Where is the Taimyr Peninsula on the map. Taimyr (peninsula): wiki: Facts about Russia

Within the Taimyr National District ( Krasnoyarsk region). Its extreme protrusion in the north is Cape Chelyuskin, the southern border of Taimyr is the northern ledge. Its length is about 1000 kilometers, width is more than 500 kilometers. The area of ​​the peninsula is about 400 thousand km2. The coast of Taimyr is heavily indented.

According to the nature of the surface, the peninsula is divided into 3 parts:

• (between the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau and the southern ledge of the Byrranga Mountains), composed of a thick layer of sandy-argillaceous deposits and characterized by gently ridged (Lake Taimyr is located in the northern part).
• byrranga mountains, extending from the southwest to the northeast from the Pyasina basin to the coast in several parallel chains. Height up to 1146 m. ​​Traces of Quaternary glaciation, in the eastern part - modern glaciation (area about 40 square kilometers).
• coastal plain stretched along the coast. hilly and flat. The largest rivers are Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga. tundra, gley and. harsh, ubiquitous. Tundra vegetation; in the south - woodlands.

The North Siberian (Taimyr) lowland is a lowland in the northern part on the territory of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky) district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Yakutia. With a width of about 600 km, it extends for 1.4 thousand kilometers between the segments of the rivers and Olenyok. The North Siberian lowland is characterized by a gently sloping relief with heights up to 300 meters.

The North Siberian lowland is composed of marine and sediments, sandstones and shale. On its territory there are oil fields,. There are many lakes in the lowlands, the largest is Taimyr Lake. Significant areas are swamped. In the northern part of the lowland,. In the southern part - larch sparse forests.

The Byrranga mountain range stretches along the peninsula. It is formed by a system of parallel or echelon-shaped chains and vast wavy plateaus. The Byrranga Mountains stretch for 1,100 km and are over 200 km wide. The valleys of the Pyasina and Taimyr rivers divide the Byrranga mountains into 3 parts - western, middle and eastern with heights of 250-320 m, 400-600 m and 600-1000 m (the highest height is 1146 m). They are composed of rocks of Precambrian and Paleozoic age, among which traps play an important role (igneous rocks folded in the form of steps).

The climate in the mountains is cold, sharply continental (average temperature in January is -30°С, -33°С, in July 2°С, 10°С). Spring begins in June, and in August the average daily averages fall below 0°C. falls from 120 to 400 mm per year. To the east are glaciers with total area over 50 km2). The mountains are covered with characteristic rocky arctic tundra; mosses and lichens predominate.

Lake Taimyr is connected to the Taimyr River. Before flowing into the lake, it is called Upper Taimyr (length 567 km), and after leaving it - Lower Taimyr (187 km). Lake Taimyr is the northernmost real large lake in the world. It is located far beyond the Arctic Circle, at the foot of the Byrranga Mountains. The extreme northern point of the lake is at 76 degrees. Most of the year the lake is covered with ice (from late September to June). in August it rises to + 8 ° С, in winter - slightly above zero.

Taimyr Peninsula

There are many near the coast of the peninsula. These islands are partly low, partly high, round shape, steep, rocky, some of them have small glaciers. Coastal capes are partly low-lying, partly rocky. The shores of the peninsula itself are also steep in places, falling steeply into the sea washing them, in places low-lying and sloping, although mountains consisting of horizontally lying layers of sedimentary rocks rise not far from these low shores.

To the east of Cape Chelyuskin, a mountainous country adjoins the sea coast, then a lowland extends for a considerable distance, and then again there is a mountainous country with low-lying and gentle shores between it and the sea. The sea near the shores of the peninsula is generally shallow, in places there are extensive shallows. The sea is available for swimming almost every summer in July and August, although small ice fields and significant hummocks and stamuks (single ice blocks) are worn here.

There is no doubt that the terrain of the peninsula was once the seabed. Middendorf found sea shells near the Lower Taimyr River, currently living in. The northernmost part of the peninsula is covered with snow almost all year round. Summer here is no longer than 6 weeks, and even at this time there are snowy ones. The peninsula is covered with tundra and with the exception of the southern part. The first studies of the Taimyr Peninsula, or rather its coastline, were carried out in the 40s of the 18th century by Russian scientists: Sterlegov, Laptev, Pronchishchev, Chekin and Chelyuskin, in the 40s of the XIX century by Academician Middendorf, and the shores of the peninsula and the sea surrounding it were explored in 1878 and in 1893.

Administratively, it is part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, forming in it a special Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets region. The largest settlement is the village of Karaul.

Etymology

There are several hypotheses about the origin of the toponym "Taimyr". The most common is the version of the Evenk origin from the ancient Tungus “tamur” (“valuable, expensive, rich”) - this is how the Evenks first called the Taimyr River, which abounded in fish. In the 19th century, through the geographer and traveler Alexander Fedorovich Middendorf (1815-1894), this name spread to the entire peninsula.

There are other options, eg. Yakut "tuoi muora" - "saline lake", in figuratively“Blessed”, since salt is necessary for the life of deer. Or also the Yakut "Tymyr" - "blood vessel".

The following settlements are located on the peninsula: Dikson, Karaul, Vorontsovo, Ust-Avam, Baikalovsk, Mungui and Ust-Port. There are many abandoned settlements on the peninsula, located mainly in the west near the shores of the Yenisei Gulf, and several polar and meteorological stations (Sterlegova, Chelyuskin).

Vegetation

The northern part of Taimyr is characterized by an almost complete absence of lichens, and a small distribution of moss tundra. Shrubs are represented here by crowberry , lingonberry , wild rosemary , partridge grass . In the lowlands of the tundra of Taimyr are covered with moss, on which flowering plants appear in summer, and in some places there are bushes of polar willows. The grass cover of the north of Taimyr is rather poor, but in the south the grass grows abundantly. There are horsetails, bluegrass, foxtail, polar poppy grow. The most valuable flowers in Taimyr are considered frying (in other areas they are also called lights). In the southern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, tundra shrubs also grow, consisting of dwarf birch, formed by willow.

The forest tundra is located south of the typical tundra. woody vegetation on Taimyr it goes as far to the north as nowhere else on the globe, almost to 73 ° N. sh. (near the Khatanga River). River valleys of the Khatanga river basin north of 68° N. sh. overgrown with a forest consisting of larch, spruce and birch. Trees reach a height of up to 20 meters or more with a thickness of up to one meter in the butt. Well adapted to the conditions of the forest-tundra, Dahurian larch replaces Siberian larch east of the upper reaches of the Pyasina River, entering north in the form of light forest and single trees up to 72 ° 55'07 "N, and in the dwarf form up to 73 ° 04'32" N . sh.

