Brief biography of cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova. Valentina Tereshkova lives in the Moscow region and is engaged in social and political activities in Russia

Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. She was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky District. Yaroslavl region. Soviet cosmonaut No. 6, 10th cosmonaut in the world, the world's first female cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union (1963).

Valentina Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky District, Yaroslavl Region, into a peasant family.

Father - Vladimir Aksenovich Tereshkov (1912-1940), was born in the village of Vyylovo, Belynichi district, Mogilev region, tractor driver. In 1939 he was drafted into the Red Army and died in the Soviet-Finnish war.

Mother - Elena Fedorovna Tereshkova (nee Kruglova) (1913-1987), originally from the village of Eremeevshchina Dubrovensky district She worked in a textile factory.

Elder sister- Lyudmila. The younger brother is Vladimir.

Russian by nationality.

After the war, the family moved to Yaroslavl, where his mother began to work as a weaver.

In 1945, Valentina entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl (now named after Tereshkova).

From childhood, showed good ear for music, learned to play the domra.

In 1953, she graduated from the seventh grade of the school and, in order to help her family, she went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant as a bracelet in the assembly and vulcanization shop in a preparatory operation. There she operated a diagonal cutting machine. At the same time she studied in the evening classes of the school of working youth.

From April 1955, she worked for seven years as a weaver at the Krasny Perekop technical fabrics factory, where her mother and older sister also worked.

Since 1959 she has been parachuting in the Yaroslavl flying club, performed 90 jumps.

Continuing work at the Krasny Perekop textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 distance learning at the College of Light Industry. In 1957 she joined the Komsomol. From August 11, 1960 - the released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.

After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, the idea came up to launch a woman cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, the search for applicants began according to the following criteria: a parachutist, under the age of 30, up to 170 cm tall and weighing up to 70 kg.

Five of the hundreds of candidates were selected: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomaryova, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova. Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut corps, Tereshkova, along with the rest of the girls, was called for urgent military service in the rank of private.

On March 12, 1962, Valentina Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps. and began to be trained as a student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed the final exams in the OKP with "excellent". Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. From June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and was in this position until March 14, 1966.

During the training, she underwent training on the body's resistance to the factors of space flight. The trainings included a thermal chamber, where it was necessary to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, a sound chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.

Zero gravity training was carried out on the MiG-15. When performing a parabolic slide, weightlessness was established inside the aircraft for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write a first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio.

Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the cosmonaut ejected and landed separately on a parachute just before landing. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps into the sea, in a technological, that is, not fitted to size, spacesuit.

Initially, the simultaneous flight of two female crews was supposed, but in March 1963 this plan was abandoned, and the task of choosing one of five candidates became.

When choosing Tereshkova for the role of the first female cosmonaut, in addition to successfully completing training, political issues were also taken into account: Tereshkova was from workers, while, for example, Ponomaryova and Solovyov were from employees. In addition, Tereshkova's father, Vladimir, died during Soviet-Finnish war when she was two years old. After the flight, when Tereshkova was asked how the Soviet Union could thank for her service, she asked to find the place of her father's death.

Far from the last selection criterion was the candidate's ability to conduct active social activities - to meet people, to speak in public on numerous trips around the country and the world, in every possible way demonstrating the advantages of the Soviet system.

Other candidates, with no worse training (according to the results of a medical examination and the theoretical preparedness of female cosmonaut candidates, Tereshkova was determined in last place), were noticeably inferior to Tereshkova in the qualities necessary for such social activities. Therefore, she was appointed the main candidate for the flight, I. B. Solovyova - backup, and V. L. Ponomaryova - spare.

At the time of Tereshkova's appointment as the pilot of Vostok-6, she was 10 years younger than Gordon Cooper, the youngest of the first detachment of American astronauts.

Flight of Valentina Tereshkova on the ship "Vostok-6"

Tereshkova made the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut on June 16, 1963. spaceship"Vostok-6". It lasted almost three days. The start took place at Baikonur not from the "Gagarin" site, but from a backup. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit.

On the day of her flight into space, she told her relatives that she was leaving for paratrooper competitions, they learned about the flight from the news on the radio.

“The preparation of the rocket, the ship and all maintenance operations were exceptionally clear. Tereshkova’s launch reminded me of Gagarin’s launch in terms of the clarity and coherence of the work of all services and systems. Like April 12, 1961, June 16, 1963, the flight was prepared and started perfectly. Tereshkova, during the preparation of the launch and launch of the ship into orbit, who listened to her reports on the radio, unanimously declared: "She launched better than Popovich and Nikolaev." Yes, I am very glad that I was not mistaken in choosing the first woman cosmonaut ", - Tereshkova's launch was described by Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, who was involved in the selection and training of astronauts.

