reserve and Hunting Economy and the addition of the list state reserves» to improve protection and reduce the anthropogenic impact on the natural complexes of the Lebyazhy Islands Reserve, its area was increased by 9560 hectares due to the shallow waters of the Karkinitsky Bay. By the same decree, in order to strengthen the reserve regime, the state ornithological reserve "Karkinitsky" was organized with an area of 27646 hectares, which adjoins the water area of the reserve from the north.

Currently, the protected areas in the area of the Lebyazhy Islands have a total area of 54,038 hectares and consist of three parts with different status and protection regime: the Lebyazhy Islands Reserve with an area of 9612 hectares (52 hectares of the territory of the islands and 9560 hectares of shallow waters around them), ornithological reserve "Karkinitsky" with an area of 27646 hectares and the protected zone of the reserve in the mainland of the Karkinitsky Bay with an area of 16780 hectares. The listed lands are under the protection of the Crimean Natural Reserve.

The attraction of the protected islands is mute swan. In the people, this bird is considered the personification of marital fidelity. They live in friendly, inseparable couples. In the past, swans were mercilessly shot down, which led to a significant reduction in the number of this bird. Measures taken to protect waterfowl habitats have had a positive impact on the increase in both nesting and molting bird species. Suffice it to say that only during the molting period, more than 5 thousand swans accumulate here in some years.

The species composition of the birds of the Swan Islands during the migration is diverse. Of the ducks, the most numerous are the red-headed duck, mallard, teal-whistle and teal-cattle, wigeon, pintail. Coots on the autumn migration near the islands accumulate up to 7-8 thousand birds, white-fronted and gray geese - up to 2-4 thousand. White-fronted goose, bean goose and red-breasted goose do not form large clusters here. The number of shanks, gulls, terns, and waders is high on migration. Of these, the most numerous are: gray, great and small egrets, red heron, black-headed and gray gulls, red-throated and dunlin, mud snail, oystercatcher and white-tailed sandpiper, snipe, lapwing, herbalist, fifi and black.

In years with mild winters a large number of birds stay near the islands for the winter. According to records, from 10 to 30 thousand ducks are kept here in different years (mallard, teal-whistle, wigeon, pintail, shelduck, red-nosed, red-headed, sea and crested ducks, large merganser, long-nosed merganser, goldeneye, loot), up to 2 thousand geese (white-fronted and gray), up to 2 thousand coots, more than a thousand gulls (lake, gray, silver), several dozen great white and gray herons, great shelducks, snipes, curlews, more than 2.5 thousand swans (mute, whooper). In the protected zone and on the territory of the islands, in addition to sedentary species, common and reed bunting, great tit, blue tit, greenfinch, whiskered tit, gray shrike, steppe and field larks, meadow pipit, common starling, millet, long-eared owl remain for wintering.

The list of birds noted in the area of the Lebyazhye Islands (the territory of the islands, the water area and the buffer zone of the reserve) includes 255 species. Some of them (220 species) come here regularly for nesting, molting, migration and wintering. Others are very rare or random. These are the red-throated loon, black stork, common loon, sigmouse, common scoter, saker falcon, Siberian Crane, little bustard, white-tailed pigalit, sandpiper, yellowthroat, long-tailed skua, kittiwake, Syrian woodpecker, yellow-headed wagtail, black tit, red-headed shrike, nutcracker, red-headed beetle , southern nightingale.

Significantly more often, but not regularly, at the Swan Islands there are little cormorant, pink pelican, curly pelican, spoonbill, shelduck, white-headed eagle, greater spotted eagle, short-toed eagle, imperial eagle, Icelandic sandpiper, slender-billed curlew, barnacle tern, warbler, bullfinch.

The Lebyazhy Islands region is a natural laboratory for ornithologists. Scientists ornithologists and students come here every year to conduct scientific observations. In the protected area of the Lebyazhye Islands, researchers and specialists constantly conduct phenological observations, study the impact of economic activity on the state of the environment.

Senior Researcher

Crimean Natural Reserve

Tarina N. A.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Wide complex scientific works has been held in the reserve since 1923, with the creation of the Zoological and Forest Laboratories here. Every year, for many years, students and graduate students have been practicing here under the guidance of the most famous scientists of our country - Academician V.N. Sukachev, professors G.I. Poplavskaya, I.I. Puzanov and others. The period from 1923 to 1945. characterized by the creation of the first herbarium of the reserve, the first list of the flora of the Crimean reserve G.I. Poplavskaya (1931), which lists 771 species of vascular plants, of which five are new to science (Scrophularia exilis Popl., Phelipaea helenae Popl., Anthyllis biebersteiniana Popl., Euphrasia taurica Ganesch. ex Popl., Sorbus taurica Zinserl.). The results of geobotanical and forest typological studies have been published (Poplavskaya, 1925-1934; Sukachev, 1931; Wolf, 1927-1941; Ivanenko, 1925; Troitsky, 1929).

Modern comprehensive studies of the KrPZ flora and its rare component began in the late 1950s. At that time, work was carried out on the description of yayl (Chernova, 1951; Privalova, 1956, 1958), beech forests (Mishnev, 1969, 1980, 1986; Mishnev, Kostina, 1970), classification of oak and pine forests (Korzhenevsky, 1982; Didukh, 1990), types of forest vegetation (Vysotsky, 1957; Posokhov, 1963) inventory of the flora of the reserve (Kostina, 2010; Rudenko, 2010, 2014). Populations of some rare species were also studied: Cachrys alpina (Kosykh, 1978), Silene jailensis (Ena, 2001; Nikiforov, 2009, 2011, 2012), Sobolewskia sibirica (Nikiforov, 2009), Lamium glaberrimum (Nikiforov, 2005; Ena, 2006) , Pulsatilla taurica (Golubev, 2012), Allium siculum subsp. dioscoridis, Seseli lehmannii, Solenanthus biebersteinii (Rudenko, 2014). This period is marked by publications and collections concerning floristic discoveries of new species on the territory of KrPZ: Silene jailensis (Rubtsov, 1974), Allium albidum (Allium denudatum F. Delaroche) (Korzhenevsky, YALT, 1979), Anemone fasciculata (Kostina, 1979), Dryopteris villarii (Bezsmertnaya, 2011).