Trees in the forest-tundra have an oppressed appearance (“ crooked forest”), many trees have dried tops, many seem to huddle to the ground (stlanets).

Above 300-350 meters above sea level, mountain tundra dominates. In the forest tundra, vast areas are covered with lichens, including reindeer moss, which, along with shrubs, is the main food of reindeer.

Animal world

The fauna of Taimyr is represented by various types of animals (ermine, wolverine, sable, arctic fox, on the sea coast - a polar bear, etc.), birds (geese, ducks, loons, cormorants, white partridges, snowy owls, falcons, etc.) and fish (whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, etc.). The reindeer, which is the basis of the livestock culture of the indigenous peoples of the north, and the bighorn sheep (chibouk) live here. In the mid-70s of the 20th century, an experiment began on Taimyr to reacclimatize the musk oxen that previously lived here (extinct in northern Asia several thousand years ago). In 2012, according to some estimates, there were about 8 thousand musk oxen in the Taimyr tundra.

In the seas washing Taimyr there are seals (nerpa, sea hare), walruses and beluga dolphins.

Paleontology

In 1948, near the Shrenk River (a tributary of the Lower Taimyr River), a skeleton of a woolly mammoth was found, whose age is about &&&&&&&&&011500.&&&&&0 11,500 years old. The find was named "Taimyr mammoth".

Story

Taimyr, due to the harsh climate, remained uninhabited for a long time, but already in the Late Paleolithic era (45 thousand years ago) during the Karginsky interglacial corresponding to the marine isotope stage (English) Russian MIS 3, the peninsula was inhabited by people, as evidenced by the find of the Sopkarginsky mammoth, on the zygomatic bone of which scientists have identified damage from the heavy spear of primitive hunters.

Early ceramic and metallurgical cultures

In the 3rd millennium BC, a ceramic Baikit culture existed here. This culture originated from Western Siberia, and was associated with the inhabitants of the Podkamennaya Tunguska (a tributary of the Yenisei) and Chulym (Ob basin) rivers.

In the II millennium BC. e. tribes of the Ymyyakhtakh culture, related to the Yukagirs, penetrated from the east to Taimyr.

The ancient settlement of Ust-Polovinka is located 100 kilometers north of Norilsk at the mouth of the Polovinka River. It is marked by metallurgy. Copper was mined directly from the surface 50 kilometers west of Ust-Polovinka. There it was found on the northern slope of the Kharaelakh (Spruce Stone) plateau - the Norilsk trough.

The unique multi-layered settlement of Pyasina IV-A near Ust-Polovinka attracted the attention of archaeologists. During the excavations of this site, the remains of the Ymyyakhtakh and Pyasin cultures were found. In this cotext, the earliest iron work in the Arctic was found, dated to the 18th century BC. Tin bronze was also found here - the most perfect bronze.

The time of existence of the metallurgical Pyasinsky culture in Taimyr according to radiocarbon dating is IX-IV centuries BC. e.

AT historical time in the southeast of the peninsula, the tavgi lived here - the westernmost tribe of the Yukagirs, assimilated by the Samoyeds and included in the Nganasans.

Based on the materials of the Western Taimyr site Dyuna III (IX-XII centuries), L.P. Khlobystin singled out the Vozhpay culture.

Discovery history

During the Great Northern Expedition in 1736, Vasily Pronchishchev explored the eastern coast of the peninsula from Khatanga Bay to Thaddeus Bay. In -1741, the first geographical study and description of Taimyr was made by Khariton Laptev. He also compiled the first enough accurate map peninsulas. In 1741, Semyon Chelyuskin continued to explore the east coast and in 1742 discovered the extreme northern point of Taimyr - a cape, which later received his name - Cape Chelyuskin. Laptev and Chelyuskin explored the peninsula by dog ​​sled, the sea route remained inaccessible. Only in 1878-1879, the Nordenskiöld expedition was able to go around the peninsula from the north on the Vega ship. In 1900-1901, the northern coast of Taimyr was explored

The northernmost peninsula in Asia is the Taimyr Peninsula, which is located between the Khatanga Bay and the Yenisei Bay, in the Taimyr National District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Cape Chelyuskin is the extreme northern ledge. The northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau is considered the southern border of Taimyr. The length of the peninsula is about a thousand kilometers, and this is with a width of over five hundred kilometers. The approximate area of ​​Tayma is four hundred square kilometers. The Taimyr coast is heavily indented. What nature.

The surface of the peninsula is divided into three parts by its nature. The first part is the North Siberian lowland, it is composed of a thick layer of clayey and sandy deposits, this region is characterized by a gently undulating flat relief. In the north lies Lake Taimyr. The second part is the Byrranga mountains, which are stretched from the northeast to the southwest in several parallel chains. Note that the height of these mountains reaches 1146 meters. Traces of Quaternary glaciation have been preserved here, and in the east there is modern glaciation, its area is approximately forty square kilometers.

Along the coast of the Kara Sea there is a coastal plain - this is the third part, which is distinguished by a hilly-flat relief. The largest rivers can be called Khatanga, Lower and Upper Taimyr, as well as Pyasina. The peninsula has arctic, gley and tundra soil. local climate characterized by severity, permafrost rocks are found everywhere. Visit , very beautiful.

Features of the Taimyr Peninsula

Due to the harsh climate, Taimyr has rather sparse vegetation. In the north you will hardly see lichen plants, this also applies to moss tundra. At the same time, some types of shrubs grow here. Among them: crowberry, lingonberry, wild rosemary and partridge grass. In the south of Taimyr, mainly grow: horsetail, willow and dwarf birch. The peninsula is mainly occupied by forest tundra. It is quite difficult for trees to survive here, for this reason most of them have dry tops, some trees even creep along the ground. Large areas of the forest-tundra are covered with lichen, for example, reindeer love to feast on reindeer moss. Basically, local deer feed on shrubs and reindeer moss.

Despite the harsh climatic conditions, many animals live on the Taimyr Peninsula. Therefore, here you can meet: wolverines, ermine, polar bears, sables. Local residents are mainly engaged in animal husbandry, breeding reindeer. Also on the Taimyr Peninsula there is a wide population of fish and several species of birds. On the coast of the peninsula you can see a large number of walruses and seals.

The sights of the Taimyr Peninsula include the reserve of the same name, which is considered the largest in Russia. This biosphere reserve is the only reserve in the region and the oldest in the country, which is included in the international network. This reserve is engaged in environmental education, research and conservation activities. The largest lake Taimyr ranks second in Siberia in size after Lake Baikal. Its water area is more than four thousand square kilometers. Eight months of the year the surface of the lake is covered with ice. Whitefish, whitefish and char live in its waters, and experts often find paleontological remains of ancient civilizations on its shores.

