When did the first people appear on the territory of the Smolensk region. Extracurricular event "Smolensk region - pages of history"

Smolensk region during the time of Kievan Rus

The first inhabitants on the territory of the Smolensk region appeared about 10 thousand years ago. They were wandering hunters. They lived in families, but in search of food they moved from place to place. In addition, they were engaged in fishing and gathering. For thousands of years, the inhabitants of the Smolensk region have gone through all the stages of evolution that are characteristic of mankind.
Tools of labor changed: from stone to iron and bronze. The way of life has changed. The nomadic lifestyle was replaced by a settled way of life, which contributed to the development of agriculture and cattle breeding. Already in the first millennium AD. on the territory of the Smolensk region there were fortified settlements (fortifications).
By the beginning of our era, feudal relations had developed.
In the IX-XIII centuries. Smolensk arose, the Smolensk Principality was formed, which became part of Kievan Rus. The time of tragic internecine strife and battles with the Mongol-Tatars, the time of the development of crafts, the time of subtle diplomacy of the Smolensk princes, the time of the transformation of Smolensk from ardent pagans into Christians, the time of the construction of the first Orthodox churches.
In 1233, Batu Khan sent a large detachment to conquer Smolensk. On the way, the enemies met a large marshy swamp Dolgomostye on the territory of the present Pochinkovsky district. Around the swamp was an impenetrable forest. Few have overcome this barrier. The Mongol-Tatars approached the city from the side of the Molokhov Gate. The defense of Smolensk was led by the warrior Mercury. Having defeated the Mongol-Tatars and the Molokhov Gate, he went to Dolgomost and defeated the Tatar detachments standing there, killed the Khan, but he himself died.

Smolensk region in the XIV-XVII centuries.

At the end of the 20s of the XIV century, the Smolensk prince Ivan Alexandrovich developed good relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia. He considered the Lithuanian prince Gediminas his patron. Smolensk merchants needed such relations. Friendship of Smolensk and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia caused discontent of the Horde and Moscow. In the late 30s of the XIV century, Smolensk stopped paying tribute to the Horde. Relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia became even closer.
In 1348, the Smolensk warriors, as part of the troops of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia, fought against the German knights on the Strava River. The Polotsk and Vitebsk regiments also fought there.
The battle ended unsuccessfully for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia. Many Smolensk people died in it, among them the Smolensk prince.
In 1359, Olgerd annexed Bryansk to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia and undertook a campaign against Smolensk, annexing the Mstislavl, Roslavl and Krichev lands of the Grand Principality of Smolensk to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia. An alliance treaty was concluded with the new Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich.
In the late 60s of the XIV century, the Smolensk people participated in the campaigns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia against Moscow. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia has become one of the largest European states. Most of lands of Kievan Rus became part of it. The main part of the population were the inhabitants of White and Little Russia.
In 1392 Vitovt became the Grand Duke of Lithuania. The goal of Vitovt was to create a strong Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia, not inferior to Poland. To do this, it was necessary to strengthen the unity of the country by joining all the dependent lands.
In 1395, Vitovt took advantage of the fact that many Rostislavovichs came to the princely congress in Smolensk. Vytautas tricked them out of the city and arrested them. Yuri managed to escape. In Smolensk, two governors were appointed instead of the prince. The Grand Duchy of Smolensk ceased to exist.
By this time, he had already annexed the Ryazan, Tver, Novgorod and Pskov lands to the Moscow principality. A war began with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia for White Russia.
In 1492, Moscow undertook the first major campaign against the Smolensk lands, and at the beginning of 1493 captured Vyazma. The new Lithuanian prince Alexander made peace with Ivan III, ceding the Vyazma lands to him.
In 1501, Smolensk became the main goal of Ivan III, but all campaigns were unsuccessful.
In 1512, the new Moscow prince Vasily III resumed the war for Smolensk. There were three major campaigns. In July 1514, the 80,000-strong Moscow army besieged Smolensk. For several days, the city was shelled from 300 guns. To save the city and its inhabitants, it was decided to surrender. But the war for Smolensk continued for another 8 years, although it was not possible to return the city to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Under the treaty of 1522, the Smolensk lands were ceded to the Muscovite state.
After the reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654, their joint struggle against the Commonwealth began. Russian troops were concentrated in the Smolensk direction, led by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
In the summer of 1654, Bely and Dorogobuzh surrendered without a fight. In June 1654, the siege of Smolensk began. In September, the city was surrendered. The Polish garrison left Smolensk, laying down their weapons and banners. Some of the gentry left with the remnants of the garrison, but many remained on their Smolensk estates, becoming residents of Russia.
Since 1654, in the history of the Smolensk region, a new page. And according to the Andrusovo truce of 1667, the Smolensk region finally passed to Russia.

Smolensk region during the time of Peter I

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Smolensk people took part in northern war. Smolensk infantry and dragoon regiments were formed.
On September 9, 1708, a battle took place near the village of Mignovichi, from where the road to Smolensk went. The Swedes were led by King Charles XII, the Russian troops - Lieutenant General Bour. In a two-hour battle, the Swedes lost more than a thousand people. Charles XII was almost captured. He abandoned the idea of ​​taking Smolensk and turned south.
On September 28, 1708, the Smolensk Dragoon Regiment under the command of Chelishchev participated in the battle near the village of Lesnoy. The Swedes were defeated, and Peter I solemnly entered Smolensk to the sound of bells.
In 1708, by decree of Peter I, Russia was divided into 20 provinces. The Smolensk province included the territory of the former principality with seventeen cities. Provincial institutions headed by the governor were located in Smolensk. They became the Dorogobuzh boyar Saltykov.
In 1713, the Riga Governorate was created, which also included the newly formed Smolensk Province as part of five counties: Smolensk, Belsky, Vyazemsky, Dorogobuzh and Roslavl.
In 1726 the province was reorganized into a province.

Smolensk region in the XIX century.

A special theme in the history of Smolensk is the war of 1812. The glorious victory of the Russians over the French reminds of itself with monuments and street names.
The outcome of that already distant war was largely a foregone conclusion on Smolensk land. Under the walls of Smolensk in the battle, the French army lost more than 20 thousand people.
When, after exhausting bloody battles, the Russian army left the city, all the inhabitants left with it. Napoleon drove into the ruined burning city in complete silence. “Having no other witnesses of his glory besides himself.” “It was a performance without spectators, a victory without fruits, bloody glory and smoke that enveloped us, and it seemed to be our only acquisition,” the French historian wrote.
In 1861, Alexander II carried out a peasant reform. It affected the peasants of the Smolensk province especially sharply. They received less land than they had under serfdom. This caused a wave of peasant uprisings. Zemstvo, urban, military and judicial reforms were carried out, which played a progressive role in the development of the Smolensk region.
The second half of the 19th century is a period of upsurge in the development of culture. At the end of the 19th century, gymnasiums and a real school, libraries were opened in Smolensk. In 1866, a public city theater was opened. In 1888, the first museum was opened in Smolensk - historical and archaeological. In 1898, a historical and ethnographic museum was opened in Talashkino, created by M.K. Tenisheva.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Smolensk travelers Przhevalsky and Kozlov conducted a number of expeditions to explore Central Asia.

Smolensk region in the first half of the twentieth century.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Smolensk region was a typical agrarian Central Russian province. In cities, the population was about 120 thousand people. 92% of the population (1.5 million people) lived in the countryside. In cities, the population was about 120 thousand people. The largest city was Smolensk (59 thousand inhabitants).
During World War I, Smolensk province became front-line. The headquarters of the Minsk Military District was located in Smolensk.
After October revolution In 1917, Soviet power was established in the Smolensk region. During the years of the civil war, Red Guard squads were created in the Smolensk region, which participated in the suppression of anti-Soviet rebellions.
In September 1937, as a result of the reorganization of the Western Region, the Smolensk Region with a population of more than 2.5 million people was created from its central and western regions. It included 54 districts. It exceeded the modern Smolensk region both in terms of population and area.

