The main directions of foreign policy in 17. Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century - briefly

17th century was very difficult for Russia in terms of foreign policy. Almost all of it went through long wars.

The main directions of Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century: 1) ensuring access to the Baltic and Black Seas; 2) participation in the liberation movement of the Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples; 3) achieving the security of the southern borders from the raids of the Crimean Khan.

Russia was significantly weakened at the beginning of the century by the Polish-Swedish intervention and the socio-political crisis within the country, so it did not have the opportunity to simultaneously solve all three tasks. The primary goal of Moscow in the XVII century. was the return of the lands that were torn away from Russia by the Polish-Swedish troops. Especially important for Russia was the return of Smolensk, which ensured the security of the country's western borders. A favorable environment for the struggle against the Commonwealth for the return of Smolensk developed in the 30s. At this time, the Commonwealth was at war with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimea, and the main European powers were embroiled in the Thirty Years' War.

In 1632, after the death of Sigismund III, kinglessness began in the Commonwealth. Russia took advantage of the situation and started a war with Poland for the liberation of Smolensk. But at this stage, Smolensk could not be returned. The Russian campaign was extremely slow, as the government feared an attack by the Crimean Khan on the southern counties. The siege of the city dragged on, which allowed the Poles to prepare a rebuff. The attack of the Crimean Tatars on the Ryazan, Belevsky districts in 1633 demoralized the government troops, which consisted mostly of poorly trained serfs and peasants mobilized into the army.

Under the rule of the Polish state were Ukrainian and Belarusian lands. The Cossacks who inhabited these lands were the main force of the anti-Polish uprisings. Dissatisfied with the rule of the Poles, the Cossacks organized their center - the Zaporizhzhya Sich.

In 1648–1654 there was a liberation movement of the Ukrainian people under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky. This movement has been developed in Belarus as well. B. Khmelnitsky pinned great hopes on Russia's help. But only in 1653 The Zemsky Sobor in Moscow decided to include Ukrainian lands in Russia and declare war on Poland.

In 1654 The Ukrainian Rada took an oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar. The Commonwealth did not accept this. From 1654 to 1657 passed a new stage of the Russian-Polish war. According to the new peace treaty, Left-bank Ukraine, together with Kyiv, went to Russia. Right-bank Ukraine and Belarus were under the rule of Poland.

Russia also received Smolensk, Chernigov, Seversky land. AT 1686 an eternal peace was concluded between Russia and Poland, which consolidated the gains of Russia.

The end of the war with Poland allowed Russia to repulse the aggressive policy of the Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the Crimean Khanate.

Russo-Turkish War (1677–1681):

1) August 3, 1677 Ottoman-Crimean troops began the siege of the Chigirin fortress, located in Right-Bank Ukraine;

2) in the battle near Buzhin, Russian-Ukrainian troops utterly defeated the Crimean-Ottoman army, the siege of the fortress was lifted;

3) in July 1678 The Ottomans laid siege to Chigirin again. Russian troops desperately resisted. After the siege and capture of the fortress, ruins remained. Russian and Ukrainian troops withdrew to the Dnieper;

4) the campaign of 1677-1678. greatly weakened the Ottomans. On January 13, 1681, the Treaty of Bakhchisaray was concluded, who established a 20-year truce.

Foreign policy events XVII century.

The foreign policy of Mikhail and Alexei Romanov can be divided into two stages:

Istage (1613-1632) - the main task is to conclude and maintain peace with Sweden and Poland in order to solve internal problems.

IIstage: (1632-1667) - the task is to revise the difficult conditions of the Stolbovsky peace and the Deulinsky truce, to return the lost lands.

1632-1634

War

with the Commonwealth

1654-1667

Russo-Swedish War 1656-1661

Russian-Turkish war 1676-1681

Causes of the war

During the Troubles, Vasily Shuisky asked for help from Sweden in 1609 to fight against False DmitryII. After the fall of Shuisky, Swedish troops occupied Novgorod (1611).

Reasons for the war:

1) the plans of the Swedish king to become the Russian Tsar

2) the capture and robbery of Russian cities by the Swedes

In 1609, the Polish king launched an intervention against Russia. The Seven Boyars, who seized power, proclaimed the son of the Polish king Vladislav the Moscow tsar. In 1612, the Poles were driven out of Moscow. Russia lost Smolensk and Seversky lands.

Reasons for the war: Polish detachments plundered Russian lands. King Sigismund refused to recognize Mikhail Romanov as Russian Tsar. He himself aimed at the Russian throne.