People often come to the Taimyr Island with expeditions, including tourist ones, because there is a lot of unknown and attractive here.

→ Taimyr Autonomous Okrug

Detailed map of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug

Map of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug with cities, districts and villages

Satellite map of Taimyr Autonomous Okrug

Switching between the satellite map of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the schematic one is made in the lower left corner of the interactive map.

Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug - Wikipedia:

Date of abolition of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug: September 13, 1937
Population of the former Taimyr Autonomous Okrug: 38372 people
The area of ​​the former Taimyr Autonomous Okrug: 879.9 thousand km²

Former districts of the abolished Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug:

Avamsky district Diksonsky district Dudinsky district Ust-Yeniseisky district Khatanga district

Taimyr Autonomous Okrug existed until 2007; from January 1, 2007 - Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Taimyr Autonomous Okrug- one of the subjects of Russia, which is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The territory of the district is washed by the Laptev Sea and the Red Sea. There is the northernmost point of Russia - Cape Chelyuskin.

The county seat is the city Dudinka, whose population is only 32 thousand people. Such large rivers of Russia as the Yenisei and Khatanga flow through the territory of this region.

The climate of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug arctic and very severe. average temperature in summer from +2 to +13, and in winter - - 30 C. Therefore, for a long time the Taimyr district was uninhabited.

Particularly diverse animal world districts. The most live there rare species predators and mammals - reindeer, polar bear, wolverine, sable, etc. In the waters of the seas that wash the shores of the district, you can see sea hares, walruses and seals.

Taimyr (Taimyr Peninsula) is a peninsula in Russia, the northernmost mainland land of the Eurasian continent, located between the Yenisei Gulf of the Kara Sea and the Khatanga Bay of the Laptev Sea.
According to the nature of the surface, it is divided into 3 parts: the North Siberian Lowland, the Byrranga Mountains (height up to 1125 meters), stretching from the southwest to the northeast, and the coastal plain along the coast of the Kara Sea. The southern border of the peninsula is considered
Cape Chelyuskin is located on Taimyr - the northern tip (cape) of the Taimyr Peninsula and the northernmost continental point of Eurasia.

The largest rivers of Taimyr:

Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.

In 1921, during the expedition of Urvantsev, a wooden hut was built, which is considered the first house of Norilsk (the house has survived to this day, now it is a museum “the first house of Norilsk”). In 1935, the construction of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine named after A.I. A. P. Zavenyagin. In March 1939, the first matte was obtained at the Small Metallurgical Plant, in June 1939 - the first matte, in 1942 - the first nickel (anodic, cathodic). Until 1951, the village of Norilsk and the industrial site of the Norilsk Combine were located at the northern foot of Mount Schmidtikh, where Urvantsev built the first house (Zero picket); currently it is the so-called "old" city, there are no residential buildings there now.
Due to the lack of overland communication with the “mainland”, a number of striking cultural features have formed among those living in Norilsk, which are characteristic only for this city.

Among these features, one can single out the attitude to cooking and eating. In particular, this applies to fresh fruits, meat and fish - there are many hunters and fishermen among the population, who are especially skilled in cooking shish kebab and sugudai. Among the townspeople, mountain, river and tundra tourism, picking blueberries, lingonberries, cloudberries and mushrooms in the Talnakh region and beyond are popular. Due to the abundance of mountains and the very long season, skiing and skiing as well as snowboarding. For this, the Ol-Gul ski base and the Otdelnaya Mountain ski base were created. In addition, two of the northernmost parachuting clubs in the world, whose history began more than 20 years ago, have been created and are working together in Norilsk - Polus (in the Kayerkan region) and Emperors of Heaven (Central region).
As in other cities that appeared at the city-forming metallurgical enterprises, the local population celebrates Metallurgist's Day on a large scale. People of indigenous northern nationalities (Nenets, Dolgans, etc.) celebrate the holiday of Heiro - the return of the Sun to the sky after the polar night.

A program is underway to relocate residents from the north. Since the city is located on the Taimyr Peninsula, and due to the fact that you can get to Norilsk either by air or by water, the rest of Russia is usually referred to as the "mainland", the expression "move to the mainland" is common.

city ​​economy
The city-forming enterprise is the Polar Branch of the Norilsk Nickel Mining and Metallurgical Company (formerly the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine). Norilsk - major center non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metals are mined here: copper, nickel, cobalt; precious metals: palladium, osmium, platinum, gold, silver, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium. By-products: technical sulfur, metallic selenium and tellurium, sulphuric acid. The Norilsk plant produces 35% of the world's palladium, 25% platinum, 20% nickel, 20% rhodium, 10% cobalt. In Russia, 96% of nickel, 95% of cobalt, 55% of copper is produced by the Norilsk Combine. The volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services by own forces by types of activity of manufacturing industries in 2007 amounted to 321.5 billion rubles.

CITY OF DUDINKA Taimyr Peninsula

Dudinka (Nen. Tut "yn) is a city of district subordination in the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia, the administrative center of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenetsky Municipal District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (since 2007, formerly the administrative center of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug within the Krasnoyarsk Territory ) is located on the right bank of the Yenisei River at the confluence of the Dudinka tributary, after which the city got its name. Population - 22,410 people (2014). The head of the city since November 7, 2005 is Alexei Mikhailovich Dyachenko.
The first mention of the “yasash winter hut of Dudino” dates back to 1667. On December 10, 1930, Dudinka became the administrative and cultural center of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) National Okrug. On March 5, 1951, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the village of Dudinka was transformed into a city of district subordination.
The need to connect Dudinka with Murmansk by a year-round line was associated with the development of the Norilsk Combine, which required the constant delivery of goods from Dudinka along the Northern Sea Route.

In 1972, an experimental Arctic voyage was made, and on May 1, 1978, the nuclear icebreaker Sibir and the icebreaker Kapitan Sorokin led a caravan of two diesel-electric ships to Dudinka: Pavel Ponomarev and Navarin. This event meant that year-round navigation was opened in the Arctic.

Khatanga
Khatanga is a village in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, one of the northernmost settlements Russia, port. The village is located on the Khatanga River. The center of the Khatanga rural settlement.