Since the end of the 60s, regular work on the study of mammals began to be carried out in the area of the Lebyazhye Islands (Dulitsky A.I.), and from the mid-70s floristic work was established (Kostina V.P.), in which employees of the Institute participated in some years botany of the Ukrainian SSR. For 10-12 years of stationary work, the ornithologist of the Crimean Reserve Yu.V. Kostin (who worked in the reserve from 1959 to 1982) ringed a large number of nesting and migratory birds, collected interesting material about the avifauna of the Swan Islands region, its uniqueness. Due to the large volume of publications using these data, the Swan Islands and the Karkinitsky Bay were included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Iran, Ramsar, 1971)

Since the mid-1980s, there has been a need to conduct comprehensive studies of the nature, depth and rate of change in the natural ecosystems of the reserve as a result of economic activities in adjacent territories. The workers of the reserve (N. A. Tarina) studied the state of bird habitats of the near-water complex in the conditions of the Swan Islands, identified environmental factors that determine the dynamics of the number of birds, as well as the mechanisms of adaptation of birds to changing habitat conditions under the influence of anthropogenic factors. And since May 1988. within the framework of the On a contractual basis, hydrochemical toxicological studies of the ecosystems of the Lebyazhy Islands Reserve were started by employees of the Laboratory of Radiobiology of the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (Sevastopol), which continued with short interruptions until 1996. Over the years, material has been collected on the content of organochlorine compounds in living and inanimate natural objects of the reserve and its buffer zone (Zherko N.V., Shchepinova N.A., Chervyakov S.M.), mercury (Svetasheva S.K., Plotitsina O .V.), other materials (Ovchinikova S.S.), radioactive strontium (Korkishko N.F., Arkhipova S.I.), cesium-137 (Popovichev V.N.); distribution of phytoplankton (Sergeeva L.M.) and zooplankton (Shcherbatenko P.V.) - indicators of environmental pollution; study of the mutagenic activity of waters on a yeast biomodel (Tsymugina V.G., Tereshchenko N.N.).

In 1990, an employee of the Nikitsky Botanical Hall for the first time for the reserve conducted a study of macrophytobenthos of protected water areas (Maslov I.I.). Since 1996, a complex group of employees of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden (N.A. Bagrikov, S.Yu. Kostin, S.E. Sadogursky), the reserve (N.A. Tarina) and V.I. . Vernadsky (Klyukin A.A.). The issues of the influence of colonial bird species on the vegetation of the Lebyazhy Islands were studied, and work began on geomorphology, geobotany, and algology of protected areas. In 1998, a zoological and geobotanical survey of all cadastral areas of the Karkinitsky Bay international site was carried out under the Wetlands International program.

In protected areas (mountain-forest territory, branch "Lebyazhy Islands", its buffer zone, the water area of the Karkinitsky ornithological reserve), a complex of monitoring works and studies is carried out annually under the "Chronicles of Nature" program, approved annually by the Scientific and Technical Council of the Crimean Natural Reserve.

VEGETABLE WORLD

The area of the mountain-forest massif of the reserve is almost 35 thousand hectares. Forests cover 28.8 thousand hectares or 83.2% of its mountain forest area. Half of this area (almost 53%) is occupied by oak forests. Most often, plant communities of sessile oak can be found here. Communities of downy oak and pedunculate oak occur fragmentarily. The age of the trees is 85 - 125 years. They occupy the lower limits of the mountain range at an altitude of 300 to 600 m above sea level and are distinguished by the richness of plant species. Here grow narrow-leaved and tall ash, Caucasian and heart-leaved linden, Steven and field maple, common hornbeam, aspen, European and warty euonymus, wild apple and pear, several types of mountain ash, wild cherries and plums, dogwood, 9 species of hawthorn, wild roses, privet , svidina, skumpia, barberry, hazel and many others. In summer and autumn, there is a real fruit paradise, the forest generously endows everyone with the most delicious and valuable products.

Beech forests occupy 7490.1 hectares of the reserve area and are represented plant communities from beech forest. Beech forests grow on the northern slopes of the Babugan, Chatyr-Dag, Nikitsky massifs and the Sinap-Dag ridge in the upper and middle parts. Today in the Crimean nature reserve you can see magnificent stands of 300 years old, witnesses of past eras.

Under the canopy of a beech forest, there is a shade-tolerant coniferous plant - yew berry, which is a relic of the Tertiary period. The species is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. All parts of the tree, except for the watery-tasting seedling, are poisonous. Yew is a long-liver, in the reserve there are plants that are about 1000 years old. Yew wood is strong, hard, does not rot, is red in color, has a beautiful texture, the very famous “mahogany”, because of which people have exterminated the plant for centuries.

The area of pine forests of the reserve is 3.5 thousand hectares. Pine forests are represented by plant formations of Crimean pine (Pallas) and Scotch pine. They grow in the middle and upper belt of the Main Ridge, fragmentarily on the northern macroslope of the Main Ridge. Scotch pine dominated forests are distributed at an altitude of 500-1450 m above sea level. Pine trees over 300 years old have been preserved on the southern slopes.

A grove of stinking juniper is unique on the slopes of the Black and Bolshaya Chuchel mountains. The plant is a relic Mediterranean species. The trees reach an age of more than 400 years, have a height of 7-9 m and a trunk diameter of 20-36 cm. Four more types of juniper grow on the territory of the reserve: red juniper, high and creeping junipers - Cossack and hemispherical. All types of junipers growing in the Crimea are listed in the International Red Book (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2011).

The flora of the reserve is striking in its diversity. The list of flora includes 1357 species of higher vascular plants belonging to 535 genera and 114 families (Rudenko, 2010), 183 species of mosses (Partyka, 1995), and 59 species of algae (Sadogursky, 2009). According to A.E. Khodosovtsev (2006), there are 344 species of lichenophilic fungi (lichens), 71 species of myxomycetes (Romanenko, 2001), and 480 macromycetes (Sarkina, 2011).

An analysis of the geographical structure showed that the flora of the reserve is Mediterranean in nature. The largest number of species of higher plants in the reserve (409) belongs to the day-Mediterranean type, which is 30.1% of the total number of species. Adventive taxa are represented singly (2.3%). Based on the list of Crimean endemics published by An.V. Ena (Ena, 2009), 60 species of the reserve belong to endemics (Rudenko, 2014). Among the most common species in the reserve are Steven's maple, Bieberstein's sapling, Steven's sunflower, Tauride bulrush, large-cup primrose, Crimean backache, yayla's cuff, irrigated saxifrage, etc.

Unique are the narrow local endemics of the slender mullet ( Scrophularia exilis), discovered by G.I. Poplavskaya in the upper reaches of the Avunda, as well as Smolevka yaylinskaya (Silene jailensis), growing in the same area.

More than 150 rare species included in the protected lists of various levels have been identified on the territory of the reserve. Thus, 42 species of plants and fungi are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2005), including Crimean asphodelina, multi-leaved onosma, Crimean saffron, steveniella satyrioides, pale orchis, belladonna belladonna, etc.

The European Red List lists 127 species of higher vascular plants in the reserve. Of these, they have the status of Endangered (endangered) - 1 species: steveniella satyrioides (Steveniella satyrioides); status Vulnerable (vulnerable) - 3 species: purple lagozeris (Crepis purpurea), multi-leaved osma (Onosma polyphylla), Iberian palmroot (Dactylorhiza iberica); Near Threatened status (endangered) - 5 species: small-leaved nappe (Epipactis microphylla), real lady's slipper (Cypripedium calceolus), dandelion orchid (Anacamptis morio), round-leaved chink (Lathyrus rotundifolius.), white-flowered onion (Allium albiflorum); Least Concern status (least problematic) – 110 species; status Data Deficient - (insufficient data) - 8 types. The same list includes 9 species protected by the Berne Convention and 38 species protected by CITES.