Smolensk region during the Great Patriotic War

At the first stage of the Great Patriotic War, the Battle of Smolensk took place. It lasted 2 months: from July 10 to September 10, 1941. In the Battle of Smolensk, 250 thousand soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht were destroyed, more than in the first two years of the 2nd World War. As a result of the battle, Hitler's plan for a "blitzkrieg" was thwarted. The battle of Smolensk made it possible for Moscow to prepare to repel the offensive of the Nazis. In the fire of battles on Smolensk land, the Soviet Guard was born, the talent of many military leaders was revealed: Lukin, Konev, Kurochkin, Gorodnyansky and others. During the Great Patriotic War, many partisan detachments operated in the Smolensk region. Partisans V. Kurylenko, P. Galetsky and the commander of the partisan detachment “Thirteen” S.V. Grishin were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
On September 25, 1943, as a result of the Smolensk offensive operation (Operation Suvorov), Smolensk was liberated from the Nazis by the troops of the Western Front. Captain P.F. Klepach hoisted a red banner over the surviving building of the Smolensk Hotel.

Smolensk region in the post-war years

Many post-war years were spent on restoration work, and all this time the Smolensk citizens developed autocratically the economy, science and culture of their region.
After the Nazi occupation in Smolensk, only 7% of undamaged living space remained, more than 100 industrial enterprises were destroyed. In the ruins lay Vyazma, Gzhatsk, Yelnya, Dorogobuzh, Velizh, Demidov, Dukhovshchina, Roslavl ...
Realizing the great importance of the Smolensk region for the country, in 1945 the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR included Smolensk and Vyazma among the 15 Russian cities subject to priority restoration, for which all conditions were created ...
AT as soon as possible the area has been restored. Coming Soon Volume industrial production exceeded the pre-war level and continued to grow every day.
In commemoration of the merits of the inhabitants of the city, Smolensk was awarded the title of Hero City. And now the sights of the city are the Thunder Tower and the Fortress Walls. This high title he wears with honor.

« Golden Age" of classical literature, in creative laboratory which Smolensk writers turned out to be and worked quite successfully, began with the realization of the main artistic discoveries of their predecessors in the literary workshop, primarily with the creative development of the literary process XVII- XVIIIcenturies.It is no coincidence that journalism and literary criticism stand out noticeably at this time, reaching peaks in the work of N.M. Karamzin and V.G. Belinsky.

Being in the main positions of literary life, Smolensk writers, in order to expand their creative possibilities, were forced to look for the most favored zones, leaving for permanent residence in Moscow or St. Petersburg, or in other cities - closer to the all-powerful book publishers, owners of printing presses. Of course, there were also reverse processes, when writers and poets from other parts of Russia came to Smolensk to firmly establish themselves in the literary field, sometimes they achieved such significant success that their activities acquired an all-Russian character, giving a literary perspective for a number of decades to come.

XIXthe century began with heated debates about the tasks of Russian dramaturgy, the strong traditions of which secured Russian classicism and sentimentalism. Two main trends fought for their approval.

The first was presented Russian satirical comedy, coming from Sumarokov, Fonvizin and Krylov, it was distinguished by topicality, "pungent" allusions to individuals and portrait characters, it was rightfully considered its head A.A. Shakhovsky (1777-1846), who wrote and staged more than a hundred of his comedies, came from the Smolensk region.

The second direction found its support in secular, "noble" comedy - light, elegant, without boring moralizing; she was represented together with her followers by N.I. Khmelnitsky - Governor of Smolensk from 1829 to 1837, a Petersburger by birth, whom A.S. Pushkin called his "favorite poet."

The combination of these two literary elements - satirical comedy, which castigated the worship of foreigners, and secular, in which a person was portrayed as free, independent in his feelings - gave such a "critical mass" that it turned out to be quite sufficient for the emergence of a new national realistic comedy, at the head of which stood "Woe from Wit" by A. S. Griboyedov - a playwright whose activities are connected with Khmelita, the Smolensk estate of his uncle A.F. Griboyedov. The mother of the future playwright Nastasya Fedorovna often visited here with her children Alexander and Maria, later young people gathered in Khmelit - I. Yakushkin, V. Lykoshin and other friends of A. S. Griboyedov's youth.

Laid A.S. Griboyedov picked up a course in Russian dramaturgy Smolyan by birth P.M. Nevezhin is the author of the plays "Bliss", "Second Youth" etc.

From literary 18th century to new 19th century, the main poetic genres of Russian classicism crossed over, as well as the genre of the story in letters, which was established even under sentimentalism, which gave at the beginning XIX century "Letters of a Russian officer" F.N. Glinka, as well as the story / and the novel, which received their further development in the work of Smolensk writers V.A. Vonlyarlyarsky , P.M. Nevezhina("Insurance Premium", "Angry", "Celebrity") and V.P. Klushnikov.

It should be emphasized that the year 1812 was the most important link in the development of the literary Smolensk region. In the historical memory of Russia, he left his indelible mark. AT fiction, memoirs, the letters reflected the historical, philosophical, moral and artistic views of that time and the way of thinking of individuals. With all the intonational, stylistic, and genre diversity, the common connecting ties in them are single theme the greatness of Russia, her courage and honor, and her artistic reflection. This dual task was especially clearly expressed by the well-known at the beginning of the last century freethinker A.I. Turgenev, who stressed that the glow of Moscow and Smolensk "sooner or later will illuminate our path to Paris."

The letters of the Russian people of 1812 are extremely important as the first direct responses to historical events. as the first attempt at their understanding. In this regard, they represent an operational and most mobile genre of all existing types of written speech.

The letters emphasize the national character of the Patriotic War. In this regard, the correspondence of the duty general of the Second Russian Army N.S. Marina. He reports how the peasants of the village of Kamenka dealt with a huge French detachment of 500 people. Having fed and drunk the uninvited guests, they shouted “Hurrah!” rushed to the attack: a hundred French were killed in this battle, the rest surrendered. Many such examples can be found. The popular character of the war at first alarmed in earnest many writers of letters, who saw in the patriotic impulses of the Russian peasants a serious threat of a new Pugachevism. However, these fears soon dissipated. In a letter to his relatives, the famous General N.N. Raevsky noted that Napoleon, who did a lot of harm to Russia, miscalculated in the main thing - the people do not accept his suggestions, they curse him.

The Patriotic War of 1812 in the Smolensk region will become the theme of outstanding works of Russian literature for almost two centuries, starting with F. Glinka, continuing with L. Tolstoy and ending with N. Rylenkov, the author novel "On the Old Smolensk Road".

As in past centuries, the literary Smolensk region appears in its two main hypostases - in works of art, regardless of who their authors are, and reflected by Smolensk writers themselves.

Smolensk region in literature XIX century is represented by the work of A.A. Shakhovsky, N.I. Khmelnitsky, G.A. Glinka, F.N. Glinka, F.A. Ettinger, B.N. Almazova, V.A. Vonlyarlyarsky, V.P. Klyushnikov, A.N. Engelhardt, N.V. Shelgunova, M.K. ebrikova and others.

Smolensk region in literature and folklore: tutorial/ edited by V.V. Ilyin. - Smolensk: Trust-Imacom, 1995. - S.135-139.