Interest in the territories adjacent to the Khatanga basin arises at the beginning of the 17th century. At the very beginning of the century, the Mangazeya prison was founded on the Taz River, from where the advance of Russian explorers began further to the Far North. In 1605, in the records of English merchants, the Katanga River was mentioned for the first time. In 1610, the first major trip of merchants and industrial people to Taimyr by sea took place.
Khatanga was founded in 1626. This year is considered to be the date of joining the Khatanga region to Russia. The yasak winter hut on Khatanga has changed three names. In addition to the Khatanga yasak winter hut, located in the upper reaches of the Khatanga, there was a second yasak winter hut Nos, or Kozlovo, located on the site of the present village of Khatanga. It arose in 1660-1670. The main reason for choosing this particular place was the high river ravine, inaccessible to floods, from which good review rivers. Such high steep peninsulas, or capes, on rivers and seas were called by explorers “nose” or “socks”.
In the second half of the 17th century, a state yasak winter hut was established. The high river tract, on which the village of Khatanga stands, is still called “Nasko” by the Dolgans.
According to the information of 1859, there were five households in the village, nine inhabitants (five males, four females), there was a church. In the 19th century Khatanga, the main occupations were fishing and hunting. In 1891, according to the information of the priest K. Repyev, there were 6 houses in Khatanga, as well as a church house and a bread store, in which there was almost no bread.

polar blizzard Taimyr Peninsula

ANCIENT HISTORY OF TAIMYR
About eight thousand years ago, the Taimyr land freed itself from glaciers, and flora and fauna similar to modern ones appeared. The descendants of Neolithic hunters and fishermen who lived along the edges of glaciers and Arctic seas rushed here. So the permanent population appeared on Taimyr no later than the 5th millennium BC. The climate then was warmer and wetter than it is today. The border of the forest and the tundra was 300-400 km north of the modern one - so that not only in the southern, but also in the central part of Taimyr, pines and tree-like birches grew. Ancient hunters came here from the southeast, from the Lena River. Their seasonal sites were found on the Pyasina river and in the basin of the Kheta and Khatanga rivers. They used tools made from thin flint plates, and did not yet know pottery - such a culture is called Mesolithic.

The oldest known settlement of the inhabitants of Taimyr was found on the left bank of the Tagenar River, 5 km from its confluence with the Volochanka River, on the path along which it was very convenient to cross from the Yenisei river basin to the river basin. Lena. The people who lived here were hunters and fishermen. The main object of hunting is reindeer, and fishing is nelma, whitefish, whitefish.

At the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. in Taimyr, a peculiar culture of the people who came from the banks of the Lena began to develop. This culture is called Neolithic. The Neolithic - the new stone period - got its name from the new, in comparison with the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, techniques for making stone tools using grinding, sawing, drilling stone. People of the Neolithic culture began to make clay pots, with an ornament in the form of a net.

At one of the sites (Maimeche 1), a rounded pit of their dwelling was excavated - this is a cone-shaped structure made of wooden poles, covered with pieces of turf turned upside down by the earth ... in addition, there was a deep pit inside the structure, leaving a wide ledge along the side walls and opposite to the entrance for bunks, and a hearth was built in the center of the pit.

At the end of the 1st and in the 1st millennium AD. in the life of the inhabitants of Taimyr, the leading place is occupied by iron tools. Bronze was used to decorate clothing. Of the stone tools, the skin scrapers were used for the longest time. An important stage of the ancient inhabitants of Taimyr was the mastery of the technology of bronze casting. At the site of Abylakh 1 (1150 BC), during the excavations, a bronze casting workshop was found - the northernmost of those known at the present time. Very interesting finds were vessels (crucibles) made of sandstone for melting bronze, a form for an anthropomorphic figurine.
By the end of the 1st millennium AD. a population from Western Siberia came to Taimyr, bringing a new Vozhpay culture belonging to the ancient Samoyeds (ancestors of modern Enets, Nganasans). The monument of this culture is the Dyuna 3 site, on the Pyasina River. Round-bottom pots were found there, decorated along the neck with bands of patterns from penetrating triangles and other compositions made with comb imprints.

HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF TAIMYR
Taimyr, due to the harsh climate, remained uninhabited for a long time. The first people came here (the basin of the Kheta River) from the territory of Yakutia in the 5th-4th millennium BC. e. - these were foot Mesolithic reindeer hunters (Tagenar VI).
In the II millennium BC. e. In the same way, tribes of the Ymyyakhtakh culture, related to the Yukagirs, penetrated Taimyr. In historical times, in the southeast of the peninsula, the Tavgs lived here - the westernmost tribe of the Yukaghirs, assimilated by the Samoyeds and included in the Nganasans.
The Nganasans as a special Samoyed ethnic group formed in Taimyr in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries. It included tribal groups of various origins (Pyasid Samoyed, Kuraki, Tidiris, Tavgi, etc.). For the summer, the Nganasans on reindeer teams migrated deep into the tundra of the Taimyr Peninsula, and by winter they set up their plagues on the northern border of the Siberian taiga.
In written sources, there is a mention of one sea campaign, dating back to the 80s of the 17th century, from the Yenisei around Taimyr in order to reach the mouth of the Lena River. The Dutchman N. Witsen, according to the Tobolsk governor Golovin, reports that in 1686, Ivan Tolstoukhov, a townsman from Turukhansk, went on a sea expedition on three kochs, but went missing.
During the Great Northern Expedition in 1736, Vasily Pronchishchev explored the eastern coast of the peninsula from the Khatanga Bay to the Thaddeus Bay. In 1739-1741, the first geographical study and description of Taimyr was made by Khariton Laptev. He also made the first fairly accurate map of the peninsula. In 1741, Semyon Chelyuskin continued to explore the eastern coast and in 1742 discovered the northernmost point of Taimyr - a cape that later received his name - Cape Chelyuskin.

The Taimyr Peninsula was also deeply explored and scientifically described by the Russian researcher A.F. Middendorf. N. N. Urvantsev made a great contribution to the geological and topographic research of Taimyr.