Callsign Tereshkova during the flight - "Gull".

The phrase she said before the start: "Hey! Sky! Take off your hat!(modified quote from V. Mayakovsky's poem "A Cloud in Pants").

During the flight, Tereshkova had problems with the orientation of the ship. “I talked to Tereshkova several times. It is felt that she is tired, but does not want to admit it. In the last communication session, she did not answer the calls of the Leningrad IP. We turned on the television camera and saw that she was sleeping. I had to wake her up and talk to her and about the upcoming landing, and about manual orientation. She tried twice to orient the ship and honestly admitted that she was unable to get the pitch orientation. This circumstance worries us all: if you have to land manually, and she cannot orient the ship, then it will not get out of orbit, - Sergei Korolev wrote in the journal on June 16, 1963.

Later it turned out that the commands issued by the pilot were inverted in the direction of movement of the control in manual mode (the ship turned in the wrong direction as when working out on the simulator). According to Tereshkova, the problem was in the incorrect installation of control wires: commands were given not to descend, but to raise the ship's orbit. In automatic mode, the polarity was correct, which made it possible to properly orient and land the ship. From Earth, Valentina received new data and put them into a computer. Tereshkova kept silent about this case for more than forty years, since S.P. Korolev asked her not to tell anyone about this.

Valentina Tereshkova is the only woman in the world who committed space flight by oneself.

According to the doctor medical sciences, Professor V. I. Yazdovsky, who was responsible at that time for the medical support of the Soviet space program, women endure the extreme loads of space flight worse on the 14-18th day of the monthly cycle. However, due to the fact that the launch of the carrier that brought Tereshkova into orbit was delayed for a day, and also, obviously, due to the strong psycho-emotional load during the launch of the ship into orbit, the flight regime prescribed by the doctors could not be maintained.

Yazdovsky also notes that “Tereshkova, according to telemetry and television control, endured the flight mostly satisfactorily. Negotiations with ground stations communications were slow. She severely limited her movements. She sat almost motionless. She clearly showed changes in the state of health of a vegetative nature.

Despite nausea and physical discomfort, Tereshkova withstood 48 revolutions around the Earth and spent almost three days in space, where she kept a logbook and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to detect aerosol layers in the atmosphere.

The Vostok-6 descent vehicle landed safely in the Baevsky district Altai Territory.

After landing, Tereshkova violated the regime in the area of ​​the landing site: she handed out local residents stocks of food from the diet of astronauts, and she ate local food after three days of fasting. According to the testimony of the pilot Marina Popovich, after the flight of Tereshkova S.P. Korolev said: "As long as I'm alive, not a single woman will fly into space anymore." As you know, the next flight of a woman into space (Svetlana Savitskaya) took place 19 years later, in August 1982 (Korolev died in 1966).

She was called "Miss Universe", poems and songs were dedicated, awards were presented. However, Tereshkova was able to walk on her own only a month later, and for the rest of her life she suffered from bleeding and brittle bones.

After performing a space flight, Tereshkova entered the Air Force Engineering Academy. NOT. Zhukovsky and, having graduated with honors, later became a candidate technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific works. Tereshkova was ready for a one-way flight to Mars.

From April 30, 1969 to April 28, 1997, Valentina Tereshkova - instructor-cosmonaut of the cosmonaut detachment of the 1st department of the 1st department of the group orbital ships and stations, instructor-cosmonaut-tester of the group of orbital manned complexes of general and special purpose, 1st group of cosmonauts.

In 1982, she could even be appointed commander of the female crew of the Soyuz spacecraft. April 30, 1997 Tereshkova left the detachment - the last of the women's recruitment in 1962 in connection with reaching the age limit.

Since 1997 - Senior Researcher at the Cosmonaut Training Center.

Social and political activities of Valentina Tereshkova

Since March 1962 - a member of the CPSU. In 1966-1989 - Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR VII-XI convocations. In 1971-1990 he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Delegate of the XXIV, XXV, XXVI and XXVII Congresses of the CPSU. In 1974-1989 - deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

In 1968-1987 she headed the Committee of Soviet Women. In 1969 - Vice-President of the Women's International Democratic Federation, member of the World Peace Council.

In 1987-1992, Chairman of the Presidium of the Union Soviet societies friendship and cultural ties with foreign countries.