Belyaev, I. N. Golden stars of the Smolensk region. New names. Heroes Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, holders of the three Orders of Glory / I. N. Belyaev. - Smolensk: Publishing house "Smolensk City Printing House", 2006. - 232 p.

The book by I. N. Belyaev, historian, local history writer, honorary citizen of the hero city of Smolensk, war and labor veteran, Honored Worker of Culture of Russia, tells about fellow countrymen awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, holders of three Orders of Glory, whose names have become famous in recent times. In the book, the reader will find materials about military leaders who were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation for military exploits on Smolensk soil in 1941-1942.

The book is intended for those who are interested in the heroic past of the Smolensk region, professionally engaged in the patriotic education of youth, the formation of Russian national consciousness.

Belyaev, I. N. Memory of fiery years. The experience of an encyclopedic guide to the military history of the Smolensk region / I. N. Belyaev. - Smolensk: SGPU, 2000. - 464 p.

The well-known Smolensk local historian, veteran of the Great Patriotic War, retired colonel, Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation, member of the Union of Journalists of Russia I. N. Belyaev offers readers a book about the military past of the Smolensk Territory. The book is intended for teachers of universities, colleges, technical schools, schools, gymnasiums, students and pupils, museum workers, employees of city and district administrations, everyone who is interested in the heroic past of the Smolensk region.

Voronovsky, V. M. Patriotic war within the Smolensk province: repr. play Text ed. 1912 / V. M. Voronovsky. - Smolensk: "Smolensk Regional Printing House. V. I. Smirnov ", 2006. - 96 p. : ill.

In 1912, on August 31, according to the old style, V. M. Voronovsky, on behalf of the Smolensk Zemstvo, presented the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II with the book “Patriotic War within the Smolensk Governorate”, and Tsarevich Alexei with an abridged version of the anniversary edition under the same name. The brochure was originally intended for the mass reader and was defined by the author as a "people's book".

The reprint edition of the "folk book" reproduces without changes the author's narration of the events of 1812 with the preservation of all illustrations: reproductions of paintings and maps of the movement of troops.

Glushkova, V. G. Smolensk land. Nature. Story. Economy. Culture Tourist attraction. Religious centers / V. G. Glushkova. - M. : Veche, 2011. - 400 p. : ill. - (Historical guide).

This book tells in a lively and fascinating way about the natural, spiritual and man-made wealth of the Smolensk region, its history, culture, people and main religious centers. The reader will be able to get acquainted with the main sights of Smolensk, small towns of the region and a number of villages. The book contains detailed information about former noble estates and their inhabitants, architectural, artistic and cultural values, natural monuments and Orthodox shrines and relics.

The author talks about more than 90 individuals whose lives were somehow connected with the Smolensk region. Among them are Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko, Vladimir Monomakh, Prince G. A. Potemkin, the great Russian composer M. I. Glinka, Admiral P. S. Nakhimov, Field Marshal M. I. Kutuzov, partisan and poet D.V. Davydov, Marshals of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov and M.N. Tukhachevsky, poet M.V. Isakovsky, travelers N.M. Przhevalsky and P.K. Kozlov, and such famous natives of the Smolensk land as the first cosmonaut of South Africa. Gagarin and everyone's favorite actors Yuri Nikulin and Anatoly Papanov.

City of Smolensk. Back to life. 1813-1828 years. Documents of the State Archive of the Smolensk Region. - Smolensk: "Smolensk Regional Printing House. V. I. Smirnov", 2012. - 288 p. : ill.

The collection contains documents relating to a short period of Smolensk history after the Napoleonic invasion. In 1813, the inhabitants of the provincial center had to re-arrange life in the burnt, ruined city. Documents have preserved for us the amazing history of the revival of the city of Smolensk in 1813-1828. In the book, the reader will find information about how the city authorities and services interacted, what the “city dwellers” did, how buildings and structures were built and repaired (some have been preserved and still adorn the city).

The publication is addressed to all who are interested in history.

Ivanov, Yu. G. The Hero City of Smolensk. 500 questions and answers about your favorite city / Yu. G. Ivanov. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2011. - 384 p. : ill.

The book popularly tells about the rich history of one of the oldest Russian cities, its streets, squares, monuments and sights, about famous natives and great people associated with the city. Built in the form of a question and answer, the publication reveals highlights his history and life. Illustrative material makes the book more meaningful and informative.

Kononov, V. A. Smolensk governors. 1711-1917 / V. A. Kononov. - Smolensk: Magenta, 2004. - 400 p. - (Documents testify).

Against the backdrop of the all-Russian evolution of the institute of governorship, the book tells about the persons who held the positions of Smolensk governor-general, civil and military governors from the time the governor's office was established in the province until the events of 1917. Particular attention is paid to the importance of the activities of each of the governors for the development of the Smolensk region and the issues of interaction between local and central authorities. The publication is intended for teachers, students and all those who are interested in the history of their native land.

Lapikova, A. V. Walks in Smolensk / A. V. Lapikova. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2006. - 192 p. : ill.

Where is the street from one house in Smolensk? Which street in ancient times was called Great and why? The inquisitive reader will find answers to these and other questions in this book, written vividly and fascinatingly. The reader is invited to make a journey through the streets of the ancient city, to feel its originality, to plunge into the atmosphere of ancient times.

Mitrofanov, A. G. City walks. Smolensk / Alexey Mitrofanov. - M. : Klyuch-S, 2009. - 240 p.

Smolensk is a city in Western Russia. But the neighborhood with "enlightened Europe" did not always benefit Smolensk. In the event of a war, he got it, as a rule, in the first place.

About these and other pages of the history of the long-suffering, but inflexible city of Smolensk - in this book.

Modestov, F. E. Smolensk fortress / F. E. Modestov. - Smolensk: Publication of the Center for the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Smolensk Region, 2003. - 144 p. : ill.

The book is devoted to the history of the construction of the Smolensk fortress, its architectural fortification significance.

The publication is intended for historians, local historians, teachers of schools and universities, students.

Moshchansky, I. B. At the walls of Smolensk / I. B. Moshchansky. - M. : Veche, 2011. - 304 p. : ill. - (Forgotten pages of World War II).

Since ancient times, the city of Smolensk has played a special role in the military history of Russia, being the first to take the blow of the aggressors who sought to capture Moscow as soon as possible. From July 10 to September 10, 1941, the Battle of Smolensk unfolded near the walls of the city, in which for two months the Red Army managed to fight on an equal footing with the hitherto invincible German Wehrmacht. Having detained the enemy and disrupted the movement of Army Group Center to the capital, our troops nevertheless left Smolensk, which they managed to liberate only in 1943. From August 7 to October 2, the troops of the Kalinin and Western Fronts carried out the Suvorov strategic offensive operation, liberated Smolensk and part of the Kalinin regions, the cities of Yelnya, Dukhovshchina, Roslavl, Smolensk from the invaders and entered the borders of Belarus. During the hard trials, the inhabitants of the city proved themselves to be true patriots of their Motherland, so now Smolensk honorably holds the high title of a hero city.

Perlin, B. N. Smolensk and its streets: historical and geographical essays / B. N. Perlin. - Smolensk: Smyadyn, 2012. - 272 p.

The book summarizes a large factual material about the development of Smolensk from ancient times to the present day, about the formation of the system of its streets and city toponyms. The influence of geopolitical, historical and natural factors on the fate of the city, changes in its economy and demography is traced. Both the current appearance of city streets and the former appearance of many of them are described on the basis of historical documents and the author's personal impressions. The book is addressed to all those who are interested in the history of one of the oldest cities in Russia and the prospects for its development.