M.I. Rudenko, Ph.D.,

head of scientific department

REGIMEN AND PROTECTION OF RESERVES

ORGANIZATION OF PROTECTION SERVICE IN STATE NATURAL RESERVES

According to Article 33 of the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated March 14, 1995 No. 33-F3, the protection of natural complexes and objects in the territories of state natural reserves (hereinafter referred to as reserves) and national parks is carried out by a special state inspection for the protection of territories of reserves and national parks, whose employees are part of the staff of the relevant environmental institutions.

State inspectors have been formed with the aim of strengthening the protection of natural complexes and objects and monitoring compliance with the established regime and other requirements of environmental legislation. In their activities, state inspectors are guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas, other legislative and regulatory legal acts, including regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, acts of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, these methodological recommendations, orders and orders of the director of the reserve (national park).

The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Code of Administrative Offenses) and the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" grant state inspectors for the protection of territories of state natural reserves and national parks the following rights:

Deliver (forcibly escort) an individual for the purpose of drawing up a protocol (if it is impossible to draw it up on the spot), to the police station or to another office (Article 27.2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses). That is, the state inspector has the right to deliver the violator also to the premises of the reserve or national park, which was not provided for by previous legal acts. Delivery must be made as soon as possible. short term. A protocol is drawn up on the delivery or a corresponding entry is made in the protocol on an administrative offense.

Carry out a personal search and search of things (Article 27.7. of the Code of Administrative Offenses): carried out in order to detect the instruments of committing or objects of an administrative offense; a personal search is carried out by a person of the same sex as the person being searched in the presence of two attesting witnesses of the same sex;

If necessary, photography, filming, video recording, other established methods of fixing material evidence are used;

Carry out an inspection (that is, an examination) of the vehicle (Article 27.9. Administrative Code):

It is carried out in order to detect the instruments of committing or objects of an administrative offense;

- if necessary, photography, filming, video recording, other established methods of fixing material evidence are used;

- To seize things and documents (Article 27.10 of the Code of Administrative Offenses).

- To seize goods, vehicles and other things (Article 27.14. Administrative Code), which were the instruments of committing or subjects of an offense:

— Draw up protocols on administrative offenses (Article 28.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses) provided for in Article 8.39 of the Code of Administrative Offenses (violations of the regime or other rules for environmental protection and the use of natural resources in specially protected natural areas);

Provided for in Part 1 of Article 19.4. Code of Administrative Offenses (disobedience to a lawful order of a person exercising state control);

Provided for in Part 1 of Article 19.5. Code of Administrative Offenses (failure to comply with a lawful order of an official exercising state control);

Provided by Art.19.7. Code of Administrative Offenses (failure to provide information (information), the provision of which is provided for by law).

- Issue rulings on initiating a case on an administrative offense and carrying out an administrative offense (Article 28.7 of the Code of Administrative Offenses).

- Check (Article 34 of the Federal Law "On Protected Areas") permissions for the right to stay in the territories of reserves and national parks from persons located in these territories;

Documents for the right to carry out nature management and other activities in the territories of nature reserves and national parks and their protected zones.

— To detain in the territories of nature reserves, national parks and their buffer zones persons who have violated the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On PAs”).

- To freely visit any objects located in the territories of nature reserves, national parks, their protected areas to verify compliance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas (Article 34 of the Federal Law "On PAs").

– In the performance of official duties (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On PAs”):

use special means in accordance with the established procedure - handcuffs, rubber sticks, tear gas, devices for the forced stop of transport, service dogs, carry, store and use service firearms.

Also enjoy all the rights of officials of the state forest protection and other federal executive authorities in the field of environmental protection (Article 34 of the Federal Law "On Protected Areas").

The rights of officials of the state forest guard are provided for in Article 77 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the State Forest Guard of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 20, 2006 No. 150.

The rights of officials (state inspectors) of other federal executive bodies in the field of environmental protection are established by Article 66 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" dated January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ, including:

visit organizations, objects of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, including objects subject to state protection, defense facilities, civil defense facilities, to get acquainted with documents and other materials necessary for the implementation of state environmental control;

check compliance with regulations, state standards and other normative documents in the field of environmental protection, the operation of treatment facilities and other neutralizing devices, controls, as well as the implementation of plans and measures for environmental protection;

check compliance with the requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection during the placement, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of production and other facilities;

check the fulfillment of the requirements specified in the conclusion of the state environmental expertise, and make proposals for its implementation;

present demands and issue instructions to legal entities and individuals to eliminate violations of environmental protection legislation (at the same time, requirements to limit, suspend or terminate the activities of legal entities and individuals carried out in violation of environmental protection legislation are considered by a court or arbitration court);

to stop and inspect vehicles, check weapons and other tools for obtaining objects of the animal world, products received from them, including during its transportation, in places of storage and processing.

In addition to the above rights, the chief state inspectors for the protection of reserves and national parks and their deputies have the right to:

Consider cases of administrative offenses (Article 23.25. Code of Administrative Offenses), provided for by Article 8.39. Code of Administrative Offenses (violations of the rules for the protection and use of natural resources in specially protected natural areas).

According to Art. 29.6. Administrative Code cases on administrative offenses are considered within 15 days from the date of receipt by the official authorized to consider the case, the protocol on administrative offense and other materials of the case. According to Art. 4.5. The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation may not issue a decision on a case on violation of environmental protection legislation after one year has elapsed from the date of the commission of an administrative offense, and in the case of a continuing offense - from the day it was discovered.

In case of refusal to initiate a criminal case or its termination, but if there are signs of an administrative offense in the actions of the violator, an administrative penalty may be imposed no later than one month from the date of the decision to refuse to initiate a criminal case or to terminate it.

— Bring claims to individuals and legal entities for the recovery of funds in favor of state nature reserves and national parks to compensate for damage caused to natural complexes and objects of reserves, national parks, their buffer zones as a result of violations of the established regime (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On SPNA” ).

Prohibit economic and other activities that do not comply with the established regime of state nature reserves, national parks, their protected zones (Article 34 of the Federal Law "On PAs").

Send to law enforcement materials on violations of the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE LEGISLATION ON SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS

2.1. Administrative responsibility.

2.1.1. General requirements.

The issue of bringing an individual or legal entity to administrative responsibility should be resolved in strict accordance with the requirements of Art. 1.5. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (hereinafter referred to as the Code of Administrative Offenses):

In accordance with Art. 2.9. of the Code of Administrative Offenses, if the committed administrative offense is insignificant, the official authorized to resolve the case may release the violator from administrative responsibility and confine himself to an oral reprimand. In this case, according to Article 29.9. The Code of Administrative Offenses, based on the results of the consideration, issues a decision to terminate the proceedings on the case of an administrative offense.