In 1989-1992 - people's deputy USSR from the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and the Rodina Society.

On January 22, 1969, she was in a car fired upon by officer Viktor Ilyin during an assassination attempt.

In 1992 - Chairman of the Presidium Russian Association international cooperation. In 1992-1995 - First Deputy Chairman Russian agency international cooperation and development.

In 1994-2004 he was the head of the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation.

In 1995, she was promoted to the rank of Major General ( Russia's first woman with the rank of Major General).

September 14, 2003 at the II Congress Russian party Zhizni was nominated as a candidate for deputy in the Elections to the State Duma of the 4th convocation on the Federal Party List under number No. 3, but the party bloc did not overcome the electoral barrier.

In 2008-2011, he was a deputy of the Yaroslavl Regional Duma from the United Russia party, deputy chairman.

April 5, 2008 was the torchbearer of the Russian stage of the torch relay of the Beijing Olympics in St. Petersburg.

Elected MP in 2011 State Duma Russia from the United Russia party according to the Yaroslavl regional list. Together with Elena Mizulina, Irina Yarovaya and Andrei Skoch, she was a member of the inter-factional deputy group for the protection of Christian values. In this capacity, she supported the introduction of amendments to the Russian Constitution, according to which "Orthodoxy is the basis of the national and cultural identity of Russia."

She headed the list of the party in the elections to the Yaroslavl Regional Duma in 2013.

February 7, 2014 at the opening ceremony of winter Olympic Games 2014 in Sochi, among the eight elected persons of Russia, she carried the Olympic flag.

With the assistance and participation of Tereshkova, a university was opened in Yaroslavl, a new building of a technical school for light industry, a river station, a planetarium were built, and the Volga embankment was landscaped. Assistance throughout life home school and Yaroslavl orphanage.

Since 2015 - President of the non-profit charitable foundation "Memory of Generations".

In the parliamentary elections on September 18, 2016, she took second place in the regional group " United Russia”, which includes the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Tver regions.

Valentina Tereshkova. Seagull and Hawk

Personal life of Valentina Tereshkova:

First husband - Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev(1929-2004), USSR cosmonaut No. 3, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

Their wedding took place in a government mansion on the Lenin Hills on November 3, 1963. Among the guests was After the marriage and until the divorce, Tereshkova bore the double surname of Nikolaev-Tereshkova.

On June 8, 1964, their daughter Elena was born - the first child in the world to have both father and mother astronauts.

The marriage of Tereshkova and Nikolaev was officially terminated in 1982, after the daughter came of age. “At work - gold, at home - a despot,” Tereshkova said about her ex-wife.

However, according to the stories of people close to the couple, the marriage broke up when Tereshkova had another man and the romance could no longer be hidden. Allegedly, she asked for a divorce personally from Brezhnev, who gave the go-ahead.

After breaking up with her husband, Valentina Vladimirovna forbade Nikolaev to see Elena and soon demanded that her daughter change Nikolaev's surname to her own - Tereshkova.

Nikolaev never married again.

Second husband - Julius Shaposhnikov(1931-1999), major general of the medical service, director of the Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (CITO).

Daughter Elena Tereshkova- orthopedic surgeon, works in CITO. Was married twice.

The first husband is pilot Igor Alekseevich Mayorov (his father headed the Aeroflot representative office in Europe and was the personal pilot of the general secretaries - Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Gorbachev). In marriage, on October 20, 1995, the son Alexei was born.

Tereshkova was against her daughter's marriage to Igor Mayorov. For seven years of marriage, Igor never saw his mother-in-law. And Valentina Vladimirovna did not see her first grandson Alexei until she was five years old - until Elena divorced her first husband.

Elena - daughter of Valentina Tereshkova

The second husband is pilot Andrey Yuryevich Rodionov. We met when he came to her for a medical appointment. At that time, they were both married, Andrei also had a child (daughter). However, they filed for divorce and started a family. Married on June 18, 2004, their son Andrey was born.

Rodionov managed to establish relations with the famous mother-in-law, she gave new family daughters a luxurious apartment in Granatny Lane, and communicates with grandchildren. At the same time, Elena herself followed in the footsteps of her mother: she forbade ex-husband Igor Mayorov to see his eldest son. Mayorov had to seek the right to communicate with the boy through the court.

Valentina Tereshkova with her daughter, son-in-law Andrei Rodionov and grandchildren

In 2004, Valentina Tereshkova underwent complex operation on a heart that prevented a heart attack.