Pronin, G. N. Defensive fortifications of Smolensk at the end of the 15th - 17th centuries. at the Molokhov Gates / G. N. Pronin, V. E. Sobol. - Smolensk: Scroll, 2012. - 120 p.

The publication publishes the results of the rescue archaeological work of the Smolensk expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2010-2011. in the area of ​​the Molokhov Gates of the fortress wall of the city of Smolensk. In the course of the archaeological surveys carried out during the construction of the underpass on Sq. Victory, wood-earthen fortifications were opened in the second half of the 16th - 17th centuries. - the remains of a wooden tyn, an earthen rampart reinforced with log structures, floorings of several tiers of pavements of the street leading to the ancient Molokhovsky Gate. As well as additional defensive structures erected by the Polish garrison of Smolensk during the siege of the city by the army of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1654. A rich collection of individual finds and mass material of the 16th-17th centuries was received.

The book is addressed to specialists and all those interested in the history of Russia.

Skvabchenkov, N. M. Along the Old Smolensk road: a guide / N. M. Skvabchenkov. - Smolensk: Scroll, 2015. - 176 p. : ill.

The guide tells about the Old Smolensk road, which played a big role in the history of Russia.

The author of the book is Nikolai Mikhailovich Skvabchenkov, a historian, a member of the Union of local historians of Russia, a well-known Smolensk guide. He is the author of a number of publications, such as Merchant Smolensk, Smolensk Fortress, Grateful Russia to the Heroes of 1812, Cathedral Hill. Guide”, as well as many local history publications in the periodical press.

The book "On the Old Smolensk Road" is the result of many years of work by N. M. Skvabchenkov on this topic. The author tells about the origin and development of the once most important road in the Russian lands, acquaints readers with the history of settlements and the monuments located on it.

Memories are of particular interest. different people given in the guide.

Smolensk, reborn from the ashes. 71st anniversary Great Victory dedicated / chief ed. S. S. SCHEMELEV - Smolensk: Forvita, 2016. - 160 p. : ill.

In the book, the reader will see new pages of the glorious history of Smolensk, expressed in the exorbitant work to restore the destroyed city. Hundreds of businesses, thousands of people mentioned in this book have now become heroes on the labor front. The book also covers the theme of the "Immortal Regiment" - employees of Smolensk enterprises talk about their relatives who fought.

The book aims to instill in young Smolensk people, especially those who have not heard the live stories of war veterans, the spirit of intransigence towards fascism as a world evil.

Smolensk. 1150 years. History and culture: an album. - Smolensk: Cantilena LLC, 2013. - 216 p. : ill.

A bright, colorful album was released specifically for the anniversary of the city of Smolensk. Contains fascinating information about the history of the city, culture, architecture and modern life of Smolyan.

Pages of the history of Smolensk region. Book for additional reading / Yu. G. Ivanov, E. N. Aginskaya, O. Yu. Ivanova and others - Smolensk: Rusich, 2007. - 544 p. : ill.

The book "Pages of the History of the Smolensk Region" is intended primarily for schoolchildren as additional reading on the history of their native land. It will be useful for working on reports and messages, and will help in an in-depth study of a number of topics. Its chapters reveal individual historical stages development of the Smolensk land from ancient times up to the XX century. A special chapter is dedicated to the outstanding people of the region.

Final chapter books built on territorial principle and contains a lot of informative material on the history of the settlements of all 25 administrative districts of the region. In the Smolensk region, in cities, villages and villages, a huge number of archaeological sites, religious objects, architectural ensembles, individual residential buildings and public buildings, engineering and industrial structures, monuments and memorials have been preserved. There are many natural monuments in the region.

Smolensk land is an arena of important historical events. Many outstanding and talented personalities who glorified Russia were born here, the fate and activities of a significant number of famous people are also connected with the Smolensk region. Not being natives of the Smolensk land, they nevertheless served here for the good of the Fatherland, and some of them gave their lives for it.

City in Russia, the administrative center of the Smolensk region. Hero City (1985). It is located in the upper reaches, between the Dukhovshchinskaya and Krasninsko-Smolenskaya uplands.

City in the Middle Ages

The first dated mention of Smolensk is found in the Ustyug chronicle and refers to 863. The chronicler noted that "the city is great and many people." Probably, initially Smolensk was the center of the Krivichi tribe that lived here and was located 10 km west of the present city, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe modern village of Gnezdova. The name of the city is most often associated with the word "resin", which was driven and sold locals for the repair of ships passing along the Dnieper. In some sources there is early name settlements - Smolenets. Arising on the trade route, in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Smolensk had great importance for the whole, was a major military, commercial and craft center. Smolensk princes repeatedly became the Grand Dukes of Kyiv.

Christianity came to Smolensk in 1013, but the first stone temple appeared in the city only a century later, in 1101. Then he ordered to lay the Smolensk Assumption Cathedral on the Cathedral Hill. XII - the beginning of the XIII century became the heyday of the Smolensk principality: mass stone construction was carried out in Smolensk, the churches of Peter and Paul, John the Evangelist, Michael the Archangel were erected. At that time, Smolensk had about 30-35 thousand inhabitants and, in terms of the number of architectural monuments, was second only to Kyiv and. In the first half of the 12th century, near Smolensk, in the bay of the Smyadyn River, the Borisoglebsky Monastery was founded. Construction was going on at the place where in 1015 the people of Svyatopolk the Accursed killed the Murom prince Gleb, who became one of the first Russian saints.

The first period of prosperity of the Smolensk principality is closely connected with the names of the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, Prince Rostislav Mstislavovich, and his sons Davyd and Roman. About Davyd, the chronicle testifies that he "loved books to read and had a sharp memory", and about Roman - that he was "a great scholar of all sciences."

In 1230-1232, almost the entire population of Smolensk was struck by a pestilence, and in 1238 troops approached the city, but the Smolensk residents managed to repel the attack. In the XIII century, the Smolensk principality experienced a constant external threat, primarily from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the west and the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the east. Conquest campaigns militant neighbors ravaged Smolensk and caused significant damage to its development. Fires also led to negative consequences for the city: in 1194, 1308, 1340 and 1415, Smolensk burned out almost completely.

Between Lithuania and Moscow

In 1404, the troops of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt, after a two-month siege, captured Smolensk, and since then the city has been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for 110 years. In 1410, the Smolensk regiments as part of the Lithuanian-Polish army took part in against the forces of the Teutonic Order. In 1440, the Smolensk people, dissatisfied with the infringement of the rights of the Orthodox, rebelled against the Lithuanian governor and elected a new governor - Prince Andrei Dorogobuzh, and a ruler - Prince Yuri Mstislavsky. However, the very next year, the Lithuanians returned Smolensk under their control.

In 1514, the Moscow Grand Duke recaptured Smolensk from Lithuania: Moscow had made such attempts before, but only now was it successful. Realizing that the enemy would make attempts to return Smolensk, in 1595 the tsar issued a decree on the construction of a stone fortress in Smolensk. The “sovereign master” from Moscow, Fyodor Kon, was entrusted with leading the process. Boris Godunov himself was present at the laying of the fortress. Craftsmen and materials arrived in Smolensk from all over the country, and as a result, in just seven years, a fortress was built in the city with a length of about 6 km with 38 towers. Contemporaries called it "The Stone Necklace of All Russia". About 3 km of the wall and 17 towers of the fortress have survived to this day.

On August 4, Napoleon's troops approached Smolensk. The next day the city was taken: having blown up the fortress wall in several places, the French entered Smolensk. During the fighting, a strong fire broke out in the city: more than 1.5 thousand philistine houses and about 300 shops died in the fire. In Smolensk, the French executed Lieutenant Colonel P.I. Engelhardt, who oversaw the organization of partisan detachments in the Smolensk province.