Russia sought to return Smolensk and the Seversk lands occupied by Poland.

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

The unwillingness of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

share with Sweden the fruits of their victories in Poland.

In 1672, the Ottomans and Tatars (the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate) attacked Ukraine and Poland. Poland ceded to them the southern regions of Ukraine. The Ottomans could go to the Left-Bank Ukraine.

This alarmed Moscow.

Reasons for the war:

Fears of losing Left-bank Ukraine.

Main events

In 1613 the Swedes tried to capture Tikhvin.

In 1614, the Swedes captured the fortress of Gdov.

In the summer and autumn of 1615 Pskov was besieged.

In 1617, Prince Vladislav began a campaign against Moscow.

On October 1, 1618, the Polish army attacked Moscow. It was forced to retreat.

1632 - campaign against Smolensk of the Russian troops led by M.B. Shein.

Attack of the Crimean Tatars.

1633 siege of Smolensk.

Attack of the Crimean Tatars.

Battles with Polish troops. Encirclement of Russian troops.

In February 1634, Governor Shein signed a truce.

September 1654 - Russian troops took Smolensk.

Entry into Lithuania, the capture of Lithuanian cities. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had plans to conquer all of Poland.

But then Sweden entered the war against Poland, which violated the plans of the king. In 1656, a truce was signed with Poland.

In 1658, the Polish-Lithuanian troops launched an offensive in Belarus.

In 1657, the new hetman of Ukraine, Vyhovsky, announced the return of Ukraine under the rule of Poland. Together with the Crimean Tatars, he tried to capture Kyiv. At the beginning of 1660, the Polish king made peace with Sweden and threw all his strength into the fight against Russia. Moscow troops were ousted from Belarus and Lithuania.

At first, the war went well. But in the autumn of 1656 they failed to take Riga by storm.

At this time hostilities resumed with Poland, which regained control over Belarus and Lithuania.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich decided to urgently conclude peace with Sweden.

In 1674, the Moscow regiments and Cossacks of the "Russian" hetman Samoylovich besieged the Chigirin fortress, but were forced to withdraw their troops.

In the summer of 1676, by order of the tsar, the Moscow army occupied Chigirin, the capital of the “Turkish” hetman Doroshenko.

1677, 1678 - Chigirinsky campaigns.

In the summer of 1677 - a battle with the Turks and Crimean Tatars near Chigirin. The Turks retreated.

1678 - the Turkish army took Chigirin.

Results-conditions of peace treaties

The failure near Pskov forced the Swedish king to start negotiations with the Moscow government.

1617 Stolbovsky peace (eternal peace): Novgorod, Staraya Russa and Porkhov returned to Russia for 20 thousand rubles. silver. But part of the Russian cities remained with Sweden. Russia was completely cut off from the Baltic Sea.

Peace negotiations resumed. In December 1618, the Deulino truce was concluded for a period of 14 years and 6 months. Smolensk and Seversk land went to Poland.

In the summer of 1634, the Polyanovsky Peace was signed. Smolensk and Chernigov-Seversk land remained with Poland.

1664-1667 - peace negotiations between Russia and Poland. In 1667 Andrusov peace was signed. Poland recognized Smolensk and Left-bank Ukraine, Kyiv for Russia. Zaporozhye was recognized as joint possession of Poland and Russia.

1661 Treaty of Cadiz between Sweden and Russia. All the lands conquered by the Russians were returned to Sweden.

In January 1681, the Treaty of Bakhchisarai was signed. The border between the Ottoman Empire and Russia was established along the Dnieper.

The historical significance of the war

Peace in the Baltics made it possible to fully concentrate on the fight against the Commonwealth.

The Deulino truce allowed Russia to focus on solving domestic political problems

The Polish King Vladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne.

Russia returned Smolensk.

The heroic defense of Chigirin saved Left-bank Ukraine from the Ottoman invasion.

Convinced of the high fighting qualities of the Russian troops, the Ottomans began peace negotiations with Russia.

Test.

1. What tasks in foreign policy faced Russia

in the first years of the reign of the new Romanov dynasty?