Is honorary citizen cities: Kaluga, Yaroslavl (Russia), Karaganda, Baikonur (until 1995 - Leninsk, Kazakhstan, 1977), Gyumri (until 1990 - Leninakan, Armenia, 1965), Vitebsk (Belarus, 1975), Montreux and Drancy (France), Montgomery (Great Britain), Polizzi-Generosa (Italy), Darkhan (Mongolia, 1965), Sofia, Burgas, Petrich, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Varna (Bulgaria, 1963), Bratislava (Slovakia, 1963).

In 1983, a commemorative coin was issued with the image of V. Tereshkova - she became the only Soviet citizen whose portrait was placed on a Soviet coin during her lifetime.

Named after Tereshkova:

a crater on the moon;
- minor planet 1671 Chaika (by its call sign - "Seagull");
- streets in different cities, including in Balakhna, Balashikha, Vitebsk, Vladivostok, Dankov, Dzerzhinsk, Donetsk, Irkutsk, Ishimbay, Kemerovo, Klin, Korolev, Kostroma, Krasnoyarsk, Lipetsk, Mineralnye Vody, Mytishchi, Nizhny Novgorod, Nikolaev, Novosibirsk, Novocheboksarsk, Orenburg, Penza, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ulan-Ude, Ulyanovsk, Yaroslavl, avenue in Gudermes, square in Tver, embankment in Evpatoria;
- schools in Yaroslavl (where she studied), in Novocheboksarsk, in Karaganda and in the city of Esik (Almaty region);
- Sports and recreation center in the city of Kursk (tract Solyanka, 16);
- Children's sports center for recreation and recreation of children and adolescents in Kaliningrad region(45 km from Kaliningrad);
- Museum "Cosmos" (not far from her village) and a planetarium in Yaroslavl.

Monument to Valentina Tereshkova in the Baevsky district of the Altai Territory, not far from the landing site of the first female cosmonaut. Also, a monument to Tereshkova stands on the Alley of Cosmonauts in Moscow. One of the monuments was erected in the city of Lvov, but in Ukraine it is proposed to demolish it within the framework of the law on the so-called. decommunization.

In Yaroslavl, the annual city athletics relay race for the prize of V.V. Tereshkova is held. The Yaroslavl Center for Military Patriotic Education DOSAAF bears her name.

Songs are dedicated to Valentina Tereshkova: “The girl’s name is a seagull” (music by Alexander Dolukhanyan, lyrics by Mark Lisyansky, performer -), “Valentina” (in Moldavian, music by Dumitru Georghit, lyrics by Efim Krimerman, performer -).

Muslim Magomayev - The girl's name is a seagull.

Personal life of daughter Tereshkova

"Santa Barbara" rests next to such passions!

Dear Sirs! The other day I watched a film on ORT “The Personal Life of Valentina Tereshkova”. The film is intriguing. I was sincerely interested in the footage where a certain man, not represented by his first name and surname, turns Tereshkova's grandson Alyosha by the arms around him. The footage was accompanied by the voice of Kirill Lavrov: "Tereshkova's daughter has long been happily married." The question arises: how long is it? Why didn't you introduce your husband? And here's why: in this very man, implied, apparently, as a husband, I recognized Andrei Rodionov, a man whom I have known for more than a quarter of a century (since ten years) and who has been my sister's husband for 20 years. Before his divorce from his sister, this is how he liked to have fun with his nephew - my son.

Unfortunately my Native sister- Elena Rodionova - involuntarily crossed paths with Elena Mayorova (daughter of V. Tereshkova) in such a "Santa Barbara", that where is the mentioned series! If I had not witnessed what happened, I would never have believed it! Life, it turns out, presents such plots that it would never occur to any screenwriter!

Therefore, I break the story into series, bearing in mind the possible continuation of the film "The Personal Life of Valentina Tereshkova" at least under the working title "The Personal Life of Tereshkova's Daughter."

Natalia Egorova

1st series. Happy Soviet childhood

A simple Soviet family lives for itself (cosmonauts Tereshkova and Nikolaev), having given birth to a daughter, Elena, who does not eat well (still), but listens a lot and absorbs her mother's model of behavior. After some time, the parents divorce, and the mother tries to prevent the father from seeing her daughter - the situation is ordinary. Elena's parents have long been friends with Professor Shaposhnikov's family, from where, after some time, V. Tereshkova takes the professor away (the story of Tereshkova's daughter to her ex-husband) and lives happily ever after with him. My daughter grows up and goes to medical school. A certain Greek (but kind!) Millionaire tried to get rid of the future doctor and medicine, offering Elena as much as a million dollars for a transfer to MGIMO. But the deal fell through for some reason, Elena graduated from the institute. Mom got her daughter a job at CITO under the supervision of Shaposhnikov (where, after a while, Elena was forbidden to stay on night shifts and, in general, they began to bring her to work in an official car and take her away from work - just in case).