After the end of the Patriotic War of 1812, Smolensk was in ruins. Of the 15 thousand inhabitants of the city, 600 survived. In 1816, the state allocated funds from the treasury to help the townspeople, and in 1817 a new plan for the restoration of Smolensk, developed by the architect Geste, was approved. The architect abandoned the ray scheme of the city's development, preferring to it the historically established network of streets with a slight straightening inside the fortress. In the 1830s, at the time when N.I. Khmelnitsky, intensive development took place in the provincial center: Smolensk "took a decent look and was decorated with pavements, stone buildings and bridges." At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, another wave of active stone construction and infrastructure development took place in the city. In the middle of the 19th century, Smolensk became an important railway junction connecting Moscow, Riga, Brest and Oryol. In 1901, the first power plant appeared in Smolensk, followed by a tram. In 1912, the city celebrated the 100th anniversary of the war with Napoleon with pomp: a number of monuments to that war appeared in Smolensk, including the famous Alley of Heroes with busts of military leaders.

Smolensk in years Soviet power

MBOU Dorogobuzh secondary school №2

creative project on the history of the Smolensk region

Completed:

Kuprikov Roman

9th grade student

Teacher: Kiseleva T.A.

2015 Plan

1. Introduction

2. Historical background

3. History of the name

4. Vedorosh battle

5. Dorogobuzh residents at the construction of the Smolensk fortress wall

6. Streets of Dorogobuzh centuries ago and today

7. Churches of Dorogobuzh

8. Monasteries of Dorogobuzh

9. Conclusion

Introduction

The Smolensk region is one of the most ancient inhabited lands. On its territory there are the remains of the material culture of the stone period. The ancestors of the current Smolensk are considered to be the Smolensk Krivichi - part of the ancient Russian association of the Krivichi, who lived in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Western Dvina and Volga. Their neighbors in the north-west were the Polotsk Krivichi, in the north - the Novgorod Slavs, in the east - the Vyatichi, and in the south and south-west - the northerners and Radimichi. It is known that alreadyVIIcentury Smolensk land played an important role in the trade relations of Russia with other states. Smolensk Krivichi swam "to the Greeks", and "to the Bulgars", "to the Germans". Current toIXcentury, the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed in two branches along the Smolensk land: from the Western Dvina to the Dnieper, down to the Black Sea and across the Vazuza River, connecting with the Great Volozhsky Way, which led “to the Bulgars” and to the Muslim East.

ATXII – XIIIFor centuries, the large shopping center Smolensk has been known as Cultural Center ancient Russian state. And soon another one was added to this glory. For many centuries, Smolensk remained for Russia a warrior city, the guardian of the Russian state on the western border.

Among the ancient cities of the Smolensk region, Dorogobuzh holds a place of honor. The first mention of him is noted in the letter of the Smolensk prince Rostislav (1150): “And Dorogobuzh has three short ruts, and hryvnia honors, and five foxes.” Based on the content of this document, we can conclude that already in the middleXIIcentury there was a city called Dorogobuzh, which, being dependent on Smolensk, paid him a certain tribute in hryvnia, in five fox skins, as well as a contribution from three small gons - sections of rivers where beavers and otters were found.

I chose this topic because this moment it is relevant enough. If you look at the age of our city, and look at its small size, you involuntarily begin to think that this is simply not fair. Indeed, in other countries, cities with such an age are simply tourist centers, the state takes care of them, and the people themselves maintain cleanliness and order in them. And in our state, unfortunately, they do not care about cities that deserve special attention. It's a shame to see when cities, centuries younger than ours, develop at such a speed that they can compete in development with Moscow, St. major cities Russia.

The purpose of my work is to prove the attractiveness of Dorogobuzh and its environs for tourists.

History reference

Dorogobuzh was first mentioned in the Letter of the Prince of Smolensk Rostislav in 1150. In the endXII– beginningXIVcenturies Dorogobuzh was the center of the specific principality. ATXVcentury captured by Lithuania, then Poland. It finally went to Russia under the Andrusov Treaty in 1667. Since 1708, Dorogobuzh became a specific city of the Smolensk province.

In the past, the city was a significant trade and craft center. They traded mainly products of animal origin (lard, leather, cattle), as well as hemp, flax, bread and timber. With the construction of railways, Dorogobuzh found itself on the side of the main trade routes, and its development slowed down. During the years of Soviet power, the Dorogobuzh region became of agricultural origin.

Monuments of historical heritage remained on the territory of Dorogobuzh: Val-Detinets - a monumentXIIcentury; monument in honor of the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812; memorial complex about the wars of the Great Patriotic War; Holy Trinity Gerasimo-Boldinsky Monastery, founded in 1530, since 1991. Operating, the largest monastery in the Smolensk region; Church of Peter and Paul, 1835, active since 1998; city ​​estate of merchants Sveshnikovs, 2nd halfXIXin.; complex of buildings of the Zemstvo hospital, the beginningXXin.; partially preserved Spiritual Temple, beginningXYIIIcentury, since 1998 the buildings have been used by St. Dmitrievsky convent; a unique architectural and park complex - the Baryshnikovs' estate in the village of Aleksino,XYII- XIXcenturies, architects M. Kazakov, D. Gilardi; Odigitrievsky temple in the village of Rekty,XIXin.; the wooden manor house of princes Dolgorukov in the village of Chamovo; the partially preserved architectural and park ensemble of the Baryshnikov estate in the village of Brazhino; Salt barn (erroneously called the master),XYIIcentury, restored for use as a regional museum of history and local lore.

Dorogobuzh is one of the oldest cities in the Smolensk region. It was founded by the Smolensk prince Rostislav in the middleXIIcentury. Dorogobuzh arose as a fortress defending the lands of the Smolensk principality from the east of the strengthened Rostov-Suzdal principality, which was ruled by the ambitious Yuri Dolgoruky. Exceptmoreover, Dorogobuzhbecame the administrative center of the whole district, which allowed the Smolensk princes to control the local population and collect taxes from it. It was also important that the city was located on busy trade routes.

Initially, Dorogobuzh was ruled, probably, by the governor of the Smolensk prince. The center of the city was occupied by a wooden fortress, its main part was located on the citadel (it is called Val in Dorogobuzh). There was also the main temple of the city - the cathedral, presumably made of stone, bearing the name of the Holy Great Martyrs Princes Boris and Gleb. This pre-Mongolian temple, apparently, was destroyed in antiquity, in the 16th century a wooden church stood in its place. Around the fortress there was a settlement where the trade and craft population lived.

Probably, from the middle of the XIII century, Dorogobuzh and Vyazma form a single Vyazemsko-Dorogobuzh principality, which was integral part Smolensk land and was ruled in turn by princes from the Smolensk princely family. The Mongol-Tatar invasion did not directly affect Dorogobuzh. In general, the history of Dorogobuzh is a history of hard trials, ruin and a new revival. Dorogobuzh has repeatedly suffered from wars, fires, and epidemics.

In the 14th century, the Dorogobuzh region, like the entire Smolensk region, found itself between two powerful states - the Moscow and Lithuanian principalities. Ultimately, Lithuania won the struggle for the Smolensk lands, and at the beginning of the 15th century, the Dorogobuzh land became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia. In the 1430s. Dorogobuzh belonged to Prince Andrei Dmitrievich from the family of Tver princes, but after 1440 the city was transferred to the possession of the noble Lithuanian boyars Gashtolds.