In the thirties of the XX century, Ivan Papanin's colleague, Chuvash polar explorer and geodesist Konstantin Petrov made his contribution to the study of the northern part of the peninsula. Being in Taimyr, he discovered and mapped several new rivers and peninsulas, giving them names in his native language[

AT THE NORTHERN MOST POINT OF EURASIA THE WORSHIP CROSS IS ESTABLISHED
Krasnoyarsk, October 5, 2009
On October 2, on the final day of the archpastoral visit to the northern parishes of the Krasnoyarsk diocese, Archbishop Anthony of Krasnoyarsk and Yenisei, accompanied by a missionary group of the diocesan clergy, arrived from the village of Khatanga at Cape Chelyuskin to install a bow cross. Cape Chelyuskin, lying at 77°43" north latitude, is the northernmost continental point of Eurasia, the northern tip of the Taimyr Peninsula.
Archimandrite Nektariy (Seleznev), Dean of the Taimyr Deanery, Archpriest Mikhail Grenaderov, and the clergy of Taimyr, the website of the diocese reports.
In connection with the blessed event that had taken place, the archpastor again emphasized the purely church-patriotic meaning of this action, carried out jointly with the leadership of Taimyr: “The cross was erected on the shores of the Arctic Ocean so that it could be clearly seen even on the northernmost borders of Russia: this is our Orthodox state” . Vladyka shared his spiritual joy with those who participated in the trip: his long-standing hierarchal intention and the dream of his youth came true - to visit the northern borders of the Fatherland and pray on them for the further spiritual revival of Russia.
On the same day, the bishop visited the border outpost, where he gave the archpastoral blessing to the border guards who carry out responsible public service in extreme conditions north.
Colonel Vladimir Chmykhaylo, Head of the Regional Frontier Administration, who participated in the trip, presented Archbishop Anthony, Economist of the Krasnoyarsk diocese Archimandrite Nektary (Seleznev) and representatives of the clergy of the diocese with commemorative public medals for the 90th anniversary border troops Russia and commemorative signs.

INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF TAIMYR
Modern Nganasans are the descendants of the northernmost tundra population of Eurasia - the Neolithic hunters of wild deer. Archaeological data show a close relationship between the first inhabitants of the peninsula and the population of the Middle and Lower Lena basins, from where they entered Taimyr about 6,000 years ago. Nganasans as a special ethnic group formed in Taimyr in the second half of the 27th - early 28th centuries. It included tribal groups of various origins (Pyasid Samoyed, Kuraki, Tidiris, Tavgi, etc.).
The main occupations of the Nganasans were hunting for wild deer, arctic fox, reindeer herding and fishing. Compared with their neighbors, the Enets and Nenets, the Nganasans were distinguished by the special importance of hunting wild reindeer in their economy. They hunted wild deer mainly in autumn by collective hunting at river crossings, slaughtering them with spears from shuttles. They also used belt nets into which hunters drove wild deer. In addition, in summer and autumn, the Nganasans hunted wild deer on foot, alone and in small groups.

By the middle of the 19th century, the Nganasans were already considered traditional reindeer herders. Nganasan reindeer herding was typically Samoyed, sledge. In terms of the number of deer, the Nganasans were perhaps the richest among other nationalities inhabiting Taimyr. The deer of the Nganasans served exclusively as a means of transportation, therefore they were extremely valued and protected. For the summer, the Nganasans migrated deep into the tundra of the Taimyr Peninsula, and by winter they returned to the northern border of the forest vegetation. The presence of domestic herds and hunting for wild deer, the location of nomad camps in the northernmost limits of the peninsula, the use of home-made tools for labor and hunting allowed them to be completely independent almost up to late XIX century.

The technique of the Nganasans, compared to their Dolgan neighbors, was at a lower level. All productions were almost consumer in nature, serving on-farm needs. Almost everyone in his household was both a woodworker and a blacksmith, although the most capable in any one industry often stood out, for example, good craftsmen in the production of sleds, weaving mauts.
Traditional clothes were sewn from various parts of deer skins. different ages and different seasons of the year with different height and fur strength. One-piece outerwear for men was sewn with fur on the inside and fur on the outside. Inner part, without a hood with fur to the body, is made from 2-3 skins of autumn or winter deer, the outer part with a hood is made from short-haired skins of dark and light colors. Alternation of parts of dark and light skins on outer clothing with a dark or light rectangle clearly marked on the back and 2-3 ornamented stripes below it - salient feature Nganasan clothes.
Women's winter clothes- of the same type, but with a slit in front, with a small collar of white fox fur, without a hood, which is replaced by a double hat with an edge of long black dog fur. Along the hem, the inner and outer parts of the clothes are also sheathed with an edge of white fur dogs. Long colored straps are attached to the upper line of the dorsal rectangle.
In winter, in severe frosts, one more (sokuy) is put on over ordinary clothes made of thick winter deer fur with wool outside with a hood that has a white standing sultan in front, by which neighbors unmistakably recognize Nganasan. Funeral or ceremonial clothes were sewn from colored cloth.

To decorate festive clothes, the Nganasans used a geometric stripe ornament similar to the Nenets, but smaller and made not of fur, but of leather. The ornament was called - moth. Most often, Nganasan women carved the ornament "by hand", without using any templates and without preliminary drawing. Among the Nganasans, coloring of clothes was quite common.

The veneration of the earth, the sun, the moon, fire, water, wood, the most important hunting and domestic (deer, dog) animals and their incarnations under the name of mothers, on which health, fishing and the very life of people depend and with which the main calendar and family rituals are connected - character traits traditional Nganasan beliefs. They reveal extremely archaic features of ideas about nature and man, which existed for a long time in relatively isolated polar communities. They still persist among the elderly. Feeding the fire and family cult objects is an obligatory ritual.

In traditional Nganasan society, almost every nomadic Nganasan group had its own shaman, who defended the interests of his kind before supernatural forces. The shaman, as an intermediary between the world of people and the world of spirits, was an outstanding figure. He had a good voice, knew the folklore of his people, had a phenomenal memory, and was observant. Main Functions shaman were associated with the main trades, ensuring good luck in hunting and fishing, the shaman guessed the places and timing of the hunt. Also important functions of the shaman were the treatment of the sick, assistance in childbirth, predicting the future for members of the family, and interpreting dreams.

POPIGAY KOLOVINA
The largest of the reliable meteorite craters is the Popigai Basin. It is located in the north of the Siberian Platform, in the basin of the Khatanga River, in the valley of its right tributary, the Popigay River. Administratively, it almost completely belongs to Yakutia and, in part, to the Taimyr municipal district. The dimensions of the inner crater are 75 km, and the diameter of the outer reaches 100 km. The catastrophe happened 30 million years ago. The cosmic body pierced the sediment thickness of 1200 m at high speed and slowed down in the basement rocks of the Siberian platform. According to preliminary estimates, the energy of the explosion reached 1023 J, i.e., it was 1000 times greater than during the strongest volcanic explosion.

The conditions that existed in the epicenter at the time of the explosion can be judged by the fact that minerals that arose during the catastrophe were found in the crater. Such minerals were obtained artificially at shock pressures of 1 million bar and a temperature of about a thousand degrees C. Large blocks of crystalline rocks of the platform foundation ejected during the explosion scattered to a distance of 40 km from the edge of the crater. The cosmic explosion caused the melting of rocks, resulting in the formation of a lava with a high content of silica (65%), which differs sharply in composition from the deep basalt outpourings of the Siberian Platform.