We show at the time of Elena's graduation from the medical institute life is another simple Soviet family- its head is the former chief of the 235th government air squadron, the former personal pilot of Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Gorbachev, Aviation Major General Alexei Grigorievich Mayorov, who at that time was the representative of Aeroflot in Stockholm. They say that without A. G. Mayorov at the helm, Raisa Maksimovna Gorbacheva refused to fly at all. Alexei Grigoryevich and his wife, Lidia Ivanovna Mayorov, have an adult son, Igor, who graduated from the Aviation Institute and a flight school and works as a pilot at Sheremetyevo. It should be noted that there was a certain social difference between the Tereshkova and Mayorov families. Well, Tereshkova’s biography is known - her merits are great, she is a universal idol, several generations have been raised by her example. Elena, who was born in the family of the first female astronaut, was personally sent diapers by Queen Elizabeth II. Igor, on the other hand, was born in the family of an Il-14 co-pilot, the Mayorov family received their first apartment when Igor went to the 2nd grade. Long years Alexei Grigorievich Mayorov spent on achieving his position in aviation, so Igor did not acquire the habits of the “golden youth”.

Once Elena Tereshkova accidentally saw Igor Mayorov. This is where it started! It is difficult to say what motivated her - it happened in 1990, by that time the young lady was exactly 26 years old, it is quite possible to assume that she was unbearable to get married, and Igor could like it: a handsome pilot with a perspective, from a good family.

In any case, Elena launched an unprecedented attack on Igor. She began to look for common acquaintances - and they, of course, were found. Igor knew that they were trying to get to know him, but he shied away as best he could, realizing that the starting conditions of the family were different. Once, when Igor, barely alive from fatigue, returned from a flight in the evening, a glorious company of acquaintances was already waiting for him in the kitchen of his parents’ apartment, and at the entrance stood a black service “Volga” by Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, bristling with antennas, in which sat a stranger who introduced herself as Elena, daughter Valentina Tereshkova. Taking advantage of Igor's stupefaction and fatigue, he was stuffed into the Volga and taken to Star City on an excursion to the local museum, which was opened even at night on such an occasion.

The siege of the younger Mayorov was carried out according to all the rules of fortification art. The next assault was replaced by a lull, then a new onslaught followed. The situation was aggravated by the fact that at that time Igor was 31 years old, and being single at this age for a pilot of international flights is not good, as the leadership of the detachment reminded him more and more insistently. Yes, and parents dreamed of grandchildren.

Igor, attacked from all sides, tried to warn the young lady that the attributes " secular life"(Routes in embassies, Mercedes, villas, etc.

) is of little interest. The last straw was Elena's complaints about the tyranny of her mother, who even allows herself to dissolve her hands (“mother cracked her face so hard that the earrings flew out of her ears”). And in general, if Igor does not marry her, she can only hang herself.

In October 1992, Elena, taking only the necessary personal belongings, runs away from her mother to Igor, they hide in the dachas of friends - they are waiting for V. Tereshkova to cool down. The latter, in an attempt to return her daughter, calls A. G. Mayorov in Stockholm and rashly threatens to put Igor in jail, because he allegedly taught her daughter to drugs and robbed her apartment.

Deciding that the young lady at 28 years old, after all, is probably ripe for family life, tired of the attacks of the authorities and, in addition, pitying "Cinderella with a living mother", Igor still marries Elena Tereshkova (now Mayorova). A modest wedding took place on November 28, 1992 in the apartment of Igor's parents, only 12 people attended, including the newlyweds. Elena's mother, V. Tereshkova, was not at the wedding.

Somehow, almost by mail, Elena quits CITO (it is clear that the road to her there is now booked), she sits without a job for a year, until Aleksey Grigoryevich arranges for her to medical Center Aeroflot on the Falcon as a flight squad doctor - a high salary plus 4 guaranteed business trips abroad per year (you can also do it with your husband).

Elena was lucky: Alexei Grigorievich, who had dreamed of a daughter all his life, was happy to receive her at least in the form of a daughter-in-law. Have a young married couple"the whole world in your pocket": fur coats, cars, Australia, France, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Malta, Cyprus, Indonesia, UAE, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and a three-room apartment in the south-west of Moscow (carefully left to the young, as and everything else, Alexei Grigorievich Mayorov). At the same time, Igor earns well.