Moscow, meanwhile, did not stop trying to seize the Smolensk lands. In 1493, Moscow troops took Vyazma. After a short truce, the war continued, and in June 1500 the Muscovite army captured Dorogobuzh. To stop the advance of the Moscow troops, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander collected the last reserves and sent them to Dorogobuzh. The decisive battle took place near the Vedrosha River on July 14, 1500 (near the village of Aleksino). The Moscow army outnumbered the Lithuanian army and won. Since that time, Dorogobuzh became part of the Moscow State. The military campaigns of the Moscow troops against Lithuania and the response of the Lithuanians continued for more than 30 years, which ruined the Dorogobuzh region a lot. So in 1508, during the attack of the Lithuanians, Dorogobuzh was burned down. The Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III ordered the construction of a new wooden fortress in Dorogobuzh, and for this he sent Italian masters Bartholomew and Mastrobon (master Bon) from Moscow.

By the end of the 16th century, Dorogobuzh had recovered from past shocks. It was famous for trading in hemp, flax, honey, lard, meat, and leather. Three monasteries were founded in the city: Dmitrovsky (on Dmitrovsky Val), Arkhangelsky (beyond the Ordyshka River), Intercession for Women (near the Cross). In addition, the city had courtyards of the Boldinsky and Polyanovsky monasteries. We went to Moscow through Dorogobuzh foreign ambassadors, and it was here that they were met by royal envoys.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Time of Troubles shook Russia. Dorogobuzh was at the center of events. The city repeatedly passed from hand to hand of the warring parties. Battles, military campaigns, completely ruined the Dorogobuzh land. In 1614, the governor of Dorogobuzh, N. Likharev, wrote to Moscow that “after the Polish devastation, only 10 people remained in the city, and the Cossacks own the district.” I must say that many Dorogobuzh residents showed patriotism, bravely fighting against the Polish invaders. Dorogobuzh nobles, gunners, part of the townspeople participated in the twenty-month heroic defense of Smolensk from the Poles, and later many Dorogobuzh nobles formed the core militia K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, who liberated Moscow from the Poles.

In 1617 Dorogobuzh was finally captured by the Poles. In 1632-1634. Russia tried to return the lost Smolensk lands. During the Smolensk War, Dorogobuzh became the main stronghold of the Russian offensive against Smolensk. However, this war ended unsuccessfully for Russia, and Dorogobuzh was again returned to Poland. Only in 1654 Dorogobuzh, along with other Smolensk lands, was conquered by Russia from Poland. The recovery period has begun again. The urban population, townspeople, are actively engaged in trade, the most enterprising trade with the ports of Riga, Arkhangelsk and St. Petersburg, from where Russian goods are transported to other countries.

ATXVIIIcentury, fires became a great misfortune for the city. In 1724 there was the first big fire, "from which the Dorogobuzh philistinism came to extreme ruin." At the same time, part of the wooden fortress burned down. By the middle of the 18th century, it was probably already dismantled due to its dilapidation and uselessness. In 1763, another fire devastated the city, during which all of its central part, recovery continued until early XIX century. The city development project was drawn up by the architect Prince N. Meshchersky, a student of the famous Russian architect D.V. Ukhtomsky. He also supervised the construction and became the first Dorogobuzh mayor in 1776During this time, most of the stone churches, a number of commercial and administrative buildings were built in the city.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, the Dorogobuzh land again found itself in the path of the enemy. In front of Dorogobuzh, the commanders of the Russian armies M.B. Barclay de Tolly and P.I. Bagration planned to give the French a general battle,but the position chosen by the staff officers was considered unsatisfactory, and our troops left the city. The damage from the war was enormous, two-thirds of the city burned out. A new period of revival has begun.

In the middle of the 19th century, Dorogobuzh was an ordinary provincial town. Local merchants, mostly poor, traded (mainly with the port of Riga) in bread, hemp, flaxseed and cannabis. In addition, there was a lively trade in horses and cattle in the city. From 1 to 4 fairs were held annually. The city center was built up with stone merchant houses. The city was decorated with 6 large stone parish churches (there were 12 churches in the city). At the end of the 19th century, there were 6.5 thousand inhabitants in Dorogobuzh. In 1861, the first women's school in the province appeared in the city, which was later transformed into a women's gymnasium.

The construction of the railway away from Dorogobuzh prevented the industrial development of the city. There were mainly small processing enterprises here. Zemstvo (local self-government bodies) made a huge contribution to the economic and cultural prosperity of the Dorogobuzh region. It was the Zemstvo that built a stone hospital complex on Dmitrovsky Val at the beginning of the 20th century. Thanks to the zemstvo, a telephone appeared in Dorogobuzh in 1911. The land was very busy road construction, the development of education, medicine, economy, culture throughout the county. Prominent county and provincial zemstvo figures were Prince V.M.Urusov and A.M. Tukhachevsky. The city authorities also contributed to the development of the city, but they were more conservative than the Zemstvo. Nevertheless, it is impossible not to note the activities of the mayor D.I. Sveshnikov, who held this position from the beginning of the 1870s. until the revolution of 1917.

On the eve of the revolution in Dorogobuzh there were male and female gymnasiums, a city school, a vocational school, a bank, two cinemas, two libraries, two pharmacies, and an excellent city hospital. A number of charitable and public organizations operated in the city.

The period of calm development of the city was interrupted by the First World War, the revolution, civil war. Soviet period The history of Dorogobuzh, like that of the whole country, is notable for its inconsistency. On the one hand, a power station was built in the city, a bridge across the Dnieper was built, a railway line was built, a newspaper began to be published (since 1917), an excellent local history museum was opened (1919), pedagogical and veterinary technical schools (1930), a medical school ( 1936), and, on the other hand, in the 1930s, some of the residents of the road were subjected to political repression, including the best doctors, teachers, and management workers. In those same years, almost all churches were closed, most of the bell towers were dismantled.

A terrible blow was dealt to the city by the devastating invasion of the Nazi invaders. During the Great Patriotic War, Dorogobuzh remained faithful to its heroic traditions; famous partisan detachments"Grandfather", "Hurricane", "Thirteen" and others. On February 15, 1942, the partisans liberated Dorogobuzh and the entire region from the enemy. The city became the center of a vast partisan region. Together with the partisans, the cavalry corps of P.A. Belov and paratroopers acted behind enemy lines. Almost 4 months Dorogobuzh and the territory adjacent to it were in the hands of the partisans. Only by transferring significant reinforcements, in June 1942, the Nazis were able to recapture the city.

During the war years, the city was completely destroyed. By the time of the liberation of Dorogobuzh Soviet troops(September 1, 1943) 64 buildings remained in it, which could be restored, the rest were a pile of ruins and ashes. The historical appearance of the city has almost disappeared. During the years of the war, many Dorogobuzh residents died, including at the hands of the squad's punishers V.A. Bishler, who operated in the city and the region.

At the end of the 50s, the rebirth of the ancient Dorogobuzh region began, as it were, from an agrarian to an industrial one. After the construction of the Dorogobuzhskaya GRES, the Dorogobuzhsky industrial hub appears. A nitrogen fertilizer plant, a boiler plant, and a cardboard-ruberoid plant are being built. In the early 1980s, the construction of a modern microdistrict began in Dorogobuzh, which gave new life to the old city of Dorogobuzh.

Name history

There are many versions about the origin of the name of the city of Dorogobuzh. All of them have a different degree of plausibility, the verification of the version's reliability can only pass when considering them in the historical summary of the era of the appearance of the city.

A folk legend says that in ancient times, near the main road, a robber lived on the mountain, who robbed travelers. They called him Buzh, from him the mountain began to be called that. The city was named Dorogobuzh, i.e. "Road to Buzh". The robbery-mythological version is funny, but has nothing to do with historical truth.