However, the Popigai Basin is also the world's largest primary diamond deposit. One of the discoverers of this deposit is Viktor Lyudvigovich Masaitis. V.L. Masaitis was born in 1926. After graduating from the Leningrad Mining Institute, he was engaged in the search for diamonds. In 1952, together with I.I. Krasnov theoretically substantiated and compiled a forecast map on the confinement of bedrock diamondiferous rocks to fault zones, which was fully confirmed in the course of further discoveries.
The flora and fauna of the Popigai basin are also unique. Gmelin larch grows here, stone capercaillie, elk, bear and sable are found. Low larches creep out along the ramparts of the crater as far as the 72nd parallel, which is only a few minutes south of the northernmost forest in the world, which is also located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory at the Lukunskaya and Ary-Mas cordons of the Taimyrsky nature reserve.

The Popigai impact crater is included in the UNESCO World Geological Heritage List as an object to be preserved and further studied.

POMOR'S SEALERS - WHO DISCOVERED TAIMYR
In 1940, a group of sailors-hydrographers from the ship "Nord" discovered a large number of various antiques and Russian coins of the 16th-17th centuries off the eastern coast of Taimyr, on the northern island of Thaddeus and on the shores of Sims Bay. In 1945, the Arctic Institute sent a special archaeological expedition led by Doctor of Historical Sciences A.P. Okladnikov for a detailed study of the polar discovery.

The results of this expedition were sensational. Hundreds of silver coins, remnants of silk fabrics and cloth clothes expensive in the old days, silver rings with precious stones, jewelry crosses of fine filigree work, fragments of unprecedented tools and weapons were found here. Particularly important are the results of numismatic analysis, which dates the collection of coins to the first quarter of the 17th century, or rather, determines that the collection of the treasury was completed by its owners around 1615-1617.

Compasses and a sundial were found among the items of equipment, which is indisputable evidence high level seafaring culture of Russian polar expeditions of the 17th century. Russian navigation instruments could get into the Laptev Sea only from Pomorie, where at that time the population was familiar with Arabic numerals and Latin letters.[*] [Okladnikov A.P. Russian polar sailors of the 17th century off the coast of Taimyr. - M., 1957. - S. 43.]

Clear evidence that the seafarers were Pomors are not only household items and clothing, but also samples of Russian writing discovered by the expedition. On the wooden handle of one of the knives, researcher V.V. Gaiman read the owner's name - Akaki, nicknamed Murmanets. [*] [Historical monument of Russian Arctic navigation of the 17th century. - L., 1951. - S.29.]

In written sources, there is a mention of one sea campaign, dating back to the 80s of the 17th century, from the Yenisei around Taimyr in order to reach the mouth of the Lena River. The Dutchman N. Witsen, according to the words of the Tobolsk governor Golovin, reports that in 1686, Ivan Tolstoukhov, a townsman from Turukhansk, went on a sea expedition on three kochs, but went missing.

Who was Ivan Tolstoukhov? The Tolstoukhovs are well-known trading people from Pomorye, who were among the first to penetrate beyond the Urals. There is evidence that the founder of this trading house, Leonty Tolstoukhov, visited the Yenisei at the end of the 16th century. For many years the Tolstoukhovs were associated with the Mangazeya navigation and trade on the Yenisei and in Yakutsk. And therefore, it is no coincidence that one of the representatives of this commercial and industrial dynasty, Ivan Tolstoukhov, made an attempt to build a new sea route from the Yenisei to the Lena. [*] [Belov M.I. Mangazeya ... - S.116-118.]

According to the head of the Yenisei detachment of the Great Northern Expedition F.A. Minin, his detachment in 1738 discovered the cross built by Tolstoukhov in memory of his stay in 7195 (1686-1687) in Omuleva Bay, near the winter quarters of Krestovoe, on the right bank of the Yenisei Bay. In 1700 F.A. Minin found the winter hut of the industrialist Tolstoukhov north of the Pyasina River. [*] [Belov M.I. Semyon Dezhnev. - M., 1955. - S.139.] Thus, the traces of Ivan Tolstoukhov's campaign can be traced at a great distance from the Yenisei Bay to the area north of the Pyasina River and break off in the treeless tundra of Taimyr. There is an assumption whether the area of ​​Sims Bay and Thaddeus Island was the place of death of one of the groups of the large expedition of Ivan Tolstoukhov.

The question of the route of the expedition of the Pomeranian sailors has not yet been fully clarified. However, it is indisputable, and most historians and other specialists have come to this conclusion, that its participants, following from west to east, passed on their ship the strait between the Kara and Laptev seas and rounded Cape Chelyuskin. As for the ultimate goal of the campaign, then, apparently, the sailors sought to reach the regions of Khatanga and Lena. [*] [Historical monument of Russian Arctic navigation... - P.211.]

The first Pomeranian gangs came to the mouth of the Yenisei and the Pyasinsky tundra following the foundation of the Turukhansk prison. According to the ancient yasak book of Man-gazeya, the Pomors and service people reached the mouth of the Yenisei by 1607. The Enets who lived here in a tribal system were subordinated to Moscow.[*] [Belov M.I. History of discovery and development... - V.1. - P.128.]

We have received information, however, very scarce, about the Mezen sailor and the Siberian explorer, nicknamed the Wolf, who twice visited Mangazeya. He was one of the first to go with a detachment of Vazhans and Pechorians to the country of the Tungus and to the river Geta. The remarkable writer and researcher Sergei Markov believes that it was the Kuta River, and pays tribute to the brave Wolf, "whose severe name should enter the annals of the most important discoveries of our explorers." [*] [Markov S. The circle of the earth... - S.301-302.]

Special mention should be made of the Pomeranian sailors, who annually went to the "gold-boiling sovereign's patrimony." Such were Motka Kirilov, mentioned in the Mangazeya affairs - "an old-timer and expert on the sea", Pinezha resident Mikitka Stakheev Mokhnatka, to whom "it is customary to sail" and who "knows how to go by sea", the famous Pinezian Levka Plekhan (Shubin Lev Ivanovich), who is mentioned in among those who went to Mangazeya by sea during the reign of Boris Godunov. In the documents of 1633, his son Klementy Plekhanov is also named. [*] [Bakhrushin S.V. Scientific works... - T. 3. - 4.1. - P.300.]

Simultaneously with the advance to Pyasina along the rivers and portages, the merchants of Turukhansk tried to go there along the "icy sea". In the spring of 1610, the Severodvinsk, led by Kondraty Kurochkin and Osip Shepunov, on ships built near Turukhansk, reached the mouth of the Yenisei with the intention of going further by sea to the east.