The young people have already seen the world enough, and in 1995 their son Alyosha is born, named after his grandfather, a pilot. Grandpa is happy. Now he sends diapers for Alyosha, though not British Queen but still a Swedish princess. From Stockholm, where the grandfather then worked, everything else (which the princess did not guess) is brought in, which is necessary for the grandson.

Relations between Elena Mayorova (and her son-in-law, too, this is understandable) and V. Tereshkova completely ceased - both sides did not want to know about each other for 7 years, now they did not see their “adored” grandson Tereshkov until the latter was 4 years old.

True, Alexei Grigorievich insisted that Elena reconcile with her mother, but she declared every time (especially after the birth of her son): “My mother will never see her grandson in the same way as her own ears.” However, this is not important, because there is another loving grandmother- Lydia Ivanovna.

The daughter of Tereshkova, recently modest Elena, who came to the Mayorov family, resumes her craving for jewelry, expensive fur coats and cars. Slowly, meanwhile, the relations of the newlyweds are going wrong, Elena wakes up (in addition to greed) the commanding nature of her mother, and Igor prefers more and more free time spend in the garage, for which he is severely criticized by his wife.

End of the first series.

2nd series. Hungry Soviet childhood and stone toys

Moscow, 1960s, Sretenka, an apartment that has not been renovated. Andrey Rodionov and his mother grow up and dream about the future in it. Papa Andrei left the family for another woman when his son was 5 years old. Then he returned several times, so Andrei did not particularly notice his absence. When the boy was 15 years old, his parents remarried, having given birth to another son. Then the scheme repeated itself - when Rodion, Andrei's younger brother, was 5 years old, his parents broke up again. Andrei's father married a young lady who bore him two children, but fate did not favor the young lady - Andrei's father died in a car accident. The fate of Andrei's mother also did not work out. At the age of about 38, she reconnected with a former family friend and gave birth to a daughter, Anya, who is a year younger than my niece. They live very poorly.

Andrei knows that he can only rely on himself in this life, so he enters the Aktobe Flight School, graduates from it and receives a distribution to Lipetsk. But since school he has been friends with my sister Elena, whom he marries. Here, of course, our dad, who at that time served in the Main Directorate of Personnel of the Ministry of Defense in a considerable rank, makes a couple of calls, and his son-in-law immediately turns out to be a pilot of a geodetic squadron based in Myachkovo, near Moscow. Then he becomes a pilot civil aviation Domodedovo. A young couple has a daughter, Ira. Everyone is happy.

But difficult times come, Andrey is simultaneously trying to do business in order to feed his family. However, the business ends, leaving Andrei with only a used BMW and a garage. True, Andrei's mother helps with the apartment, who at one time worked at the housing office on Sretenka, having done some kind of operation, so everything is fine with the newlyweds' housing - a three-room apartment on Sokol. So they lived for twenty years. It happened differently. Last years pilots were paid little, so my sister accounted for a large part of the earnings. Andrey, we must give him his due, tried: he became the commander of the ship at Domodedovo, and then (albeit with a demotion) made his way into co-pilots at Sheremetyevo. As usual, my whole family helped him in this, and this time it’s hard to say whether he got there himself or requests helped, or maybe both.

And Igor Mayorov and Andrey Rodionov did not know not only that their destinies would cross, but simply did not know each other - there are still many pilots in Sheremetyevo.

End of the second series.

Ending in the next issue.

Valentina Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937 into a peasant family in the village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl Region. Her father was a tractor driver, her mother was a textile factory worker. Drafted into the Red Army in 1939, Tereshkova's father died in the Soviet-Finnish war.

In 1945, the girl entered secondary school number 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, seven classes of which she graduated in 1953. To help the family, in 1954 Tereshkova went to work at a tire factory, at the same time enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth. Continuing to work at a textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 she took part-time studies at a technical school for light industry.

In March 1962, Tereshkova joined the CPSU.

Even while working and studying at the technical school, the future first female cosmonaut became interested in the sky - while studying at the local flying club, she made 163 parachute jumps. However, the girl wanted to fly - and she achieved admission to the first female cosmonaut squad, where, in particular, she was taught to fly an airplane. Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and remained in it until April 28, 1997.

"The load of the women's group of five people was greater than that of the men," Tereshkova recalled, specifying that in general the training system in those years was excessively rigid. But everyone "had one crazy idea - by all means, irreproachably undergo training and fly off."