Folk memory is short for more than a century, and the forgotten is often tried to be explained by robbery romance and treasures. Inspection of the settlement Buzh showed that this archaeological site early iron man and in Slavic times it was not inhabited. The versions of toponomists (specialists in names) are interesting. Smolensk Dorogobuzh was preceded by the city of Dorogobuzh in Volyn (known fromXIcentury), the population of which at that time was called "dorogobudtsy". The above gives the right to associate the name of the city with the word "budali", i.e. build. Some believe that the name originated from the name "Dorogobud" (ie road builders), others - that the inhabitants of the city were involved in the construction of roads.

We must say that inXI- XIIFor centuries, roads developed spontaneously, there was no specialty in road construction, orderly construction, and road maintenance did not exist. Some toponymic statements suggest that the name "Dorogobuzh" could have arisen on local Smolensk soil. Before the Slavs, vast areas, including Belarus and the Smolensk region, were inhabited by the ancient Balts (relatives of Lithuanians, Latvians, Prussians ...). It is assumed that they left names close to the name of the city: the Dorogobuzh River, the city of Dorogochin, the village of Derebuzh and others in Western Russian lands. It is also claimed that in the Lithuanian language "buzh" means forest. The version is extremely interesting, but the historical context testifies in favor of not a local, but a foreign origin of the name and its transfer to Smolensk soil.

Historians believe that Smolensk Dorogobuzh with the same name is preceded by a city in Volyn. In those lands, Prince Izyaslav, the elder brother of the Smolensk prince Rostislav, ruled. Rostislav, founding a new city, gave him the name of one of the cities of his elder brother. By this time, there was already a practice among the princes of the northern lands, when founding new cities, to give them the names of southern Russian cities (for example, Pereslavl, Zvenigorod, Starodub ...). In ancient times, there was a southern migration route from the southern Russian lands along the Dnieper, then along the Dnieper, then along the portage near Dorogobuzh to the Ugra and further to the Oka to the interfluve of the Volga and Oka. It can be assumed that the city was founded and given its name by settlers. But a more promising version is that the city was founded by the will of the Smolensk prince as a stronghold of the military-administrative force. During excavations in Dorogobuzh, objects characteristic of the second half are foundXII- XIIIcenturies. The letter “On suburbs and honor”, ​​where Smolensk Dorogobuzh was first named, is dated by researchers within the framework of 1150-1218. In 1147 an event occurred that could prompt the prince of Smolensk Rostislav to lay the city. Then the prince from the Chernigov-northern lands, Svyatoslav Olgovich, an ally of the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, plundered and devastated the Smolensk lands in the upper reaches of the Ugra,XIcenturies already under the rule of the Smolensk prince. Soon, apparently, Yelnya and Dorogobuzh were founded to defend the outlying lands and control the portage.

The very word "Dorogobuzh" is two-part. Its first part is Slavic and needs no translation. The second part, “boug”, apparently, was formed from the name of the river Bug by means of consonantism. Volyn Dorogobuzh is located near the Bug River, Slavs of the Buzhan tribal union lived on the Bug and the city of Buzhesk was located. Together, the name of the city should be understood as "the road to the Bug".

There are other no less ancient names in the vicinity of modern Dorogobuzh. Toponymists often find echoes of ancient, extinct languages ​​in river names. In Dorogobuzh, the right tributary of the Dnieper is the Demidovka River, next to it is Lake Karuta. The first of them is formed from a calendar name, the second is of Slavic origin, goes back to the word “trough” known to us and in popular names means “an elongated lake formed in the old riverbed”. The names of the left-bank rivers of pre-Slavic origin, the Ordyshka River (in the old days Vordysh) has a name that goes back to the Finnish "vara / vuori" - mountain / mountains, its left tributary - the Holy Stream, also a name that can be translated from the Baltic languages ​​(lit. "dauburis") "-" a depression surrounded by mountains"). The Balts and Slavs have a lot in common in the language, so the Baltic name has a parallel in the Old Slavic: "wilds / wilds" - dense forest, gorge, moat, stream in the gorge. The foreign-language etymology is confirmed by the fact that the Ordyshka and the Debrya really flow between the Salton hills, starting from a spring into the waters. These names came to us from the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples and Balts, who preceded the Slavs in the Smolensk region.

Historical information about the battle of Vedorsh

The Battle of Vedrosh, which took place in 1500 near the modern village of Aleksino in the Dorogobuzh region, is a bright page in the history of Russian statehood. This is one of the largest battles of the Moscow armyXV- XVIcenturiesand one of the most brilliant victories of the young Russian state. The Vedrosh battle occupies a special place in the history of the Smolensk land. In its medieval history, there is no more significant and more glorious battle than the bloody slaughter near the ancient village of Vedroshi. It became a prologue to the entry of Smolensk into the Muscovite state, determined the historical fate of the Smolensk region for the next centuries.

By 1500, Smolensk land had been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia for about a century. For two centuries between Moscow and Lithuania there was a struggle for leadership in collecting Russian lands. Moscow united the eastern Russian lands, and Lithuania united the western Russian lands. The ever-strengthening Grand Duchy of Moscow intensified its pressure on Lithuania, seeking to include the primordially Russian lands of the Smolensk region.

In 1500, the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia IvanIIIstarted a war against the Lithuanian-Russian state. The reason for its beginning was the oppression of the Orthodox in Lithuania. In June, Dorogobuzh was taken by Moscow troops. Further, it was planned to capture Yelnya and Roslavl, for which the army recruited in the Tver land was sent. The new Moscow army was led by Daniil Shchenya. In response, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander sent an army led by Hetman Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky. So two outstanding commanders of those times met face to face.

Hetman Konstantin Ostrozhsky was the most brilliant Lithuanian commander, who gained fame in three dozen battles with Tatar and Moscow troops. He was distinguished by cold calculation and resolute courage, he hit his opponents with a swift onslaught.

Daniil Shchenya - the most talented commander of the Moscow principality, the largest statesman, the closest associate of the Grand Dukes IvanIIIand VasilyIII. Over 20 years military activity Scheni was associated with the Smolensk land. He commanded the Moscow troops that conquered Vyazma and Smolensk from Lithuania. It was he who took the oath of allegiance to the Grand Duke of Moscow from the Smolensk people in 1514.

Shchenya's army advanced along the Vyazma-Yelnya road and stopped at the village of Vedroshi (now the southwestern outskirts of the village of Aleksina) for the final gathering of governors. Hetman Prince, who was in Smolensk. K. Ostrozhsky, having received news of the gathering of the Russian-Moscow troops at Vedrosha, came out to meet them. Bypassing Yelnya "by the forest and evil mud", the Lithuanian army secretly, with a quick march, approached the village of Vedroshi, and then, unexpectedly leaving the forest on the Vedrosh field, attacked the advanced Moscow regiment. The fierce battle turned into heavy losses on both sides. Muscovites were forced to retreat across the Ryasna River to the main forces.

The next day, July 14, the main stage of the battle began. Konstantin Ostrozhsky, assuming the numerical superiority of the Moscow army, sought to compensate for it with speed and onslaught. Without waiting for a long time, the Lithuanians built a bridge across the Ryasna and moved to the Moscow regiments. The advanced Moscow units, fighting, retreated to the village of Mitkovo, where a large regiment was stationed. The Moscow governors, assessing the strength of the enemy and seeing their numerical advantage, gave the order to go on a counterattack. A bloody battle unfolded on the Mitkovo field, which lasted 6 hours. The chronicler conveys the fierceness of the battle with the words: “and along the lands, like a river, the blood flows, the horse does not jump in the corpse.”