The surviving documents allow us to get an idea of ​​the leader of the campaign, Kurochkin, as an observant person who had extensive maritime knowledge and a broad geographical outlook. Here is just one of his entries: big ships it was easy to pass from the sea to the Yenisei; the river is pleasing, pine forests and black (deciduous - V.B.) forest and plowed places are there, and the fish in that river is all the same as in the Volga, and many of our yasash and industrial people live on the river, ”[*] [Miller G.F. History of Siberia... - T.II. - 1941. - S.232.]

GREAT SHAMANS OF THE NIA PEOPLE

Grand Shaman of the Nya People

People endowed with unusual abilities have always attracted attention and occupied an important position in society. Especially when everyday life was heavily dependent on the forces of nature and technology was underdeveloped. That is why in places where modern civilization reached with a significant delay, until quite recently it was possible to meet people with exceptional power and knowledge - shamans.

We will tell about one of them - the last great Nganasan shaman Tubyaku Kosterkin.

001. FREE HUNTERS

The Nganasans are one of the most ancient indigenous peoples of the North, living in Taimyr.

Until recently, they were fully preserved as a genetically pure people, almost not subjected to assimilation, they used their own language, steadfastly maintaining their national identity and traditional cultural features.

This was facilitated by the archaic way of life of the ethnic group that had been developing for centuries. Nganasans lived big families, the elderly enjoyed great respect, the younger members of the family unquestioningly obeyed their decisions, the younger long years learned from the elders, and then passed on their knowledge to the next generation.

According to legend, during the first meeting with the Russians, they were asked: who are you? And they heard the answer: nganasan, which means "men." That's what they've been called ever since. The Nganasans themselves call themselves “nya”, which in terms of meaning is closest to the Russian word “comrades”.

The well-known ethnographer L. Dobrova-Yadrintseva wrote about the Nganasans in her book “The Natives of the Turukhansk Territory” (1925): “They are proud, withdrawn, alien to everything that comes to them from outside and, cherishing their freedom, do not recognize any external circumstances.”

Nganasans were considered the best foot hunters of wild deer in the Arctic. Not only did they not use reindeer sleds, but they did not keep domestic reindeer at all. A herd of deer was hunted down, and then driven into a specially equipped ambush, where the animals were killed with spears and arrows.

002. THEY CAN FLY AND KILL ENEMIES AT A DISTANCE

The harsh living conditions - on the one hand, the isolation of the ethnic group, strict hierarchy and strict adherence to traditions - on the other hand, led to the fact that it was among the Nganasans that the most powerful and influential shamans appeared.

The primacy of the Nganasan shamans was recognized by the Yakuts, Evenks, Dolgans, Forest Enets and other neighboring peoples. Their shamans often asked the Nganasans for help, tried not to enter into conflicts with them and were very afraid of angering them.

There was fierce competition between the Nganasan shamans, whose battles became an element of the epic: "huge stones flew off the cliffs and rolled with a roar into the abyss, lightning flashed and thunders rumbled"...

It was believed that the most powerful Nganasan shamans could "eat a person" - that is, send death on him with the help of helper spirits; kill an opponent by cutting his footprint with a knife or piercing a bed figure with a sharp object; bring sickness and cure ailments; find thieves and lost items; find people lost in the tundra; predict the future; soar above the ground and perform other miracles.

In the 19th century, Russian missionaries reported that their stories about the miraculous flights of saints did not make any impression on the Nganasans, since, according to them, it was not difficult for shamans. Traveling in our world, the shaman could easily turn into a bird or a tornado.

003. THREE WORLDS AND THE EARTH'S AXIS

In the understanding of the Nganasans, there was no division into natural and irrational, and the universe was divided into three worlds: upper, lower and middle.

The upper world is inhabited by good deities and spirits, in communication with which a person acts only as a beggar.

The middle world is our land. Each plant or animal, mountain or lake, any natural phenomenon carries a vital principle, represented by an independent spirit. Spirits are good (ngou) and evil (barusi). Evil spirits harm a person, you can protect yourself from them or influence them by resorting to the help of a shaman.

The underworld is underground. It is inhabited by the souls of the dead and many evil spirits crawling out through holes in the ground to harm a person in every possible way. Shamans can go down to the lower world to bring the soul of the deceased there or take the soul of a seriously ill person from an evil spirit and return it to the middle world.

004. HEAVENLY DEER AND WOLVERINE

The tasks of the shamans included the transfer of information from the world of people to the world of spirits, negotiations with spirits and forcing them to help the people whom the shamans represented. At the same time, the shaman transmitted the will and desire of the spirits to the human world.

Traveling in the upper world, the shaman could take on the form of a helper spirit: a heavenly deer or a bird. The shaman entered the lower world most often in the form of a bear or a wolverine.

The position of the shaman in society depended directly on his strength. The big shaman evoked fear and respect. Thanks to the help of the spirits, he could point out the best place and time for hunting or fishing, treating animals and people, foreseeing and predicting events.

Communicating with the spirits and traveling in the upper and lower worlds, the shaman fell into a state of trance and performed a special ritual - a ritual. The necessary attributes of the ritual are a tambourine, a mallet and a shaman's costume, the main spirit assistant of the shaman. Only by wearing it, the shaman could communicate with spirits and move to other worlds.

The more iron pendants adorned the shaman's costume, the stronger he was considered. Everything went into the business: coins, military awards (“Badge of Honor”, ​​“For the Victory over Germany”), forks, hooks, metal chains, padlocks, gears ... Sometimes the weight of such a suit reached 30 or more kilograms.

An aged shaman passed on his costume, crown, tambourine and knowledge to his eldest son, while it was believed that shamans were chosen by spirits who were once shamans themselves - the ancestors of the chosen one.

005. WITHOUT IRON TO THE MOON

The last Nganasan shaman, Tubyaku Kosterkin, came from the ancient shamanic family of Ngamtuso.

It is known that Tubyaku drowned as a child. His father Dukhade, who was a great Nganasan shaman, found him and revived him.

“The water carried me away for the whole day,” Tubyaku said. — The sun had already set — there were no clocks then. I was very small then. They just found my body. My father revived me - my father was a shaman. Then the father said that this child would be my shift. Father said: as I lived, so you live. And I followed my father's orders. Shamanized day and night. I shamanized wherever I was invited… I didn’t let anyone go (that is, he cured) anyone, if I took it, even the sick, even the woman in labor. So I lived, I had nothing bad for people ... "

However, all this did not stop Soviet power consider Tubyaka an ideological enemy and pest and send him for propaganda of a pagan cult "for reforging" in the camps. They say that another shaman wrote the denunciation of Tubyaka out of envy, and he was also given a term, believing that this would be fair.