According to Art. 2.7. The Code of Administrative Offenses is not an administrative offense when a person causes harm to legally protected interests in a state of emergency, i.e. to eliminate a danger that directly threatens the person and rights of this person or other persons, as well as the legally protected interests of society or the state, if this danger could not be eliminated by other means and if the harm caused is less significant than the harm prevented.

According to Art. 2.8. The Code of Administrative Offenses is not subject to administrative liability of an individual who, at the time of committing unlawful acts, was in a state of insanity, i.e. could not realize the nature and wrongfulness of his actions due to chronic or temporary mental disorder, dementia or other mental illness.

Administrative liability for violation of the legislation on specially protected natural areas is established by Article 8.39 of the Code of Administrative Offenses:

Article 8.39. Violation of the rules for the protection and use of natural resources in specially protected natural areas.

Violation of the established regime or other rules for the protection and use of the environment natural environment and natural resources in the territories of state nature reserves, national parks, natural parks, state natural reserves, as well as in the territories where natural monuments are located, in other specially protected natural areas or in their protected zones. shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of three thousand to four thousand rubles with or without confiscation of the instruments of committing an administrative offense and products of illegal nature management; on officials - from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand rubles with or without confiscation of instruments for committing an administrative offense and products of illegal use of natural resources; on legal entities - from three hundred thousand to five hundred thousand rubles with or without confiscation of the instruments of committing an administrative offense and products of illegal nature management.

2.1.6. Liability of foreign citizens.

According to Art. 2.6. Code of Administrative Offenses: foreign citizens, stateless persons and foreign legal entities are subject to administrative liability on a general basis;

question of administrative responsibility foreign citizen enjoying immunity from the administrative jurisdiction of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws and international treaties, is permitted in accordance with the norms of international law.

2.1.9. Failure to pay an administrative fine.

Administrative liability for failure to pay an administrative fine is established by part 1 of Article 20.25 of the Code of Administrative Offenses: Failure to pay an administrative fine or unauthorized leaving the place of serving an administrative arrest. Failure to pay an administrative fine within the period provided for by this Code - entails the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of two times the amount of the unpaid administrative fine or administrative arrest for up to fifteen days.

2.2. Criminal liability.

Criminal liability for environmental crimes in the field of specially protected natural areas and protection of biological resources is established by a number of articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Article 256. Illegal harvesting of aquatic animals and plants

Illegal catching of fish, sea animals and other aquatic animals or commercial marine plants, if this act has been committed:

b) using a self-propelled floating vehicle or explosive and chemical substances, electric current or other methods of mass extermination of these aquatic animals and plants;

c) in spawning areas or on migratory routes to them;

d) on the territory of a nature reserve, sanctuary or in a zone of ecological disaster or in a zone of emergency environmental situation- shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 100 thousand to 300 thousand roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or by corrective labor for a term of up to two years, or by arrest for a term of four to six months.

2. Illegal harvesting of fur seals, sea beavers or other marine mammals on the high seas or in restricted areas, is punishable by a fine in the amount of 100,000 to 300,000 rubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or correctional labor for a term of up to two years, or arrest for a term of three to six months.

3. The acts provided for by paragraphs 1 or 2 of this Article, committed by a person using his official position, or by a group of persons by prior agreement, or by an organized group, are punishable by a fine in the amount of 100,000 to 500,000 roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person. for a period of one to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to two years, with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years.

Article 258. Illegal hunting.

Illegal hunting, if this act is committed:

(a) causing major damage;

b) with the use of a mechanical vehicle or aircraft, explosives, gases or other methods of mass destruction of birds and animals;

c) in relation to birds and animals, the hunting of which is completely prohibited;

d) on the territory of a nature reserve, sanctuary or in a zone of ecological disaster or in a zone of ecological emergency, -

2. The same deed committed by a person using his official position, or by a group of persons by prior agreement, or by an organized group, -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 100 thousand to 300 thousand roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to two years, with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years. years or not.

Article 260. Illegal felling of trees and shrubs

1. Illegal felling, as well as damage to the extent of stopping the growth of trees, shrubs and lianas in forests of the first group or in specially protected areas of forests of all groups, as well as trees, shrubs and lianas that are not included in the forest fund or prohibited for felling, if these deeds committed in a significant amount -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount up to 40 thousand roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period up to three months, or by deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years, or by corrective labor for a term of six months to one year. or arrest for up to three months.

Illegal felling, as well as damage to the extent of stopping the growth of trees, shrubs and lianas in forests of all groups, as well as plantations that are not included in the forest fund, if these acts are committed:

a) a group of persons;

c) by a person using his official position;

d) on a large scale, -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount up to 200 thousand roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period up to 18 months, or by compulsory labor for a term of 180 to 240 hours, or by corrective labor for a term of one to two years, or by deprivation freedom for up to two years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to three years.

3. The deeds provided for by paragraphs 1 or 2 of this article, committed on an especially large scale, by a group of persons by prior agreement or by an organized group, -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 100 thousand to 500 thousand roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years, with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years. years or not.

Note. A significant amount in this article is recognized as damage caused to the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund, calculated according to the rates approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, exceeding ten thousand rubles, large amount - one hundred thousand rubles, especially large amount - two hundred and fifty thousand rubles.

Article 261. Destruction or damage to forests

Destruction or damage of forests, as well as plantings that are not included in the forest fund, as a result of careless handling of fire or other sources of increased danger -

Destruction or damage of forests, as well as plantations that are not included in the forest fund, by arson, in any other generally dangerous way, or as a result of pollution with harmful substances, waste, emissions or refuse -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to seven years, with a fine in the amount of ten thousand to one hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period from one month to one year or without it.

Article 262. Violation of the regime of specially protected natural territories and natural objects

Violation of the regime of nature reserves, sanctuaries, national parks, natural monuments and other natural areas specially protected by the state, which has caused significant damage, - the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to three years, or corrective labor for up to two years.

PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS

In Crimea "... there are no two pieces of land, two mountains, two valleys similar friend on a friend… Each Crimean valley has its own winds, its own sunshine, its own humidity and dryness, its own colors, smells, sounds, its own climate, its own soil, its own vegetation,” wrote writer S.Ya. Elpatevsky. We find the same diversity directly in the Crimean nature reserve.

The main territory of the reserve is a typical mountainous area with hard-to-reach rocky peaks, gorges, mountain rivers and forests. The total area of the mountain-forest territory is 34,563 ha (excluding the Lebyazhy Islands branch). The southern border of this territory almost reaches the Black Sea, and the northern border partially captures the city of Chatyr-Dag. The reserve occupies the most elevated part of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains. Its northern slopes are longer than the southern ones, which are shorter and steeply descend to the sea. The highest points of the Main Ridge are located in the reserve - Roman-Kosh (1545 masl), Demir-Kapu (1541 masl), Zeytin-Kosh (1537 masl). The peaks of the Main Ridge are hilly treeless plateaus covered with grassy vegetation - yayly (from Turkic "summer pasture").