Finally, Lithuanian resistance was overcome and the Lithuanian army fled. In the meantime, in the rear of the retreating, a Moscow detachment, sent in advance by swamps and forests, appeared, which destroyed the bridge across the Ryasna. The flight of the Lithuanian troops from the battlefield ended in complete defeat. Most of the Litvins fell in battle, drowned or were taken prisoner. According to the most reliable information, at least 5 thousand of the approximately 10,000-strong army of Hetman Ostrozhsky were killed, at least 500 people were captured. Prince K. Ostrozhsky himself and a number of senior Lithuanian military leaders were captured.

The Battle of Vedrosh brought the Russian-Moscow army a brilliant victory and took its rightful place among the victories. Russian army. As a result of this victory, the eastern Smolensk region was annexed to the Muscovite state, and Dorogobuzh was turned into a springboard for further advance to Smolensk. Thus, a single Russian state was born on the battlefields, its power and military prowess were strengthened.

The battlefield of Vedroshka is the field of our memory. Respect for the feats of arms of the ancestors is respect for one's Fatherland, education of citizenship and patriotism. We are experiencing the era of impoverishment of these spiritual values ​​today. The prosperity of Russia cannot happen without the revival of the historical memory of present generations.

Dorogobuzh residents at the construction of the Smolensk fortress wall

400 years ago, the construction of the grandiose defensive structure of the Russian state - the Smolensk fortress wall - was completed. She became a shield on the western borders of the Russian land, protecting the path to the ancient capital - Moscow - from enemies. All of Russia participated in the construction of the Smolensk fortress wall. The contribution to this most important state affair is also great.

One of the leaders in the construction of the Smolensk fortress wall was the chosen nobleman from Dorogobuzh, Prince V.A. Zvenigorodsky. He owned a vast estate in the Dorogobuzh district, which included such now famous villages as Lukty, Brazhino, Knyashchina, Elovka. Moreover, apparently, Knyashchina got its name from the princely title of the Zvenigorodskys.

In 1601, another elected nobleman from Dorogobuzh, Grigory Grigoryevich Pushkin, nicknamed Sulemasha, was appointed head of the construction of the fortress. He was the cousin-nephew of Semyon Mikhailovich Pushkin, the direct ancestor of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Grigory Pushkin owned the village of Pushkino with the surrounding villages in the Dorogobuzh district.

The city master, who directly designed and erected the Smolensk fortress wall, was the famous architect Fyodor Kon. He is known as a contributor to the Boldin Monastery and, according to the well-known architect-restorer and connoisseur of Russian architecture P.D. Baranovsky, is its builder.

The participation of the inhabitants of the Dorogobuzh district in the construction of the Smolensk fortress wall was expressed in the delivery of stone and lime, which was taken in Belsky district. This is known from the income-expenditure books of the Boldin Monastery. Almost certainly a lot of Dorogobuzh residents were directly involved in construction work.

The Smolensk fortress wall was built on the eve of the Time of Troubles. In 1609-1611. Smolensk withstood a 20-month siege of the Polish army, thereby preventing the campaign of King SigismundIIIto Moscow. The heroic defense of the Smolensk fortress, in which many Dorogobuzh residents took part, actually saved the independence of the Russian state.

The construction of such a large-scale structure became possible only with the combined efforts of the entire Russian people, the exertion of all the might of the Russian state. This example of 4 centuries ago shows us the only possible way to solve national problems. Only unity and love for the Fatherland can help us overcome all ordeal that fall to the lot of our Motherland.

Streets of Dorogobuzh centuries ago and today

If we compare the streets of the modern city of Dorogobuzh and the old ones, then we can easily find many differences, we can easily determine in what period our city developed ...

Let's look at, for example, general form the city of Dorogobuzh centuries ago. We can immediately see a lot of churches towering above the river, neat houses standing on the very bank of the river. And let's take a look at our city now, let's just take our native microdistrict, we see dull, same-type buildings, we can see only one church, and that was built very recently ... only after looking at two photographs can we say in what period our city developed.

Let's look at the photo of St. Moscow: neat clean roads, packed to overflowing with people. Now this street is called the street them. Karl Marx, we can all imagine it, often non-working traffic lights, anyhow what kind of roads ... this is another confirmation that in the pre-Soviet period Dorogobuzh developed much better.

Consider one more photo: the house of the merchants Sveshnikovs, in the pre-revolutionary period, we can see a neat building, with a well-groomed appearance, many people, passing by, admired it. And let's take a look at this building at the present time: broken glass, broken bricks, absolutely not well-groomed yard near the building, and in the backyard there is just a garbage dump. This house did not become an ornament of our city, but simply another proof that our state does not follow small towns with great story. The last of the Sveshnikov merchants was detained in Dorogobuzh in 1939. by decision of the Smolensk court was sentenced to death.

We can see another photo, where, like nowhere else, we can see what happened to our city after the revolution. This is a photograph of the church, unfortunately, with the name not preserved. We see that this church at one time was very visited, it is well-groomed, beautifully built, located on a very convenient section of the road. Unfortunately, nothing remains of this church until our time, only a pile of stones and just a garbage dump behind them.

But in our city, things didn’t always get worse, if we look at the monument in honor of the 100th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, we can see that the interior around it has changed in better side. Another monument was built next to it in honor of the 20th anniversary of the victory Soviet people over the Nazi invaders.

In addition to the Victory Wall on the territory of Dorogobuzh, there is also the Dmitrievsky Wall. At the moment, there is a nunnery on Dmitrievsky Val.

Nineteen kilometers from Dorogobuzh, along the Old Smolensk road, there is the village of Boldino. At the beginningXVIcentury, the monk Gerasim, nicknamed Boldinsky, founded a skete here, which became the beginning of the Boldinsky Monastery, famous throughout Russia. In 1923, an amazing find was discovered in the Swedish archives: the income and expense books of the Boldin Monastery. Thanks to these books, although indirectly, the long-standing assumption about the author of the complex of monastic buildings was confirmed. They were Fedor Savelyevich Kon. Erected here: the cathedral, the bell tower and the refectory were among the best buildings of the Moscow State. All buildings were surrounded by a fortress wall about a kilometer long with corner towers and watchtowers. Part of the wall with a length of 800 meters with a corner tower has survived to this day. The rest of the buildings were blown up by the Nazis in 1943 as revenge on the partisans (here for a long time was the headquarters of the partisans of the formations of this region of the Smolensk region).

Conclusion

Dorogobuzh is an ancient Russian city with a rich and interesting history. In different periods of its existence, it belonged to either the Moscow or the Lithuanian state. In many countries of the world, such a city could become a tourist center. Unfortunately, our small ancient city is deprived of such an opportunity due to the inattention of the authorities. Our city lacks only a few things to attract tourists, to put things in order in the city, to restore old buildings, not to forget its history and try to make sure that all of Russia recognizes it.

After the arguments I have given and the information I have said, one can come to the conclusion that at present our state does not care too much about its “elders” cities, as I already said that in Europe and many other countries, cities with such an age are simply the property of the country .

Bibliography

Prokhorov V.A., Shorin Yu.N. Dorogobuzh antiquity. (Collection of essaysXIXcentury about Dorogobuzh. ReleaseI). - Smolensk regional book publishing house "Smyadyn", 2000

Prokhorov V.A., Shorin Yu.N. Dorogobuzh antiquity. ReleaseII. From the history of the Dorogobuzh region. Digest of articles. - Smolensk regional book publishing house "Smyadyn", 2001

Pastukhova Z.I.. In the Smolensk region. - Moscow "Art", 1985

Makhotin B.A. To living roots. - Smolensk: Moscow Worker, 1989