Tereshkova's flight on the Vostok-6 spacecraft in near-Earth orbit, together with the Vostok-5 spacecraft piloted by Valery Bykovsky, lasted two days 22 hours and 50 minutes.

Colonel Nikolai Kamanin, who was involved in the selection and training of cosmonauts, described Tereshkova's launch in his book Hidden Space.

“The preparation of the rocket, the ship and all maintenance operations were exceptionally clear. Tereshkova’s launch reminded me of Gagarin’s launch in terms of the clarity and coherence of the work of all services and systems. As on April 12, 1961, on June 16, 1963, the flight was prepared and started perfectly. During the preparation of the launch and launch of the ship into orbit, those who listened to her reports on the radio were unanimously declared to Tereshkov: "She launched better than Popovich and Nikolaev." Yes, I am very glad that I was not mistaken in choosing the first female cosmonaut, "notes Kamanin.

TERESHKOVA Valentina Vladimirovna- The world's first female astronaut. She was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky district, Yaroslavl region, in a family of collective farmers. His father worked as a tractor driver, his mother was a housewife, worked on a collective farm.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War father died at the front, and the mother with three children moved to the city of Yaroslavl. There, little Valya went to school. She graduated from a seven-year school, then an evening school for working youth.

At the end of June 1954, she came to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant in the assembly shop as a cutter. In 1955, she moved to the Krasny Perekop Yaroslavl Technical Fabrics Plant, where she worked as a bracelet maker.

In 1956 she entered the Yaroslavl Correspondence College of Light Industry. In addition to working and studying at a technical school, she attended a local flying club, went in for parachuting, and made 163 parachute jumps. She was awarded the first category in parachuting.

At the Krasny Perekop plant, she joined the Komsomol, and in 1960 she was elected secretary Komsomol organization plant. In 1960 she graduated from the Yaroslavl Correspondence College of Light Industry. The released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Yaroslavl plant of technical fabrics "Krasny Perekop" worked until 1962, when she was enrolled in the detachment of Soviet cosmonauts (1962 Group of Women Cosmonauts No. 1).

Passed full course training for flights on ships of the Vostok type. On June 16-19, 1963, she was the first woman in the world to fly into space on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. The flight suffered quite hard, and this was probably one of the reasons that the next woman's flight into space took place only 19 years later. The flight duration was 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes.

After her flight, she continued to undergo training in the cosmonaut corps, but most time was taken up by social work. Tereshkova had to make many trips to the cities of the USSR, to many countries of the world.

At the end of 1963, her wedding took place with cosmonaut Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev. It is believed that this marriage was largely artificial, and was pushed towards it by medical scientists who wanted to continue the research begun in space on the behavior of the human body during and after the flight, and the leaders of the Soviet state, primarily Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, who sought to arrange from this wedding another propaganda trick. Like it or not, the wedding took place.

In 1964, a daughter, Elena, was born in a "space" family. After several years, the marriage broke up.

Simultaneously with work at the Cosmonaut Training Center, active social activities and classes with her little daughter, Tereshkova entered the N. E. Zhukovsky Military Engineering Academy, which she successfully graduated in 1969 with a degree in pilot-cosmonaut-engineer.

Actively engaged in the cosmonaut corps until 1968, when the women's group was disbanded. However, she continued to be listed in the cosmonaut corps until 1987, and in 1985 the question of the possibility of her re-flight into space was even considered.

Since 1968, he has been working in Soviet, and later Russian, public organizations. In 1968 - 1987 she was the chairman of the Committee of Soviet Women.

In 1987 - 1992 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. In 1992 she was the chairman of the Presidium of the Russian Association for International Cooperation.

In 1992 - 1995 - First Deputy Chairman of the Russian Agency for International Cooperation and Development. Since 1995 - Chairman of the Interdepartmental Council for Coordinating the Activities of Russian Centers of Science and Culture Abroad. Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU from 1971 to 1990.

Member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1966 to 1989. Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1974 to 1989. Vice-President of the Women's International Democratic Federation in 1969 - 1987. She was a member of the World Peace Council, an honorary member of many organizations. Candidate of Technical Sciences (1976). Air Major General.