The main rocks of the reserve are shales, sandstones, limestones and conglomerates, different in age, mainly of the Jurassic period. The diversity of the geological structure determines the diversity of soils, which in the reserve are represented by groups of mountain-forest and mountain-meadow soils.

The reserve is of great importance as an accumulator of fresh water, which accumulates on yayla and feeds springs and rivers. More than 1000 water sources are born in the reserve. They are distributed unevenly across its territory. The largest number powerful springs is located in the zone of distribution of tall beech stands. One of the most picturesque places in the reserve is the Central Basin (700 masl), formed by wooded spurs of the Konek, Babugan and Chernaya mountains. There is an abundance of water here. Especially unique is the Savluh-Su spring (from the Turks “healthy water”), since ancient times fanned with legends. For two years (1987-1989) it was studied by employees of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine under the guidance of Academician E.F. Shnyukov. Studies have shown that the source water is sulfate-hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium, of high purity, neutral in acidity (pH 7.6). The water temperature is about +5°C. The flow rate of water is constant - 6 l / s. The source is powered by deep waters, as evidenced by geological, hydrochemical and radiochemical data. The source is located in the zone of intersection of two deep faults - Alma and Demerdzhiy. In the water of Savlukh-Su, silver and zinc were found in high concentrations - elements that are not typical for the karst strata of the region. The source water contains 0.08-0.125 mg/l of silver ions. It was also found that when water is stored for more than a year, its chemical composition and properties do not change. Employees of the Institute of Geological Sciences examined the water of another 15 sources of the reserve. The presence of zinc ions was found in the Uzen-Bash spring, manganese in the water of the Berezovy spring. Traces of silver are noted in sources on the river. Babuganka, r. Alma and Berezov. The waters of the Tariera and Uzen-Bash springs were classified as sulfate-bicarbonate magnesium-calcium.

The upper reaches of many Crimean rivers have been adorned by nature with waterfalls. Such is the Uzen-Bash, the right tributary of the river. Ulu-Uzeni. At an altitude of 800 m a.s.l. in the wild gorge of Yaman-Dere there are cascades of the waterfall named after Professor N.A. Golovkinsky. And although the height of the water fall is small -12 m, it is breathtaking when you see the colossal work of the stream, breaking out of the gorge jammed with rocks, making its way through the stones, down, there - into the sunny Alushta valley, to the sea.

Reserved sources give rise to many of the most important rivers of Crimea: Alma, Kacha, Ulu-Uzeni, Derekoika, Avunda, etc. The deepest and longest protected rivers are Alma (84 km) and Kacha (69 km.). These are typical mountain rivers with fast current, flood nature. Most of the water in them is in spring (when the snow melts in the mountains) and in autumn, when it rains heavily. The rivers do not freeze in winter.

23 reservoirs have been built on the Crimean rivers, including Kachinskoye, Alminskoye, Izobilnenskoye (on the Ulu-Uzen River). The problem of water in the mountainous part of the peninsula was solved exclusively thanks to them. The development of southern coastal resorts, agriculture with its vineyards and orchards is impossible without this water. And therefore it is impossible to overestimate the importance of the reserve, which saves forests and water.

Washed by the waters of the Black Sea, the Crimean peninsula is a habitat for rare exotic animals and birds. The flora and fauna living here needs to be preserved, researched and closely protected, therefore, protected areas occupy 5.4% of the area. They are divisible by 6 state reserves, 73 natural monuments, 33 nature reserves, 9 tracts and 30 garden and park areas. A map will help determine how many reserves are on the Crimean peninsula.

Natural reserves of Crimea and national parks: a list of names with photos

Crimean.
Swan Islands.
Yalta.
Kazantip.
Karadag.
Opuksky.
Cape Martyan.
Astana floodplains.
Kanaka reserve.
Utes-Karansky park.
Khapkhalsky reserve.
Chernorechensky canyon.
Agarmysh forest.
Nikitsky Botanical Garden.

The most accessible places to visit reserved places of Crimea

Transport links with the nature reserves of the Crimea have been established. The road to the world of wildlife is open to all tourists. Some places charge a nominal fee for entry.

Crimean nature reserve

This area received the status of a protected area in 1923. It is located between Yalta and Alushta and occupies the largest area among the protected areas of Crimea. You can go to independent travel by car, having previously obtained permission from the authorities of Alushta, or visit this area as part of an excursion group.

There are many attractions in the reserve. If you go by bus, be prepared for mountain serpentine and frequent stops.

The first will be in the Trout Farm.

Then at the Kosmo-Damianovsky Monastery. Pilgrims from all over the world come here every year on July 14.

The road will pass through a large number of observation platforms. You will be able to take unique pictures of the Black Sea coast.

On the way you will meet the Kebit-Bogaz pass. You will see a monument to the partisans who fought on these lands against the German invaders during the Great Patriotic War. On the Chuchelst pass, tourists have the opportunity to contemplate the highest mountain peak of Crimea - Mount Romash-Kosh. At the next halt, which is called the "Arbor of the Winds", you can see the entire southern coast in full view. Walking through the pine forest near the "Red Stone" from a bird's eye view, you can observe Yalta, and at the end of the route there is a stop near the Uch-Kosh gorge.

How to get there

The reserve is located in Alushta, on Partizanskaya street, house 42. Tours are conducted on the territory by bus or car along the developed routes, accompanied by a guide.

Swan Islands

The ornithological reserve is included in the Crimean, but is located in the north-west, in the Karkitinsky Bay. It is more than 3.5 kilometers away from the coastline. Six separate small islands are located on an 8-kilometer zone along the bay. The largest of them - the fourth, has a length of 3.5 kilometers. The islands were formed thanks to a layer of shells and sand. Their relief changes over time. warm water The bay, full of various fish, attracts more than 320 species of marsh and waterfowl to this area, many of which rest here during their flights, stop for the winter and build nests.

The protected area is 52 hectares. Here you can meet mute swans, pelicans, several species of gulls, herons, waders and flamingos. In the warm season, the number of birds reaches 6,000. This place is home not only to birds, but also to dolphins, porpoises, a large jerboa and a white polecat. There are also representatives of the kingdom of reptiles.

How to get there

It is necessary to get to the village of Portovoe by the Crimean public transport. There is no direct route. First you need to take a bus to the village of Razdolnoye. This bus runs from Simferopol, Evpatoria or Sevastopol. Then you need to transfer to the transport that goes to Portovoye and find a boat there that will take you to the Swan Islands. Sea transport goes there regularly and often, so there should be no problems.