1) Return lost during the Livonian War and

Time of Troubles of the territory;

2) Focus on resolving acute domestic political

problems

3) Achieve access to the Baltic Sea

2. Who commanded the Russian troops during the Smolensk War?

1) Yu.A. Dolgorukov 2) A.N. Trubetskoy 3) M.B. Shein

3. What was the result of the Deulino truce?

1) Loss of Smolensk by Russia

2) Accession to Russia Courland

3) the creation of an anti-Swedish coalition

4. What was the result of the Andrusovo truce?

1) Loss of Smolensk by Russia

2) Accession to Russia of Left-Bank Ukraine

3) Accession to Russia of Azov

5. As a result of which war did the Polish king Vladislav renounce his claims to the Russian throne?

1) Smolensk War of 1632-1634

2) Russo-Swedish War 1656-1661

3) Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681

6. As a result of which peace treaty did Sweden return Novgorod to Russia?

1) Peace of Cadiz 1661

2) Stolbovsky Peace of 1617

3) Polyanovsky Peace of 1634

7. What tasks in foreign policy faced Russia in 1632-1667?

1) Strengthen in the Black Sea region

2) Defeat the Commonwealth

3) Reconsider the difficult conditions of the Deulinsky truce and the Stolbovsky peace.

8. The reunification of Ukraine with Russia took place in

1) 1634 2) 1654 3) 1667

Answers:

Answer No.

Domestic policy of Russia in the 17th century

All R. In the 17th century, during the reign of the second Romanov, Alexei Mikhailovich the Quietest, the tax burden increased and the living conditions of peasants and townspeople worsened. This causes a deep social crisis, which resulted in numerous riots. In the 17th century there are more than 20 uprisings, for which he received the name "rebellious" age. The largest uprisings include: the "Salt Riot" of 1648, the "Copper Riot" of 1662, the Solovetsky uprising of 1668-1676, the uprising led by S. Razin.

The largest was the uprising of the 17th century. under the leadership of S. Razin (1670-1671). The uprising forced the government to look for ways to strengthen the existing system. The power of governors in the field was strengthened, the tax system was reformed (the transition to household taxation was made), and the process of spreading serfdom to the southern regions of the country intensified.

There is a further development of the order system. The number of orders began to reach 80 (of which 40 are permanent).

In 1648-1649. the largest Zemsky Sobor in the history of Russia. It was attended by 340 people, most of whom belonged to the nobility and the top tenants. The Zemsky Sobor adopted the "Cathedral Code", which regulated the performance of various services, the ransom of prisoners, customs policy, the position of various categories of the population, increased responsibility for speaking out against the tsar, boyars, governor, church, established an indefinite search for fugitive peasants and forbade peasant transitions from one owner to another. This meant the legal registration of the system of serfdom. The feudal order extended to the black-haired and palace peasants. In the cities, the "white" settlements were included in the settlement, now the entire urban population had to bear the tax on the sovereign. The "Cathedral Code" was the first Russian legislative act published in a typographical way.

Since 1652, in order to strengthen the order, discipline and moral foundations of the clergy, establish the uniformity of church services, and unify church books, Patriarch Nikon has been carrying out church reform. He took Greek rules and rituals as a model. There is a split in the Russian church. Adherents of the old order - the Old Believers (schismatics) - refused to recognize Nikon's reform and advocated a return to the pre-reform order. Archpriest Avvakum stood at the head of the Old Believers. The split became one of the forms of social protest of the masses. Thousands of peasants and residents of the settlement fled to the outskirts of the country, where they founded Old Believer settlements.

Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century

In foreign policy, the main task was to return the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky lands lost during the Polish-Swedish intervention. The solution to this problem was aggravated in connection with the struggle of the Ukrainian people against Polonization and Catholicization by Poland. Bogdan Khmelnitsky became the leader of the national liberation movement in Ukraine. In 1654, the Great Rada took place in the city of Pereyaslavl, which decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. Ukraine was granted significant autonomy within the Russian state. The Commonwealth did not recognize the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The Russian-Polish war began (1654-1667). It was marked by the success of the Russian and Ukrainian troops. Russian troops occupied Smolensk, Belarus, Lithuania; Ukrainian troops - Lublin, a number of cities in Galicia and Volhynia. However, after the death of B. Khmelnytsky, the frequent change of hetmans led to the fact that Ukraine went over to the side of Poland, then to the side of Russia. These years in Ukraine became a time of ruin and strife. The exhausting Russian-Polish war ended with the signing of the Andrusovo truce, according to which Russia abandoned Belarus, but left behind Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine with the city of Kyiv.

During the Russian-Polish war, Alexei Mikhailovich conducted military operations against Sweden (1656-1658). Russian troops took Dinaburg, Dorpat, laid siege to Riga. But the complicated situation in Ukraine and its transition to the side of Poland under Hetman I. Vyhovsky, forced to conclude peace with Sweden. Russia returned the conquered territories. The Baltic remained with Sweden.