Tubyaku was one of the few who survived the "ten" in Norillag, and when he was released with a clear conscience, he went on foot to his native tundra (about 500 kilometers). And although he did not abandon the work bequeathed by his father, they did not touch him anymore. Tubyaku explained the unexpected softness of the authorities by the fact that in the zone he made a good helper spirit - the “bed-law”, through which he managed to settle all the difficulties in the lower world in relations with the harmful spirits of Soviet power.

Grand Shaman of the Nya People
Tubyaku Kosterkin

The spirits agreed, and Tubyaka was never arrested again. The district police officer did not even take away his tambourine and mallet, which happened everywhere in the Soviet Union with clergymen.

Tubyaku Kosterkin lived a glorious life: he treated diseases, predicted the weather, found lost people in the tundra, and stopped a snowstorm.

They tell how polar explorers came to Tubyak in the 80s, making a transition through the Soviet north. They caught the old man watching the start on TV spaceship. “Why did they bring so much iron into space? Tubyaku asked and looked at the polar explorers with great pity. “I have been to the moon twice without iron at all ...”

One of the greatest experts on the Nganasan national culture, Tubyaku willingly collaborated with scientists. With his help, hundreds of songs and legends were recorded, which were subsequently deciphered and translated into Russian by Tubyaku's daughter, folklorist Nadezhda Kosterkina.

006. SPIRIT OF THE COSTUME

In 1982, after the death of his wife, who usually helped him in the ritual, Tubyaku decided that the spirits had left him, and agreed to the persuasion of the Dudinsk museum staff to give them a shaman costume, a tambourine and other items. However, he stipulated for himself the opportunity to come to the museum to communicate with the costume, which he did more than once in subsequent years, sitting on the floor by a warm radiator.

The shaman costume of Tubyaku Kosterkin, once given to him by his father, Dyuhade, is still kept in the Dudinka Museum. Here, there is a very special attitude towards him: the suit is respected and, without special need, they try not to disturb. “You don’t need to take pictures of it,” the guide warns visitors. “Not because it’s forbidden, it just might break your camera.” And there have been several such cases.

The costume really makes a strong and very ambiguous impression. He stands in a darkened pavilion, as if wearing an invisibility, chained to the wall (so as not to run away?), Bristling with sharp horns (so that evil spirits cannot be taken by surprise). And if you find a certain position, you really feel the waves of energy, like a large tremor running through the body.

They say that Lenya Kosterkin, the son of Tubyaku, came to the museum more than once to ask the spirit of the costume of his father-shaman for advice. They say others are coming...

Forest guide ***

It was an August evening with a warm breeze and the sun already setting, somewhere behind the treetops, saying goodbye to today. The forest rustled quietly, goosebumps swirled, and everyone ran to sleep.
The village in which I happened to live in the Taimyr region, with my girlfriend. The edges are very beautiful. Their neighbor, Gleb, a man of 35-40 years old, invited us to hunt, it was a wonder and interesting for us, we gladly agreed. The locals have known him since childhood, and his wife and son too.
And now, early morning, dawn, we are already assembled and ready "for work and defense", as they say. All in anticipation, intrigue in the eyes.
We are walking through the forest, the grass is turning green, there is a clearing ahead, it was already 9 am, Gleb bent down and gestured for us to do the same, we calmed down, we look, a young deer is grazing under the trees. Gleb aimed to shoot from his carbine, then a growl came from the side of us. We are numb.

We turn - the WOLF. He looks at us point-blank, baring his teeth. I think: "Well, that's it, the Titanic has sailed." Gleb just wanted to move the gun, the wolf lunged forward, showing that he would obviously be faster. Seasoned, black, large, sharp fangs. Roars, but does not attack. I remembered how my father taught me that wolves are “guardians of the forest, and they understand everything perfectly, better than many other animals.”

I didn’t think of anything better than to start talking to him, quietly, calmly, rather even explain that we would leave, we wouldn’t touch anyone, they probably took me for a patient, but it started to work out. He stopped growling. He looked with such large compassionate eyes, ran away and looks. We wanted to slowly leave, but no such luck. He ran ahead of us and looks again:
Maybe he's calling us? Anya suggested.
- Almost bit us, and now he's calling? Girls, you're out of your mind, no?
- Show me! - Anka ordered the forest "guide".
No matter how strange it was, but he seemed to understand and went to lead, somewhere to the side, into the wilderness.
We walked like this, probably from 2 hours, without fear and didn’t think for a minute whether we needed it, rather, on the contrary, we wanted it, why I don’t understand, but we were drawn there. We came to some kind of swamp, and he continued to run through the swamp, we followed him on his heels, crossed the swamp and already on the other side we realized that about the sticks flew out of my head and how could the animal know about the road in the swamp?
And our “guide” urges us on, clicks his teeth, twitches, shows that we need to hurry. We follow him further, we came to a ravine, probably 3 meters deep. And downstairs is a girl from our village, like she's 12 or so. On the other side of the ravine, two more wolves are sitting, they saw us, got up and left. Gleb went down into the ravine, picked up the girl in his arms, and Anya and I already pulled her upstairs together.

The wolf sat watching all this, then, when Gleb also got out, the four-legged one came closer, carefully looked at the girl and went towards the swamp, looking at us. After leading us through the swamp, he turned around, gave us a look and ran away. It took us 4-5 hours to get to the village. Gleb could not be envied with a girl in his arms, but he turned out to have no stamina, an experienced hunter stopped 4-5 minutes for 10 times to rest.
As it turned out, Lera didn’t remember anything at all: in the morning she left for brushwood, went into the forest, walked a couple of meters and failed. Her next memories began already from the moment she woke up late in the evening at the paramedic's.

What happened then and why the wolves behaved this way remains a mystery to us to this day.

____________________________________________________________________________________

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Urvantsev N. N. Taimyr is my northern land. - M.: Thought, 1978. - S. 6. - 238 p.
Mountains that cannot be conquered - [Zapolyarnaya Pravda. No. 55 of 18.04.2008]
Magidovich V., Magidovich I. Geographical discoveries and researches of the XVII-XVIII centuries. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2004. - 495 p. — ISBN 5-9524-0812-5.
Troitsky V. A. Geographical discoveries of N. A. Begichev in Taimyr. // Chronicle of the North, v. 8. M., Thought
http://www.pravoslavie.ru/
Leonid Platov. The land of the seven herbs.
Vegetation of the Taimyr Reserve
http://gruzdoff.ru/
Wikipedia site
Photo Vladimir R., Alexey Voevodin
http://www.photosight.ru/
http://www.skitalets.ru/books/taimyr_urvantsev/
Taimyr is my northern region,