Reserve Opuk

It was organized in 1998 and is located on the Kerch Peninsula near the cape of the same name. On the endless steppes, stretched over 1.5 hectares, rare birds, animals and representatives of marine flora and fauna live. It is better to visit this place in the spring, when the ground is completely covered with magnificent blooming tulips of different shades.

This place is considered an archaeological monument, since in the 5th century BC the settlement of Kimmerik, which was part of the Bosporan kingdom, was located here. Here, during excavations, foundations and ruins of ancient walls were discovered. The gentle slopes of Mount Opuk are the only location on the peninsula where rose starlings nest.

If you move south from the cape by sea, at a distance of 4 km, you can see another attraction. Rock-ships have been the heroes of legends for many centuries because of their external resemblance to sailboats. Cormorants, gulls, pigeons, unique black swifts fly here for nesting.

How to get there

You can come to Mount Opuk from the bus station of the city of Kerch by buses, following in the direction of "Maryevka" or "Yakovenkovo". After that, you will have to walk about 5 kilometers.

Cape Martyan

This protected area is located between the botanical garden in Nikita and the rest house "Ai-Danil". A cape is a rock covered subtropical forest, and being a continuation of the Nikitsky spur. The status of the reserve of the land territory and the water area around the cape was assigned in 1973. Few people know that a long winding shady path stretches along the entire length of the protected area, among a dense primeval forest, in which you can find juniper, fluffy oak, and less often small-fruited strawberries. Along the path there are branches leading to rocky cliffs. Here, nature has created entire observation platforms that offer stunning views of the southern coast of Crimea.

How to get there

As a rule, from Yalta. In any district of the city, you need to take a minibus going to the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. You can also get to the beginning of the protected area from the village of Nikita. But it is better to buy an excursion, then you will be taken by comfortable transport directly to the place.

Yalta Reserve

The opening took place in 1973, when unique vast forest lands consisting of pines, beech and oak were taken under state protection. The area of the territory is 14,000 hectares, of which 75% are forests. The flora of the reserve today is represented by 1300 plant species, 74 of which are listed in the Red Book. Among them are juniper, emitting a pleasant coniferous aroma, Crimean lumbago and the magnificent Bieberstein sapling, rampant with snow-white flowers. And most importantly, beautiful flowering shrubs of peonies, Crimean cistus, violets, pistachios tuliposa. As well as endemic carnation, nettle, geranium, Steven's sunflower and gorgeous Crimean peony. Under close supervision were:

37 species of various mammals;
113 birds;
11 reptiles;
several representatives of amphibians;
countless insects.

Special trails and routes are equipped on the territory of the reserve, the most famous of which is the "Sunny Path". Tourists can contemplate the Uchun-Su waterfall, the teeth of Mount Ai-petri, the Devil's Stairs pass and other attractions.

How to get there

From the cinema "Spartak" in Yalta, there is a fixed-route taxi No. 24 to the stop "Glade of Fairy Tales" or bus No. 8, moving on which you need to get off at the "Nest". You can also get from the bus station by minibus going along the South Coast Highway. The necessary stop is at the turn to the Glade of Fairy Tales. Then you need to get on foot along the paved paths.

Kazantip Reserve

Cape Kazantip since 1998 has the status of a protected area. The mountain of the same name is its highest point. This is the smallest reserve in terms of area, occupying 450 hectares and located on the shores of the Sea of Azov. Translated from the Turkic "Kazantip" means "cauldron". The name took root because of the rounded terrain, from a height resembling the bottom of a boiler.

The virgin steppe and pristine nature are under the vigilant protection of the state. Schrenk tulips, feather grass, and steppe orchids grow and bloom here in abundance. Many species of plants growing in this area are listed in the Red Book and the Red List of Europe. Several species of velvet butterflies can be found on the cliffs. A wide variety of rare waterfowl and an extensive fishery represent the fauna of the reserve.

There are also archaeological and ethnic monuments, several small castles, rich owners of ancient times, as well as menhirs, sources of strength and vitality that attract many tourists. Recently, archaeologists have discovered on the territory the remains of an ancient settlement dating back to the 3rd century BC. Another local attraction is the lighthouse tower on Mount Kazantip. It has been operating since the beginning of the 20th century.

How to get there

You need to stay on course. Shchelkino. If you want to use public transport, there is a train from Kerch to the village of Ostanino and a bus to Shchelkino. If the means of transportation is a personal car, drive from Kerch or Feodosia to Lenino, and then north to Ostanino.

Karadag Reserve

Kara-Dag is a majestic volcanic massif rising above the sea near the cities of Feodosia and Sudak. Its age is estimated at 150 million years. This place is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful on the entire peninsula. All kinds of minerals are stored in the bowels of the mountains: amethyst, agate, transparent rock crystal and jasper.

The reserve was established in 1979. It originates in the Otuzskaya valley and stretches into the Koktebel basin. It occupies about 2000 hectares, not counting the coastal zone of the Black Sea. The area is a forest and steppe lands with southern coastal vegetation. More than 3,800 representatives of the fauna feel great here, many of which are listed in books. rare plants many countries and are protected by the Berne Convention and the CITES Convention. The same can be said about the flora of the reserve.

The purpose of creating a natural park was the study and maximum preservation of the animal and animal in its original form. flora, so the place is not available for individual visits. But you have the opportunity to walk along specially equipped paths, listen to a fascinating story and visit nature museums as part of excursion groups.

During a walking tour on the way, you will come across many viewpoints overlooking the famous rocks:

Ivan the Robber.
Holy.
Golden Gate.
Damn Finger.
Sphinx.

Walking on a long mountainous terrain is very tiring. Children will quickly get tired and start acting up. It is better to go here with an adult company.

How to get there

The reserve is available only as part of excursion groups, so you will have to get on comfortable buses from the place where the group gathers. You can get here from Feodosia, through Koktebel or from Sudak, through the village of Kurortnoye.

What other reserves and reserves are there in the Republic of Crimea, we will tell further.

Astana plavni

It is located near Aktash Lake, on the territory of the Kerch Peninsula. The area is about 50 hectares. The coast of the estuary is densely dotted with thickets of reeds. It is a habitat and nesting place for large flocks of waterfowl such as the gray crane and the mute swan. This is the only location in the Crimea where there are nests of shelducks.

The beaches of the Astana floodplains are pure sand, there are many mud and mineral springs in the area. There are several health resorts here.

How to get there

If you prefer to travel by your own car, head from Kerch to Lenino, and then to the server - to Ostanino.

Kanaka Reserve

It is located on the territory belonging to the Alushta City Council. The place is covered with relic juniper forests, which are more than 4 centuries old. The real natural monuments that have survived a long history are several trees that are over 700 years old. In Kanak, as well as other protected areas, a huge number of rare plants listed in the Red Book grow. The most common of these are pistachio trees, rose hips and jasmine. During the flowering period, the air is filled with the intoxicating aroma of fragrant herbs and medicinal plants. Walking along the equipped paths, inhaling the aroma of pine needles and flowering crops, you can stock up on health for many years to come. Collecting herbs is strictly prohibited here.