Thus, during the period of the estate-representative monarchy, there was a significant expansion of the territory of Russia. The Lower and Middle Volga regions, as well as Siberia, became part of Russia. The increase in the territory of Russia in the West occurred due to the annexation of Ukraine.

Socio-economic development of Russia in the 17th century

The population of the country to the con. 17th century amounted to 10.5 million people. (4th place in Europe). Agriculture remained the leading sector of the economy.

A new phenomenon in its development was the increased connection with the market. Nobles, boyars and especially monasteries were increasingly involved in trade and fishing activities. In the 17th century there was a development of handicraft into small-scale production. It, in turn, prepared the basis for the emergence of manufactories. In the 17th century in Russia there were approx. 30 manufactories, mainly in metallurgy, leather production and salt production. A feature of Russian manufactory was that it was based not on freelance labor, as was the case in Europe, but on serf labor (peasants were either bought or assigned to the manufactory).

In the 17th century the all-Russian market begins to take shape. The constantly gathering fairs: Makarievskaya, Svenskaya, Irbitskaya, in Arkhangelsk, etc. acquired great importance. Foreign trade through Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan grew.

The social structure of Russian society was quite complex. The boyars were the highest class, they served the tsar and occupied leading positions in the state. The nobles made up the top layer of the sovereign's service people in the homeland. This layer of feudal lords included persons who served at the royal court (stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles, etc.). The lower stratum of service people included service people according to the instrument - archers, gunners, coachmen, etc. The rural peasant population consisted of two categories: owner-occupied (belonged to boyars and nobles) and black-haired peasants who lived on state land and carried taxes in favor of the state. The top of the urban population were merchants. The bulk of the urban population was called townspeople. Urban artisans united on a professional basis into settlements and hundreds. A significant number of serfs lived in cities and rural areas. The clergy constituted a special class. There was a category of free and walking people (Cossacks, hired workers, itinerant musicians, beggars, vagabonds).

In the history of Russia, the 17th century is an important moment in its development. Being surrounded by numerous enemies, important processes took place inside the country that influenced the further development of the state.

The main tasks of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Time of Troubles began in Russia. The Rurik dynasty was interrupted and the Polish-Swedish intervention began. It was only in 1612 that the country was able to defend its sovereignty and reassert itself on the world stage by launching a broad foreign policy activity.

The main task of the new Russian dynasty was the return of Russian territories lost during the Time of Troubles. This also included the local task of gaining access to the Baltic Sea, because during the Russian Time of Troubles these lands were occupied by Sweden.

Rice. 1. Map of Russia at the beginning of the 17th century.

The task of uniting the territories of the former Kievan Rus around Moscow remained historical. Moreover, it was not only about the unification of the people, but also an increase in arable land and the number of taxpayers.

In other words, Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century met the objectives of uniting and restoring the integrity of the country.

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And, of course, with the destruction of the Siberian Khanate, Russia's road to Siberia was opened. The development of wild, but rich regions remained a priority for a weakened state.

Rice. 2. Siege of Chigirin.

Table "Foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century"

Many modern European historians consider the development of Siberia to be colonization and the relationship of Moscow with the local population as a colony with the metropolis.

It should be noted the emergence of the "Caspian issue" for Russia. The Rurikovichs were not in contact with all the countries located in Eurasia. One of these was Persia.

In 1651, the Persian army entered Dagestan and the Caspian lands, wanting to claim their rights to them. As a result, military campaigns ended in nothing. Alexei Mikhailovich in 1653 managed to achieve the preservation of the position of the borders until the start of the Persian campaign. However, the struggle for the coast of the Caspian Lake from that moment was just beginning for Russia.

Rice. 3. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

One of the reasons for the unresolved majority of tasks was the technological backwardness of Russia from European countries. After the Thirty Years' War in Europe, military science took a step forward, but it bypassed the Russian military art.

What have we learned?

Speaking briefly about the foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century, it should be noted that Russia was engaged in the restoration of its historical borders and the return of territories lost during the Time of Troubles. Most of the tasks facing it in the 17th century could not be solved.

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Start 17 century for Russia was not the best time to address foreign policy issues. In short, the country lost a strong royal power. The reign of the Rurikids ended, and the famine of the beginning of the century gave rise to peasant uprisings and unrest. Militant neighbors took advantage of this and tried to tear off its territories from Russia.