The hero of the USSR. She was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order October revolution, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of Friendship of Peoples, medals. Tereshkova was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor of Czechoslovakia, Hero People's Republic Bulgaria, Hero of Labor Democratic Republic Vietnam, Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic. She was awarded the Frederic Joliot-Curie Gold Peace Medal, the United Nations Gold Peace Medal, the K. E. Tsiolkovsky Gold Medal of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the British Interplanetary Communications Society Gold Medal for Achievement in Space Exploration, the Space Gold Medal (FAI) , the Order of the Wind Rose with a diamond of the International Committee for Aeronautics and Space Flight, the orders of Karl Marx (GDR), Georgy Dimitrov (Bulgaria), the Grunwald Cross of the first degree (Poland), the Order of the Banner of the first degree with diamonds (Hungary), the Order of Sukhe- Bator (Mongolia), the Order of Playa Giron (Cuba) and many others.

Honorary citizen of the cities of Kaluga, Yaroslavl (Russia), Karaganda (Kazakhstan), Vitebsk (Belarus), Montreux, Drancy (France), Montgomery (Great Britain), Polizzi Generosa (Italy), Darkhan (Mongolia), Sofia, Petrich, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Varna (Bulgaria).

A crater on the Moon is named after Tereshkova.

Exactly 56 years ago, Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman, went into space. We want to remember her landmark space expedition.

The dream of going to space has not left humanity for centuries. April 12, 1961 she was destined to be fulfilled - Yuri Gagarin made the first flight. After the successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev had the idea to launch a woman cosmonaut into space. She became Valentina Tereshkova, having made a flight into space on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft.

Medical examination of Valentina Tereshkova.

The first space flights took place in the conditions of fierce competition between the USSR and the USA. Both superpowers worked to ensure that their ships plowed the expanses of the universe. But, as you know, the palm in this matter belonged to Soviet Union. After the debut "male" flight, the Americans had only one trump card - to prepare a "female" flight. But even here the Soviet cosmonauts were ahead of them. As soon as information was received in the Land of Soviets about the preparation of the American "women's team", Nikita Khrushchev personally insisted that a competitive selection should also be held among Soviet women.

There were many applicants for the role of the woman who will be the first in space. Such a scale would be envied by any modern competitions beauty: out of 800 participants in the competition, 30 made it to the “finals”. They began to prepare them for a decisive flight. In the process of preparation, five best candidates were selected, and Valentina Tereshkova was by no means the first in this rating. According to medical indicators, she did take the last place.

The girls went through difficult tests: they were placed in an extreme high temperatures and in rooms with high humidity, they had to try themselves in weightlessness and learn to land on water by parachuting (training was needed to land during the landing of the spacecraft).

Psychological testing was also carried out: it was important to understand how comfortable women would be during their stay in space (by the way, Tereshkova’s experience turned out to be unique in that she was alone in space for almost three days, all later flights were made by a duet).

Khrushchev himself made the decision about who would fly into space. The story of Valentina Tereshkova perfectly suited the ideal of a “girl from the people”, who achieved everything with her own work. Valentina had simple family, she herself was born in the village and worked in a weaving factory, she never went in for skydiving professionally, in total she had less than 100 jumps. In a word, the heroine from the people fully corresponded to the desired ideal.

Tereshkova's spacecraft was launched on June 16, 1963. She flew on the ship "Vostok-6". Valentina Tereshkova can rightfully be called a heroine, as during the flight she encountered huge amount difficulties, but with dignity survived all the tests.

The main problem turned out to be poor health: nausea, lethargy, drowsiness - all this had to be fought. There was even a case recorded that Valentina stopped responding to requests from the Earth: it turned out that she simply fell asleep from overwork. Only Valery Bykovsky, another Soviet cosmonaut, who was in orbit at the time, was able to wake her up. Between their ships there was an internal communication through which the astronauts could communicate.

However, the most terrible test, about which the official authorities were silent for a long time, was a malfunction in the mechanism of Tereshkova's ship. Instead of landing on Earth, she risked flying into space and dying. Miraculously, Gagarin, who was following the flight, managed to figure out how to remedy the situation, and Valentina Tereshkova was still able to return.

Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova.

Landing in the Altai Territory was not easy. The exhausted female astronaut literally fell on the head of the locals. Tired and exhausted, she gladly changed into the clothes brought to her, exposing her body, which turned into a solid hematoma from the spacesuit, and also tasted peasant food - potatoes, kvass and bread. For this, she later received a reprimand from Sergei Korolev himself, because by doing so she violated the purity of the experiment.

For many years after the flight of Valentina Tereshkova, Soviet women did not rise into space - too many difficulties arose in flight due to the "individual characteristics of the female body." But the name of the first Soviet female cosmonaut is forever inscribed in world history!

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