Not far from the reserve itself is the settlement “Kanakskaya Balka. There are several boarding houses there. The village has developed infrastructure: cafes, bars, restaurants, cinemas, a beach is equipped.

How to get there

From the railway station in Simferopol you need to go to the village. Fishing on fixed-route taxi. From Rybachy to Kanaki 12 kilometers. They can be overcome by taxi or any minibus, following in the direction of Privetnoye to the Kanakskaya gully.

From the railway station and the airport of Simferopol, you can get to Alushta and transfer to transport going to Privetnoye. Get off at the stop "Kanakskaya Balka".

Khapkhalsky reserve

The hydrological reserve was founded in 1974 to protect the territory of the Khapkhal gorge, with a beech-oak forest located on it, the Ulu-Uzen East river and the Dzhur-Dzhur waterfall.

The gorge is located on the slopes of Mount Demerdzhi and cascades down to the sea. In this impassable place there is complete silence, sometimes interrupted by the singing of flying birds.

Here are located:

several caves;
sources;
a large cascade of waterfalls;
Kapevat spring;
fragments of the destroyed church of St. Andrew.

Forests are represented by oak, beech and hornbeam trees. Extensive dense thickets of ivy envelop rocks and trunks. The animal world is very diverse. This is the habitat of the largest predator of Crimea - the Crimean mountain fox, as well as martens, weasels, and the Crimean badger. Higher in the mountains you can meet wild boars, deer and roe deer. A special place is occupied by entire settlements of bats listed in the Red Book and protected by the Berne Convention. Rare snakes prey on mice here. The coast is a nesting place for many species of waterfowl, and a rare freshwater crab lives in the river.

How to get there

You need to go to the village of Generalskoye. If you travel by bus, municipal transport runs from Alushta towards the village. Fishing. From Sevastopol and Yalta you need to follow to Sudak.

Utes-Karasan Park

It belongs to the sights of Alushta and occupies an area of 18 hectares. The Karasan estate in the old days belonged to the Raevsky couple. More than 200 years ago, the head of the family laid the foundation here beautiful park. The general was fond of gardening, so he brought exotic species of trees to the territory, which he himself grew in greenhouses near Partenit. He brought many plants from the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Now there are more than 200 species of rare flora exhibits that please the eye of visitors. If you go east from the Karasansky park, the road will lead to the Utes park - all these lands are considered a single complex.

In the park is the Raevsky Palace, made in the Moorish style. It serves as the building of the Karasan sanatorium.

How to get there

By car or bus, follow from Alushta towards Yalta for about 10 km, until the sign "Small Lighthouse". Next, you need to pass under the bridge and after the gas station on the left, turn towards Utes 4, the Santa Barbara and Corona hotels. Without turning off the main road, go to the sea.

Chernorechensky Canyon

It is also called the Crimean Daryal. This is the longest canyon Crimean peninsula which is 12 kilometers long. It was located at the same distance from the Baydarskaya valley and from. Chernorechye, in the middle of the road. Conditionally, the territory can be divided into two parts:

From the village to the partisan clearing, where you can meet other tourists, organize picnic places or just walk to the ruins of the bridge blown up by partisans during the Second World War;
From the partisan valley to the Baidar valley. This route attracts extreme travelers. To successfully pass along the path, you must have minimal climbing skills, in some places you will have to wade. This place fascinates with the beauty of boulders hanging overhead. There are two waterfalls along the way. Travel agencies offer as many as four options for the route through the canyon.

How to get there

From the western bus station of the city of Simferopol and from the city of Sevastopol by minibuses and buses going to the village. Chernorechye. If you are coming from the side of the Baydarskaya Valley, it is first better to get to the village. Wide, and then walk 2 km to Peredovoe on foot. Before the bridge, you need to turn off, guided by the inscriptions on the table indicating the direction "Chernorechensky Canyon".

Agarmysh forest

"Agarmysh" in translation from Turkic is "gray-haired". The natural monument received this name for the climatic features of the area. Fog often falls on the yayla, and when the air becomes frosty, everything is covered with a layer of hoarfrost. The upper part of the Sychevaya Balka Gorge belongs to the protected area.

The forests have come under close state control due to massive logging and quarrying, which has caused the reduction of forest land. They are thickets of oak, beech, hornbeam and hazel. Although this is a protected area, every tourist can freely get here if he does not violate the basic rules of environmental cleanliness.

There are traces of the old water pipe that supplied the ancient settlements. The history of the area is shrouded in myths and secrets. It is said that the river Lethe flows in the dungeon, where the souls of the dead are transported to another world. Mention is also made of the French beauty Jeanne de la Motte, who stole the queen's necklace. This image is captured on the pages of many novels, the most famous of which is The Three Musketeers. In 1824 Zhanna receives Russian citizenship and comes to the Crimea. After her sudden death, the trace of the necklace is lost, but according to legend, the countess hid the diamond necklace in some well of Agamash.

The films "9th Company" and "Inhabited Island" were filmed here.

How to get there

You need to move from Stary Krym along the A23 road by public or private transport. A few kilometers before the turn to Grushevka, the protected area begins.

Nikitsky Botanical Garden

One of the most beloved and visited by tourists places in the Crimea. During the spring flowering of tulips and the autumn exhibition of chrysanthemums, many specially come here from all over the world. This is a research institution for fruit growing and one of the oldest gardens, on the territory of which there are countless rare plants. Its pride is the museum, which presents more than 170 thousand copies. In the park, you can visit the cactus greenhouse and the orchid exhibition. You need to go here for the whole day: walk along winding garden paths, enjoy the aroma of flowering bushes, drink tea under the shade of bamboo, look into fabulous gazebos, take pictures against the backdrop of rare trees.

How to get there

You can get to the Nikitsky Botanical Garden from Yalta by bus or trolleybus, following from the stops "Clothes Market" and "Pionerskaya".

Crimea is a unique beauty of nature: unique mountain ranges, rare coniferous and mixed forests, springs with crystal clear water. A variety of animals and birds listed in the Red Book live here.

Crimean nature reserves and national parks are areas covered with fragrant fragrant herbs and medicinal plants. There are steppe zones, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and difficult gorges. Centuries-old history, human activities and climatic features have made their own adjustments to the natural landscape. To preserve the original appearance of these places, to study the characteristics of flora and fauna, and to maintain rare and endangered species, special protected zones have been created.

Before the trip, look at the routes on the map, and the sights of the Crimean reserves in the photo. Visiting such places, you will feel like a pioneer, breathe in fresh air, enjoy the picturesque beauties and views, plunge into the atmosphere of wildlife. Each of these natural parks has something to see and keep in your memory.