Capture of Russian lands

Russia's weakness at the beginning 17 century, ill-wishers took advantage. The Polish king Sigismund interfered in all the internal affairs of Russia. Poland recognized the impostor Tsar False Dmitry II as the legitimate ruler of Russia. And in 9 year, the seventeenth century, Polish troops invaded Russian lands. AT 10 Moscow was captured in the seventeenth century. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forced the boyar ruling elite to place the Pole Vladislav on the Russian, royal throne. The Smolensk lands and the lands of Belarus went to Poland. It can be said that at that time Russia completely lost its independence.

A few months after the capture of Moscow, Sweden invaded the northern lands of Russia. All the Baltic coast, the coast of the Gulf of Finland began to be considered Swedish territory.

Revival of Russian independence

Russia began to restore its foreign policy importance with the coming to power of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs. The first king of this dynasty had to restore everything that the previous rulers had destroyed.
First of all, it was necessary:

Create a strong army, equip it with everything necessary and equip it with modern, firearms;

Create a state administrative apparatus of government subject to the autocratic regime.

Instead of barter, establish trade;

Create favorable conditions for the development of industry;

Restore agriculture;

Return the occupied Russian territories.

A foreign, independent policy could be pursued by solving internal, urgent problems.

Return of Russian territories

Russia 17 centuries, many years of bloody wars had to be waged, necessary for the liberation of Russian territories. FROM 32 on 34 the year of the seventeenth century began the Smolensk war with Poland. The tasks for this military company were grandiose, it was planned to liberate all the occupied Russian lands. All questions raised could not be resolved. Years of unrest and anarchy affected the preparation of the Russian army. There was a lack of new firearms. While in the Polish army, there was an overabundance of everything. But still part of the problem was solved. At the end of the company, the Polyansky Peace was signed. According to the results of the treaty, Serpeisk and Trubchevsk retreated to Russia, and most importantly, the Poles recognized Mikhail Romanov as the Russian autocrat. Pole Vladislav no longer claimed the Russian throne.

The second military campaign with Poland began in 1654 year. By that time, peasant uprisings were taking place throughout Ukraine and Belarus. They were caused by the persecution of the Orthodox peasantry. Poland planted the Polish language and the Catholic faith on the occupied lands. Most wealthy landowners supported Catholicism. And the peasants remained true to their faith. Now they are trying to take it away. Because of this, in the vast expanses, collectives of peasants began to unite. Soon the riots will become a real war against the Commonwealth. This war will be led by the Ukrainian hetman Khmelnytsky. He will ask for military assistance from Russia. So the fire will flare up with a new war with the Poles. As a result of a military confrontation with the Polish occupiers, the commanders in chief signed the Eternal Peace. As a result of this agreement, all Smolensk land spaces were returned to their rightful owner. Left-bank Ukraine, together with Kyiv, became Russian. Throughout the Right-Bank Ukraine, the Poles remained the masters.

It became impossible to win a complete victory due to the fact that, without ending the war with Poland, the Russian military began a battle with Sweden. Scattered in two directions, the military forces failed to deliver a crushing blow. AT 1661 The Peace of Cardis was concluded. According to the document of the Russian Empire, the Baltic lands were returned.

In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russia was concerned about the capture of the Right-Bank Ukraine. AT 72 in the seventeenth century, Turkish troops attacked the Commonwealth. As a result of hostilities, the Buchach Treaty was concluded. Under the terms of which the Ukrainian lands passed to the henchman of the Turks Doroshenko. Fearing the capture of the Left-bank Ukraine, Russian troops entered into a confrontation with the Turks. This military campaign took place from 1676 on 1681 years. There were no significant victories. But the belonging of the Left-Bank Ukraine to Muscovy was no longer disputed.

Successful examples of Russian foreign policy

AT 51 year of the seventeenth century, there was an attempt to capture the Caspian lands by Persian troops. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was able to keep the borders in the same position, without major bloodshed. Although the main struggle for the coast of the Caspian Sea was ahead.

A successful example of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire was the annexation of the expanses of Eastern Siberia. Poyarkov and Dezhnev, having reached the shores of the Amur and the Pacific coast, annexed vast expanses to Russia. This aroused the concern of the Chinese rulers. Everything ended with the peace treaty of Nerchinsk 89 of the year. An agreement was adopted on the border, passing through the center of the Amur River. This decision suited everyone.

Of great geopolitical importance is the campaign against Azov, in 1696 year. This military campaign ended in success. That made it possible for the Russian army to strengthen in the southern direction, for subsequent military campaigns.

Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 17 century solved the problems of the revival of the Great State. To do this, it was necessary to unite the lands of Kievan Rus around Moscow. This will increase the number of taxpayers. This means that the state will be able to maintain a strong army. Such a policy will make it possible to return the lands seized during times of unrest and anarchy.