The fauna of forests is an integral part of the protected natural complex. The usual detail of the Crimean mountain landscape, which can be seen even in paintings or in sculptural compositions - deer grazing somewhere on a slope or slender, with a cool curved horns mouflon standing on top of a sheer cliff. In general, this is quite typical, although, of course, it is far from always possible to meet a herd of deer in the forest, and even more so a mouflon “posing” on a rock.

In Crimea, there is no other similar natural area with such a variety of wildlife. 34 species of mammals live within the farm, more than 135 species of birds (of which 44 permanently live in the forests of the reserve, 41 nest, 16 winter, 29 constantly fly during flights and more than 5 fly from time to time), 10 species reptiles, 4 species of amphibians, 7 species of fish. It should be taken into account that the species diversity is replenished with new finds. Maintaining a strict conservation regime allows you to save rare and endangered species of animals.

Deer and roe deer are the original inhabitants of the Crimean mountains. There is evidence that deer were an object of hunting five thousand years ago, and in the Middle Ages there were so many of them that they were found even in the steppe part of the peninsula. However, in the last century and at the beginning of our century, deer were savagely exterminated. The establishment of a protected regime in the mountainous Crimea turned out to be timely: if it weren’t for it, this beautiful animal could be completely exterminated. Currently, only in the protected area there are over a thousand heads of deer.

There is something unimaginably beautiful in the proud posture, and in the constant alertness - in the whole appearance of this largest mammal of the Crimean mountains. Deer are swift and tireless in running through the mountains, easily overcome forest blockages, thick jungles, rocky placers and steep slopes. During the day, deer can be seen in the meadows and in the forest. By evening, they usually go out to high mountain pastures. They live in groups. Adult males spend most of the year outside the herd. In February - March, they shed their horns, and by the time of the rut (the mating season), which occurs in September, they grow new horns. At this time, the forest is deafened by the loud roar of males, fierce battles begin because of the females. As a rule, these fights end with the flight of the weak, but sometimes there are tragic cases when the opponent dies. The victorious male becomes the owner of the "harem" and fiercely protects the females from the encroachment of other males. Fights during the rutting period are of great biological importance, since the strongest dexterous beast always comes out victorious, the qualitative characteristics of which are passed on to offspring.

In the reserve-hunting economy, work is being carried out to study the physiology of the deer. Its impact on the environment.

Roe deer is the smallest representative of wild ungulates of the reserve. The animal is surprisingly graceful, slender and graceful. In coloring and external outlines it is similar to a deer, but much smaller than it. An adult roe deer weighs only 30-40 kilograms. Males have small beautiful horns shed in autumn and grow back in spring. Roe deer live everywhere in the forests of Crimea, but their numbers are small.

Up to 300 animals live in the reserve.

Roe deer live in small herds and alone. Young growth appears in the spring and has a camouflage coat color. In the early days, babies are very weak and helpless. Roe deer feed on various herbs, young shoots of shrubs and trees, tree bark, acorns and other plant foods. In winter, they migrate to the southern slopes of the mountains free from snow cover.

Mouflon is an animal acclimatized in the Crimea. The European mouflon is a wild relative of the domestic sheep. His homeland is the island of Corsica. It was brought to the Crimea in 1913 and released in the amount of 13 individuals on the slope of Mount Bolshaya Chuchel. By the time the reserve was organized, only 8 animals were counted. The strict nature reserve regime and the protection of animals favorably affected the increase in the number of mouflons. Currently, they are strictly protected, as a result of which the population is growing from year to year. Mouflon is a herd animal, there is always a leader in the herd. This is an extremely cautious animal with developed vision, smell and hearing. Currently, mouflons are found on the peaks and slopes of the Chernaya and Bolshaya Chuchel mountains, on the slopes of Babugan-yayla. Their food is herbaceous and shrubby vegetation. In winter, with deep snow cover, it is necessary to feed the animals with hay. In snowy winters, mouflons descend from the tops of the mountains into the valleys.

The wild boar inhabits deaf and hard-to-reach areas of oak and beech forests. In the distant past, this animal was completely exterminated. Its restoration began in 1957. At present, these animals have settled everywhere in the forests of the mountainous Crimea. Their number in the reserve ranges from 350-500 heads. The boar is a strong and strongly built animal. The mass of individual old males exceeds 250 kilograms. The wild boar feeds on all kinds of food, both of plant and animal origin. Favorite food is acorns, beech nuts, fruits of wild apple and pear trees, dogwood. In search of food, wild boars are able to migrate over considerable distances. Rummaging in the ground and eating a lot of forest pests (insect larvae and insects themselves), wild boars play the role of "orderlies" and thereby bring great benefits. In addition, by loosening the soil in search of food, they contribute to the growth of seeds in it. In winter, animals are fed with corn, potatoes and other root crops.

Wild boars live in groups (3-10 heads each), but during the rutting period they form herds of up to 20 or more heads. Adult males, as a rule, keep separately and join the herd only during the rut.

The wide distribution of the animal in the forests of Crimea makes it possible to shoot it under license outside the territory of the reserve.

The fox is a representative of the predators of the reserve. Found everywhere. It feeds on mouse-like rodents, hares and birds. It is interesting to watch a hunting fox: before jumping, she makes a graceful stance, leaning on her fluffy tail. Puppies in March-April, in a litter from 3 to 10, but more often 4-5 foxes. They grow quickly, both parents participate in the upbringing of the young.

The stone marten is a dexterous and beautiful animal. Highly valued for the beauty and strength of the fur. The number of martens in the reserve is small, since the animal is not numerous in terms of its biological characteristics. In agility and speed, the marten is not inferior to the squirrel. It is nocturnal, but sometimes hunts during the day. The basis of nutrition is made up of mouse-like rodents and feathered inhabitants of the forest, and willingly eats ripe cornel fruits. Most often he arranges his lair in deaf forest thickets.

The badger is found everywhere in the forests of Crimea. Dwellings are arranged in deep burrows with numerous burrows and holes. Very clean animal (periodically cleans its hole). It feeds on mouse-like rodents, birds and their eggs, insects and their larvae, rhizomes and fruits of individual plants. By the onset of winter, badgers become very fat and hibernate for the winter period.

The squirrel is a very beautiful, mobile and curious animal. It was brought to the Crimea in 1940 from Altai Territory(125 teleuk squirrels). In the forests of the mountainous Crimea, it acclimatized very well and quickly settled throughout the territory. Currently it is a commercial animal (outside the reserve). It feeds mainly on seeds of coniferous trees, beech nuts, hazelnuts, mushrooms, and berries. It is not uncommon for a squirrel to prepare significant stocks of these feeds for the winter. She arranges her dwelling on trees, sometimes in hollows of old trees. In harvest years, the animal brings offspring 2-3 times (each time from 3 to 10 cubs). Squirrels at the age of two months are quite independent.

Window to nature. V. A. Lushpa, P. I. Shlapakov, V. A. Medvedev.